APUSH Chapter 27-32 Vocab

Helsinki Accords

35 nations signed these non-binding accords. USSR received international recognition that they desired the the European borders as they were at the end of WW2. All 35 nations pledged to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms and cooperation in economic, scientific, humanitarian, etc. Helsinki Watch Groups established.

Peace Corps.

A Kennedy volunteer program that recruited young Americans to give technical aid to developing countries. It had a small budget, but became one of Kennedy's greatest triumphs, showcasing American idealism and know-how throughout the world.

La Raza Unida

A Mexican-American political party in the Southwest that advocated the creation of an autonomous Mexican-American state within a state.

NSC-68

A National Security Council paper predicted the USSR would continue to be aggressive in spreading communism throughout the world by direct expansion and by supporting indigent communist groups. Increased military spending. When North Korea invade South Korea, it gave this poison paper a great deal of credibility among US policy makers.

Counterculture/Hippies

A culture embracing values or lifestyles opposing those of the mainstream culture. Created a culture that opposed the conservative norms of Middle America. Hippies, people who opposed and rejected conventional standards of society and advocated extreme liberalism in their sociopolitical attitudes and lifestyles , became synonymous with 1960s countercultural youth. They supported women's liberation, anti-materialism, and opposed the Vietnam War.

Tiananmen Square

A democratic movement gained momentum in the spring of 1989 and manifested itself in the thousands of students who demonstrated in this place in Beijing. Government troops were sent here to arrest the students; this destroyed the emerging democratic movement

Freedom Rides

A form of civil rights protest for which the CORE organized racially mixed groups to travel by bus through the South to test compliance with federal laws banning racial segregation on interstate transportation, bust stations, hotels, and restaurants. Attacked by white supremacists.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

After North Vietnamese gun boats assaulted American ships that were organized air strikes and military moves, Johnson and his advisers dragged this that committed the US in Vietnam. Gave Johnson a "blank check" granting him fill authority against North Vietnamese forces.

Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.

An African-American leader whose leadership in the Montgomery Bus Boycott brought him national prominence in the emerging civil rights movement. He was elected Charimen of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Nonviolence civil disobedience. March on Washington. Assassinated by James Earl Ray.

26th Amendment

Guaranteed the rights of those who were 18 years of age or older to vote as citizens of the US. Strong support for the amendment among Americans came from the extensive numbers of 18 year olds drafted in the army to fight Vietnam.

Baby Boom

The number of babies being born rose substantially. 50 million babies and the mortality rate dramatically dropped. Fueled the economy and widen the realm of education.

Blacklisting

List of suspected Communists circulated among various industries that prevented anyone whose name was on this from finding employment. Rather than prison, the loss of employment was the primary means of punishing anyone suspected of subversive political beliefs during the Red Scare.

Deindustrialization

Long period of decline in the industrial sector. The decline of manufacturing and growth of the service sector of the economy in post WWII America. Increased competition from foreign made goods, the use of cheap labor abroad by US manufacturers.

Marshall Plan

The plan gave massive American economic aid to European countries to rebuild their economies shattered by WWII. Secretary of State. The recognition that a strong Europe was needed to supply markets for American goods and a desire to lessen the appeal of communism in Western European nations. The plan was open to all European countries, including Russia and its Eastern European satellites, but they rejected the plan.

Impoundment

The refusal of a president to spend money appropriated by Congress. President Nixon hoped to slow the growth of the federal government and reduce funding for programs he opposed by refusing to spend money appropriated by the Democratic controlled Congress for urban renewal and pollution control.

New Federalism aka Revenue Sharing

The return of Federal tax money to the states for their use. This initiated a decentralization of government functions.

US vs Wheeler

The supreme court affirmed Native American Tribes had a unique independent legal statue that could not be discontinued by Congress.

The Imperial Presidency

The term referred stop the view that the office of the presidency underwent an evolution over time and that Watergate must be seen in the context of a much larger pattern of presidential usurpation of power (especially in the area of international relations) that went back several decades before Nixon.

Sunbelt

The term refers to the southern and southwestern states from North Carolina to California and the post WWII population shift form the Northeast and midwest to those states. Population change was a swing in political power.

Fuchs/ Rosenberg Case

The tremors sent through American culture by the detonation of an atomic bomb by the USSR convinced many Americans that espionage had been reason for the USSR success. Klaus Fuchs testified he had given atomic secrets to the Soviets. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were implicated in this case through Fuchs and Ethel's brother, David Greenglass. Green glass contended several agents had worked on getting atomic secrets to the Russians, but the Rosenbergs were in charge of this operation. The Rosenbergs were convicted and put to death.

Twenty-fourth Amendment

Prohibited the use of the poll tax or any tax that denied the vote. The amendment gave Congress the power to enforce it with legislation.

Bosnia

Rivalries among Serbs, Croats, Bosnians, and other nationalities were suppressed under the Communist government of Yugoslavia. Communist governments falling increased tensions between Christians and Muslims; civil war broke out in 1991 as Serbs battled Croats, Slovenes, and Bosnians. Bush recognized this place as an independent nation

"Domino Effect"

The belief held by many US policymakers, that if one country in a region fell to Communism, other countries would follow. This belief led the US in the fear that he fall of one nation would result in the lost of an entire region, to support some noncommunist corrupt dictatorship.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

The bill overcame the religious barrier on education because it supported a child-benefit approach, and allocated federal money to aid het education of students in religious as well as public schools. It gave $1 billion in federal aid, the largest sums going to school districts with the highest percentage of poor students.

Strategic Defense Initiative; "Star Wars"

a proposed space-based shield against any missile fired at the US. Some appropriations for research were passed, but it was never developed or implemented

Bakke vs Regents of the University of California

a white person was refused admittance to a University's medical school and sued when he found out that black applicants had been admitted with lower qualifications; ruled it was unconstitutional to establish a rigid quota system for POC/minorities; upheld affirmative action, but added guidelines

Savings and Loan Scandal

lax regulation of the savings and loan industry; resulted in poor investments and high failure rate; Black Monday worsened this

Invasion of Grenada

sent marines to this island to depose a pro-Cuban regime that had just taken over; installed a US government friendly gov.

Recession of 1982

worst recession since 1930, UE @ 11%; it did drop oil prices and ended double digit inflation; comeback with Reaganomics; widened gap between rich and the poor

Persian Gulf War

Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion of Kuwait and threatened Western oil resources in Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf. George Bush put together a coalition of UN Members to pressure Hussein to withdraw, this had no effect, Bush followed with a military campaign- Desert Storm.

