apush chapter 16

Before 1860, the traditional policy of the federal government was to regard Indians partly as A. wards of the president of the United States. B. members of dependent states. C. nonhumans. D. citizens of the United States. E. a natural enemy of the United States.

A

Early in 1866, a massive joint cattle drive from Texas to Missouri A. All these answers are correct. B. saw the herds suffer heavy losses. C. both proved that cattle could be driven to distant markets, and established a link to the booming urban markets of the East. D. proved that cattle could be driven to distant markets. E. established a link to the booming urban markets of the East.

A

In 1890 at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, A. the U.S. Seventh Cavalry massacred up to 200 Indians. B. All these answers are correct. C. the Sioux attempted to leave the reservation for Canada. D. Plains Indians mounted their last major attack on white Americans. E. the U.S. Seventh Cavalry suffered no casualties.

A

In 1890, the "Ghost Dance" A. was a spiritual revival among Plains Indians. B. All these answers are correct. C. was a spiritual revival among Plains Indians, inspired by the Paiute prophet Chief Joseph. D. marked the resumption of hostilities by Plains Indians. E. honored all the Indians who had died in battle with white Americans.

A

The western cattle industry saw Mexican ranchers first develop A. All these answers are correct. B. lariats. C. spurs. D. leather chaps. E. saddles.

A

The Homestead Act of 1862 A. proved to be enormously popular with western ranchers. B. only applied to public lands within the borders of an organized state. C. was later expanded by the Timber Culture Act. D. saw settlers on the Plains complain the claims were too large for grain farming. E. gave without condition 160 acres to all settlers who would move to the West.

C

Which of the following Indian tribes was NOT found on the Pacific Coast of the Far West? A. Pomo B. Creek C. Chumash D. Chinook E. Serrano

B

Women in nineteenth-century western mining towns A. often greatly outnumbered the men. B. often found work doing domestic tasks. C. generally worked as miners. D. had few economic opportunities outside of prostitution. E. were nearly all single when they first arrived.

B

In the 1850s, the U.S. policy of "concentration" for Indians A. assigned all tribes to their own defined reservations. B. had many benefits for both whites and Indians. C. set the basis for Indian policy for the rest of the century. D. reduced conflicts between whites and Indians. E. affirmed and continued the previous federal treatment of Indians.

A

In the late nineteenth century, regarding western agriculture, A. commercial farmers were not self-sufficient and made little effort to become so. B. farmers increasingly owned the land on which they worked. C. the reality of farming was very much like its popular image with the public. D. American farm families were relatively unaffected by the effects of world production. E. the prices paid for American farm goods rose after the 1880s.

A

In Owen Wister's novel, The Virginian (1902), the American cowboy was A. castigated for his poor relations with Indians, Mexicans, and Chinese. B. seen as fast disappearing, as urbanization spread west. C. portrayed as a simple and virtuous frontiersman. D. lamented as having lost his innocence and decency. E. criticized for being too quick to use violence.

C

In the late nineteenth century, the surge of farming settlement in the West A. spurred the development of massive irrigation projects. B. was composed of mostly settlers who had little to no experience with farming. C. was a result of many factors, but the most important was the railroad. D. was primarily the result of federal subsidies for land ownership. E. was brought to a dramatic halt by a major drought during the 1870s.

C

Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West shows A. ignored the fact that Cody had never actually lived in the West himself. B. showed the realities of life on the frontier. C. proved to be popular in Europe as well as the United States. D. did not include representations of Indians. E. often competed against those of sharpshooter Annie Oakley.

C

Chinese tongs were A. community officials. B. indentured servants. C. secret societies. D. prostitutes. E. merchants.

C

In "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," Frederick Jackson Turner claimed A. most of the frontier land was of little practical use for Americans. B. the western wars between whites and Indians were a national disgrace. C. that the end of the "frontier" also marked the end of one of the most important democratizing forces in American life. D. the frontier had repressed individualism, nationalism, and democracy in America. E. the United States should expand its northern and southern borders into Canada and Mexico to create new frontier land.

C

The Chinese from California became the major source of labor for the transcontinental railroad in part because A. most were experienced in railroad construction. B. their more well-established unions won the railroad contracts. C. most were forced into working for the railroads. D. they worked for lower wages than what whites would accept. E. they had no other employment prospects.

D

The Indian leader who said, "I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever," was A. Crazy Horse. B. Sitting Bull. C. Black Kettle. D. Chief Joseph. E. Cochise.

D

By the mid-1840s, the American West A. had seen the elimination of nearly all Indian tribes. B. was still an empty, desolate land. C. contained few migrants from the United States. D. closely resembled its popular image. E. was extensively populated.

E

In the late nineteenth century, the popular image of the American West A. was promoted by the Rocky Mountain school. B. both presented a heroic image of cowboys, and was promoted by the Rocky Mountain school. C. presented a heroic image of cowboys. D. perceived the region to be a place offering true freedom. E. All these answers are correct.

E

The 1876 Battle of Little Bighorn A. saw the destruction of the entire Seventh Cavalry. B. saw the Sioux united under Sitting Bull and Geronimo. C. marked the start of prolonged warfare in the Dakotas. D. took place in Wyoming. E. was a short-lived Indian victory.

E

The town that reigned as the railhead of the cattle kingdom for many years was A. Omaha, Nebraska. B. Dallas, Texas. C. Deadwood, South Dakota. D. Sedalia, Missouri. E. Abilene, Kansas.

E

The western farmers' first and most burning grievance was against A. the railroads. B. state governments. C. eastern manufacturers. D. the banks. E. crop speculators.

