APUSH Chapter 13 (The American Pageant)

Washinton Irving

American author, short story writer, and is called the "father of the American short story". The Sketch Book is one of his most famous works. It contains the short stories called "Rip Van Winkle" and " The Legend of Sleepy Hollow".

Stephen Decatur

American naval officer known for his heroic deeds in the Tripolitan War, the War of 1812, and skirmishes against the Barbary pirates.

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Election of 1828

Andrew Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams, 178 electoral college votes to 83 electoral college votes; marks the first success of the new national party system

Independent Treasury Bill

Bill passed in 1840 to separate the U.S. Treasury from the country's banks. The bill was repealed in 1841. A new independent treasury bill was passed shortly after James K. Polk became President.

The South Carolina Exposition

Book published anonymously by John c. calhoun which states that states can nullify Federal laws deemed uncositutional. The South Carolina Exposition and Protest, also known as Calhoun's Exposition, was written in December 1828 by John C. Calhoun

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Nicholas Biddle

He was an American financier who was also president of the Bank of the United States. He was also known for his bribes. He was in charge during the bank war, where Jackson refused to deposit federal funds, which bled the bank dry. He also showed the corruption of the bank.

National Nominating Conventions

Quadrennial gathering of party officials and delegates that selects presidential and vice presidential nominees and adopts party platforms

James Fennimore Cooper

James Fenimore Cooper was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century. His historical romances of frontier and Indian life in the early American days created a unique form of American literature.noe.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Santa Anna

Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war.

Old Hickory

Nickname given to president Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837, for his toughness. Jackson was a veteran of the Creek War, and a hero of the battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. He also had fought and won a number of duels.

How did Jackson destroy the Second BUS

On this day in 1833, President Andrew Jackson announces that the government will no longer use the Second Bank of the United States, the country's national bank. He then used his executive power to remove all federal funds from the bank, in the final salvo of what is referred to as the "Bank War."

Fort McHenry

War of 1812 site where Francis Scott Key was held prisoner. As battle ranges outside, he penned the words of Star Springled Banner

Battle of Thames

William Henry Harrison pushed up the river Thames into Upper Canada and on October 4, 1813, won a victory notable for the death of Tecumseh, who was serving as a brigadier general in the British army. This battle resulted in no lasting occupation of Canada, but weakened and disheartened the Indians of the Northwest.

American System

an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Second Bank of US

States resent the main role of banks (present a state's bank notes for redemption that can easily ruin a bank). Thought banks didn't agree with local needs. Nicholas Biddle was president. Viewed as primary cause of panic of 1819: (rechartered in 1816). The wary directors viewed with scorn the unconventional practices of many western banks. The B.U.S. called in its loans, forcing the state banks to do likewise. State loans had been made to land speculators who were unable to repay; banks failed and depositors were wiped out. Jackson vetoed it when it was going for second charter. On this day in 1833, President Andrew Jackson announces that the government will no longer use the Second Bank of the United States, the country's national bank. He then used his executive power to remove all federal funds from the bank, in the final salvo of what is referred to as the "Bank War." McCulloch v Maryland

John C. Calhoun

The 7th Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. He was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.

Battle of San Jacinto

The Battle of San Jacinto, fought on April 21, 1836, in present-day Harris County, Texas, was the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Sam Houston, the Texian Army engaged and defeated General Antonio López de Santa Anna's Mexican army in a fight that lasted just 18 minutes. The Texas Revolution began when colonists in the Mexican province of Texas rebelled against the increasingly centralist Mexican government.

Trail of Tears 1838-1839

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. Part of indian removal act of 1830

Force Bill (1833)

The bill authorized President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to execute laws, e.g. collect taxes from states who didn't want to pay them; The bill was furthered the power of the presidency.

Webster.Clay and Recharter Bill

clay calls for an early recharter, which passes through congress. To Clay this is a win-win situation because if Jackson passes the bill then the bank is saved, if he vetoes then Clay will use it against Jackson in upcoming election. Jackson vetoes this. Clay was wrong and people hate the bank and dont care He was in charge during the bank war, where Jackson refused to deposit federal funds, which bled the bank dry. He also showed the corruption of the bank. Webster/Clay Recharter Bill (1832) clay calls for an early recharter, which passes through congress.

John Marshall

created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court

Treaty of 1818

Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.

Specie Circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Blue Light Federalists

term used by people who believed that certain federalists signaled the british when americans were coming Blue-light Federalist was a derogatory term used by those who believed certain Federalists to have made friendly ("blue-light") signals to British ships in the War of 1812 to warn the British of American blockade runners, the specific event supposedly happening in 1813

Spoils System

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power *Andrew Jackson*

Wildcat Banks

unstable banking institutions that issued paper money called wildcat currency to lend to speculators. They were operated under state charters and were especially numerous after Jackson defeated the second B.U.S. They didn't require collateral for loans so farmers took out loans, bought land, lost money on the land, defaulted on their loans, and then the banks started to fail.

