APUSH CH. 8

Were women part of the new body politic?

(1) Until after the Civil War, the word "male" did not appear in the Constitution. (2) Women were counted fully in determining representation in Congress, and there was nothing explicitly limiting the rights outlined in the Constitution to men

How were the rebels of the Whiskey Rebellion suppressed? What was Washington's motivation?

(1) Washington dispatched 13,000 militiamen to western Pennsylvania (a larger force than he had commanded during the Revolution). (2) His vigorous response, Washington wrote, was motivated in part by concern for "the impression" the restoration of public order "will make on others"—the "others" being Europeans who did not believe the American experiment in self-government could survive.

What is the XYZ affair? How did it affect the relationship between France and America?

(1) When Adams made public the envoys' dispatches, the French officials were designated by the last three letters of the alphabet. (2) This "XYZ affair" poisoned America's relations with its former ally.

What was the aftermath of Washington's departure?

George Washington's departure unleashed fierce party competition over the choice of his successor.

In order to take advantage of purchasing Louisiana, what did Jefferson have to abandon?

Moreover, to take advantage of the sudden opportunity to purchase Louisiana, Jefferson had to abandon his conviction that the federal government was limited to powers specifically mentioned in the Constitution, since the document said nothing about buying territory from a foreign power.

How were public buildings (In the nation's new capital) constructed in the 1790's?

Most of the labor was done by slaves.

What were the Republican's views on the Federalists?

Republicans called their opponents monarchists intent on transforming the new national government into a corrupt, British-style aristocracy.

What made up the triumph of "Jefferson and Liberty"?

Slavery

What benefit did the Southerner's hope establishment of the permanent national capital would serve?

Southerners hoped that the location would enhance their own power in the government while removing it from the influence of the northern financiers and merchants with whom Hamilton seemed to be allied.

What was the large debate that followed appointing of Benjamin Franklin as president of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society?

Speakers from Georgia and South Carolina vigorously defended the institution and warned that behind northern criticism of slavery they heard "the trumpets of civil war."

What political group may have been the only major party in American history forthrightly to proclaim democracy and freedom dangerous in the hands of ordinary citizens?

The Federalists

How was the decade's democratic ferment reflected?

The decade's democratic ferment was reflected in writings like The Key of Liberty by William Manning, a self-educated Massachusetts farmer who had fought at the battle of Concord that began the War of Independence.

Who were the War Hawks? Who was their leader, and what did they support?

(1) A group of younger congressmen, mostly from the West, were calling for war with Britain. Known as the War Hawks, this new generation of political leaders had come of age after the winning of independence and were ardent nationalists. (2) Their leaders included Henry Clay of Kentucky, elected Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1810, and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. (3) The War Hawks spoke passionately of defending the national honor against British insults, but they also had more practical goals in mind, notably the annexation of Canada. (4) Many southern War Hawks also pressed for the conquest of Florida, a haven for fugitive slaves owned by Britain's ally Spain.

What did Lewis and Clark discover on their expedition? What possibility did they introduce?

(1) Although Lewis and Clark failed to find a commercial route to Asia, they demonstrated the possibility of overland travel to the Pacific coast. (2) They found Indians in the trans-Mississippi West accustomed to dealing with European traders and already connected to global markets. (3) The success of their journey helped to strengthen the idea that American territory was destined to reach all the way to the Pacific.

How was American trade with the Mediterranean paralyzed?

(1) Between 1785 and 1796, pirates captured thirteen American ships and held more than 100 sailors as "slaves," paralyzing American trade with the Mediterranean. The federal government paid hundreds of thousands of dollars in ransom and agreed to annual sums to purchase peace.

Why was avoiding foreign entanglements difficult for Jefferson to do as president?

(1) Even as he sought to limit the power of the national government, foreign relations compelled him to expand it. (2) The first war fought by the United States was to protect American commerce in a dangerous world.

How were the rights of blacks accorded in France and Spain?

(1) French and Spanish law accorded free blacks, many of whom were the offspring of unions between white military officers and slave women, nearly all the rights of white citizens (2) Slaves in Louisiana, as in Florida and Texas under Spanish rule, enjoyed legal protections unknown in the United States. (3) Spain made it easy for slaves to obtain their freedom through purchase or voluntary emancipation by the owners. Slave women had the right to go to court for protection against cruelty or rape by their owners.

What were Jefferson's beliefs regarding his decision to purchase Louisiana?

(1) He believed the benefits justified his transgression. (2) Farmers, Jefferson had written, were "the chosen people of God," and the country would remain "virtuous" as long as it was "chiefly agricultural."

