APUSH Ch 26-27 ALL

Richard Nixon (798)

vice president led soviet premier nikita through american national exhibition in moscow, display of consumer goods, kitchen debate, eisenhower administration gave threats, arms race, roll back communism, liberate enslaved people under SOVIET rule, pursued containment and relied on nuclear weapons and CIA, favored corporations, did not like strong fed gov't

- David Riesman - "The Lonely Crowd" (818)

1950 sociologist david riesman lamented shift rom inner directed to other directed individual, as americans replaced independent thinking with eagerness to adapt to external standards of behavior and belief

Hernandez v. Texas (814)

1954 supreme court decision ruling that the systematic exclusion of mexican americans from juries violated constitutional guarantee of equal protection

Brown v. Board of Education 1954 (820)

1954 supreme court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in plessy v ferguson in 1896, court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated 14th amendment

- William H. Whyte - "The Organization Man" (818)

1956 william blamed modern corporation for making employees tailor themselves to a group

- Emmett Till (820)

14 year old black boy who had allegedly whistled at a white women in mississippi

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) (788)

1929 made by latin americans to combat discrimination and segregation in southwest

- 3) What was Truman's Fair Deal, and what problems did he have getting it through the Republican Congress

1946 congressional elections, accuse truman of confusion corruption and communism, republicans captured control, weakened reform programs and enacted tax cuts favoring higher income groups , resisted fair deal (universal health care, civil rights, labor reform, housing, education, unemployment compensation, increase in minimum wage, aid to farmers, tax system revision, public works) congress passed taft hartley over truman's veto Taft-Hartley Act (788)- . law passed by republican controlled congress in 1947 that amended wagner act and placed restrictions on organized labor that made it more difficult for unions to organize workers, tipped balance of power in favor of management because fed up of strikes, TH= NoC3 +80 no closed shops (unions can't require all members join union), no communists in unions, no campaign contributions by unions can't give money to candidates, 80 day cooling off period (if there is a dispute and strike is threatened, federal labor relations board makes them negotiate cool off for 80 before strike) truman vetoed it and congress overrode his veto election of 1948 (788)- truman faced republican party headed by dewey and two revolts within his own party, wallace led progressive party, thurmond headed states rights party(southern democrats not too liberal) , truman had more electoral votes, support for his foreign policy and new deal reform, everyone thinks truman will lose, ran against do nothing congress failed to enact fair deal agenda congress made improvements to social security and raised minimum wage Housing Act of 1949 (789)- law authorizing the construction of 810,000 units of government housing, this landmark effort marked first significant commitment of fed gov't to meet housing needs of poor still short of actual need southern democrats obstacle, congress rejected truman's proposals for civil rights, universal health care, aid to education, immigration policy McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 (789)- ended outright ban on immigration and citizenship for japanese, other asians, but it authorize gov't to bar suspected communists and homosexuals and maintained discriminatory quota system established in 1920s truman concentrated too much on foreign policy, korean war had hi in controversy and depleted his power as legislative leader, failure to make good on his domestic proposals

Committee on Civil Rights (787)

1946 truman created committee on civil rights, asserted americans should have equal rights to housing, education, employment and ballot

2) How did the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan and Berlin airlift seek to resist the Soviet threat in western Europe

1947, US tried containment, but wanted to keep their soldiers and tax dollars at home, crisis in two meed countries britain informed US that crippled economy could no longer sustain military assistance to greece and turkey (trying to resist soviet pressures), truman sought to send both countries military and economic aid communist threats in greece and turkey, truman helped→ truman doctrine if they fell, ¾ of world would be consumed by communism, so truman scarred the country to get congress approval Truman Doctrine (777)- said US must not only resist soviet military power but also support free people who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure, administration won, set the precedent for next forty years of cold war interventions that would aid any kind of gov't if only alternative appeared to be communism, basis of korean and vietnam war Marshall Plan (777)- aid program begun in 1948 to help european economies recover from WW2, US provided 13 billion to 17 western european nations between 1948-1953, helped its own economy as well, secretary of state george marshall invited european nations and soviet union to request for aid but soviets rejected and made their eastern european satellites do the same helped boost american economy because european recipients used aid to buy american products, and europe's economic recovery created new markets and opportunities for american investment soviets installed communist regime in czechoslovakia, last democracy of eastern europe, stalin threatened western access to berlin which was technically soviet's but all allies used it western allies moved to organize western germany but soviets retaliated by blocking roads and rail lines between west germany and berlin, cutting off fuel and essentials to avoid confrontation with soviet troops, US and british pilots airlifted gods to sustain west berliners for a year, stalin finally lifted blockade and germany divided berlin in east germany, divided into east and west as capital of both allies and soviets, west berlin got supplies by road from west germany, soviets blockaded that road, US airlifted supplies stalin did not shoot them down

Kinsey reports

Alfred Kinsey's 1948 and 1953 publications on male and female sexuality challenged popular assumptions about heterosexual norms by showing the prevalence of both premarital sex and homosexuality, showed that americans had premarital, extramarital, homosexual experiences, led to new awareness

- 5) What forms of rebellion occurred in sexual mores, music, literature and art

David Riesman - "The Lonely Crowd" (818)- 1950 sociologist david riesman lamented shift rom inner directed to other directed individual, as americans replaced independent thinking with eagerness to adapt to external standards of behavior and belief William H. Whyte - "The Organization Man" (818)- 1956 william blamed modern corporation for making employees tailor themselves to a group concern about loss of traditional masculinity, consumption associated with women and moved away from masculine ideals of individualism and aggressiveness, increased in women's employment did not help Playboy magazine idealized masculine independence in from of bachelorhood, made consumption more masculine while promoting sexual freedom for men americans' sexual behaviors changed from ideal, lots of people engaged in premarital sex and adultery, homosexual experiences too teenagers lionized elvis presley , rock and roll music, tight pants, hip rolling gestures, sensual music rock and roll (819)- a music genre created from country music and black rhythm and blues that emerged in 1950s and captivated american youth Allen Ginsburg (819)- writers who rejected mainstream culture (patriotism, consumerism, tech, conventional family life, discipline) celebrated spontaneity and personal freedom including drug consumption and freewheeling sex, BEAT generation Jack Kerouac (819)- writers who rejected mainstream culture (patriotism, consumerism, tech, conventional family life, discipline) celebrated spontaneity and personal freedom including drug consumption and freewheeling sex, BEAT generation abstract expressionism (819)- bold style of visual arts, abstract expressionism flowered, rejecting idea that that painting should be recognizable form Jackson Pollack (819) - abstract expressionist poured, driped, threw paint on canvases or, new form of painting captivated and redirected the western art world that new york replaced paris as its center

brinksmanship (804)

american's willingness to go to the brink of war with its intimidating nuclear weapons would block any soviet efforts to expand

the affluent society (810)

americans enjoyed higher standard of living, prompting economist john kenneth galbraith to call the US "the affluent society"

Douglas MacArthur (732)

appointed general douglas macarthur to lead UN force

Sun Belt - Gun Belt (813)

area of defense industry to south and soutwest, aerospace industry boomed and military bases helped, lots of defense related jobs

3) During the postwar years, what was the six-pronged defense strategy of the U.S., and how was each of these five policies implemented

MEANT-P military alliances, espionage, aid to friendly nations, nuclear weapons, traditional military forces, propaganda 1) development of atomic weapons Soviet acquisition of the atomic bomb (778)- september 1949, soviet union detonated its own atomic bomb, ending US monopoly on atomic weapons, so truman made hydrogen bomb and soviets did too nuclear deterrence (779)- basis of american nuclear strategy, to deter soviet attack US strove to maintain nuclear force more powerful than soviets, feiresome way to keep peace, scare others with nuclear arms force, race 2) strengthening traditional military power US beefed up its conventional military power to deter soviet threats that might not warrant nuclear retaliation National Security Act (779)- united military branches under single secretary of defence and created NSC National Security Council (779)- advise the president military strength quadrupled, women too 3) military alliances with other nations North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NAT0) (779)- military alliance formed in 1949 among US, Canada, Western european nations, to counter any possible soviet threat, represented unprecedented commitment by Us to go to war if any allied were attacked NATO (1949), ANZUS (1951) (new zealand alliance), SEATO (1954) (southeast asia treaty organization) 4) aid to friendly nations, military and economic provided foreign assistance programs to strengthen friendly countries, aid to greece and turkey, marshall plan, economic assistance, 1 billion military aid helped our economy, foreign countries buy our products 5) espionage network and secret means to subvert communist expansion Central Intelligence Agency (779)- agency created by national security act of 1947 to expand government's espionage capacities and ability to thwart communism through covert activities, including propaganda, sabotage, economic warfare, and support for anti communist forces around world, investigate communism, gather intelligence 6) propaganda offensive to win friends around the world government created cultural exchanges and propaganda to win hearts and minds throughout world, Voice of america broadcast Us propaganda abroad expanded, state department sent books, exhibis, jazz musicians, other performers to foreign countries as cultural ambassadors

- 5) How did Martin Luther King Jr. rise to prominence, and what were his beliefs

Martin Luther King Jr. (824)- head of MIA, young baptist pastor with doctorate in theology from boston university , addressed mass meetings at churches throughout boycott, inspiring blacks courage and commitment by linking racial justice to christianity kings face on cover of time magazine in 1957 marked rapid rise to fame Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) (825) - black clergy from across south chose king to head southern christian leadership conference, newly established to coordinate local protests against segregation and disfranchisement his prominence obscured substantial numbers and critical importance of black women in movement his fame and media's focus hid national scope of racial injustice that encouraged and benefited from black freedom

Ike's Domestic policies and actions:

McCarthyism cabinet selections, selection of Nixon as VP new deal programs and departments social security benefits housing act of 1954 department of health, education, and welfare federal role in health care, education polio vaccine interstate highway act of 1956 tax cuts control of nuclear power 1958 recession, response to congressional bills expanding public works projects, price supports for farmers and housing and urban development post sputnik education act native american policies, compensation termination relocation

- 2) What stands did the U.S. Supreme Court take on racial segregation

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) (757)- major civil rights organization, and their legal strategy was to appeal to supreme court Brown v. Board of Education 1954 (820)- 1954 supreme court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in plessy v ferguson in 1896, court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated 14th amendment, made of 5 separate suits, chief justice warren 5 separate suits: oliver brown veteran in kansas filed suit bc daughter had to pass by a white school near their home to attend black school a mile away, barbara john initiated student strike over wretched conditions in her black high school

4) What new federal government agencies were established in the late 1040s to deal with national security and intelligence gathering

National Security Act (779)- united military branches under single secretary of defence and created NSC National Security Council (779)- advise the president North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NAT0) (779)- military alliance formed in 1949 among US, Canada, Western european nations, to counter any possible soviet threat, represented unprecedented commitment by Us to go to war if any allied were attacked Central Intelligence Agency (779)- agency created by national security act of 1947 to expand government's espionage capacities and ability to thwart communism through covert activities, including propaganda, sabotage, economic warfare, and support for anti communist forces around world

election of 1952 (794)

discontent with truman's war boosted republicans in 1952 election, eisenhower republican popular hero running with nixen, truman decides not to run for reelection, democrats stevenson, eisenhower said he will go to korea voters support to end war, eisenhower won, narrow republican majority

-- 4) What impact did commercial TV have on society, culture and values during the 1950s

TV offered respite from Cold war anxieties, situation comedies projected feminine ideal, subtle manipulation of women television also affected politics... eisenhower's 1952 presidential campaign used TV ads for the first time, money played large role in elections because candidates needed to pay for expensive TV ads, ability to appeal directly to voters in living rooms tv accelerated growing power of money in elections and less political party involvement private enterprise paid for american TV, TV major vehicle for fostering consumption and advertisers did not hesitate to interfere with shows that might jeopardize sale of their products "vast wasteland" (818)- in 1961, newton minow chairman of federal communications commission called TV a vast wasteland, murder, sadism, formula comedies, etc

"Kitchen Debate" (798)

as nixon and nikita examined display in poskow, exchanged a slugfest of words and gestures that reporters dubbed the kitchen debate, nixon bragged of democracy and capitalism relating it to freedom to choose, nikita said in SU you have right to housing, no homeless, role of women differs (domesticity in US vs economy in SU), threats

Levittown (812)

builder william levitt adapted factory assembly line to home construction, produced mass produced 17,000 home development called levittown on long island NY

Employment Act of 1946 (784)

called on fed government to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power, formalizing gov't responsibility for maintaining healthy economy, created council of economic advisors to assist president

Truman's firing of McArthur (793)