Iranian Revolution/Ayatollah Khomeini

Islamic militants overthrew the Shah of Iran's government in 1979; the Shah's government was oppressive and the people of Iran blamed the United States resulting in hostility towards the US; no stable government, but Ayatollah Khomeini establish as leader

6 Day War

Israeli victory over Egypt, Syria, and Jordan forces increased tensions the Middle East. Israel gained control of the entire city of Jerusalem and new territories on the west bank of the Jordan River, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights. The war's end also saw an increase in the number of refugee Palestinians and increased activities by the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and other radical groups.

Voting Rights Act

It effectively banned literacy test for voting rights and provided for federal registration to assure the franchise to minority voters. National outrage over southern police brutality of demonstrators supporting black voters registration aided int he passage of it. A a result of this, a majority of African Americans had become registered voters in the southern states.

Bakke vs Board of Regents

It involved the principle of affirmative action (employers and schools adopting measures to recruit minorities to compensate for past injustices) The Supreme Court did not strike down the use of affirmative action, but imposed new guidelines for the use of affirmative action in the future.

Geraldine Ferraro

1st female candidate for Vice President; ran alongside Mondale

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) policy

A US nuclear policy that called for a massive and unstoppable nuclear if the USSR were to launch an attack on the US. Such nuclear reciprocation would result in total annihilation of both countries and was consequently viewed as a policy of nuclear deterrence.

Black Panthers/ Bobby Seale/ Huey Newton

A black rights political organization created in Oakland by these two guys. They urged black armament and directed confrontation with the police. In fact, the group was involved in a series of violent confrontations with the police.

Freedom Summer

A campaign by thousands of black and white civil rights workers to get black voter registration and participation. The campaign involved the entire South, but focused especially on Mississippi. There was a violence response by some southern white against the campaign and three civil rights workers were murdered by local police.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

A civil rights organization formed after the Montgomery Bus Boycott by MLK. It was an umbrella organization formed to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.

Hollywood Ten

A group of writers and producers, some of whom were former communists, who were jailed for contempt by the HUAC when they refused to answer questions about their political beliefs or the beliefs or their colleagues.

Palestine Liberation Organization-Israel Peace Treaty

A historic treaty was signed between these two people that would allow Palestinian self-rul e in parts of Israel, protect Israelis, and recognize the signatory bodies as legitimate entities. Radicals denounced the treaty and violence continues

Cuban Missile Crisis

A major confrontation between the US and the USSR following the discovery of nuclear missile sites in Cuba. Kennedy placed a blockade around the island and the USSR agreed to remove the missiles rather than provide a nuclear war. The US removed nuclear weapons form Turkey. It was the most imminent threat of nuclear annihilation to date. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty- agreed not to perform nuclear test in atmosphere or underwater.

Têt Offensive

A major military operation by the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong. The nationalist successfully penetrated Saigon and took the US embassy. Popular support for the war vastly declined.

Somalia

A massive famine caused by warring factions of this government prompted George Bush to send troops to protect relief efforts in December 1992; the effort succeeded in ending the famine but not the violence

Counterinsurgency

A military operation using specially trained forces to defend against guerrilla warfare. The US military created the Green Berets to fight this type of nontraditional warfare, characteristic of the conflict in the Vietnam War

Haight-Asbury

A neighborhood in SF know for its attraction to the counterculture/hippies.

Sit in

A nonviolent protest tactic first popularized by African American college students seeking civil rights int eh South. 4 students sat in white-only lunch counter and wouldn't moved until they were served.

Students for a Democratic Society

A popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, especially racism and the Vietnam war. The SDS gained strength from the Free Speech Movement and the University of California. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960's. The Weathermen were the most extreme fringe of the SDS and their endorsement of violence and vandalism discredited the early idealism of the New Left in many Americans' eyes.

1946 Congressional Elections

A resurgence in conservatism and the slogan "Had Enough" won the Republican party this.

Beat Generation

A small group of artists and writers based in New York and San Francisco who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom, which often included drug consumption and casual sex. They rejected regular work and preferred communal living. Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg. The rebelliousness provided a model for the much larger youth rebellion. The significance of this demonstrated a challenged to the conformity.

Alcatraz Island

AIM occupied the abandoned prison for 2 years in an effort to claim the island as Native American land. They claimed the island by "right of discovery"

American Indian Movement (AIM)/ Indian Civil Rights Act

Activist group, with the purpose of redressing some of the many grievances of Native Americans. Native Americans made up less than one percent of the population , but they were one of the poorest minority groups in the nation. The group had some concrete achievements such as the Indian Civil Rights Act and President Nixon's pledge for more federal aid to the tribes and increased tribal self determination. Militants associated with the organization occupied the town of "Wounded Knee" , South Dakota arguing that treaties had been ignored.

Central High School/ Little Rock, Arkansas

After federal courts ordered the desegregation of this place. Governor Orval Faubus sent the National Guard to bar nine black students from entering the school. Eisenhower ordered 101st Airborne Division of the US Army flown here and the National Guard placed on Federal Duty. The nine black students were escorted into here under military protection.

French Indochina/ North Vietnam/ South Vietnam

After the French agreed to give up this, the former french colony was divide into independent nations of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel. North Vietnam- Ho Chi Minh and South Vietnam- Ngo Dihn Diem. The US was heavily involved in French Indochina before Lyndon Johnson.

North American Free Trade Agreement

Agreement by the United States, Canada, and Mexico to make all of North America a free-trade zone. The business community strongly supported this, but labor unions bitterly opposed it because they were worried about eh loss of jobs to lower-paid Mexican workers; environmentalists also disapproved

USA Patriot Act

An act which gave unparalleled powers to the federal government to investigate and detain immigrants suspects of terrorist activity. Act criticized for giving fed. gov too much power

Truman Doctrine

Argued that US security depended on stopping any Communist government from taking over any non-communist government- even nondemocratic and repressive dictatorship- anywhere in the world. $400 million dollars to aid Greece and Turkey to resist Communist pressures.

Bombing of Laos and Cambodia

As Nixon bagan to withdraw American forces from Vietnam in 1969, he sent Kissinger to negotiate with the Communists' foreign minister, Le Duc Tho. Nixon ordered massive bombings on Cambodia and Laos, the locations of communist supply lines. This set off a new wave of protest against the Vietnam War.

Douglas MacArthur

As US troops approached the Chinese border, he ignored the Chinese warning. Masses of Chinese soldiers came into North Korea and drove the UN forces. He called for bombing and invasion of China. He was then fired.

Economic Growth

Began in 1949. Most prosperous decade. GNP grew by 250%. Unemployment about 5% and inflation was 3%. $100 billion interstate highway program and military spending. Technological progress, the baby boom, and the growth of suburbs.

Benjamin Spock/ Baby and Child Care

Best-selling self-help book on bringing up children, which reaffirmed the traditional view of woman's role as a wife and mother caring for her home, and children. Encouraged parents to be flexible with their children and show them greater affection. Breakdown in traditional morality and argued his "permissive" approach to childcare created revolutionary attitudes among the baby boomers.

