APUSH Chap. 19 IDs (Part 2)

19-53 Jones Act (Philippines 1916, Puerto Rico 1917)

1. 1916-Granted full territorial status to the Philippines and promised independence as soon as a stable government could be established. 1917-Act that replaced the Foraker Act. It gave Puerto Ricans full citizenship, as well as a government that was similar to a state government. 2. 1916 Philippines, 1917 Puerto Rico 3. -Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years -Puerto Ricans won U.S. citizenship and the right to elect their own upper house L.A.

19-50 Rough Riders

1. 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, one of three such regiments raised in 1898 for the Spanish-American War and the only one of the three to see action. 2. 1898 3. The United States Army was weakened and left with little manpower after the American Civil War roughly thirty years prior. As a result, President William McKinley called upon 1,250 volunteers to assist in the war efforts. It was also called "Wood's Weary Walkers" after its first commander, Colonel Leonard Wood, as an acknowledgment of the fact that despite being a cavalry unit they ended up fighting on foot as infantry. L.A.

19-45 Maine

1. A battleship named after the state of Maine, it was sent to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban revolt against Spain, it exploded suddenly, without warning, killing nearly three quarters of the crew. The cause and responsibility for her sinking remained unclear after a board of inquiry investigated. 2. February 15, 1898 3. Popular opinion in the U.S., fanned by inflammatory articles printed in the Yellow Press blamed Spain. While the sinking of the Maine was not a direct cause for action, it served as a catalyst, accelerating the approach to a diplomatic impasse between the U.S. and Spain. J.S.

19-33 Albert J. Beveridge

1. A historian and United States Senator from Indiana who also was a skilled orator. One of his speeches justified the annexation of the Philippines. Stated that the state of depression is attributed to the fact that more is being produced than consumed, and that we must find our markets to produce. 2. Gave speeches in the 1890s 3. Promoted the growth of American imperialism. Influenced the international affairs of the United States. A.L

19-44 DeLôme Letter

1. A note written by Señor Don Enrique Dupuy de Lôme to Don José Canelejas, the Foreign Minister of Spain, which reveals de Lôme's opinion about the Spanish involvement in Cuba and US President McKinley's diplomacy. 2. February 9, 1898 3. Much of the press in New York began to demand De Lôme's resignation. De Lôme's unflattering remarks about McKinley helped fuel the United States of America's aggressive, warlike foreign policy. J.S.

19-37 Queen Lil

1. A powerful nationalist who set out to challenge the growing American control of the Islands. She did not support the move to annex Hawaii which resulted from the McKinley Tariff of 1890. A small minority of whites led a revolt against her and for the annexation of Hawaii. The whites in Hawaii were able to overthrow her and make Hawaii into a republic. She was the last Queen of Hawaii. 2. Conflict started in 1890 after McKinley Tariff but Revolt started in 1893. 3. The Unites States managed to bring down the Queen of Hawaii and take full control of it. A.L

19-34 Alfred T. Mahan

1. Alfred was a United States Navy admiral, geostrategist, and historian. Was considered the most effective apostle of imperialism. Presented his thesis, "The Influence of Sea Power upon History" which stated that countries with sea power were great nations of history and also mentioned that for U.S to be a great nation, it had to rest on its naval strength. The prerequisites for sea power are a productive economy, foreign economy, strong merchant marine, a strong navy and colonies. 2. Published "The Influence of Sea Power upon History" in 1890. 3. Advocated that the United States construct a canal across the isthmus of Central America to join the oceans, acquire defensive bases on both sides of the canal in the Caribbean and the Pacific, and take possession of Hawaii and other Pacific Islands. Led U.S to launch a shipbuilding program to meet these achievements. A.L

19-52 Platt Amendment

1. Amended the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill.[2] It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American War. It defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations to essentially be an unequal one of U.S. dominance over Cuba. 2. 1901 3. The Platt Amendment was introduced to Congress by Senator Orville H. Platt on February 25, 1901. It passed the U.S. Senate by a vote of 43 to 20. Though initially rejected by the Cuban assembly, the amendment was eventually accepted by a vote of 16 to 11 with four abstentions and integrated into the 1902 Cuban Constitution. L.A.