US tried to roll back communism by force, truman authorized macarthur to cross 38th parallel, directed him to keep troops away from border, macarthur instead sent them past border into china where chinese soldiers then crossed into korea and helped north korea get back seoul truman decides to negotiate, macarthur mad, defeat, challenged president to conduct foreign policy frustrated with containment wanted war, truman fired him

Cuban revolution (807)

Uprising led by fidel castro that drove out US supported dictator fulgencio batista and eventually allied cuba with soviet union, Cia warn eisenhower that communism infiltrated castro movement, began to nationalize US property when US did not give him loans, turned to USSR, eisenhower broke of diplomatic relations with cuba and authorized CIA to invade and overthrow his gov't

People's Republic of China (783)

october 1949, mo established people's republic of china and nationalists fled to island of taiwan, signed mutual defense treaty with soviet union bc scared of US US failed to recognize PRC, blocked its admission to UN, supported nationalist government in taiwan

- 4) What caused McCarthyism, and what role did Truman play in fostering it

What caused its rise? Loss of atomic secrets Loss of China Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe - Iron curtain Analogy with Nazis - no appeasement Labor unrest - fear of communist infiltration . wave of anti communism weakened liberals, communist subversion, red baiting attempting to link individuals to communism, and official retaliations against leftist critics of gov't red scare born of partisan politics, foreign policy setbacks, disclosures of soviet espionage russians had taken over eastern europe, communism had taken over by insurgents, china was a blow for US, spies rosenburgs, labor unrests and strikes, communism caused strikes republicans blamed democrats of fostering internal subversion when lost china to communism and eastern europe too Joseph R. McCarthy (789)- wisconsin senator accused that communists at home are responsible for communism abroad, allegation of retired general marshall, communist conspiracy, term mcCarthysim for anti communist crusade, conducted hearings, ruined reputations/no jobs, blacklisted hollywood, hysteria , didn't break until mccarthy exposed/lies ex communists in america→ fear Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (790)- accused of working on atomic bomb project as spies, giving bomb to soviets, pleaded not guilty but convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage and electrocuted hunt for subversives conducted by congress and executive branch truman issued exec order 9835 in march 1947 establishing loyalty review boards to investigate every fed employee, government investigators, many civil service employees lost jobs and many resigned→ truman's loyalty program House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) (791)- congressional committee especially prominent during early years of cold war that investigated americans who might be disloyal to government or might have associated with communists or other radicals, one of key institutions that promoted second red scare, lost jobs truman administration went after communist party directly prosecuting its leaders, guilty verdicts violated first amendment freedom of speech, supreme court ruled in 1951 that communist threat override constitutional guarantees caused untold harm of innocent individuals, humiliated and discredited law abiding citizens, prison, anti communist crusade violated fundamental rights of freedom of speech and association and stifles expression of dissenting ideas Methods used by McCarthyites Guilt by association Innuendo, lies, intimidation Requiring people to name other communists Blacklists Televised hearings

Mendez v. Westminster (788)

With help of LULAC parents filed class action suit in southern california, challenging school districts that barred their children from white schools, 1947 decision fed court struck down school segregation, NAACP lawyer filed supporting brief in case which foreshadowed brown v board of education

- rock and roll (819)

a music genre created from country music and black rhythm and blues that emerged in 1950s and captivated american youth

military-industrial complex (808)

a term president eisenhower used to refer to military establishment and defense contractors who he warned exercised undue influence in city, state, and fed gov't, our economy depends on defense contractors, this is what war has done

- Jackson Pollack (819)

abstract expressionist poured, driped, threw paint on canvases or, new form of painting captivated and redirected the western art world that new york replaced paris as its center

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (790)

accused of working on atomic bomb project as spies, pleaded not guilty but convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage and electrocuted

Rosa Parks (821)

active member of local NAACP, also women's political council, refused to give up her seat and arrested

National Security Council (779)

advise the president

Third World (782)

africa, asia, middle east, WW2 accelerated tide of national liberation movements against war weakened imperial powers, by 1960, 40 countries won their independence, latin america, too, third world

Central Intelligence Agency (779)

agency created by national security act of 1947 to expand government's espionage capacities and ability to thwart communism through covert activities, including propaganda, sabotage, economic warfare, and support for anti communist forces around world

Marshall Plan (777)

aid program begun in 1948 to help european economies recover from WW2, US provided 13 billion to 17 western european nations between 1948-1953, helped its own economy as well, secretary of state george marshall invited european nations and soviet union to request for aid but soviets rejected and made their eastern european satellites do the same

air-conditioning (813)

air conditioning cooled nearly 8 million homes by 1960 and facilitated industrial development and tourism

nuclear deterrence (779)

basis of american nuclear strategy, to deter soviet attack US strove to maintain nuclear force more powerful than soviets, nuclear arms race

bracero program (814)

begun in 1942, under which mexicans were permitted to enter US to work for limited period, sent mexicans to labor in fields, but still lots of deportation and low wages

- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) (825)

black clergy from across south chose king to head southern christian leadership conference, newly established to coordinate local protests against segregation and disfranchisement

- abstract expressionism (819)

bold style of visual arts, abstract expressionism flowered, rejecting idea that that painting should be recognizable forms

dr ben spock

book about health and baby care... young mothers now living far away from their own mothers, different from usual books, first sentence "you know more than you think you do", trust your instincts, basic philosophy feeding on demand, created baby boomers, used to getting what they wanted college students protests, permisive method of child rearing--> spoiled brats

5) How did the U.S. react to the communist takeover of China in 1949

civil war in China communists led by mao zedong fought official nationalist government under jiang jieshi communists gained support for land reforms, jiang viewed as corrupt and weakened military from WW2 failing to achieve settlement between jiang and mao, US provided 3 billion in aid to nationalists october 1949, mo established people's republic of china and nationalists fled to island of taiwan, signed mutual defense treaty with soviet union bc scared of US US failed to recognize PRC, blocked its admission to UN, supported nationalist government in taiwan truman accused of "losing" china

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) (791)

congressional committee especially prominent during early years of cold war that investigated americans who might be disloyal to government or might have associated with communists or other radicals, one of key institutions that promoted second red scare

Helen Gahagan Douglas (772)

congresswoman former broadway star, supported new deal and FDR, unsure of truman but a loyal ally, member of house of foreign affairs committee, went up against nixon in senate, blamed as communist

- 3) How did consumerism, domesticity and religion contribute to a culture of conformity

consumer items flooded american society in 1950s, encouraged satisfaction and happiness through acquisition of new products gross national product and family income grew more shopping center, refrigerators, tvs consumer borrowing also fueled economic boom, installment plans and use of credit cards but standards for family happiness imposed by consumer culture required second income dominant ideology celebrated traditional family life and conventional gender roles, males are the breadwinner, women are full time homemaker, and have 3-4 children glorification of domesticity clashed with women's increasing employment, many americans lives did embody family ideal postwar prosperity people married earlier and had more children Betty Friedan - "The Feminine Mystique" (817)- writer and feminist gave name to idealization of women's domestic roles , criticized people that assumed biological difference dictated different roles for men and women baby boom (817)- the surge in american birthrate between 1945 and 1965, which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births, baby boom reflected and promoted americans' postwar prosperity, encouraged women to pay attention to child rearing and fathers to spend time with children interest in religion also surged in 1950s, membership in churches and synagogues rose, people believed in God nationwide crusades of baptist minister billy graham congress linked religion to state by adding "under god" to pledge and requiring "in god we trust" on currency religion helped calm anxieties about war/nuclear age, cold war a holy war condemning communism growth of church membership from a desire for conformity and need for social outlets

hard-line foreign policy

containment (775)- post WW2 foreign policy strategy that committed US to resisting the influence and expansion of Soviet Union and communism, strategy of containment shaped american foreign policy throughout cold war

Adlai Stevenson (794)

democratic nominee for 1952 election, governor of illinois

George Kennan (775)

diplomat and expert of russia, wrote a comprehensive rational for what came to be policy of containment, he stressed soviet insecurity and stalin's need to maintain authority at home as reason to expand soviet power abroad, believed that soviet would retreat if US would respond with counterforce

1) What technological and economic forces contributed to the prosperity of the 1950s

economic productivity stimulated by cold war spending and tech advances, new items on market, consumption farmers achieved productivity through greater crop specialization, intensive use of fertilizers, and mechanization with cotton picker decline of family farms and growth of large commercial farming causes and consequences of mechanization, larger farmers could afford tech improvements while smaller producers lacked capital to purchase machinery necessary to compete number of farms fell but average farm size doubled southern landowners replaced sharecroppers and tenants with machines, blacks moved to cities→ urban poverty, also for small farmers→ rural poverty new tech transformed industrial production, electronics, chemicals, air transportation, growth of television, plastics, computers american businesses access to cheap oil, ample market abroad and little foreign competition, new jobs strength of labor unions contributed to prosperity by putting money into hands of people who would spend it earnings for production workers shot up private welfare state system gave union members of company funded programs, retirement, health care, paid vacations, etc economy shifting from production to service white collar jobs outnumbered blue collar jobs, more workers, distributed goods, performed services, provided education, carried out gov't work , most service industries resisted unionization growing service occupations caused demand for female workers, worked in offices, domestic service, teaching , nursing, low wages tho

growth of white collar jobs and service jobs (811)

economy shifting from production to service , white collar jobs outnumbered blue collar jobs, more workers, distributed goods, performed services, provided education, carried out gov't work , most service industries resisted unionization

Suez Crisis (807)

egypt leader sought arms from communist czechoslovakia and formed alliance with other arab nations and recognized republic of china, US calls off their deal egypt leader responded by seizing suez canal, owned by britain and france, israel attacked egypt, UN arranged truce forcing israel to retreat and britain and france to pull back

National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) (808)

eisenhower established NASA with huge budget increased for space exploration, signed national defense education act too, as result of fear with sputnik

presidential election of 1956 (803)

eisenhower one to adlai stevenson, but democrats still control of congress, majority of americans still in support of policies and programs of democrats, eisenhower faced challenges in leadership during economic recession, fought with congress over budget and public works, republican administration kept fed government intact tipped policy benefits toward corporate interests, wide diffusion of wealth and income with eisenhower

Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 (821)

eisenhower ordered integration of public facilities in washington DC and on military bases, supported first federal civil rights legislation since reconstruction

- 3) What was Ike's position on civil rights

eisenhower refused to endorse brown kept silent in 1955 when whites murdered emmett till, 14 year old black boy who had allegedly whistled at a white women in mississippi eisenhower kept distance from civil rights issues which fortified southern resistance, he has personal prejudice and preference for limited federal intervention and gradual progress Little Rock crisis 1957 (820)- sept 1957, governor faubus sent arkansas national guard troops to block enrollment of nine black students in little rock's central high school, later allowed them to enter but withdrew national guard, leaving students to face angry white mob, eisenhower sent paratroopers escorted little rock nine to school but resistance to integration continued across south still northern school districts separated black and white students by manipulating neighborhood boundaries and with other devices, reality of residential segregation made school segregation Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 (821)- eisenhower ordered integration of public facilities in washington DC and on military bases, supported first federal civil rights legislation since reconstruction appointed first black professional to white house staff morrow

Department of Health, Education and Welfare (801)

eisenhower signed laws to bring more workers under social security, increased minimum wage, created new department of health, education, and welfare, distributed polio vaccine

- 2) What was Ike's "New Look" in the military, and what prompted it

eisenhower wanted to control military expenditures in order to balance budget and cut taxes new look in defense strategy concentrated US military strength in nuclear weapons and missiles to deliver them instead of maintaining large ground forces of its own, US arm friendly nations and back them up with nuclear arsenal brinksmanship (804)- american's willingness to go to the brink of war with its intimidating nuclear weapons would block any soviet efforts to expand massive retaliation (804)- nuclear weapons could not stop soviet nuclear attack but in response to attack they could inflict enormous destruction, this certainty of massive retaliation meant to deter soviets from launching attack, tried to scare them by implying US will strike back with force Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) (804)- term for the standoff between US and USSR based on the assumption that a nuclear first strike by either nation would result in massive retaliation and mutual destruction for both, despite this both countries pursued arms race HUngary rebellion against soviet controlled government, but US liberation did not come to help, eisenhower did not want to risk US soldiers and nuclear war, soviet suppressed insurrection