Malcom X

Black Muslim minister in the Nation of Islam and an influential black leader who moved away from King's non-violent methods of civil disobedience. Organization of Afro-American Unity. He began publicly accepting the idea of cooperation between blacks and whites. Assassinated in NYC and said to be done by black muslims.

Watts Riot

Black anger over police brutality during a routine traffic stop sparked a week of violence in LA. Close to 10,000 people took part in the violence. Thirty-four people died and over $200 million worth of property damage resulted. This demonstrated to the nation that African- American grievances over racism were not confined to the South.

Election of 1988

Bush (R) v. Dukakis (D); Bush, Reagans VP faced off against Dukakis, and accused him of being soft on crime and weak with national defense; Bush promised no new taxes; Republicans won this one, but Dem majorities took Congress.

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

By a 5-4 ruling, The Supreme Court ruled states could set limits on the ability to obtain an abortion. This upheld the right of states to limit the use of public funds and institutions for abortions

Panama Canal Treaty

Called for gradual return of Panama Canal to the Panama people at then end of 1999; opposition by conservatives

My Lai Massacre/ Lt. William Calley

Calley was charged and convicted with supervising the massacre of over 300 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians in the hamlet of My Lai. The tragedy symbolized the dehumanizing aspects of the Vietnam War both for the Vietnamese people and the American troops since many Americans believed that the My Lai massacre was not an isolated atrocity.

Election of 1976

Carter (D) vs. Ford (R); Ford had low popularity after his pardon and stagflation. Carter campaigned as an outsider to Washington; close election

Camp David Accords

Carters biggest accomplishment; brought Egyptian leader Anwar el-Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on a retreat to mediate disputes between the two nations; Egypt first middle eastern nation to recognize Israel

Chiang Kai- Shek/ Formosa (Taiwan)

Chiang and his nationalist forces retreated to Formosa following the communist victory in the Chinese Civil War.

The Warren Court

Chief Justice Earl Warren had an impact on the US comparable to that of Chief Justice John Marshall. The 1960's Warren Court made a series of decisions on the criminal justice system, the political system of states and the definition of individuals right that had a pivotal effect on US politics and society.

Yalta Conference

Churchill, Stalin, and FDR. Germany would be divided into 4 occupation zones. Free elections would be held in the liberated countries. The Soviets would enter the war against Japan. A new world peace conference would be formed. Fundamental disagreement over the future of Europe were postponed with weak and unstable compromises.

Election of 1996

Clinton (D) v. Dole (R); Dole, Senate majority leader, faced off sitting Clinton. Clinton made a comeback and took credit for rebounding economy and depicted the Republicans as extremists while Dole pinned his hope on the appeal of a promised 15% tax cut. Vote turnout was low but Clinton became the first Democrat since FDR to be elected for a second term, garnered 49.2% of the popular vote

Election of 1992

Clinton (D) v. George H. W. Bush (R) v. Perot (Ind.); Clinton campaigned as a moderate on most issued and foucsed on the economy and the need for health care and welfare reform. Ross Perot, a Texas billionaire entered the race and took an anti-Washington and anti-deficit stance. Clinton won the popular vote and electoral vote; Democrats won control of both Houses as well.

Failure of Clinton's National Health Care Program

Clinton campaigned on a promise to reform health care and Clinton gave his disgusting ass wife, Hillary, the job of heading the task force. The resulting proposal was based on the idea of managed competition: market forces rather than the government would control health-care costs and expand access to health care; opposition from pharmaceutical and insurance industries killed the proposal

Intervention of Haiti

Clinton pledged to help restore ousted President Jean-Bertrant Aristide to power; US Troops in cooperation with the UN, landed here. Ex-president Jimmy Carter's negotiations with the military persuaded them to step aside; After six months, with Aristide back in office, the US handed over responsibility for keeping civil order to UN forces

Selective Service

Congress approved a new military draft and revived the this. The new draft indicated a rise in tensions between the USSR and the US.

Alaska and Hawaii

Congress approved its statehood and approved the 50th state to join the Union.

Taft-Hartley Act

Congress modified the Wagner Act to outlaw the practices of delaying a strike, closed shops, and permitted the president to call an eight-day period of labor disputes. The purpose was to reduce labor disputes and to reduce unfair labor practices. Truman vetoed and Congress over ruled.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Congress passed this amendment prohibiting discrimination on the basis of gender in 1972, but the campaign to get the necessary thirty eight states to ratify it fell short despite the intensive lobbying of NOW to get it passed. It lacked the necessary votes partially because of the conservative reaction of Americans to radical feminism.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Created as a partial response to the Suez Canal crisis, the doctrine pledged economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism. Some Middle Eastern countries, including Egypt and Syria, denounced the doctrine.

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Created to give aid to needy families located in poor inner city area, this passed bills allocating funds to housing development projects under the leadership of Robert Weaver.

Jessie Jackson/Rainbow Coalition

Dem. nominee runner who wanted to create coalition of blacks, hispanics, workers, and outsiders to gain the nomination

Dien Bien Phu

Disastrous defeat of a French army by Vietnamese Communists led by Ho Chi Minh. The US already involved in Indochina even before the defeat-giving US military aid to the French. France asked for our help, but we refused.

US Military "Advisors" to Vietnam

During Eisenhower's presidency the first American military advisor were sent to South Vietnam. Kennedy continued military aid to South Vietnam and significantly increased the number of people who trained the South Vietnamese army and guarded weapons and facilities.

Creation of Israel

Efforts to establish a Jewish state in Palestine had been ongoing. Britain governed Palestine and following WWII turned the issue over to the United Nations. US immediately recognized the new state of Israel and eventually became a strong supporter of the new nation.

Yom Kippur War

Egyptian and Syria forces attacked Israel on the Jewish High Holy Day of Yom Kippur. Israel launched a successful counter attack. Under US pressure, Israel accepted a cease fire rather than continuing the war. Despite the cease fire the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo on nations that supported Israel. The Yom Kippur War demonstrated the third world countries would no longer be docile "client states" and that the days of cheap energy for the western world was over.

Geneva Conference/ "Open Skies"/ "Spirt of Geneva"

Eisenhower called for a decrease in tension between the USSR and the US after Stalin's death. This meant that nations could take aerial photographs of the other nation's military bases to lessen the chance of a surprise nuclear attack. Shockingly, USSR turned that down.

Lebanon

Eisenhower's first application of the Eisenhower Doctrine. He sent 14,000 marines to this place to prevent a civil war between Christians and Muslims. US Marines landed on beaches south of Beirut. The US troops helped to end the conflict, but not before an estimated 2,000 to 4,000 people were killed.