A

Which of the following statements regarding Hispanic New Mexico is FALSE? A. At the time of the Mexican War, Hispanics greatly outnumbered Anglo-Americans. B. Descendants of the original settlers engaged primarily in cattle and sheep ranching. C. Taos Indians, allied with Navajos and Apaches, forced out Anglo-Americans until 1847. D. The Anglo-American population grew rapidly once the railroads began traveling to the Southwest. E. The Spanish had had settlements in the area since the seventeenth century.

C

In the late nineteenth century, which of the following was NOT a major western industry that relied on the East for markets and capital? A. fur trading B. mining C. ranching D. both fur trading and ranching E. commercial farming

A

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the working class in the western economy was A. All these answers are correct. B. paid higher wages than workers in the East. C. highly stratified along racial lines. D. highly multiracial. E. both highly multiracial and paid higher wages than workers in the East.

A

Mining in the West A. saw individual prospectors move in first, followed by corporations. B. saw corporations move in first, followed by individual prospectors. C. kept ranchers and farmers from establishing their own economic base. D. flourished until the 1930s. E. did not see any great mineral strikes until after the Civil War.

A

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 A. banned Chinese in the United States from becoming naturalized citizens. B. had little effect on the size of the Chinese population in America. C. was only applied in California. D. was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. E. resulted in the deportation of half of the Chinese in the United States.

A

By 1900, one of the three American territories in the contiguous United States that had NOT been granted statehood was A. Nebraska. B. Arizona. C. South Dakota. D. Colorado. E. Utah.

B

In the 1840s and 1850s, in the Far West, the response by white Americans to the Chinese A. was one of consistent hostility. B. moved from initial acceptance to gradual hostility. C. moved from initial hostility to gradual acceptance. D. was one of consistent acceptance. E. depended mainly on whether the white American was pro-slavery or antislavery.

B

In the late nineteenth century, "range wars" in the West were often between A. individual white American ranchers and large American ranching corporations. B. white American ranchers and farmers. C. white American ranchers and Mexican ranchers. D. white Americans and Indians. E. white American ranchers and Chinese ranchers.

B

The Comstock Lode primarily produced A. gold. B. silver. C. lead. D. copper. E. zinc.

B

The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 A. ended the U.S. government's effort to assimilate Indian tribes. B. was designed to force Indians to become landowners and farmers. C. was intended to preserve traditional Indian culture. D. denied U.S. citizenship to landowning Indian adults. E. reaffirmed tribal ownership of western lands in the face of white claims to it.

B

The Rocky Mountain school of painting A. emphasized the primitive art of Indians and other indigenous peoples. B. helped inspire the growth of tourism in the West. C. marked a sharp departure from the artistic style of the Hudson River Valley painters. D. first gained popular acceptance in the early twentieth century. E. was a significant influence on the abstract art that would soon flourish in Europe.

B

All of the following writers and artists made significant contributions to the romanticizing of the American West EXCEPT A. Mark Twain. B. Theodore Roosevelt. C. Frederick Jackson Turner. D. James Whistler. E. Frederic Remington.

D

During the late nineteenth century, Plains farm life A. All these answers are correct. B. was generally admired by the growing urban public. C. became increasingly profitable for most. D. often lacked any access to the outside world. E. was marked by active community life.

D

During the mid-nineteenth century, Hispanics living in California A. saw an expansion in the power of californios. B. joined with white Americans to drive out Indians. C. increasingly became part of the state's middle class. D. lost ownership of large areas of lands. E. attempted to revive the Spanish mission society.

D

During the nineteenth century, in the Far West the term "coolie" A. applied to all non-Indians who came to the Far West before the California gold rush. B. was a slang term for prostitutes in mining towns. C. was a description for all Asian immigrants. D. referred to Chinese indentured servants. E. was an epithet used by whites to describe members of Chinese tongs.

D

In his writings during the late 1800s, the popular author Hamlin Garland A. argued the Plains should be abandoned by Americans. B. romanticized agrarian life in the West. C. criticized western farmers for failing to develop a stable industry. D. reflected the growing disillusionment of western farmers. E. suggested the trials of rural life refined and enlarged the human spirit.

D

In the 1870s in the Far West, the largest single Chinese community was located in A. Sacramento. B. Los Angeles. C. San Diego. D. San Francisco. E. Seattle.

D

In the late nineteenth century, fences for Plains farms were usually made from A. wood. B. sod. C. stones. D. barbed wire. E. brick.

D

In the mid-1880s, the open-range cattle industry declined as a result of A. competition from Mexico. B. changing consumer habits in the East. C. disease. D. severe weather. E. Indian wars.

D

In the mid-nineteenth century, the Plains Indians were A. not as vulnerable to disease as eastern tribes. B. mostly sedentary farmers. C. among the least aggressive of all American Indians. D. the most widespread Indian groups in the West. E. usually able to unite against white aggression.

D

The Sand Creek Massacre of 1864 A. moved Colonel J. M. Chivington to denounce the U.S. Army. B. saw the death of Chief Black Kettle. C. was carried out by George Custer. D. involved the killing of Indian women and children. E. All these answers are correct.

D

Which Indian chief was murdered during the Civil War after white soldiers tricked him into surrendering? A. Wovoka B. Mangas Colorados C. Cochise D. Geronimo E. Sitting Bull

D

The decimation of American buffalo herds in the late nineteenth century A. was accelerated by the booming new market for buffalo hide. B. was fostered by the railroad companies. C. destroyed the ability of Plains Indians to resist the advance of white settlers. D. happened almost entirely in the space of two decades. E. All these answers are correct.

E

Which tribe should NOT be included among the Plains Indians? A. Sioux B. Cheyenne C. Arapaho D. Pawnee E. Yurok

E