APUSH: Chapter 18 Connect Review

National Consumers League

formed in the 1890s under the leadership of Florence Kelley, it attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturers to improve wages and working conditions for women workers

Which of the following population trends occurred in the United States from 1860 to 1910?

gradual decline of the rural population in absolute numbers

Upton Sinclair

his novel The Jungle revealed deplorable conditions within the American meatpacking industry

Armory Show

innovative 1913 exhibition in New York in which the new American artists displayed not only their own work, but also the work of innovative European artists, who were already beginning to explore wholly new artistic forms

The new immigrants of the late nineteenth century settled primarily in eastern industrial cities because they

lacked the capital to buy land and begin farming in the West, found immediate employment as unskilled workers, and found refuge and camaraderie among fellow nationals there.

American urban population growth from 1860 to 1910 resulted mainly from a(n)

large influx of new immigrants.

Most wealthy urban residents

lived in new "fashionable districts" in the heart of the city.

The large-scale movement of African Americans from the rural South to industrial cities began during the late nineteenth century mainly because of the

poverty and oppression of the South.

Ashcan School

produced work startling in its naturalism and stark in its portrayal of the social realities of the era

Because of rapid growth in the late nineteenth century, American cities

provided services and facilities inadequate to demands.

By the 1890s, a million New Yorkers lived in tenements, which were

slum dwellings with inadequate light, plumbing, and heat.

Jacob Riis

social reformer and author of How the Other Half Lives

Kate Chopin

southern writer who explored the oppressive features of traditional marriage and who encountered widespread public abuse after publication of her shocking novel The Awakening in 1899

The majority of big-city residents in late-nineteenth-century America

stayed in the city centers and rented living space.

The formation of ethnic neighborhoods by immigrants in American cities

tended to reinforce the cultural values of their previous societies.

Theodore Dreiser

through his novel Sister Carrie, he was influential in encouraging writers to abandon the genteel traditions of earlier times and turn to the social dislocations and injustices of the present

Urban poverty

was not viewed as a consequence of the American social structure itself.

New forms of urban transportation during this era included

elevated railroads.

William M. Tweed

famously corrupt boss of New York City's Tammany Hall

Explain how art and literature of this period served as vehicles of social criticism.

-Some writers and artists responded to new industrial environment by evoking the natural world -Theodore Dreiser encouraged writers to focus on social dislocations and injustices -Modernism in painting emphasized the ordinary rather than the elite

What were among the responses to the hazards of urban life in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

-development of professional fire departments -development of professional police forces -construction of more fire resistant buildings -construction of sewage disposal systems -development of hazardous material disposal systems -creation of the federal Public Health Service -the founding of Salvation Army

Describe the relationship between immigration and urbanization in the late nineteenth century

-immigrants outnumbered the native population in many large cities -most new immigrants were rural people and had trouble adjusting -the diversity of new immigrant populations was striking

Nativist reaction against European immigrants of the late nineteenth century resulted from all of the following factors EXCEPT the

-refusal of most immigrants and their children to attempt to assimilate themselves into American culture. -generalized fears of foreigners. -prejudices of foreigners. -arrival of such vast numbers of immigrants. -economic concern that immigrant workers would threaten the wages and positions of American workers.

Describe the impact of Darwinism in American intellectual life

-the theory of evolution was widely accepted -history was a product of randomness, competition, and luck -Darwinism helped spawn the doctrine of "pragmatism" which suggested that ideas were valid if they worked -Darwinism's relativistic implications encouraged the study of other cultures

Describe the effect of the new consumer economy on gender roles

-womens fashion became an interest for middle and working class women -new employment opportunities for women as sales clerks and waitresses proliferated -many working class men spent increased leisure time in saloons or watching boxing matches

Describe the groups of people most likely to move to the cities in the late nineteenth century.

-young rural women sought opportunities to changes in farm life -southern black people wanted to escape poverty, debt, and oppression -the "push" of both poverty and oppression in Europe were stimuli for immigration

True or false: European immigrants to the United States, especially second-generation individuals, staunchly resisted assimilationinto the dominant culture.

False

True or false: Hundreds of thousands of European immigrants got their first taste of America as they were processed by customs at Coney Island in New York Harbor.

False

True or false: Minstrel shows laid the foundation for the emergence of serious symphony orchestras in the early twentieth century.

False

True or false: The working class made greater income and lifestyle gains in the late nineteenth century than did the middle class.

False

True or false: Urban black males in the North in the late nineteenth century usually held skilled industrial jobs in factories.

False

True or false: William Randolph Hearst was the founder of the "reform" movement within Judaism.

False

True or False: Jacob Riis was a journalist whose stories about life in urban slums helped inspire reformers.

True

True or false: By granting large amounts of land to state governments, the federal government encouraged states to establishuniversities and colleges that would emphasize practical learning, especially in agriculture and mechanics.

True

True or false: D. W. Griffith was a pioneer in the production of motion pictures.

True

True or false: Political bosses and the machines they operated were usually more popular with people in the poor and working-class neighborhoods of large cities than with people of the upper and middle classes.

True

The most famous and notorious city "boss" of the late nineteenth century was

William M. Tweed.

William James

a major proponent of pragmatism, he said modern society should rely for guidance not on inherited ideals and moral principles but on the test of scientific inquiry

Alice Hamilton

a physician who became an investigator for the United States Bureau of Labor; was a pioneer in the identification of pollution in the workplace

"City Beautiful" movement

aimed to impose a similar order and symmetry on the disordered life of cities around the country

Members of the urban middle and professional classes had increasingly large blocks of time in which they were not at work—evenings, weekends, even vacations, which were previously almost unknown among salaried workers. How and where did these turn-of-the-century Americans spend their newfound leisure hours?

amusement parks, public parks, movies, saloons, shopping, spectator sports, college sports, Vaudeville theatre

Darwinism

argued that the human species had evolved from earlier forms of life (and most recently from simian creatures similar to apes) through a process of "natural selection"

Which of the following groups were excluded from immigration to the United States by laws passed in the 1880s and 1890s?

convicts, paupers, and mental incompetents

Stephen Crane

created a sensation in 1893 when he published Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, a grim picture of urban poverty and slum life

yellow journalism

deliberately sensational, often lurid style of writing presented in bold graphics, designed to reach a mass audience

D. W. Griffith

early motion-picture director; made the landmark film Birth of a Nation

What late-nineteenth-century technological developments made "skyscrapers" practical?

electric elevators