Richard Nixon's Admin.

Election of 1968 - Nixon (R) vs Humphrey (D) vs Wallace (American Independent) This was a tumultuous year in American history and the action reflected that turmoil. Senator Eugene McCarthy became the political leader for the antiwar movement when he challenged Lyndon Johnson for the Democratic nomination (Nov. 1967) Robert Kennedy was also running for the Democratic nomination- he had just won a major victory in the California primary in June of 1968 when he was assassinated. Alabama George Wallace used hostility toward desegregation , antiwar protests, and race riots to put together a candidacy under the "American Independent" label.

Sagebrush Rebellion

Environmental laws and restrictions on development to be eased for the West. Argued that Western economy had been stifled due to government control. Reagan's future Secretary of the Interior, James Watt, instrumental in the rebellion

"Massive Resistance"

Extremely strong, local resistance in the South against Brown decision that ordered an end to school segregation. This resistance used every conceivable means at their disposal and produced interminable plays and bitter conflicts over desegregation.

Teheran Conference

FDR, Stalin, and Churchill. Talked about what to do with Italy and other countries.

Norman Rockwell

Famous American illustrator best known for his covers for the magazine The Saturday Evening Post. His pictures were extremely popular and depicted sentimental scenes of everyday life in small-town America.

Bay of Pigs

Fifteen hundred Cuban exiles, supported by the CIA, landed here in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the new Communist government of Fidel Castro. Kennedy gave his approval. The operation was a fiasco and it made Kennedy much more cautious about approving a military operation simply because the CIA or military said it was a good operation.

Thurgood Marshall

First African American justice of the Supreme Court whose previous legal career included a long fight against segregation. He was part of the NAACP legal team who spent years filing challenges to segregation. This team filed the suits against the school board of Topeka, Kansas, which became the grounds for the 1954 Brown vs the Board of Education decision and he took the case to the SC. He was appointed by Lyndon Johnson.

Civil Rights Act

First bill passed since Reconstruction. Symbolic and largely ineffective. It gave the US Attorney General the authority to bring lawsuits on behalf of African Americans denied the right to vote.

Korean War

Following WWII, both the US and Russia had troops here. Since neither was willing to leave, this place was temporarily divided in two at the 38th parallel. One side attacked the other. UN military forces to one side to stop the aggression. American victory at Inchon resulted in Truman giving General MacArthur the authority to go into the other side. Eisenhower ended the war with an armistice.

Stagflation/ Wage-Price Freeze and Controls

Following a recession in 1970 the American economy faced an economic slowdown and high inflation. To cut inflation, Nixon cut back on federal spending. When this created a recession and unemployment , Nixon used deficit spending so he would not lose the support of the middle class and working class.

Bombing of North Vietnam

Following an attack on the US base, Johnson authorized the bombing of North Vietnam in an effort to entry the arms depots and transportation lines bringing the North Vietnamese soldiers into South Vietnam.

Economy Recovery Tax Act

Following his promise of bettering Economy, Reagan proposed a 30% tax cut allowing the money supply to increase; actual tax cut 25%

Brinkmanship/ John Foster Dulles

Foreign policy advocated by this guy. Secretary of State for Eisenhower. His theory argued that if the US pushed Communist powers to the brink of war, they would back down because of American nuclear superiority. Relied on nuclear weapons rather than conventional forces. US should "liberate the captive nations" of Eastern Europe and encourage the Nationalist government of Taiwan against China.

Cesar Chavez / United Farm Workers

Founded this union of farm workers. The UFW sought to empower the mostly Hispanic migrant farm workers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions, especially in the Southwest. Chavez started several grape and lettuce boycotts to pressure growers to negotiate wit the UFW. During the 70-80's the ground that the UFW had made was lost as growers took strong efforts against union organizing and a new group of immigrants eager for work helped the growers in this effort.

Betty Friedan/The Feminine Mystique

Friedan critiques the societal ideal where women were encouraged to confine themselves to being wives and mothers and compared women's lives in the suburbs to living in "comfortable concentration camps" Her book attacked the idea that a women's only satisfaction came through homemaking. She was one of the founders of the National Organization of Women (NOW)

Arab Oil Embargo

Furious at American intervention in the Middle Eastern conflicts, the Arab nations began to downsize the exportation of petroleum products to western nations. Consequently, the western world which relied heavily on petroleum was forced to seek other resources of fuel and energy. The oil embargo contributed to the economic woes of the US in the 70s.

Twenty-third Amendment

Gave the residents in the District of Columbia the right to vote in presidential elections.

Election of 2000

George W. Bush (R) v. Gore (D) v. Buchanan (Reform) v. Nader (Green); Bush was governor of Texas and the son of former President George Bush; Gore has been Clinton's VP; both ran as moderates, but Bush endorsed tax cut and a partial privatization of Social Security. Gore wanted to shore up SS and a tax-break for college education; election contested bc Nader took away voted from Dem. party; Bush won electoral vote and lost the popular vote

Election of 2004

George W. Bush (R) v. Kerry (D); Bush ran on the leadership he displayed during 9/11. John Kerry made his service in Vietnam a major theme; Republicans questioned Kerry's war record and suggested he didn't have the power to lead a war on terror; Bush won the popular vote in 2004 as well as electoral

Harry Truman

He followed FDR after he died. He was president during the early Cold War.

Eisenhower/ Modern Republicanism

He provided Americans with the stability they craved and labeled his credo this. He was conservative on monetary issues and liberal "when it came to human beings". Extensive public works and social security and raised minimum wage.

Henry Kissinger

He was Nixon's National Security Advisor and turned the National Security Council into the key factor in shaping foreign policy. Nixon and this guy crafted the policy of "Vietnamization". The US worked to open friendly relations with Communist China and detente with the Soviet Union, and developed the Nixon Doctrine.

Alger Hiss/ Richard Nixon

He was a high-ranking State Department official accused of espionage. HUAC, primarily because of the dogged efforts of this man, a freshman republican congressman and member of HUAC, targeted him because of the testimony of Whittaker Chambers, a self-professed ex-communist, who claimed he had passed classified State Department documents.

Fidel Castro/ Cuba

He was a revolutionary who over threw Fulgencio Batista. He then nationalized American owned businesses. Eisenhower cut off US trade with this place. At that point, he turned to the USSR for aid and announced he was a communist. CIA sent a mission here.

Daniel Ellsberg/ The Pentagon Papers

He was an analyst for the Department of Defense. These are an account of American involvement in Vietnam created by the Defense Department during the Johnson administration. Papers revealed government lies . Nixon directed his secret intelligence unit (nicknamed "the plumbers" )to stop the leaks. The plumbers burglarized the office of a psychiatrist he was seeing. This event started the whole series of "dirty tricks" and crimes that ended in the constitutional crisis of Watergate.