19-41 William Randolph Hearst

1. American newspaper publisher who built the nation's largest newspaper chain and whose methods profoundly influenced American journalism. He entered the publishing business in 1887 after taking control of The San Francisco Examiner from his father. 2. April 29, 1863 - August 14, 1951 3. He acquired The New York Journal and engaged in a bitter circulation war with Joseph Pulitzer's New York World that led to the creation of yellow journalism J.S.

19-46 Teller Amendment

1. An amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, in reply to President William McKinley's War Message. It placed a condition on the United States military's presence in Cuba. 2. April 20, 1898 3. Claimed the U.S. could not annex Cuba but could only leave it in control of its own people. This would lead to the U.S. helping Cuba gain independence, then withdrawing its troops from there. J.S.

19-58 Xenophobia/Boxer Rebellion

1. Chinese nationalism was at an all time high, and so was their xenophobia (fear and hatred of immigrants, similar to the American view of many Asian immigrants). The combination of increased involvement in China and increased Chinese dislike of immigrants led to, what is known as, the Boxer Rebellion. 2. 1900 3. -One of the main instigators of the rebellion was Tsu Hsi the empress dowager of the Ch'ing dynasty. -The Boxers initially set out to both overthrow the Ch'ing dynasty and expel foreigners. However empress Hsi saw a way to use them, and through her ministers she changed the Boxer slogan to "Support the Ch'ing, destroy the foreigner". With their newfound direction the Boxers began roaming the countryside and killing Christian missions and Chinese converts. -The boxers entered the capital and headed to the compound where foreign diplomats lived. The diplomats, their family, and staff threw up defenses and prepared their small military forces. After a few days of fighting, things were looking bleak for the diplomats, they had lost seventy people and had many injured. -American involvement in the rebellion allowed them to prevent the separation of China into the hands of the Europeans. Hay won support from England and Germany for his Open Door policy and got other participants in the rebellion to accept compensation from the Chinese. The Chinese territory remained intact and America retained access to trade. Later this story was made famous by yellow journalism. J.H.

19-30 International Darwinism

1. Darwin's concept of the survival of the fittest applied to completion among nations and races for military advantage, colonies, and spheres of influence. 2. Following the Gilded Age 3. To demonstrate their strength in the international arena, expansionists wanted to acquire territories overseas. They saw this expansion as an extension of the idea of manifest destiny into the Caribbean, Central America, and the Pacific Ocean. K.S.

19-35 Venezuelan Boundary Dispute & Cleveland

1. Dispute between the U.S. and Britain involving the point at which the Venezuela/Columbia border was drawn.The Dispute was over a piece of land that Britain claimed as part of British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory. When Britain ignored the demands that the U.S set during the Dispute, the U.S charged them with violating the Monroe Doctrine. This lead Cleveland to create a special commission to settle the dispute which stated that if Britain resisted the commission's decision, he insisted, the United States should be willing to go to war to enforce it. 2. Boundary dispute in Venezuela in 1895. 3. Lead Britain to agree to arbitration. Showed that United States would be willing to go to war if the Monroe Doctrine was violated. As a result, this issue resulted in a more broadened view of the Monroe Doctrine. A.L

19-54 William Howard Taft

1. During the McKinley administration, Taft headed the Philippines Commission, studying ways to implement civilian government in the recently acquired islands 2. Early 1900's; United Sates and Philipines 3. In 1901, he accepted the position of governor of the Philippines. William Howard Taft was generally successful with this endeavor, winning the trust of many of the natives by sympathetic consideration of their plight. Taft clashed with the American military commander, General Arthur MacArthur over harsh treatment of the Filipinos. Taft was eventually successful in having MacArthur removed from his command. The Philippines would not receive its independence until 1946. J.H.

19-51 Treaty of Paris (1898)

1. Ended the Spanish-American War 2. 1898 3. The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of $20 million from the United States to the Spanish Empire. The treaty was signed on December 10, 1898, and ended the Spanish-American War. The Treaty of Paris came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the documents of ratification were exchanged. Also marked the beginning of the age of the United States as a world power. L.A.