Why did the pasha of Tripoli declare war on the United States?

(1) In 1801, Jefferson refuseddemands for increased payments and the pasha of Tripoli declared war on the United States. The naval conflict lasted until 1804, when an American squadron won a victory at Tripoli harbor (2) The treaty ending the war guaranteed the freedom of American commerce, but Tripoli soon resumed harassing American ships. Only after the War of 1812 and one final American show of force did Barbary interference with American shipping end.

What was the new policy adopted by Madison in 1810? What did it allow?

(1) In 1810, Madison adopted a new policy. Congress enacted a measure known as Macon's Bill No. 2 (2) It allowed trade to resume but provided that if either France or Britain ceased interfering with American rights, the president could reimpose an embargo on the other.

What were the events of the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

(1) In the spring of 1804, Lewis and Clark's fifty-member "corps of discovery" set out from St. Louis on the most famous exploring party in American history. (2) They spent the winter in the area of present-day North Dakota and then resumed their journey in April 1805. (3) They were now accompanied by a fifteen-year-old Shoshone Indian woman, Sacajawea, the wife of a French fur trader, who served as their guide and interpreter. (4) After crossing the Rocky Mountains, the expedition reached the Pacific Ocean in the area of present-day Oregon in November 1805. (5) They returned in 1806, bringing with them an immense amount of information about the region as well as numerous plant and animal specimens.

What was the impact of the Louisiana Purchase?

(1) Madison, in Federalist no. 10, had explained that the large size of the republic made self-government possible—"extend the sphere," he had proclaimed. (2) Now, Jefferson believed, he had ensured the agrarian character of the United States and its political stability for centuries to come.

How did France and Britain respond to Macon's Bill No. 2?

(1) The French emperor Napoleon announced that he had repealed his decrees against neutral shipping. (2) The British continued to attack American vessels and, with their navy hard-pressed for manpower, stepped up the impressment of American sailors. In the spring of 1812, Madison reimposed the embargo on trade with Britain.

What part of the Louisiana Purchase contained a non-significant Indian population in 1803? What was the population of the region?

(1) The region around New Orleans (2) When the United States took control, the city had around 8,000 inhabitants, including nearly 3,000 slaves and 1,300 free persons of color.

What did the treaty that transferred Louisiana promise the inhabitants? How did their rights in America differ from Spain?

(1) The treaty that transferred Louisiana to the United States promised that all free inhabitants would enjoy "the rights, advantages, and immunities of citizens." (2) Spanish and French civil codes, unlike British and American law, recognized women as co-owners of family property. (3) Under American rule, Louisiana retained this principle of "community property" within marriage.

What were Lewis and Clark's intent of the expedition? What was Jefferson's intent?

(1) Their objects were both scientific and commercial—to study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and to discover how the region could be exploited economically. (2) Jefferson hoped the explorers would establish trading relations with western Indians and locate a water route to the Pacific Ocean—an updated version of the old dream of a Northwest Passage that could facilitate commerce with Asia.

How was America still deeply affected by events throughout the Atlantic world?

At a time when Americans still relied on British markets to purchase their farm produce and British suppliers for imported manufactured goods, European wars directly influenced the livelihood of American farmers, merchants, and artisans.

What were the characteristics of Adam's leadership?

Brilliant but austere, stubborn, and self-important, he was disliked even by those who honored his long career of service to the cause of independence. His presidency was beset by crises.

The quasi-war between France and America

By 1798, the United States and France were engaged in a "quasi-war" at sea, with French ships seizing American vessels in the Caribbean and a newly enlarged American navy harassing the French. In effect, the United States had become a military ally of Great Britain. Despite pressure from Hamilton, who desired a declaration of war, Adams in 1800 negotiated peace with France.

What were Jefferson's views and beliefs towards the government?

Jefferson distrusted the unelected judiciary and always believed in the primacy of local self-government.

How did Jefferson leave office?

Jefferson left office at the lowest point of his career. He had won a sweeping reelection in 1804, receiving 162 electoral votes to only 14 for the Federalist candidate, Charles C. Pinckney.

What did the very first Congress under the new Constitution receive?

Petitions calling for emancipation

What was America's first encounter with the Islamic world?

The Barbary Wars were the new nation's first encounter with the Islamic world. In the 1790's, as part of an attempt to establish peaceful relations, the federal government declared that the United States was "not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion." But the conflicts helped to establish a long-lasting pattern in which Americans viewed Muslims as an exotic people whose way of life did not adhere to Western standards. In the eyes of many Americans, Islam joined monarchy and aristocracy as forms of Old World despotism that stood as opposites to freedom.

How did the Embargo fail to achieve it's diplomatic aims?

The Embargo, however, had failed to achieve its diplomatic aims and was increasingly violated by American shippers and resented by persons whose livelihoods depended on trade.

Why did free blacks decline in status?

The local legislature soon adopted one of the most sweeping slave codes in the South, forbidding blacks to "ever consider themselves the equal of whites" and limiting the practice of manumission and access to the courts.

What was recognized in the Treaty of San Lorenzo/ Pinckney's Treaty of 1795?

The right to trade through New Orleans, essential to western farmers, had been acknowledged in the Treaty of San Lorenzo (also known as Pinckney's Treaty) of 1795 between the United States and Spain.

Why did British and Irish radicals emigrate to America?

They were threatened with arrest for treason;

What was Washington's purpose of publishing his Farewell Letter?

Washington defended his administration against criticism, warned against the party spirit, and advised his countrymen to steer clear of international power politics by avoiding "permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world."

A year after the Louisiana Purchase, what event did Jefferson take part in?

Within a year of the purchase, Jefferson dispatched an expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, two Virginia-born veterans of Indian wars in the Ohio Valley, to explore the new territory.

What was the declaration of the Democratic Society of Addison County, Vermont?

"That all men are naturally free, and possess equal rights. That all legitimate government originates in the voluntary social compact of the people."

What court case extended judicial review to state laws?

Fletcher vs. Peck in 1810

What position in the government would John Marshall become? What did he recall regarding the French Revolution?

(1) A Virginian who would become chief justice of the Supreme Court (2) ~Recalled, "I sincerely believed human liberty to depend in a great measure on the success of the French Revolution."

What was Gabriel's Rebellion?

(1) A plot by slaves in Virginia itself to gain their freedom. (2) It was organized by a Richmond blacksmith,Gabriel, and his brothers Solomon, also a blacksmith, and Martin, a slave preacher. (3) The conspirators planned to march on the city, which had recently become the state capital, from surrounding plantations. They would kill some white inhabitants and hold the rest, including Governor James Monroe, hostage until their demand for the abolition of slavery was met. (4) Gabriel hoped that "poor white people" would join the insurrection, and he ordered that Quakers and Methodists be spared. (5) On the night when the slaves were to gather, a storm washed out the roads to Richmond. The plot was soon discovered and the leaders arrested. Twenty-six slaves, including Gabriel, were hanged and dozens more transported out of the state.

Where did voting fall almost entirely in sectional lines?

(1) Adams carried New England, New York, and New Jersey (2) Jefferson swept the South, along with Pennsylvania.

What was one of Jefferson's first acts as president?

(1) Among his first acts as president was to pardon all those imprisoned under the Sedition Act. (2) During his eight years as president, he reduced the number of government employees and slashed the army and navy. He abolished all taxes except the tariff, including the hated tax on whiskey, and paid off part of the national debt. (3) He aimed to minimize federal power and eliminate government oversight of the economy. His policies ensured that the United States would not become a centralized state on a European model, as Hamilton had envisioned.

What were the events of the Haitian Revolution?

(1) Among white Americans, the response to the Haitian Revolution was different. Thousands of refugees from Haiti poured into the United States, fleeing the upheaval. (2) Many spread tales of the massacres of slave owners and the burning of their plantations, which reinforced white Americans' fears of slave insurrection at home.

Opposition to Hamilton's program arose almost entirely from which region of the U.S? Why?

(1) At first, opposition to Hamilton's program arose almost entirely from then South (2) The region that had the least interest in manufacturing development and the least diversified economy. (3) It also had fewer holders of federal bonds than the Middle States and New England.

What group of people participated in the Whiskey Rebellion? What were they rebelling against?

(1) Back-country Pennsylvania farmers (2) The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, which broke out when back-country Pennsylvania farmers sought to block collection of the new tax on distilled spirits, reinforced this conviction

What crisis did Jefferson weather before assuming office?

(1) Before assuming office, Jefferson was forced to weather an unusual constitutional crisis. Each party arranged to have an elector throw away one of his two votes for president, so that its presidential candidate would come out a vote ahead of the vice presidential. But the designated Republican elector failed to do so. As a result, both Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, received seventy-three electoral votes. (2) Finally, Hamilton intervened. He disliked Jefferson but believed him enough of a statesman to recognize that the Federalist financial system could not be dismantled. Burr, he warned, was obsessed with power, "an embryo Caesar."