Kennedy Assassination

He was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas. The Warren Commission chaired by Chief Justice Earl Warren was given the task of investigating the assassination. They reached the conclusion that Oswald was a long gunman who acted alone.

King Assassination

He was assassinated in Memphis by James Earl Ray.

Jimmy Hoffa/ Teamster Union

He was president of the powerful union. Came under a congressional investigation of corruption and he was under investigation for almost ten years before he was finally convicted of tax evasion.

Ho Chi Minh

He was the Vietnamese Communist leader and het principal force behind the Vietnamese struggle against French colonial rule. After the US dined them help, he turned to the Soviets and they helped him.

Jackie Robinson

He was the first African- American baseball player to break the color barrier and play professional sports. He was recruited form the Kansas City Monarchs, a term into Negro Leagues, to play with the Brooklyn Dodger. Helped the Dodgers to win the pennant and got Rookie of the Year.

Postwar Inflation/ Postwar Strikes

High consumer demand prevented postwar recession. Major strikes in the automotive, steel, and electrical industries. United Mines Workers strike. Truman threatened the strikers into not striking.

John F. Kennedy/ New Frontier

His term for his agenda of renewal government activism both at home and abroad. This focused foremost on fighting the Cold War and secondarily on public serve initiatives such as the Peace Corps.

"Stonewall Riot"/Gay Liberation Movement

In 1969 NYC police raided the Stonewall Inn, a bar in Greenwich Village. Patrons resisted arrest and the clash pitted the bar's largely homosexual patrons, who claimed police harassment, against law enforcement officials. Borrowing ideas and rhetoric from the civil-rights movement , gays began an effort to win social and legal acceptance and to encourage gays to affirm their sexual identity. The movement was slowed down by the onset of AIDS in the 1980's and the insistence of the military on banning openly gay individuals from the armed service.

Energy Crisis

Instability in M.E. brought about this in the middle of OPEC's announcement of an increase in prices; Carter gave a speech known as the Malaise Speech that blamed the US people for the problems of the presidency

Arms Race

Intense rivalry between the US and the USSR to develop superior weapons systems. This continued throughout the cold war.

"Flexible response"

JFK's policy called for the preparation of more conventional weapons versus atomic weapons. He felt that the US needed both a song military program and atomic weapons to combat the forces of communism. He reasoned conventional weapons were essential because atomic weapons were never used.

Rachel Carson/ Silent Spring

Landmarks work that was one of the most controversial books. He raised the warning that indiscriminate use of pesticides such as DDT was creating chaos with the health of wildlife as well as that of humans.

Robert Kennedy

Kennedy served as Attorney General in his brother's , President John Kennedy, cabinet. After his brother's assassination he ran and won a Senate seat from NY. Kennedy was a critic of the Vietnam War. He stressed that voting was the key to racial equality and pushed for the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Election of 1960

Kennedy(D) vs Nixon (R) Nixon was the vice president for Eisenhower, but Kennedy was young, so he won.

War on Poverty

LBJ declared war on poverty in his State of the Union address. A new Office of Economic Opportunity. oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including Job Corps and Head Start.

Great Society

LBJ domestic program which included civil rights legislation, anti-poverty programs, government subsidy of medical care, federal aid to education, consumer protection, and aid tho the arts and humanities. Ultimately limited by conflicting interest groups, political infighting, and lack of funds.

Dominican Republic

LBJ sent 20,000 troops into the here in order to block the possible emergence of a Castro-type govt. Johnson justified this on the basis of protecting American tourists and argued there were suspected communists among the rebel leaders.

Detroit Race Riots

Largest riot in a year in which the US saw eight major riots. The riot began when police raided an illegal after-hour drinking club and drew an angry, frustrated crowd that turned hostile. Relations between blacks and the police were hostile to start with since the police force was 95% white.

Election of 1964

Lyndon Johnson(D) vs Barry Goldwater(R) Johnson finished Kennedy's term after his assassination. Goldwater was depicted as extremist. LBJ won.

Chicago Campaign

MLK's decision to make housing and job discriminated the targets of his civil rights campaign in here signaled a change in the direction of the civil rights movement from political rights to equal economic opportunity. The city government agreed to end housing discrimination, but few tangible results followed. The failure of this demonstrated the difficulty of getting white support for economic opportunity for African Americans.

Selma, Alabama

Major demonstration for black voters registration. The demonstrators were brutally attacked. Received detailed television coverage. The national outrage aided Johnson in his decision to propose the win passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Oklahoma City bombing

Militant right-wing US Terrorists Terry Nicoles and Timothy McVeigh bombed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in this city; the blast destroyed the front section of the building and 168 people were killed in the destruction; McVeigh said he was angry about the Branch Davidian fiasco, he was convicted and executed in 2001; Clinton's handling of the attack brought his popularity, which had been dropping, up once more

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Military alliance consisting of the US and the countries of Western Europe whose purpose was to defend Western Europe against attack. In addition, it's members agreed to maintain a standing army. This led the USSR to create the Warsaw Pact.

National Organization of Women (NOW)

NOW called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and the passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

Cambodia Invasion

Nixon expanded the war by sending American forces to invade Cambodia for the purpose of destroying Vietnamese Communist bases in that country. The consequence of the expansion and the bombing of Laos and Cambodia were to reunite the antiwar protest which had seen a reduction when Nixon initially took office and started gradually withdrawing troops from Vietnam.

Vietnamization

Nixon ran on the slogan "Peace with honor" . It's the process of replacing the American armed forces with South Vietnamese troops trained by American advisors. It allowed the US to save its reputation and satisfy an American public weary with a futile struggle.

"Kitchen Debate" in Moscow

Nixon visited the USSR to open a US exhibition. When he and Khrushchev were viewing a model kitchen, Nixon engaged in an impromptu debate on the comparative benefits of capitalist and communist governments. The debate was captured live on television.

Election of 1972: Nixon (R) vs McGovern (D)

Nixon's reelection was assured. He relied on his diplomatic successes with China and Russia and his strategy towards the winding down of the war in Vietnam to attract moderate voters. He expected his southern strategy and law and order posture to attract the conservative Democrats.

Sandra Day O'Connor/Ruth Bader Ginsberg

O'Connor was nominated for the Supreme Court by Ronald Reagan and upon Senate confirmation became the first woman supreme court justice. Ruth Ginsberg was the second and she was nominated by President Bill Clinton.

Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee

Originally a student branch of SCLC. It ended up breaking with SCLC president MLK over his insistence on nonviolence. Stockily Carmichael was the new leader and told member they should seize power in those parts of the south where blacks outnumbered whites.

