APUSH Chapter 13

Which of the following was not among the factors that made John Quincy Adams's presidency a political failure?

Adams's involvement with correct machine deals and politicians.

John Quincy Adams

Aloof New England statesman whose nationalism and elitism made him unpopular in the era of sectionalism and popular democracy (J)

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government

Sequoyah

Cherokee leader who devised an alphabet for his people (K)

The Jacksonian charge of a "corrupt bargain" to gain John Quincy Adams the presidency arose because

Clay was named secretary of state after throwing his support to Adams.

Corrupt Bargain

Contemptuous Jacksonian term for the alleged political deal by which Clay threw his support to Adams in exchange for a high cabinet office

All the other southern states strongly backed South Carolina's act of nullification against the federal government.

False

Both President Jackson and Vice President Calhoun fought to maintain a strong nationalism in the face of growing sectionalism.

False

Henry Clay disproved the charge of a "corrupt bargain" between himself and President Adams by refusing to accept any favors from the administration.

False

Jackson finally destroyed the Bank of the United States by replacing it with an "Independent Treasury" staffed with his own political supporters.

False

President Jackson used military force to end South Carolina's threat of nullification and secession.

False

The Cherokees, Seminoles, and Chief Black Hawk all accepted their removal reluctantly by peacefully.

False

The South, and it's leading spokesman, John C. Calhoun, opposed a strong tariff in 1816 but had reversed their opposition and come to favor a strong tariff by 1828.

False

The Whig party was based on a unified ideology for support for states' rights and national expansion into the West.

False

The election campaign of 1828 was notable for its focus on the issues of the tariff and democracy rather than on personalities and mudslinging.

False

Seminoles

Florida tribe that refused to accept removal and waged a bitter war against the American army from 1835 to 1837

Sam Houston

Former Tennessee governor whose victory at San Jacinto in 1836 won Texas its independence (D)

Denmark Vesey

Free South Carolina black whose 1822 rebellion raised southern fears about slavery (G)

Andrew Jackson

Frontier aristocrat, military fold hero, hickory-tough candidate and president (M)

Prominent leaders of the Whig party included

Henry Clay and Daniel Webster.

The nullification crisis in South Carolina ended when

Henry Clay pushed through a compromise tariff that enabled South Carolina to save face.

Political Machines

Highly developed professional political organizations that were "greased" by the offices and favors handed out by winning candidates.

Black Hawk

Illinois-Wisconsin area Sauk leader who was defeated by American regulars and militia in 1832 (H)

Martin Van Buren

Jackson's "magician" secretary of state and his most effective cabinet member (N)

Specie Circular

Jackson's Treasury Department decree that required all public lands to be purchased with "hard" money (coins)

Daniel Webster

Majestic New England statesman who defended "liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable" (I)

Santa Ana

Mexican general and dictator whose large army failed to defeat the Texans (L)

In the battle over the "Tariff of Abominations,"

New England backed high tariffs while the South demanded lower duties.

Secretary of State

Office to which President Adams appointed Henry Clay, raising Jacksonian charges of unfair dealings

John C. Calhoun

Once an ardent nationalist and vice president of the United States, then increasingly a spokesman for purely southern interests (E)

Stephen Austin

Original leader of American settlers in Texas who obtained a huge land grant from the Mexican government (O)

South Carolina Exposition

Pamphlet secretly written by John C. Calhoun that bluntly called on the states to nullify the federal tariff law

Log Cabin and Hard Cider

Popular symbols of the somewhat bogus but effective campaign the Whigs used to elect "poor-boy" William Henry Harrison in 1840

Henry Clay

Presidential candidate who threw vital support to Adams and then became his secretary of state (C)

Evangelical Protestants

Religious believers, originally attracted to the Anti-Masonic party and then to the Whigs, who sought to use political power for moral and religious reform

Masons

Ritualistic secret societies that became the target of a momentarily powerful third party in 1832

Tariff of Abominations

Scornful southern term for the high Tariff of 1828

Davy Crockett

Semiliterate, bear-killing Tennessee congressman whose rough popular appeal exemplified the New Democracy (F)

Robert Y. Hayne

Silver-tongued South Carolina senator who defended nullification in a famous debate of 1830 (B)

Anti-Masonic Party

Small, short-lived third political party that originated a new method of nominating presidential candidates in 1831

Independent Treasury

System of keeping government funds in separate vaults, established by Van Buren's "Divorce Bill" in 1840

Nicholas Biddle

Talented but high-handed bank president who fought a bitter losing battle with the president of the United States (A)

In the immediate aftermath of the successful Texas Revolution,

Texas petitioned to join the United States but was refused admission.

Bank of the United States

The "moneyed monster" that Clay tried to preserve and that Jackson killed with his veto in 1832

Mexico

The nation from which Texas won its independence in 1836

Spoils System

The popular idea that public offices should be handed out on the basis of political support rather than special qualifications.

Trail of Tears

The sorrowful path along which thousands of southeastern Native Americans were moved to Oklahoma

Nullification

Theory promoted by John C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians that said states had the right to disregard federal laws to which they objected

Although he professed sympathy for the Native Americans, Jackson defied the Supreme Court and ordered them removed from Oklahoma.

True

American settlers in Texas clashed with the Mexican government over issues of slavery, immigration, and legal rights.

True

Jackson used his veto of the bill to recharter the Bank of the United States to politically mobilize the common people of the West against the financial elite of the East.

True

Jackson's victory in 1828 did represent the triumph of the West and the common people over the older elitist political system.

True

One consequence of the spoils system was the building of powerful political machines based on jobs and sometimes corrupt rewards distributed to political supporters.

True

President Adams attempted to uphold strong nationalistic principles in a time of growing support for sectionalism and states' rights.

True

South Carolina's fierce opposition to the tariff reflected anxiety that enhanced federal power might be turned against the institution of slavery.

True

The Anti-Masonic third party of 1832 appealed strongly to American suspicion of secret societies and to Anti-Jackson Protestant evangelicals.

True

The Jacksonians put into practice their belief that ordinary citizens were capable of holding almost any public office without particular qualifications.

True

The voters failed to give an electoral majority to any candidate in 1824, so the House of Representatives had to choose the president from among the top three candidates.

True

William Henry Harrison's background as an ordinary frontiersman born in a log cabin formed the basis for the Whigs' appeal to the common man in 1840.

True

Jackson's veto of the Bank of the United States recharter bill represented

a bold assertion of presidential power on behalf of western farmers and other debtors.

Under the surface of the South's strong opposition to the "Tariff of Abominations" was

a fear of growing federal power that might interfere with slavery.

In general, the Whig party tended to favor

a strong federal role in economic and moral issues.

Jackson's Specie Circular declared that

all public lands would have to be purchased with "hard" or metallic money.

One unfortunate consequence of the spoils system was

an increase in incompetence and corruption in government.

In promoting his policy of Indian removal, President Andrew Jackson

defied rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court that favored the Cherokees.

Some southeastern Indian tribes like the Cherokees were notable for their

development of effective agricultural, educational, and political institutions.

One of the central beliefs of the new Jacksonian democracy was that

office holding should be opened to as many ordinary citizens as possible.

The Panic of 1837 and subsequent depression were caused by

overspeculation and Jackson's financial policies.

One of Andrew Jackson's weapons in his war against Nicholas Biddle's Bank of the United States was

removing federal deposits from the bank and transferring them to "pet" state banks.

In theory, the U.S. government treated the Native American tribes east of the Mississippi River as

sovereign nations with whom the government negotiated and signed binding treaties.

John C. Calhoun's theory of "nullification" was based on the idea that

states should be able to declare invalid those laws they deemed unconstitutional.

The end result of Jackson's policies concerning the Native Americans was

the forcible removal of most of the southeastern Indians to Oklahoma.

One important result of President Jackson's destruction of the Bank of the United States was

the lack of a stable banking system to finance the era of rapid industrialization.

A new, seemingly more democratic method of nominating presidential candidates was

the national nominating convention.

One political innovation that illustrated the new popular voice in politics was

the rise of national party conventions to nominate presidential candidates.

A particular source of friction between the government of Mexico and the immigrant settlers in Texas was

the settlers' importation of slaves.

The concept of a political "revolution of 1828" rests on

the weakening of elite control of politics and the increased involvement of ordinary voters in the political process.