- 5) Describe U.S./Soviet competition in nuclear arms and space during the late 1950s

eisenhower wanted to reduce superpower tensions, khrushchev wanted to reduce defense spending and threat of nuclear devastation they met in geneva at first summit crisis, symbol of conciliation and cooperation soviets test fired their first ballistic missile in 1957 and beat US into space by launching sputnik, first man made satellite to circle on earth, raised fears that soviets led not only missile development and space exploration but also science and education National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) (808)- eisenhower established NASA with huge budget increased for space exploration, signed national defense education act too, as result of fear with sputnik assured US possessed nuclear superiority, launched first polaris sub carrying nuc missiles, but nuclear weapons did not guarantee security for either side since both had a lot 1960 two sides close to ban nuclear testing U-2 Crisis (808)- just before planned summit in paris for pan of nuclear testing, soviet missile shot down american U2 spy plane over soviet territory, dashed all prospects for nuclear arms agreement military-industrial complex (808)- a term president eisenhower used to refer to military establishment and defense contractors who he warned exercised undue influence in city, state, and fed gov't

GI Bill (785)

enacted in 1944, offered veterans job training and education, unemployment compensation until they found jobs, and low interest loans to purchase homes, farms, and small businesses, sparked economic boost, but impact uneven, racial and ethnic discrimination

McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 (789)

ended outright ban on immigration and citizenship for japanese, other asians, but it authorize gov't to bar suspected communists and homosexuals and maintained discriminatory quota system established in 1920s

racial segregation (819)

every southern state mandated rigid segregation in public settings ranging from schools to cemeteries, voting laws disenfranchised blacks, employment discrimination kept blacks at bottom, also schools/public spaces segregated in north

- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) (821)

experimented with tactics, organizing to integrated in movie theaters, restaurants, swimming pools etc in north

agribusiness (810)

growth of large commercial farming causes and consequences of mechanization, larger farmers could afford tech improvements while smaller producers lacked capital to purchase machinery necessary to compete, number of farms fell but average farm size doubled

- 4) Describe Ike's interventions and policies toward Iran, Guatemala, Cuba and Egypt

guatemala's government led by president jacobo was not soviet controlled but accepted support from small local communist party jacobo moved to help peasants by nationalizing land owned by United fruit company (US) who refused his offer, looked at it as communism and US issued CIA to opposition army to overthrow jacobo and install military dictatorship cuban revolution led by fidel castro Cuban revolution (807)- Uprising led by fidel castro that drove out US supported dictator fulgencio batista and eventually allied cuba with soviet union, Cia warn eisenhower that communism infiltrated castro movement, began to nationalize US property when US did not give him loans, turned to USSR, eisenhower broke of diplomatic relations with cuba and authorized CIA to invade and overthrow his gov't CIA intervened in Iran to oust an elected government, support an unpopular dictatorship, and maintain western access to iranian soil iranian parliament try to nationalize british's oil fields in iran, but britain said no and asked US for help, CIA agents instigated a coup bribing army officers and financing demonstrations in streets, iranian army officers captured prime minister of iran and re established authority of shah who favored US and wealthy class, US received share in iran's oil concession US effort to win arab allies, talked to egypt about american support to build aswan dam on nile river egypt leader sought arms from communist czechoslovakia and formed alliance with other arab nations and recognized republic of china, US calls off their deal egypt leader responded by seizing suez canal, owned by britain and france, israel attacked egypt, UN arranged truce forcing israel to retreat and britain and france to pull back Eisenhower Doctrine (808)- president eisenhower's 1957 declaration that the US would actively combat communism in middle east, following this doctrine congress approved the policy and eisenhower sent aid to jordan in 1957 and troops to lebanon in 1958

Martin Luther King Jr. (824)

head of MIA, young baptist pastor with doctorate in theology from boston university , addressed mass meetings at churches throughout boycott, inspiring blacks courage and commitment by linking racial justice to christianity

domino effect

if one country falls to communism, other countries fall too, said by eisenhower

"vast wasteland" (818)

in 1961, newton minow chairman of federal communications commission called TV a vast wasteland, murder, sadism, formula comedies, etc

Joseph Stalin (775)

insisted that wartime agreements gave him free hand in countries defeated or liberated by red army, used harsh methods to install communist governments in poland and bulgaria

Jackie Robinson (787)

integrated major league baseball, playing for brooklyn dodgers and braving abuse from fans and players to win rookie of year award,

establishment of Israel (783)

jews migrated to palestine after war, sought refuge, truman responded to jewish organization pleas, moral commitment to holocaust survivors and his interest in american jewish vote, jews in palestine declared state of israel in may 1948, truman quickly recognized it and made its defense the cornerstone of US policy in middle east

U-2 Crisis (808)

just before planned summit in paris for pan of nuclear testing, soviet missile shot down american U2 spy plane over soviet territory, dashed all prospects for nuclear arms agreement

Ike's Foreign Policies and actions:

korean war containment new look in military brinkmanship- massive retaliation- mutually assured destructruction hungarian uprising, (ike didn't send troops, did not want to risk confrontation with USSR) domino theory french request for military help in vietnam southeast asia treaty organization (SEATO) aid to south vietnam after french left iran (origin of hostility,we took out a popularly elected leader and replaced him with dictator) guatemala cuba suez canal eisenhower doctrine relations with khrushchev U2 incident response to launching of sputnik national defense education act ideas about military industrial complex NASA

Interstate Highway Act of 1956 (801)

law authorizing construction of national highway system, promoted as essential to national defense and impetus to economic growth, system accelerated movement of people and gods and changed nature of american communities, serve as evacuation route for nuclear attack, costs of air pollution, energy consumption, declining railroad and mass transportation, decay of central cities , trucks instead of trains, automobiles, central cities of minorities

Housing Act of 1949 (789)

law authorizing the construction of 810,000 units of government housing, this landmark effort marked first significant commitment of fed gov't to meet housing needs of poor

Taft-Hartley Act (788)

law passed by republican controlled congress in 1947 that amended wagner act and placed restrictions on organized labor that made it more difficult for unions to organize workers, tipped balance of power in favor of management, because fed up of strikes, TH= NoC3 +80 no closed shops (unions can't require all members join union), no communists in unions, no campaign contributions by unions can't give money to candidates, 80 day cooling off period (if there is a dispute and strike is threatened, federal labor relations board makes them negotiate cool off for 80 before strike) truman vetoed it and congress overrode his veto

Mao Zedong (782)

led communists in civil war in china

Ho Chi Minh (805)

led nationalist coalition, Vietminh, declared vietnam's independence from france but led to violence, and since Ho declared himself a communist truman started to provide aid to French

Fidel Castro (806)

led revolution in cuba

Inchon Landing (732)

macarthur launched bold counteroffensive, retake seoul

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) (757)

major civil rights organization, and their legal strategy was to appeal to supreme court

- 3) What policies did Ike pursue on Vietnam during the 1960s

major containment policy came in southeast asia, Ho Chi Minh (805)- led nationalist coalition, Vietminh, declared vietnam's independence from france but led to violence, and since Ho declared himself a communist truman started to provide aid to French eisenhower viewed communism in vietnam the same way domino theory (805)- theory of containment articulated by eisenhower in context of vietnam, he warned that fall of non communist government to communism would trigger spread of communism in neighboring countries US providing 75% money for war, refused to help avert defeat in battle of dien bien phu, which fell to vietminh in 19544, geneva accords signed and recognized vietnam's independence and temporarily partitions it at 17th parallel , separating vietminh from puppet gov't, later unified eisenhower and dulles moved to prop up the dominoes with new alliance and put CIA to work in north vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem (806)- prime minister of south vietnamese, US supported him in refusing to hold vote/elections because scared communist victory aid to south vietnamese army, later guerrilla warfare

iron curtain (775)

metaphor coined by churchill in 1946 t demark line divided soviet controlled countries in eastern europe from democratic nations in western europe following WW2

- 2) What policies did Truman pursue on civil rights for African Americans and Mexican Americans

migration of blacks meant they could now vote and participate in ongoing struggles to end discrimination in housing and education NAACP expanded, pursuing civil rights through court and congress still discrimination and segregation, irony with ww2 trying to lead a free and democratic nation, surge of doing the right thing truman spoke boldly on civil rights Committee on Civil Rights (787)- 1946 truman created committee on civil rights, asserted americans should have equal rights to housing, education, employment and ballot congress rejected his proposals executive order desegregating armed forces (787)- truman issued order but lay unimplemented until korean war administration's support and desegregation of military had long reaching changes fair employment practices act created civil rights division of justice department League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) (788)- 1929 made by latin americans to combat discrimination and segregation in southwest issues with getting veterans benefits children segregated in public school Mendez v. Westminster (788)- With help of LULAC parents filed class action suit in southern california, challenging school districts that barred their children from white schools, 1947 decision fed court struck down school segregation, NAACP lawyer filed supporting brief in case which foreshadowed brown v board of education

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NAT0) (779)

military alliance formed in 1949 among US, Canada, Western european nations, to counter any possible soviet threat, represented unprecedented commitment by Us to go to war if any allied were attacked

1) In what ways did Eisenhower follow the policy of moderate Republicanism (the middle way) in his domestic policies

moderation guiding principle of eisenhower's domestic agenda, pledged middle way between individual freedom and demands for welfare of nation still continued with new deal modern republicanism meant resististing additional fed intervention in economic and social life democratic control of congress contributed to eisenhower's moderate approach tried to avoid anticommunism fervor, but helped expand loyalty program of truman mcCarthy causing trouble with reckless charges of communism against military , senate vote condemned him signed laws to bring more workers under social security, increased minimum wage, created new department of health, education, and welfare Interstate Highway Act of 1956 (801)- law authorizing construction of national highway system, promoted as essential to national defense and impetus to economic growth, system accelerated movement of people and goods and changed nature of american communities costs of air pollution, energy consumption, declining railroad and mass transportation, decay of central cities restrained federal activity in favor of state governments and private enterprises too large tax cuts benefit businesses and wealthy, resisted fed aid to education and strong white house leadership for civil rights opposed national health insurance signed legislation authorizing private manufacture and sale of nuclear energy, first commercial nuclear power plant in 1958 - McCarthyism cabinet selections, selection of Nixon as VP new deal programs and departments social security benefits housing act of 1954 department of health, education, and welfare federal role in health care, education polio vaccine interstate highway act of 1956 tax cuts control of nuclear power 1958 recession, response to congressional bills expanding public works projects, price supports for farmers and housing and urban development post sputnik education act native american policies, compensation termination relocation

- 2) What accounted for the key demographic trends of the 1950s - suburbanization and migration to the Sunbelt - and what effect did these trends have

new homes went up in suburbs , accessible to families with modest incomes Levittown (812)- builder william levitt adapted factory assembly line to home construction, produced mass produced 17,000 home development called levittown on long island NY government subsidized home ownership by guaranteeing low interest mortgages and by making interest on mortgages tax deductible government funded interstate highways also encouraged suburban development, people can move out of cities and still work in them suburbs under attack for bulldozing natural environment, creating groundwater contamination and disrupting wildlife patterns suburbs polarized society along racial lines, levittown homeowners had to sign contract pledging not to rent or sell to non caucasian Sun Belt: name applied to southwest and south which grew rapidly after WW2 as center of defense industries and non unionized labor, lots of economic opportunity automobile and airplane spurred post ww2 surge facilitated industrial development and tourism Sun Belt - Gun Belt (813)- area of defense industry to south and southwest, aerospace industry boomed and military bases helped, lots of defense related jobs surging populations and industries threatened environment, dams and reservoirs on free flowing rivers to provide water and power to cities native americans lost fishing sights, displaced indian families pollution with automobiles bracero program (814)- begun in 1942, under which mexicans were permitted to enter US to work for limited period, sent mexicans to labor in fields, but still lots of deportation and low wages, migration to california's vast agribusiness industry Hernandez v. Texas (814)- 1954 supreme court decision ruling that the systematic exclusion of mexican americans from juries violated constitutional guarantee of equal protection white americans enjoyed, lakewood center, shopping mall, consumer culture, universities fed government subsidized the education of more than two million veterans, cold war sent money to universities for defense research, public colleges and universities expanded but all americans did not benefit equally , less af americans in college, and women too drop out after marriage

- 4) What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and what did it accomplish

nonviolent passive resistance and civil disobedience (821)- set civil rights movement of 1950s apart from earlier acts of black protest was its widespread presence in south, large number of people willing to confront white institutions directly and use of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience to bring change Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) (821)- experimented with tactics, organizing to integrated in movie theaters, restaurants, swimming pools etc in north montgomery bus boycott: yearlong boycott of montgomery's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by city's african american population, boycott brought MLK to national prominence and ended in victory when supreme court declared segregated transportation unconstitutional police arrested rosa parks for violating local segregation ordinance, refused to give up her seat in white section so that a man could sit down WPC leaders mobilized to distribute flyers to urge boycott, NAACP founded montgomery improvement association which arranged volunteer car pools and marshaled most of black community to sustain boycott boycotters walked miles and carpooled, stood up to intimidation and police harassment, authorities arrested several leaders and whites firebombed king's house november 1956 court declared unconstitutional alabama's laws requiring bus segregation

massive retaliation (804)

nuclear weapons could not stop soviet nuclear attack but in response to attack they could inflict enormous destruction, this certainty of massive retaliation meant to deter soviets from launching attack, tried to scare them by implying US will strike back with force

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 (820)

overturned by brown v board of education

Eisenhower Doctrine (808)

president eisenhower's 1957 declaration that the US would actively combat communism in middle east, following this doctrine congress approved the policy and eisenhower sent aid to jordan in 1957 and troops to lebanon in 1958

Jacobo Arbenz (806)

president of guatemala, made over to united fruit company to nationalize land for peasants

Mohamed Mossadegh (807)

prime minister of iranian parliament, captured and overthrown with help of US

Ngo Dinh Diem (806)

prime minister of south vietnamese, US supported him in refusing to hold vote/elections because scared communist victory

1) What forces led to a surge in the civil rights movement of the 1950s

racial segregation (819)- every southern state mandated rigid segregation in public settings ranging from schools to cemeteries, voting laws disenfranchised blacks, employment discrimination kept blacks at bottom, also schools/public spaces segregated in north 1950s grassroots movements arose that attracted national attention and support of white liberals lots of civil rights groups, pushed supreme courts to make reform ordinary african americans sought their own liberation, building a movement that would transform race relations in US lots of factors surged protest af americans migration to north where have political voice, black leaders emphasized how racist practices at home tarnished US image abroad and handicapped US in competition with soviet union af americans could control certain organization resources like churches, newspapers, colleges, etc

Nikita Khrushchev (798)

replaces stalin

Dwight D. Eisenhower (794)

republican candidate for 1952 election, supreme commander in europe during WW2, commander of NATO forces, agreed with truman's foreign policy but deplored democrat's propensity to solve domestic problems with expensive federal programs

Native-American policies of compensation, termination and relocation (802)

reversed new deals goals of strengthening tribal governments and preserving indian culture, favor assimilation of native americans and ending special relationships with government, government implemented three part program of compensation, termination and relocation compensation: congress established indian claims commision to hear claims by native americans for land taken by government, settled 285 cases with compensation, awards based on land values at time land was taken termination: commissioner dillow myer asserted that bureau of indian affairs should do nothing for indians which they can do for themselves, eisenhower signed bills transferring jurisdiction over tribal land to state and local governments, end trusteeship relationship between indians and fed gov't, no more special arrangements like hospitals schools etc, corporate interests take opportunity to purchase indian land cheaply indian relocation program, began in 1948 and involved more than 100000 native americans by 1973, government encouraged indians to move to cities where relocation centers were supposed to help with housing, job training, and medical care, but faced racism in cities and unemployment poor housing, loss of culture

Richard Nixon (794)

running mate of eisenhower, appeased right wing of party, grew up in southern california and served in navy, practice law, member of HUAC and anti communist

Truman Doctrine (777)

said US must not only resist soviet military power but also support free people who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure, administration won, set the precedent for next forty years of cold war interventions that would aid any kind of gov't if only alternative appeared to be communism

truman

senator from missouri, grew up in political machine quick to make decisions, firm not that warm commander in WW1, very good had experience chosen by FDR to have a good safe southern democrat on ticket, good handling of WW2, shaping foreign affairs for america after truman doctrine, no direct fighting , bad domestic things/loyalty program helped red scare

Little Rock crisis 1957 (820)

sept 1957, governor faubus sent arkansas national guard troops to block enrollment of nine black students in little rock's central high school, later allowed them to enter but withdrew national guard, leaving students to face angry white mob, eisenhower sent paratroopers escorted little rock nine to school but resistance to integration continued across south

Soviet acquisition of the atomic bomb (778)

september 1949, soviet union detonated its own atomic bomb, ending US monopoly on atomic weapons

nonviolent passive resistance and civil disobedience (821)

set civil rights movement of 1950s apart from earlier acts of black protest was its widespread presence in south, large number of people willing to confront white institutions directly and use of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience to bring change

1) What economic problems plagued the nation during the years after World War II

shortages, strikes, inflation as economy shifted to peacetime production ww2 produced high standard of living, worried about sustaining that after millions of soldiers return truman asked congress for 21 point program of social and economic reforms, wanted gov't to keep regulating economy, congress only approved one of his proposals Employment Act of 1946 (784)- called on fed government to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power, formalizing gov't responsibility for maintaining healthy economy, created council of economic advisors to assist president inflation biggest problem, shortages of meat, housing, etc, drove up prices labor relations bad, organized labor emerged from war, strikes in every industry, union members feared of erosion of wartime gains, people wanted to keep their jobs americans fed up with strikes and blamed unions for shortages and rising prices women wanted to keep wartime jobs, but those who remained have to settle for low paying jobs in light industry, displaced from war work women organization and unions for equal pay got nowhere lots of housing shortage economy stabilized by 1947, wartime profits→ businesses expand, foreign aid enabled war stricken countries to purchase american products→ stimulate economy, soaring birth rate, economic boom GI Bill (785)- enacted in 1944, offered veterans job training and education, unemployment compensation until they found jobs, and low interest loans to purchase homes, farms, and small businesses, sparked economic boost, but impact uneven, racial and ethnic discrimination, free college education, more jobs for the other guys

1949

soviets get the bomb, red china emergers, NATO formed-

Berlin blockade and airlift (778)

soviets installed communist regime in czechoslovakia, last democracy of eastern europe, stalin threatened western access to berlin which was technically soviet's but all allies used it western allies moved to organize western germany but soviets retaliated by blocking roads and rail lines between west germany and berlin, cutting off fuel and essentials to avoid confrontation with soviet troops, US and british pilots airlifted gods to sustain west berliners for a year, stalin finally lifted blockade and germany divied berlin in east germany, divided into east and west as capital of both allies and soviets, west berlin got supplies by road from west germany, soviets blockaded that road, US airlifted supplies stalin did not shoot them down

Sputnik (808)

soviets test fired their first ballistic missile in 1957 and beat US into space by launching sputnik, first man made satellite to circle on earth, raised fears that soviets led not only missile development and space exploration but also science and education

- Elvis Presley (819)

teenagers lionized elvis presley , rock and roll music, tight pants, hip rolling gestures, sensual music

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) (804)

term for the standoff between US and USSR based on the assumption that a nuclear first strike by either nation would result in massive retaliation and mutual destruction for both, despite this both countries pursued arms race

Cold War (775)

term given to tense and hostile relationship between US and Soviet Union from 1947-1989, term cold was apt because hostility stopepd short of direct armed conflict

baby boom (817)

the surge in american birthrate between 1945 and 1965, which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births, baby boom reflected and promoted americans' postwar prosperity, encouraged women to pay attention to child rearing and fathers to spend time with children

domino theory (805)

theory of containment articulated by eisenhower in context of vietnam, he warned that fall of non communist government to communism would trigger spread of communism in neighboring countries

NSC 68 (795)

top secret government report on april 1950 warning that national survival required a massive military buildup, korea war brought nearly all of the expansion called for in report, and by 1952 defense spending claimed nearly 70% of federal budget, military spending shot up

- 5) What caused the Korean War, what was its outcome, and what effect did it have on U.S. policies

troops from communist north korea invaded south korea, us involvement in korea marked militarization of foreign policy and containment strategy korean war: conflict between north korean forces supported by china and soviet union and south korea and us led united nations forces over control of south korea, 1950-1953, war represented first time US went to war to implement containment, north korea communist, divided between south at 38th parallel US supported syngman rhee of south korea, soviets liked kim 2 sung of north korea, us officials appreciated his anticommunism and provided economic and military aid to south korea north koreans pushed and surprised americans, with ichon macarther drove communists back up into north korea near china, went so close to border that chinese, defied truman and china came to help north korea, drove back UN forces once war started, truman assumed soviets instigated attack and decided to intervene, obtained UN sponsorship of collective effort to repel attack appointed general douglas macarthur to lead UN force, US supplied weapons too Inchon Landing (732)- macarthur launched bold counteroffensive, retake seoul US tried to roll back communism by force, truman authorized macarthur to cross 38th parallel, directed him to keep troops away from border, macarthur instead sent them past border into china where chinese soldiers then crossed into korea and helped north korea get back seoul truman decides to negotiate, macarthur mad, defeat, challenged president to conduct foreign policy frustrated with containment wanted war, truman fired him 1953 armstrice left korea divided, north and south, war fulfilled objective of containment, avoided another world war, but lots of lives lost, americans prisoners of war korea had effect on defense policy and spending, first instances of truman doctrine NSC 68 (795)- top secret government report on april 1950 warning that national survival required a massive military buildup, korea war brought nearly all of the expansion called for in report, and by 1952 defense spending claimed nearly 70% of federal budget, military spending shot up

election of 1948 (788)

truman faced republican party headed by dewey and two revolts within his own party, wallace led progressive party, thurmond headed states rights party(southern democrats not too liberal) , truman had more electoral votes, support for his foreign policy and new deal reform

Truman's loyalty program (790)

truman issued exec order 9835 in march 1947 establishing loyalty review boards to investigate every fed employee, government investigators, many civil service employees lost jobs and many resigned, admitted was a mistake

executive order desegregating armed forces (787)

truman issued order but lay unimplemented until korean war

National Security Act (779)

united military branches under single secretary of defence and created NSC

1) How and why did the end of World War II create tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in Europe

wartime alliance of US, britain, and SU crumbled, giving birth to cold war after allies won, prewar mistrust and antagonism between soviet union and west resurfaced over different visions of postwar world western allies' delay in opening second front in western europe aroused soviet suspicions soviets lost a lot and wanted to make germany pay, stalin wanted to remain dictator US emerged as world power, expanded economy, monopoly on weapons american officials regarded foreign policy as self interested campaign for economic advantage, others as means to preserve democracy and capitalism to rest of world truman expected soviets to agree to plans for postwar world, thought he could control stalin if they try to expand since he has upper hand with nuclear monopoly Cold War (775)- term given to tense and hostile relationship between US and Soviet Union from 1947-1989, term cold was apt because hostility stopped short of direct armed conflict Joseph Stalin (775)- insisted that wartime agreements gave him free hand in countries defeated or liberated by red army (just like US got hand in reconstructing governments of italy and japan), used harsh methods to install communist governments in poland and bulgaria, responded to western pressure and removed troops from iran on allowing US access to rich oil fields, saw hypocrisy when US officials demanded democratic elections in eastern europe while supporting dictatorships in Latin america, soviet union established satellite countries throughout eastern europe disagreed on what they wanted to do with germany US policy makers sought rapid industrial revival to foster economic recovery stalin wanted to weaken germany militaristically and economically, demanded heavy reparations to help rebuild soviet economy allies divided germany: soviet installs communist gov't in east, and US france and britain make west germany (federal republic of germany) iron curtain (775)- metaphor coined by churchill in 1946 to demark line divided soviet controlled countries in eastern europe from democratic nations in western europe following WW2, on theater fire on stage iron curtain between audience and stage to prevent it from spreading domino effect: if one country falls to communism, other countries fall too, said by eisenhower George Kennan (775)- diplomat and expert of russia, wrote a comprehensive rational for what came to be policy of containment, he stressed soviet insecurity and stalin's need to maintain authority at home as reason to expand soviet power abroad, believed that soviet would retreat if US would respond with counterforce hard-line foreign policy - containment (775)- post WW2 foreign policy strategy that committed US to resisting the influence and expansion of Soviet Union and communism, strategy of containment shaped american foreign policy throughout cold war, stop spread of communism key foreign policy challenges: dividing germany USSR more hurt eastern european governments→ stalin wanted control of eastern europe bc wanted friendly neighbors, supporters of communism second front controversy, stalin still made

Joseph R. McCarthy (789)

wisconsin senator accused that communists at home are responsible for communism abroad, allegation of retired general marshall, communist conspiracy

Betty Friedan - "The Feminine Mystique" (817)

writer and feminist gave name to idealization of women's domestic roles , criticized people that assumed biological difference dictated different roles for men and women, defined feminine mystique as the image of woman as domestic, devoted to husband, first writer to zero in on fact that woman were discontented playing this role, wanted to work, tedious, boring, isolating, problem that has no name, a beginning of the consciousness of women and their role, guru of feminist movement

- Allen Ginsburg (819)

writers who rejected mainstream culture (patriotism, consumerism, tech, conventional family life, discipline) celebrated spontaneity and personal freedom including drug consumption and freewheeling sex, BEAT generation

- Jack Kerouac (819)

writers who rejected mainstream culture (patriotism, consumerism, tech, conventional family life, discipline) celebrated spontaneity and personal freedom including drug consumption and freewheeling sex, BEAT generation