War Powers Act

Partially as a result of public anger when Nixon's secret bombing raids on Cambodia became public knowledge, Congress passed this act requiring any President taking military action to report to Congress within 48 hours and further stipulating Congress had to approve any military action that lasted over 60 days.

National Defense Education Act

Passe in reaction to Sputnik, the act increased funding to science, math and foreign language education. This was deemed necessary because many Americans believed the launching of Sputnik showed the US was falling behind the USSR in the scenes.

Civil Rights Act/ Public Accommodations section

Passed under the Johnson Administration, the act outlawed segregation in public accommodations, such as theaters, restaurants, and hotels and withheld federal funds from segregated public programs. Until Title VII employment discrimination based on race, religion, or national origin was prohibited and women were protected as well when another category "sex" was added. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. This was the strongest civil rights legislation since Reconstruction.

Containment Policy/ George Kennan

Policy of containing or holding in check the USSR or any other groups or nations who believed in communism. This man coined the phrase.

Hungarian Revolt

Popular uprising that overthrew the current government backed by Moscow. It was replaced for a short time by liberals who wanted to pull of itself out of the Warsaw Pact. The USSR sent in tanks to restore control. The US didn't help the rebels because Eisenhower was afraid of a world war. US recognized Eastern Europe as Soviets territory.

Clarence Thomas

President Bush's nomination of this man to the Supreme Court ran into trouble when his conservative views on judicial issues brought attacks by African American organizations on charges of sexual harassment that was believed millions of women. Senate still confirmed him.

Integration of Armed Services

President Truman signed Executive Order 9981 that abolished segregation in the armed forces and ordered full integration of all the services. The order created an advisory committee to suggest recommendations to make desegregation a reality. Considerable resistance to the order was offered by the military, but by the end of the Korean War almost all of the military was integrated.

Baker vs Carr

Prior to this, it was common practice for at least one house of the state legislature's apportionment to be based upon the drawing of district lines that strongly favored rural areas over large cities. He said this was unconstitutional. The decision established "the man, one vote" which meant election districts had to be redrawn to provide equal representation for all of a state's citizens.

Bricker Amendment

Proposed a constitutional amendment to limit the treaty-making power of the president. This was co-sponsored by 63 senators and had so much initial success it received nationwide attention. Eisenhower opposed it and worked to get it defeated.

Election of 1980

Reagan (R) v. Carter (D) v. Anderson (Ind.); Carter's liability was the ongoing Iranian hostage situation, but he also faced mounting frustration with stagflation; Carter's popularity rating lowest ever; New Right backed Reagan

Election of 1984

Reagan (R) v. Mondale (D); Mondale beat out Jesse Jackson who was supported by minorities and Gary Hart, supported by the young, for the Dem. Nom. Mondale chose first female VP mate.

Iran-Contra Affair

Reagan admin. caught selling arms to the anti-American gov. of Iran; Oliver North sent to jail since he was the key player; evidence that people were destroying things and lying to congress

The Reagan Revolution

Reagan advanced New Right agenda by appointed new judges to Court; made liberalism code word for wasteful social programs imposed upon hard-working people

Air-Controllers Strike

Reagan fired thousands of federal air traffic controllers for striking under PATCO

The Teflon President

Reagan's popularity never seemed to change despite the scandals; Some called him this because nothing would stick to him and make him unpopular

Fast-food chains/ franchises

Reflecting America's love affair with the car, drive-in restaurants starting appearing. McDonald's was the first. Holiday Inn became the nation's largest hotel chain.

Family Support Act

Required all state to start work-training programs to move people off the welfare-rolls

Engle vs Vitale

Ruled state laws requiring Bible readings and public prayers (even "non-denominational") in public schools violated the 1st amendment's specification that church and state must be separated.

Griswold VS Connecticut

Ruled that a state could not prohibit the use of contraceptives by adults since such a prohibition violated a citizen's right to privacy. The case was a foundation for the Roe decision.

Yates vs US

Ruled that the 1st Amendment protected radical and revolutionary speech , including that of Communists , unless it presented "a clear and present danger" to the safety of the country.

Covert Interventions/ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Secret undertaking by a country or an organization in pursuit of foreign policy goals. Regular undertook covert interventions that included overthrow of Guatemalan government deemed potentially communist by the United Fruit Company. Coup in Iran that toppled Mossadegh, a nationalist prime minister, who started to resist the influence of Western corporations. The American public didn't know about these missions.

SALT II

Set limits on the number of long range missiles, bombers, and nuclear warheads for the US and Soviet . President Carter presented it to the Senate, then after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, announced the withdrawal of the treaty from Senate consideration. Both Salt I & II reduced tensions between the US and Soviet.

Montgomery Bus Boycott, Rosa Parks

She refused to give up her seat on the public bus to a white man, and was therefore arrested. The African American community decided the time was right to use this case to rally community support for a bus boycott to force the desegregation of public transportation.

Michael Harrington/ The Other America

Social critic who pointed out in the affluent American society, that the "other America" still had thousands of people mired in poverty, and that this including many elderly who struggles to survive on fixed incomes and without medical insurance. 1/5 of Americans lived below the poverty line and millions more lived above it.

Fall of Saigon

Soon after Paris Peace Accords removed the last of the American troops from S. Vietnam , the Vietnam War escalated, and a full scale offensive launched in March 1975 brought the fall of Saigon , the capital of S. Vietnam , a month later. Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City and under the rule of the N. Vietnamese Communist government.

Ngo Dinh Diem Coup and Assassination

South Vietnamese leader was losing support and his decision to go after the Buddhists and make Catholicism the primary religion of the country brought violent demonstrations and a crisis. The group assassinated him and the US was left to deal with a session of South Vietnamese governments.

Second Berlin Crisis

Soviet Premier Khrushchev gave the US six months to pull troops out of this place before turing the city over to East Germany. The US refused to do so and Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to visit the US to defuse the crisis. The two men agreed to put off the crisis and scheduled another conference.

Soviet Union Invasion of Afghanistan/United States Boycott of the Olympics

Soviet Union enters Afghanistan; seen as first step of USSR taking Iran; Carter imposed sanctions and boycotted these games held in Moscow

Yuri Gagarin/ Alan Shepard

Soviet cosmonaut who was first human launched into space. Several months later, he was followed by this guy, who became the first American launched into space.

Iran Hostage Crisis

Started when Shah arrived in the US to be treated for cancer; in November '79, US embassy seized and 53 Americans taken; contributed to Carter's demise

Election of 1956

Stevenson(D) vs Eisenhower(R) Eisenhower's health came into question.

Election of 1952

Stevenson(D) vs Eisenhower(R) Truman retired.

Antiwar Campus Protest

Student activists tried to ban military training programs for officers (ROTC) and military recruiters from college campuses. Laboratories and corporations making weapons for war were also targeted by student protests. Opposition to the war was also linked to opposition to the draft. Traditional deferments (exemptions from the draft) were being gradually eliminated and many Americans went to jail because of their refusal to serve in the military or chose to go to Canada to escape the draft.

El Salvador

Supported this government from a coalition if leftist guerrila, 40,000 civillians killed with links to their army

Furman vs Georgia

Supreme Court struck down existing death penalty laws as unconstitutional unless they were fairly applied. The ruling imposed rigorous new principles on death penalty laws in future cases.

Military- Industrial Complex

Term first used by Eisenhower to describe the close relationship of military spending and defense contractors that emerged during WWII and grew with the Cold War. Federal defense spending had a tremendous influence on the national economy, particularly in the South and West where many defense contractors were located.

Black Monday

The Dow Jones dropped 22.6%; causes included trade deficits, computerized trading, and American criticism of W. Germany's economic policies; affected the insurance industry and caused savings and loan crisis

"Contract with America"/Newt Gingrich

The Republican election campaign platform of the 1990s promised action on such items as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and making legislators obey the regulations they applied to society; the appeal of the contract, combined with Clinton's failure to achieve health care reform and weariness with big government, enabled Republicans to carry both houses to Congress in the 1994 election. Author of this book was also the elected Speaker of the House

Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

The SC reversed Plessy vs Ferguson by ruling in favor of the desecration of schools. The court held that "separate but equal" violated the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment and was unconstitutional.

Joseph McCarthy

The Second Red Scare is often attributed to their Republican senator from Wisconsin. He was just the best practitioner of going after American Communists with half-though and smear campaigns in a search for front-page headlines.

Roe vs Wade

The Supreme Court ruled that women had a constitutional right to abortion during the early stages of pregnancy. This case legalized abortion since it struck down the many state laws prohibiting abortion unless the mother's life was in danger. The decision was primarily based on a woman's right to privacy. It sparked criticism from the Roman Catholic Church and sparked a vigorous right to life movement.

Nonproliferation/ Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

The UN approved this. The treaty was renewed and mad permanent. Prevent the spread of nuclear weapons.

Moon Landing

The US adopted the goad of landing a man on the moon during Kennedy's Administration. Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon. Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties- SALT I

The US and the Soviet capped off 4 years of SALT by signing a treaty limiting the deployment of antiballistic missiles (ABM's) and am agreement to freeze the number of offensive missiles for 5 years.

Cambodia/Khmer Rouge/"The Killing Field"

The US supported government in Cambodia fell the same year as S. Vietnam when the Khmer Rouge, the communist guerrilla force in Cambodia took power. The Khmer Rouge committed genocide against more than a million of its own people. 1/3 of Cambodia's people were killed by the group.

Sputnik

The USSR launched the first satellite into orbit. Humiliated at being upstaged by the Russians, the US reshaped the educational system in an effort to produce more scientist and engineers. NASA was created. A national aeronautics space agency.

Invasion of Panama

The United States sent in Marines to this place to topple President Manuel Noriega, who was involved in drug trade. This action was taken because the US needed a stable government to transfer the Canal to.

Gideon vs Wainwright

The Warren Court ruled in this case that the state was required to provide attorneys for defendants in felony charges (later expanded to other charges) at the public's expense. It was an effort to reform the criminal justice system and ensure poor people had legal council.

Iraq War

The White House argued that Saddam Hussein's government in Iraq was linked to Al Quaeda and that the weapons of mass destruction could be used against the united states; US sought support from the UN to admit weapon inspectors, they were unsatisfied with UN actions, leading to the US to launch an attack against Iraq; United States gained military control of Iraq in a three-week campaign and Bush declared the major combat phase of the war was over; American troops are still in Iraq today

Paris Peace Accords

The accords ended the US participation in the Vietnam War. North Vietnam agreed to an armistice and the US removed the last of its troops. N. Vietnam returned over 500 prisoners of war. This ended American participation in the war that cost over 58,000 American lives. South Vietnam quickly fell after US troops withdrew.

Civil Rights Bill

The act allowed women, people with handicaps, and religious minorities could claim damages. It widened the definition of discrimination and forced businesses to respect citizen's rights of equality

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

The act eliminated the federal guarantee of cash assistance to poor children; it abolished the AFDC, required most adults to find work within two years, set a five-year limit on payments to any one family, and gave states wide discretion in running their welfare states

National Interstate and Defense Highway Act

The act expanded this. $25 billion was authorized. $114 billion was gradually spent over 35 years. The act contributed to the economic growth as well as suburban growth. Easier travel throughout the country.

McCarran Act

The act made it illegal to advocate or support the establishment of a totalitarian govt and restricted the employment and travel of anyone joining any organization labeled, as a "Communist- front" and these organizations had to register with the government. In addition, it authorized the creation of detention camps for subversives.

Cold War

The antagonistic relationship that existed between the USSR and the US and other Western nations. This war was said to be cold because the hostility stopped short of armed (hot) conflict, which was warded off by the strategy of nuclear deterrence.

Watergate

The burglary and wiretapping of the Democratic Party's campaign headquarters. Nixon and many of his supporters were involved in a variety of illegal acts, culminating in the first resignation of a US president. 5 men were caught in the offices of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate apartment and office complex in Washington DC on June 17, 1972. 2 reporters for the Washington Post, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, eventually brought to light a White House sponsored plan of espionage against political opponents and a trail of complicity in efforts to cover up how the burglary was planned and financed.

Mapp vs Ohio

The case involved a Cleveland woman who was arrested for possessing obscene material which police discovered during their unlawful search for a bombing suspect. The Supreme Court agreed with her that her rights had been violated under the 4th Amendment, which forbids unreasonable searches and seizures. This rule says illegally seized evidence cannot be used in court against the accused.

Berlin Blockade

The city of Berlin was located in the Soviet-controlled East Germany. The Soviet Union blockaded West Berlin in the hope that the United States, Great Britain, and France would agree to turn the entire city over to the Soviets. The US flew in food, fuel, and supplies to the city. Symbol of west determination. Stalin gave up after 11 months.

Fall of China/ Mao Zedong/ People's Republic of China

The civil war in China between the nationalist forces of Chiang Kai-Shek and the communists led by Mao Zedong resumed after the end of WWII and ended with the victory of the Communists. Much of the world, including the US, did not recognize China.

Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas II

The court, in a phrase that became infamous, orders school system to desegregate with "all deliberate speed" but set up no deadline and left it up to local courts to enforce the ruling. Many southerners saw it as "an abuse of judicial power" and reacted with "massive resistance".

East Germany/ West Germany

The creation of two Germanys was a primary consequence of the Berlin crisis. The Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic and the American, French, and British zones were combined to create the Federal Republic of Germany.