What was the state of the slaves in Richmond?

(1) Blacks in 1800 made up half of Richmond's population. (2) One-fifth were free (3) A black community had emerged in the 1780's and 1790's, and the conspiracy was rooted in its institutions. Gabriel gathered recruits at black Baptist churches, funerals, barbecues, and other gatherings.

What agreements did Britain and the U.S make under the Jay Treaty? What did it mean?

(1) Britain did agree to abandon outposts on the western frontier, which it was supposed to have done in 1783. (2) In return, the United States guaranteed favored treatment to British imported goods. (3) In effect, the treaty canceled the American-French alliance and recognized British economic and naval supremacy as unavoidable facts of life. (4) Ultimately, Jay's Treaty sharpened political divisions in the United States and led directly to the formation of an organized opposition party.

How did Americans respond to Edmond Genet's arrival? How did they respond to his commissioning of American ships under the French flag?

(1) But that spring the French Revolution's American admirers organized tumultuous welcomes for Edmond Genet, a French envoy seeking to arouse support for his beleaguered government. (2) When Genet began commissioning American ships to attack British vessels under the French flag, the Washington administration asked for his recall.

How did the greatest crisis of the Adams administration arise?

(1) But the greatest crisis of the Adams administration arose over the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. (2) Confronted with mounting opposition, some of it voiced by immigrant pamphleteers and editors, Federalists moved to silence their critics.

What two incoherent parties appeared in Congress in the mid 1790's?

(1) By the mid-1790s, two increasingly coherent parties had appeared in Congress, calling themselves Federalists and Republicans.

How did Republicans mobilize voters in the 1800's?

(1) By this time, Republicans had developed effective techniques for mobilizing voters, such as printing pamphlets, handbills, and newspapers and holding mass meetings to promote their cause. (2) The Federalists, who viewed politics as an activity for a small group of elite men, found it difficult to match their opponents' mobilization. Nonetheless, they still dominated New England and enjoyed considerable support in the Middle Atlantic states. (3) Jefferson triumphed, with seventy-three electoral votes to Adams's sixty-five.

What role in government did John Marshall serve? What did he establish?

(1) During his presidency, and for many years thereafter, Federalist John Marshall headed the Supreme Court. (2) A strong believer in national supremacy, Marshall established the Court's power to review laws of Congress and the states.

Under Hamilton's plan, how were speculators enriched? How were were backcountry farmers affected by Hamilton's whiskey tax?

(1) During the 1780's, speculators had bought up at great discounts government bonds and paper notes that had been used to pay those who fought in the Revolution or supplied the army. Under Hamilton's plan, speculators would reap a windfall by being paid at face value while the original holders received nothing. (2) Because transportation was so poor, moreover, many backcountry farmers were used to distilling their grain harvest into whiskey, which could then be carried more easily to market. Hamilton's whiskey tax seemed to single them out unfairly in order to enrich bondholders.

How did both groups view themselves?

(1) Each emerging party considered itself the representative of the nation and the other an illegitimate "faction."

What was the Adams administration's take on the Haitian Revolution? What was Jefferson's?

(1) Ironically, the Adams administration, which hoped that American merchants could replace their French counterparts in the island's lucrative sugar trade, encouraged the independence of black Haiti. (2) When Jefferson became president, on the other hand, he sought to quarantine and destroy the hemisphere's second independent republic.

What was the condition of the Louisiana Territory? How was it acquired?

(1) It stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains (2) It had been ceded by France to Spain in 1762 as part of the reshuffling of colonial possessions at the end of the Seven Years' War. France secretly reacquired it in 1800.

Hamilton's program had five parts. What were each of the 5 parts/steps?

(1) Establish the new nation's credit-worthiness~To create conditions under which persons would loan money to the government by purchasing it's bonds, confident they would be repaid (2) He called for the creation of a new national debt; The old debts would would be replaced by new interest-bearing bonds issued to the government's creditors (3) Hamilton's program called for the creation of a Bank of the United States, modeled on the Bank of England, to serve as the nation's main financial agent. A private corporation rather than a branch of the government, it would hold public funds, issue bank notes that would serve as currency, and make loans to the government when necessary, all the while returning a tidy profit to its stockholders (4) To raise revenue, Hamilton proposed a tax on producers of whiskey (5) Hamilton called for the imposition of a tariff (a tax on imported foreign goods) and government subsidies to encourage the development of factories that could manufacture products currently purchased from abroad.

How did events in France impact America? What did Jefferson and his followers believe? What Washington, Hamilton, and their followers believe?