William Henry Harrison

was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Biddle's Panic

when a desperate Biddle called in his bank's loans, evidently hoping to illustrate the bank's importance by producing a minor financial crisis. A number of wobblier banks were driven to the wall by this, but Jackson's resolution remained firm.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West (Trail of Tears 1838-39)

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S. 20-25% tax on imported foreign goods

Tallmadge Amendment

This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Missouri Compromise

The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery. parallel 36°30′ north

Stephen Austin

The son of Moses Austin and also known as the "Father of Texas" he lead "the old 300" into Texas after his father died of pneumonia even though he id not want to. Led by the Empressario, Stephen F. Austin, an initial grant for three hundred families--the "Old 300"--in 1821 opened up Texas to a flood of American immigrants, as many as 30,000 by the time of the Texas Revolution in 1835. This colonial period that brought Anglo and African settlers from the United States into contact with the governmental and ranching traditions of Spain and Mexico helped set the course for much of Texas' history in the 19th century--and was only overshadowed later by the discovery of oil in Texas in the 20th century. The promise of inexpensive land was the most prominent reason for emigrating from the United States at this time.

USS Constitution

affectionately knows as Old Ironside - during the war of 1812 British cannonballs bounced off her thick wooden hull.

Davy Crockett

sent to deal with problems with Shawnees and Creeks; present at the Alamo, during which his fame as a bear-killer/frontiersman had already been established; taken prisoner after the battle and executed by bayonet by Santa Anna, in front of all of his men

Divorce Bill 1837

A bill passed by Van Buren in 1837, that divorced the government from banking altogether, and established an independent treasury, so the governemtn could lock its money in vaults in several of the larger cities.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

A government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans

Pet Banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

Henry Clay

Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state American System War Hawk Secretary of State under John Quincy Adams

Cherokee Nation

1. adopted "white" customs including dress, some were wealthy farm owners and cattle ranchers 2. had their own language and newspaper; established its own constitution 3. fought for sovereignty and won under Supreme Court ruling 4. however when Jackson signed the indian removal act, they were the ones also targeted to be removed

Denmark Vesey/Slave Rebellion

A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion

Black Hawk War

Chief Black Hawk of Sauk tribe, led rebellion against US; started in Illinois and spread to Wisconsin Territory; 200 Sauk and Fox ppl murdered; tribes removed to areas west of Mississippi

Martin Van Buren

He was the eighth president of the United States who was experienced in legislative and administrative life. He passed the Divorce Bill which placed the federal surplus in vaults located in large cities and denied the backing system. Van Buren's inability as president to deal with the deep economic depression following the Panic of 1837 and with the surging Whig Party led to his defeat in the 1840 election. As president, Van Buren was blamed for the depression of 1837; hostile newspapers called him "Martin Van Ruin". He attempted to cure the economic problems by keeping control of federal funds in an independent treasury—rather than in state banks—but Congress would not approve of this until 1840. In foreign affairs, he denied the application of Texas for admission to the Union, unwilling to upset the balance of free and slave states in the Missouri Compromise, and hoping to avoid war with Mexico over Texas annexation by purchasing the territory from Mexico's government. Additionally, relations with Britain and its colonies in Canada proved to be strained from the bloodless Aroostook War and the Caroline Affair.

Corrupt Bargain

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

Election of 1832

Jackson v Clay, Jackson wins. Political parties will hold nominating conventions where the people decide who the nominee is. First time a third party was in an election, Anti-Masonic party.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

It was a new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816 This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years.

Bank of the United States

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

Nullification Crisis

South was mad about the Tariff of Abominations. John C. Calhoun supported States' Rights and said they had a right to nullify a law. In 1832 the tariff was lowered. South Carolina passed the Nullification Act, and threatened to secede; Jackson was furious, so he passed The first force bill (1833), passed in response to South Carolina's ordinance of nullification, empowered President Jackson to use the army and navy, if necessary, to enforce the laws of Congress, specifically the tariff measures to which South Carolina had objected so violently.

Cumberland Road

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Seminole War

conflict that began in florida in 1817 between the seminole and the us army when the seminoles resisted removal The Seminole Wars, also known as the Florida Wars, were three conflicts in Florida between the Seminole—the collective name given to the amalgamation of various groups of Native Americans and African Americans who settled in Florida in the early 18th century—and the United States Army. Taken together, the Seminole Wars were the longest and most expensive (both in human and monetary terms) Indian Wars in United States history. The First Seminole War (circa 1816-1819) began with General Andrew Jackson's excursions into West Florida and Spanish Florida against the Seminoles after the conclusion of the War of 1812. The governments of Britain and Spain both expressed outrage over the "invasion". However, Spain was unable to defend its territory, and the Spanish Crown agreed to cede Florida to the United States in the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819. According to the Treaty of Moultrie Creek of 1823, the Seminoles were required to leave northern Florida and were confined to a large reservation in the center of the Florida peninsula. The U.S. government enforced the treaty by building a series of forts and trading posts in the territory, mainly along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts.