APUSH Chapter 27-28 Notecards JSerra

The Marshall Plan

(HT) , 1947, by George Marshall, against "hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos" a massive aid package offered by US they gave food and economic assistance to europe to help countries rebuild

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Hungarian Revolution

1956. Led by students and workers, installed Liberal Communist Imre Nagy. Forced soviet soldiers to leave and promised free election, renounced Hungary's military alliance with Moscow. Revolution was crushed by the Soviet Union.

"Brinkmanship"

A 1956 term used by Secretary of State John Dulles to describe a policy of risking war in order to protect national interests

J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye

A book written by Salinger about a sixteen-year-old boy who goes to New York City where he reflects on the phoniness of adults and heads toward a nervous breakdown.

Casablanca, Morocco

A conference was held here between January 14th and January 29th 1943. Here, FDR and Churchill agreed on an increase of American bombing in Germany and the transfer of British military resources to the Far east

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Challenger

A space shuttle that exploded just two minutes after takeoff, killing all members of the crew on board. The accident led to a reorganization of NASA's safety and communication systems.

"Multiversity"

A university that has numerous constituent and affiliated institutions, such as separate colleges, campuses, and research centers.

George F. Keenan

American ambassador to the Soviet Union who proposed the policy of containment, American diplomat who stressed the need to contain communism within its current borders

Jonas Salk

American doctor who invented the polio vaccine in 1953. Polio crippled and killed millions worldwide, and the successful vaccine virtually eliminated the scourage.

"Fair Deal"

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

Baby Boom**

An increase in population by almost 30 million people. This spurred a growth in suburbs and three to four children families.

"Revisionist Interpretation"

An interpretation of the origins of the Cold War that emphasizes American ideological or economic aggression against the Soviet Union and its allies.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against the Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

Michael Harrington, The Other America

As described in his book, the poor were trapped in a vicious cycle of want and a culture of deprivation. Because they could not afford good housing, a nutritious diet, and doctors, the poor got sick more often and for longer than more affluent Americans.

Formosa (Taiwan)

Chiang fled with his political allies and the remnants of his army to this offshore island, and the entire Chinese mainland came under the control of a communist government that many Americans believed to be an extension of the Soviet Union.

Mao Zedong

Chinese communist leader (1893-1976)

David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd

Criticized the replacement of "inner-directed" individuals in society with "other-directed" conformists.

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Disneyland

Disneyland opened in 1955 in Anaheim, California. It was a theme park, developed by Walt Disney and based around his cartoon characters. It was designated as a place for family entertainment.

Gen. Douglas MacArthur

During the Korean War, he was commander of Allied Forces in the South Pacific during World War II and of UN forces in Korea. He lead the American, British, and South Korean forces. MacArthur fought up until the Yalu River by the Chinese border. Truman told him to only use Korean forces in case China got involved. However MacArthur did not follow orders and sent US, British and Korean forces to fight. The Chinese responded heavily and the troops were pushed back to the 38th parallel. Truman was extremely upset and dismissed MacArthur. Some believe that MacArthur was the reason that the US failed to "liberate" North Korea. Also MacArthur, while back in the states, was always publicly dismissing Truman's ideas. At one point he was even going to run for president.

"Military-industrial complex"

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

J. Edgar Hoover

FBI directer who urged HUAC to hold public hearings on communist subversion to find communist sympathisers and fellow travelers to isolate them and their influence. FBI sends agents to infiltrate groups suspected of subversion and wiretoppa telephnones

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Security Council

Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.

Chiang Kai-Shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)

"checkers speech"

Given by Richard Nixon on September 23, 1952, when he was the Republican candidate for the Vice Presidency. Said to have saved his career from a campaign contributions scandal.

William H. Whyte, Jr., The Organization Man

He produced one of the most widely discussed books of the decade. His book attempted to describe the special mentality of the worker in a large, bureaucratic setting. He claimed that self-reliance was losing place to the ability to "get along" and "work as a team" as the most valued trait in the modern character.

Jack Kerouac, On the Road

He produced what may have been known the bible of the Beat Generation. His novel was an account of a cross-country automobile trip that depicted the rootless, iconoclastic lifestyle of Kerouac and his friends.

Richard M. Nixon

He was a committee member of the House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities (to investigate "subversion"). He tried to catch Alger Hiss who was accused of being a communist agent in the 1930's. This brought Nixon to the attention of the American public. In 1956 he was Eisenhower's Vice-President.

"Levittown"

In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.

States Rights' Party

In 1948, a group of southern Democrats known as the dixiecrats bolted from their party and supported Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as the presidential candidate of the States Rights party.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

In 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten European nations formed this military mutual-defense pact. In 1955, the Soviet Union countered NATO with the formation of the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance among those nations within its own sphere of influence.

Zionists

Jews who believed in a country of their own in Palestine

Coal Strike 1946

John L. Lewis called 400,000 bituminous coal miners out on strike for improved wages, health benefits, and safety regulations. By mid-May, the strike was crippling industrial production and threatened to end the economy's postwar recovery. When Lewis rejected Harry S. Truman's efforts to find a compromise, the president seized the mines and ordered the strikers back to work.

Suez crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954

Linda Brown was forced to walk 21 blocks over tracks even, to go to school. Thurgood Marshal argued that this was unconstitutional and Earl Warren agreed. Segregation was struck down finally (however it was far from over)! Most people were happy, but many in the South resisted

Red Scare

Most instense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. MItchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses. Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis. "Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed.

NASA

National Aeronautic and Space Administration - a US government agency in charge of the space program

NSC-68

National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

Traditional European Balance of Power

One of the issues addressed in the Marshall Plan.

National Defense Education Act

Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

"China Lobby"

People who wanted a third independent force in China with the hope it would become a pro-western nation in Asia and not become communist.

Saul Bellow

Perhaps the foremost among the American novelists who came into prominence after WWII, 1976 Nobel Prize winner Bellow is a part of the novelistic mainstream. His books have the rich flavor of his urban Jewish upbringing. Henderson the Rain King and Herzog are his two most famous works.

"Urban Renewal"

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.

"With all deliberate speed"

Schools were required to integrate with all deliberate speed. The Supreme Court realized that the change would be slow particularly in the South and did not want to set a concrete timeline.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

Seperate but equal facilities based upon race is constitutional

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet statesman and premier who denounced stalin (1894-1971)

Berlin airlift

Successful effort by the United States and Britain to ship by air 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin from June 1948 to May 1949, in response to a Soviet blockade of all land and canal routes to the divided city.

Third World

Term applied to a group of developing countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.

"Massive retaliation"

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

House Un-American Activities

The House of Representatives established the Committee on Un-American Activities, popularly known as "HUAC," in order to investigate "subversion."

Thomas E. Dewey

The Republican presidential nominee in 1944, Dewey was the popular governor of New York. Roosevelt won a sweeping victory in this election of 1944. Dewey also ran against Harry Truman in the 1948 presidential election. Dewey, arrogant and wooden, seemed certain to win the election, and the newspapers even printed, "DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN" on election night. However, the morning results showed that Truman swept the election, much to Dewey's embarrassment.

Army-McCarthy Hearings

The Trials in which Senator McCarthey accused the U.S. Army of harboring possible communists.These trials were one of the first televised trials in America, and helped show America Senator McCarthey's irresponsibility and meanness.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

Cold War

The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another.

U-2 incident

The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

"Roll Back"

The term used to describe Eisenhower's tough stance against communism, rolling it back to the USSR

"Zone of Occupation"

The various areas where the Soviet Union and the Americans held in Europe. America received West Germany and the Soviet Union received East Germany. Essentially the world was divided into Soviet Powers in the East and American Allied Forces in the West

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Federal Highway Act, 1956

This act, an accomplishment of the Eisenhower administration, authorized $25 billion for a ten- year project that built over 40,000 miles of interstate highways. This was the largest public works project in American history.

Thirty-eighth parrallel

This was a line that described the divition between North Korea and South Korea. This line was determined after the hard fought Korean War between the Communist North side and the Western Democratic South side.

"White citizens' councils"

This was a white supremacist organization formed in 1954. It amounted to about 60,000 members, most being in the South. It opposed integration and fought for the protection of the "European-American" culture against other ethnicities. Members were highly associated with the KKK.

Dr. Benjamin Spock, Baby and Child Care

This was one of the most influential books in postwar American life; it was a famous guide to child rearing. Dr. Benjamin Spock's approach to raising babies was child- centered and he believed that the purpose of motherhood was to help children learn and grow and realize their potential.

Jackie Robinson

United States baseball player

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

John Foster Dulles

United States diplomat who (as Secretary of State) pursued a policy of opposition to the USSR by providing aid to American allies (1888-1959)

Allen Ginsberg

United States poet of the beat generation (1926-1997)

Adlai Stevenson

United States politician and diplomat (1900-1968)

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)

"the Hollywood Ten"

When Hollywood producers and writers were called to testify, this group of people refused to answer questions about their own political beliefs and those of their colleagues, they were sent to jail for contempt.

"Beats"

a United States youth subculture of the 1950s

Containment Doctrine

a foreign policy strategy advocated by George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, "contain" its advances, and resist its enroachments by peaceful means if possible, but by force if neccesary.

Atomic Energy Commission

a former executive agency (from 1946 to 1974) that was responsible for research into atomic energy and its peacetime uses in the United States

"Juvenile delinquency"

an antisocial misdeed in violation of the law by a minor

Central Intelligence Agency

an independent agency of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad in the national interest

United Nations

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

National Security Act of 1947

created the Department of Defense, which was housed in the Pentagon and headed by a new cabinet position, the Secretary of Defense, under which served civilian secretaries of the army, navy, and air force and created the National Security Council (NSC) to advise the president on security matters and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate the government's foreign fact-gathering (spying)

Yalta 1945

established world organization; Soviet Union pledged to allow democratic procedures in Eastern Europe; pledge broken, led to Cold War

Servicemens Readjustment Act 1944

known as the GI bill of rights under which the federal government spent $13 billion on military veterans for education vocational training medical treatment unemployment insurance and loans for building houses and goin into business

J. Robert Oppenheimer

lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb."

Dwight D. Eisenhower

leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School

Passive resistance

peaceful resistance to a government by fasting or refusing to cooperate

"Massive resistance"

policy declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. on February 24, 1956 to unite other white politicians and leaders in Virginia in a campaign of new state laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation after the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954

Montgomerty bus boycott

political and social protest campaign that started in 1955 intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system.resulted in a crippling financial deficit for the Montgomery public transit system, because the city's black population who were the drivers of the boycott were also the bulk of the system's paying customers.

McCarran Internal Security Act 1950

subjected alleged members of designated Communist-action organizations to regulation by the US federal government

Dien Bien Phu

the French military base fell after a 56-day siege by Vietnam troops

"Culture of Poverty"

the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children

Shah of Iran

title for the former hereditary monarch of Iran

Warsaw Pact

treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

Jimmy Hoffa

was president of the International Brotherhood of Teamseters. He was charged and indicted with fraudulent use of the union pension fund by jury tampering. The case showed the worried nature of the United States.