(1) Events in France became a source of bitter conflict in America. (2) Jefferson and his followers believed that despite its excesses the Revolution marked a historic victory for the idea of popular self-government, which must be defended at all costs. (3) Enthusiasm for France inspired a rebirth of symbols of liberty. (4) To Washington, Hamilton, and their supporters, however, the Revolution raised the specter of anarchy. (5) America, they believed, had no choice but to draw closer to Britain.

What were the views of the Federalists on the societies? What did the president declare?

(1) Federalists saw the societies as another example of how liberty was getting out of hand (2) The government, not "self-created societies," declared the president, was the authentic voice of the American people

Which Americans strongly supported Hamilton's vision of a powerful commercial republic? Who did Hamilton's vision alarm?

(1) Financiers, manufacturers, and merchants. (2) It alarmed those who believed the new nation's destiny lay in charting a different path of development.

What were the Federalist's views on freedom? What did they fear regarding liberty?

(1) Freedom, Federalists insisted, rested on deference to authority. It did not mean the right to stand up in opposition to government. (2) Federalists feared that the "spirit of liberty" unleashed by the American Revolution was degenerating into anarchy and "licentiousness."

What was the impact of the Haitian revolution?

(1) Haitian Revolution affirmed the universality of the revolutionary era's creed of liberty. It inspired hopes for freedom among slaves in the United States. (2)

What were Hamilton's 3 immediate aims for the nation? What was his long-term goal?

(1) Hamilton's immediate aims were to establish the nation's financial stability, bring to the government's support the country's most powerful financial interests, and encourage economic development (2) His long-term goal was to make the United States a major commercial and military power

What were the differences in development plans for the nation between Hamilton, and Madison and Jefferson?

(1) Hamilton's plans hinged on close ties with Britain (2) To James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, the future lay in westward expansion, not connections with Europe.

Hannah Adams of Massachusetts

(1) Hannah Adams of Massachusetts became the first American woman to support herself as an author, publishing works on religious history and the history of New England. (2) In 1792, Sarah W. Morton of Boston published The African Chief, a lengthy poem recounting the enslavement of an African.

What was the greatest irony of Jefferson's presidency? What did it result from?

(1) His greatest achievement, the Louisiana Purchase (2) This resulted not from astute American diplomacy but because the rebellious slaves of Saint Domingue defeated forces sent by the ruler of France, Napoleon Bonaparte, to reconquer the island.

What event secured the rights of Georgia to purchase land in what is present-day Alabama and Mississippi? What was the outcome?

(1) In 1794, four land companies had paid nearly every member of the state legislature, Georgia's two U.S. senators, and a number of federal judges, to secure their right to purchase land in present-day Alabama and Mississippi claimed by Georgia. They then sold the land to individual buyers at a large profit. (2) Two years later, many of the corrupt lawmakers were defeated for reelection and the new legislature rescinded the land grant and subsequent sales. Whatever the circumstances of the legislature's initial action,Marshall declared, the Constitution forbade Georgia from taking any action that impaired a contract. Therefore, the individual purchasers could keep their land and the legislature could not repeal the original grant.

On the international front, the country was nearly dragged into the ongoing European war. How did America respond to France and Britain seizing ships with impunity?

(1) In 1797, American diplomats were sent to Paris to negotiate a treaty to replace the old alliance of 1778. (2) French officials presented them with a demand for bribes before negotiations could proceed.

What were the events of Fries's Rebellion?

(1) In 1799, farmers in southeastern Pennsylvania obstructed the assessment of a tax on land and houses that Congress had imposed to help fund an expanded army and navy. (2) A crowd led by John Fries, a local militia leader and auctioneer, released arrested men from prison. No shots were fired in what came to be called Fries's Rebellion, but Adams dispatched units of the federal army to the area. (3) The army arrested Fries for treason and proceeded to terrorize his supporters, tear down liberty poles, and whip Republican newspaper editors. Adams pardoned Fries in 1800, but the area, which had supported his election in 1796, never again voted Federalist.

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman~ Mary Wollstonecraft

(1) Inspired by Paine's Rights of Man, she asserted that the "rights of humanity" should not be "confined to the male line." (2) Wollstonecraft did not directly challenge traditional gender roles. Her call for greater access to education and to paid employment for women rested on the idea that this would enable single women to support themselves and married women to perform more capably as wives and mothers.

Who led the Republicans? What did they support? Who supported them?

(1) James Madison and Thomas Jefferson (2) They were more sympathetic to France than the Federalists and had more faith in democratic self-government. (3) Enthusiasm for the French Revolution increasingly drew urban artisans into Republican ranks as well.

What was the agreement John Jay negotiated in 1794 that produced the greatest public controversy of Washington's presidency? What was did it not contain?

(1) Jay's Treaty (2) Washington's presidency. Jay's Treaty contained no British concessions on impressment or the rights of American shipping

How did Jefferson attempt to acquire Louisiana?

(1) Jefferson feared that the far more powerful French might try to interfere with American commerce. (2) He dispatched envoys to France offering to purchase the city. (3) Needing money for military campaigns in Europe and with his dreams of American empire in ruins because of his inability to reestablish control over Saint Domingue, Napoleon offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory. The cost, $15 million (the equivalent of perhaps $250 million in today's money), made the Louisiana Purchase one of history's greatest real-estate bargains.

Judith Sargent Murray

(1) Judith Sargent Murray, one of the era's most accomplished American women, wrote essays for the Massachusetts Magazine under the pen name "The Gleaner." (2) Although Judith could not attend college because of her sex, she studied alongside her brother with a tutor preparing the young man for admission to Harvard. (3) In her essay "On the Equality of the Sexes," written in 1779 and published in 1790, Murray insisted that women had as much right as men to exercise all their talents and should be allowed equal educational opportunities to enable them to do so.

Who is Matthew Lyon, and what was he condemned?

(1) Matthew Lyon was a member of Congress from Vermont and editor of a Republican newspaper, The Scourge of Aristocracy (2) He received a sentence of four months in prison and a fine of $1,000.

How did the British respond towards the European War? What tactics did they use?

(1) Meanwhile, the British seized hundreds of American ships trading with the French West Indies (2) Resumed the hated practice of impressment: kidnapping sailors, including American citizens of British origin, to serve in their navy.

How did the U.S initially respond to the European War?

(1) No one advocated that the United States should become involved in the European war (2) Washington in April 1793 issued a proclamation of American neutrality.

What was the first landmark decision of the Marshall Court in 1803?

(1) On the eve of leaving office, Adams had appointed a number of justices of the peace for the District of Columbia. Madison, Jefferson's secretary of state, refused to issue commissions to these "midnight judges." (2) Marshall's decision declared unconstitutional the section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that allowed the courts to order executive officials to deliver judges' commissions. It exceeded the power of Congress as outlined in the Constitution and was therefore void.

What did political liberty mean in the 1790's?

(1) Political liberty meant not simply voting at elections but constant involvement in public affairs. (2) "Political freedom" included the right to "exercise watchfulness and inspection, upon the conduct of public officers."

Who provided a much-needed symbol of National Unity? Who were some of the most prominent political leaders brought into the cabinet?

(1) President George Washington (2)John Adams-Vice President (3)Thomas Jefferson- Secretary of state (4)Alexander Hamilton-Head of the Treasury Department (5) John Jay-Head of Supreme Court

What role did Benjamin Franklin agree to serve in 1787?

(1) President of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society. (2) The blessings of liberty, Franklin's petition insisted, should be available "without distinction of color to all descriptions of people."

In private, what industrial city did Hamilton unsuccessfully promote an effort to build? What did Hamilton also propose for the development the of the nation?

(1) Privately, Hamilton promoted an unsuccessful effort to build an industrial city at present-day Paterson, New Jersey. (2) He also proposed the creation of a national army to deal with uprisings like Shays's Rebellion.

What were the Republican's outlooks? What were views?

(1) Republicans preferred what a New Hampshire editor called the "boisterous sea of liberty" to the "calm of despotism." (2) They were far more critical than the Federalists of social and economic inequality, and more accepting of broad democratic participation as essential to freedom.

What events during the 1790s underscored how powerfully slavery defined and distorted American freedom?

(1) Slave revolution that began in 1791 in Saint Domingue- Toussaint L'Ouverture, an educated slave on a sugar plantation, forged the rebellious slaves into an army able to defeat British forces seeking to seize the island and then an expedition hoping to reestablish French authority. The slave uprising led to the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation in 1804. (2) The Haitian Revolution

What was the outcome of the Alien and Sedition Acts?

(1) The Alien and Sedition Acts failed to silence the Republican press. (2) Some newspapers ceased publication, but new ones, with names like Sun of Liberty and Tree of Liberty, entered the field. (3) The Sedition Act thrust freedom of expression to the center of discussions of American liberty. (4) The broad revulsion against the Alien and Sedition Acts contributed greatly to Jefferson's election as president in 1800.

What were the Federalist's views on the ordinary people? What were their views on the Republicans?