19-43 jingoism

1. Extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy. It also refers to a country's advocacy for the use of threats or actual force, as opposed to peaceful relations, in efforts to safeguard what it perceives as its national interests. 2. Appeared in the American Press in 1893 3. The term originated in the American Press following the annexation of Hawaii. The term was also used in connection with the foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt, who was frequently accused of jingoism. J.S.

19-56 Anti-Imperialist League

1. Group that battled against American colonization of the Philippines 2. Early 1900's 3. -Included such influential citizens as Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie -Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900 J.H.

19-29 New Imperialism

1. Growing into a leading nation, the United States hoped to further its international standing by emulating European nations that were expanding their influence throughout the world. 2. The US industrialized in the late 19th century. 3. The United States intensified its foreign involvement, partly because it wanted both sources of raw materials for manufacturing and worldwide markets for its growing quantity of industrial and agricultural products. Advocates of an expansionist policy hoped to achieve their ends by economic and diplomatic means, not by military action. K.S.

19-38 Hawaii Annexation

1. Happened in 1893, when marines stormed Hawaii without presidential approval to overthrow the queen and annex the islands. This was supported by the sugar growers who knew that the tariff placed on importing sugar would be lifted if under American control 2. 1893 3. Cleveland was an outspoken anti-imperialist and thought Americans had acted shamefully in Hawaii. He withdrew the annexation treaty from the Senate and ordered an investigation into potential wrongdoings. Cleveland aimed to restore Liliuokalani to her throne, but American public sentiment strongly favored annexation. Hawaii remained a territory until it became a state in 1959 J.S.

19-32 Henry Cabot Lodge

1. Henry Cabot Lodge was an American Republican Senator and historian. A PhD in history from Harvard, he was a long-time friend and confidant of Theodore Roosevelt. Lodge had the role of the first Senate Majority Leader and he is best known for his positions on foreign policy, especially his battle with President Woodrow Wilson in 1919 over the Treaty of Versailles. 2. May 12, 1850 - November 9, 1924 from Massachusetts. 3. Lodge demanded Congressional control of declarations of war; Wilson refused and blocked Lodge's move to ratify the treaty with reservations. As a result the United States never joined the League of Nations. In 1890, Lodge co-authored the Federal Elections Bill, along with Sen. George Frisbie Hoar, that guaranteed federal protection for African American voting rights. K.S.

19-40 Joseph Pulitzer

1. Introduced the techniques of new journalism to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s. He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected Congressman from New York. He crusaded against big business and corruption, and helped keep the Statue of Liberty in New York. 2. April 10, 1847 - October 29, 1911 3. In the 1890s the fierce competition between his World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal caused both to use yellow journalism for wider appeal. Today, he is best known for the Pulitzer Prizes, which were established in 1917 by money he bequeathed to Columbia University to recognize artistic and journalistic achievements. J.S.

19-31 Josiah Strong

1. Josiah Strong was an American Protestant clergyman, organizer, editor and author. He was one of the founders of the Social Gospel movement that sought to apply Protestant religious principles to solve the social ills brought on by industrialization, urbanization and immigration. Strong, like Walter Rauschenbusch andGeorge D. Herron all had intense conversion experiences and believed that regeneration was necessary to bring social justice by combating social sin. 2. 1847-1916 3. Strong was also a leader of the Social Gospel movement, calling for social justice and combating social evils. He supported missionary work so that all races could be improved and uplifted and thereby brought to Christ. His most well-known and influential work was Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (1885), intended to promote domestic missionary activity in the American West. K.S.

19-42 Yellow Journalism

1. Journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration. It presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers. 2. Started in mid-1890's 3. It was known for being used by Pulitzer and Hearst, and was partially a main cause of the Spanish-American War J.S.