(1) The Federalist described ordinary people as "stupid, suspicious, licentious" and accused the Republican of being "an accomplice of atheism and anarchy." (2) Federalists denounced Republicans as French agents, anarchists, and traitors.

What did the Federalists support? Who tended to support them?

(1) The Federalists, supporters of the Washington administration, favored Hamilton's economic program and close ties with Britain. (2) Prosperous merchants, farmers, lawyers, and established political leaders (especially outside the South) tended to support the Federalists. (3) Their outlook was generally elitist, reflecting the traditional eighteenth-century view of society as a fixed hierarchy and of public office as reserved for men of economic substance—the "rich, the able, and the well-born," as Hamilton put it.

What were Madison and Jefferson's takes on the Alien and Sedition Acts?

(1) The Sedition Act thrust freedom of expression to the center of discussions of American liberty. (2) Virginia's, written by Madison, called on the federal courts to protect free speech. (3) The original version of Jefferson's Kentucky resolution went further, asserting that states could nullify laws of Congress that violated the Constitution— that is, states could unilaterally prevent the enforcement of such laws within their borders.

What were the conditions of Washington D.C in the 1800's?

(1) The city, with its unpaved streets, impoverished residents, and unfinished public buildings, scarcely resembled L'Enfant's grand plan. (2) At one point, part of the roof of the Capitol collapsed, narrowly missing the vice president. The capital's condition seemed to symbolize Jefferson's intention to reduce the importance of the national government in American life.

What were the impacts of the debates of the 1790's?

(1) The debates of the 1790s produced not only one of the most intense periods of partisan warfare in American history but also an enduring expansion of the public sphere, and with it the democratic content of American freedom. (2) More and more citizens attended political meetings and became avid readers of pamphlets and newspapers.

How did this era witness rapid growth of the American press?

(1) The establishment of nearly 1,000 post offices made possible the wider circulation of personal letters and printed materials. (2) The number of newspapers rose from around 100 to 260 during the 1790's, and reached nearly 400 by 1810. (3) Hundreds of "obscure men" wrote pamphlets and newspaper essays and formed political organizations.

What did the events of the 1790's demonstrate?

(1) The events of the 1790's demonstrated that a majority of Americans believed ordinary people had a right to play an active role in politics (2) Express their opinions freely (3) Contest the policies of their government.

What was the purpose of the newly imposed acts?

(1) The new law meant that opposition editors could be prosecuted for almost any political comment they printed. (2) The main target was the Republican press, seen by Federalists as a group of upstart workingmen (most editors had started out as printers) whose persistent criticism of the administration fomented popular rebelliousness and endangered "genuine liberty."

Why were these events of 1798 termed by Jefferson a "reign of witches"

(1) The passage of these measures launched what Jefferson—recalling events in Salem, Massachusetts, a century earlier—termed a "reign of witches." (2) Eighteen individuals, including several Republican newspaper editors, were charged under the Sedition Act. Ten were convicted for spreading "false, scandalous, and malicious" information about the government.

What events deepened the democratization of public life set in motion by the American Revolution?

(1) The rise of political parties seeking to mobilize voters in hotly contested elections (2) The emergence of the "self-created societies," (3) The stirrings of women's political consciousness (4) Armed uprisings like the Whiskey Rebellion

How were early American politics shaped? How did the situation after the French Revolution become more complicated?

(1) The rivalry between Britain and France did much to shape early American politics. (2) The "permanent" alliance between France and the United States, which dated to 1778, complicated the situation.

Why did the societies develop a defense of the right of the people? What formed the first line of defense of "the unalienable rights of free men."?

(1) The societies developed a defense of the right of the people to debate political issues and organize to affect public policy. (2) To the societies, "free inquiry" and "free communication" formed the first line of defense of "the unalienable rights of free men."

What negotiations in opposition in Congress threatened the enactment of Hamilton's plans?

(1) They culminated at a famous dinner in 1790 at which Jefferson brokered an agreement whereby southerners accepted Hamilton's fiscal program (with the exception of subsidies to manufacturers) in exchange for the establishment of the permanent national capital on the Potomac River between Maryland and Virginia.

What were the plans for the future of the nation and beliefs of James Madison and Thomas Jefferson?

(1) They had little desire to promote manufacturing or urban growth or to see economic policy shaped in the interests of bankers and business leaders. (2) Their goal was a republic of independent farmers marketing grain, tobacco, and other products freely to the entire world. (3) Free trade, they believed, not a system of government favoritism through tariffs and subsidies, would promote American prosperity while fostering greater social equality. (4) Jefferson and Madison quickly concluded that the greatest threat to American freedom lay in the alliance of a powerful central government with an emerging class of commercial capitalists, such as Hamilton appeared to envision.

What were supporters French Revolution and critics of the Washington administrations inspired by? What societies did they form?

(1) They were inspired by the Jacobin clubs of Paris (2) Supporters of the French Revolution and critics of the Washington administration in 1793 and 1794 formed nearly fifty Democratic-Republican societies.

What was Jefferson's views on Hamilton's plans? What were the "bold threats" to freedom of Hamilton's plans to his critics?

(1) To Jefferson, Hamilton's system "flowed from principles adverse to liberty, and was calculated to undermine and demolish the republic." (2) The national bank and assumption of state debts, they feared, would introduce into American politics the same corruption that had undermined British liberty, and enrich those already wealthy at the expense of ordinary Americans.

What were the reactions of white Americans towards the Haitian Revolution?

(1) To most whites, the rebellious slaves seemed not men and women seeking liberty in the tradition of 1776, but a danger to American institutions. (2) The fact that the slaves had resorted to violence was widely taken to illustrate blacks' unfitness for republican freedom.

What were the events of the first contested presidential election?

(1) Two tickets presented themselves: John Adams, with Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina for vice president, representing the Federalists, and Thomas Jefferson, with Aaron Burr of New York, for the Republicans. (2) Adams received seventy-one electoral votes to Jefferson's sixty-eight. Because of factionalism among the Federalists, Pinckney received only fifty-nine votes, so Jefferson, the leader of the opposition party, became vice president.

How did Americans respond to the French Revolution? What radical turn did the French Revolution take?

(1) When it began in 1789, nearly all Americans welcomed the French Revolution, inspired in part by the example of their own rebellion. (2) But in 1793, the Revolution took a more radical turn with the execution of King Louis XVI along with numerous aristocrats and other foes of the new government (3) War broke out between France and Great Britain.

The Alien and Sedition acts of 1798

(1)A new Naturalization Act extended from five to fourteen years the residency requirement for immigrants seeking American citizenship. (2) The Alien Act allowed the deportation of persons from abroad deemed "dangerous" by federal authorities. (3) The Sedition Act (which was set to expire in 1801, by which time Adams hoped to have been reelected) authorized the prosecution of virtually any public assembly or publication critical of the government.

What was the significance of America acquiring Louisiana?

(1)In a stroke, Jefferson had doubled the size of the United States and ended the French presence in North America. (2) Federalists were appalled. "We are to give money, of which we have too little," one declared, "for land, of which we already have too much." Jefferson admitted that he had "done an act beyond the Constitution." But he believed the benefits justified his transgression.

When and where did George Washington become the first president under the new constitution?

1738, in New York City, the nation's temporary capital

Hamilton insisted that his plans were authorized by the Constitution's "ambiguous clause", which empowers the Congress to enact laws for the "general welfare". How did the Southerners respond?

As a result, many southerners who had supported the new Constitution now became "strict constructionists," who insisted that the federal government could only exercise powers specifically listed in the document.

How did Congress and the states avoid a repetition of the crisis?

Congress and the states soon adopted the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution, requiring electors to cast separate votes for president and vice president.

How did Congress implement the Constitution's fugitive slave clause in 1793?

Congress enacted a law providing for federal and state judges and local officials to facilitate the return of escaped slaves.

How would have John Adams been reelected?

Had three-fifths of the slaves not been counted in apportionment, John Adams would have been reelected in 1800.

What was Madison's take on the debate?

Madison found their forthright defense of slavery an embarrassment. But he concluded that the slavery question was so divisive that it must be kept out of national politics. He opposed Congress's even receiving a petition from North Carolina slaves on the grounds that they were not part of the American people and had "no claim" on the lawmakers' "attention."

What was Hamilton's prediction that was proved impossible?

Nonetheless, as Hamilton predicted, it proved impossible to uproot national authority entirely.

Many Americans, including many Republicans, were horrified by the idea of state action that might endanger the Union. What event(s) reinforced the idea of state action?

The "crisis of freedom" of the late 1790s strongly reinforced the idea that "freedom of discussion" was an indispensable attribute of American liberty and of democratic government.

What assumption was made in the Constitution?

The Constitution's use of the word "he" to describe officeholders, however, reflected an assumption so widespread that it scarcely required explicit defense: politics was a realm for men.

The Rights of Man

Written by Thomas Paine. It has been seen as a defense of the French Revolution, and a stirring call for democratic change at home