19-57 Open Door Policy / Open Door Notes / John Hay

1. Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France and Germany all had spheres of influence in China, meaning they could dominate trade and investment within their sphere and shut out competitors. To prevent the U.S. from losing access to China trade, secretary of state, John Hay, dispatched a diplomatic note in 1899 to nations controlling spheres of influence. He asked them to accept the concept of an Open Door, by which all nations would have equal trading privileges in China. 2. 1890s China 3. No nation rejected the concept, so Hay declared that all had accepted the Open Door policy. The press hailed Hay's initiative as a diplomatic triumph. J.H.

19-28 Seward's Folly / Alaska Purchase

1. The Alaska Purchase was the United States' acquisition of Alaska from the Russian Empire by a treaty ratified by the U.S. Senate. Russia wanted to sell its Alaskan territory, fearing that it might be seized if war broke out with Britain. Russia's primary activities in the territory had been fur trade and missionary work among the Native Alaskans. Originally organized as the Department of Alaska, the area was renamed the District of Alaska and the Alaska Territory before becoming the modern state of Alaska upon being admitted to the Union as a state in 1959. 2. In 1867 in Alaska 3. The purchase threatened British control of its Pacific coast colony, giving added impetus to Canadian Confederation, which was realized just three months later, in July 1867. Reactions to the purchase in the United States were mixed, with some opponents calling it "Seward's Folly" while many others praised the move for weakening both Britain and Russia as rivals to American commercial expansion in the Pacific region. The Dominion of Canada would welcome British Columbia to the union in 1871, ending US hopes of annexation and an uninterrupted connection of Alaska to the United States. K.S.

19-36 Reciprocal Trade Agreement/ McKinley Tariff

1. The McKinley Tariff was the highest tariff in American history. It raised the average tariff rate to almost 50%. There was also a reciprocal treaty where it lowered the tariff and even had no tariff rate on goods for some countries where there was a reciprocal trade. The Reciprocal Trade Agreement was a negotiation between other countries for the Tariff not to be set. 2. Enacted in 1890 3. Encouraged other countries to form a reciprocal trade with the US. Many hated this tariff, which led voters to mainly vote for Republicans. Also ruined the Hawaiian economy as the tariff eliminated the privileged position of Hawaiian sugar in International trade. This would contribute to the annexation of Hawaii. A.L

19-48 Commodore George Dewey

1. The admiral of the United States Navy who defeated Spanish fleet in Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. 2. 1837-1917 3. The short naval war with Spain gave immense confidence to the American people regarding the ability of the nation to be a power on the world scene, and at the same time it provided an argument for military readiness. Suddenly the United States had Pacific bases and had become a major power in the Far East. J.H.

19-47 the Spanish American War

1. The war with Spain was a result of events in Cuba. The Cuban revolt created the impression that the Spaniards were committing all the atrocities when in fact the was considerable brutality on both sides. 2. 1898 3. The war transformed America's relationship to the rest of the world and left the nation with an overseas empire. The war also changed America from having imperial ambitions into overt expansionism. J.H.

19-55. Insular Cases

1. These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen 2. 1901; United States 3. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos. There were six cases in total. J.H.

19-39 Wilson- Gorman Tariff & relation to Cuban revolt

1. This tariff caused for the McKinley Tariff to be lowered in rates while imposing a 2% income tax. The rates were still high however causing the duty on sugar from Cuba to destroy the economy. 2. 1894 3. The broken economy caused the revolt and therefore a demand to Spanish rule. This directed the destruction of Spaniard property toward the sugar mills and fields. L.A.

19-49 Emilio Aguinaldo

1. officially recognized as the First President of the Philippines (1899-1901) and led Philippine forces first against Spain in the latter part of the Philippine Revolution (1896-1897), and then in the Spanish-American War (1898), and finally against the United States during the Philippine-American War (1899-1901). He was captured by American forces in 1901, which brought an end to his presidency. 2. March 22, 1869 - February 6, 1964 3.In 1935 Aguinaldo ran unsuccessfully for president of the Philippine Commonwealth against Manuel Quezon. After the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941, he cooperated with the new rulers, even making a radio appeal for the surrender of the American and Filipino forces on Bataan. He was arrested as a collaborator after the Americans returned but was later freed in a general amnesty. J.H.