Nixon Doctrine

The doctrine stated the US would continue to help Asian nations combat Communism but would no longer commit American troops to land wars in Asia. Nixon announced that 25,000 US troops would be withdrawn from Vietnam by August 1969. Nixon's program, known as Vietnamization of the war.

Detente

The evacuation of American troops from Vietnam helped Nixon and Kissinger reduce Chinese-American tensions and achieve detente with the Communist superpowers. We developed a cordial attitude towards the Communists.

Urban Renewal

The federal government tore down buildings in the poorest parts of cities and in some cases built new public housing for the urban poor. This was the primary policy used to try to eliminate the poverty of inner cities. Some of the new housing was much better than what was torn down, but some was shoddy construction and became new slums.

Free Speech Movement/ Berkeley

The first major student protest which centered on students' demand that all university restrictions on student political activities be lifted. Berkeley students protested after university officials banned political leafleting on campus. Other students around the country formed similar protest organizations.

Suburban Growth/ Levittown

The first suburb was this. Low interest mortgages, mass production of cars, the growth of the road system, and better living conditions, caused this migration from cities. African Americans moved to the cities and the "white flight" happened and it caused segregation.

Massive Retaliation/ Deterrence

The lynchpin of US military strategy during the Cold War that dictated the US would maintain a nuclear arsenal so large that the USSR would not attack the US and its allies out of fear that the US would retaliate with an assault of devastating proportions.

Powell Doctrine

The military strategy formulated by Colin ____, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, during the Persian Gulf War. Argued that the US military force should be used as a last resort and it should be swift and overwhelming and accompanied by both a clear exit strategy and have strong public support

Credibility Gap

The wide discrepancy between what was actually happening in the Vietnam War and what the American public was being told the credibility of the American position was increasing undermined as more factual details were made public.

Black Nationalism aka Black Power

Theory adopted by several African American movements that stressed racial pride, separation from whites and white institutions, and black autonomy. Marcus Garvey started this and Malcolm X and the Black Panthers helped in too.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act aka GI Bill

This act eased the transition of WWII veterans back into civil society. It gave veterans job training, education, unemployment compensation, and low-interest loans, resulting in upward mobility for many thousands of American families.

Smith Act

This act made it illegal to advocate or teach the overthrow of the government by force or to belong to an organization with the goal. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of this in Dennis et al. vs US.

25th Amendment

This amendment was an effort to resolve some of the continuing issues about secession to the office of the President; that is, what happens upon the death, removal, or resignation of the President and what is the course to follow if for some reason the President becomes disabled to such a degree that he cannot fulfill his responsibilities. It detailed the procedure by which the VP was to take over the presidency if the current president could not fulfill the duties of the office.

Civil Rights Act of 1968

This barred discrimination in housing sales or rentals. This was a part of a series of new legislation that encouraged desegregation of blacks in America. It was a key piece of legislation which ensured blacks more equal rights.

AFL-CIO merger

This brought 85% of all union members into a single administration unit, which promised aggressive unionism under the leadership of George Meany and Walter Reuther.

Office of Homeland Security

This combined twenty-two different government departments into a single cabinet-level agency operation with a budget of $40 billion, with about 170,000 employees; it was given responsibility for protecting American life and property from terrorist activities and for controlling the nation's border

House Un-American Activities Committee

This committee, originally formed to unearth Nazis, was reactivated after the war to find Communists. Hollywood. It was controlled by the Republicans. They tried to prove that the federal government under the Democrats has encouraged communists.

National Security Act

This created a centralized Department of Defense to coordinate the actions the armed forces. It also created a National Security Council to coordinate the development of foreign policy in the Cold War. It created the Central Intelligence Agency to employ spies and gather information on foreign countries.

Second Red Scare aka McCarthyism

This emerged after WWII, when Cold War fears amplified the threat of communism. The era was characterized by searching out suspected Communists and others outside mainstream society, discrediting them, and driving them from govern,eat and other employment.

Indian Self-determination Act

This gave reservations and Native American tribes greater autonomy over internal programs, education, and law enforcement. The act helped tribes gain control over many of the programs supervised by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

Trade Expansion Act

This gave the president the power to cut tariffs by as much as 50% in exchange for similar reductions by other countries. In order to deal withe the Common Market, the president could reduce tariffs on industrial products by more than 50% or eliminated them completely when the US and the Common Market together accounted for 80% or more of the world export value.

Branch Davidian Incident

This group was a religious cult led by David Koresh. He and his followers lived at a compound outside Waco, Texas; The FBI and Bureau of Alcohol, and Firearms planned a raid on the compound for illegal weapons and child abuse, raid failed and brought deaths of federal agents; 51-day standoff ensued, ending with the burning of the compound and the death of Koresh and the rest of his follwoers

Race Riot in Los Angeles/ Rodney King

This is the worst civil disorder since the 1960's costing 60 lives and $850 million in damages; the riot was set off by the acquittal of four white police officers accused to using excessive force against a man.

Immigration Reform Act

This kept the ceiling on immigrants to 170,000 per year. Equal basis. Restriction on immigration from some parts of Latin America. This law changed the face of immigration-prior to the act, 90% of immigrants every year came from Europe, after this act was passed, only 10% did.

New Left

This label distinguished them from the Old Left- the communist and socialist who tended to focus on labor issues rather than cultural issues. Protest against the status quo and what they saw as the willingness of older generations to accommodate authority.

Gorbachev

This man had a new style of Soviet Leadership. The USSR was in economic stagnation and he needed to reform at home; he withdrew troops from Afghan. and reduced Cuba commitments; endorsed glasnost and perestroika; US Relations also improved and the INF Treaty resulted.

Medicare and Medicaid

This one provided the elderly with universal compulsory medical insurance financed largely through Social Security taxes. The other one authorized federal grants to supplement state-paid medical care for low-income people under sixty-five. Both initiatives were passed as amendments to the Social Security Act.

Birmingham

This place had the reputation of being one of the most segregated places and MLK put together a nonviolent campaign to challenge segregation. Network news footage of peaceful protester being knocked down with fire hoses and attacked by police dogs did much to create additional support among Northerners and the world of civil rights. MLK was arrested. A bomb exploded at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church claiming the lives of four young black girls. Helped the passage of the Civil Rights Act

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

This reduced the USSR and American supply of intermediate-range missiles and allowed for verification. Example of the thaw in USSR-US Relations and renewed the arms control process

Escobedo vs Illinois/ Miranda vs Arizona

This required police to inform an arrested person of his or her right to remain silent. In 1966 in this case the Supreme Court extended the this ruling to include the right to have a lawyer present during questioning. It required police to read suspects their constitutional rights which included remaining silent and having legal council present during police questioning.

Hurricane Katrina

This storm hit the Gulf Coast and devastated large parts of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana; New Orleans flooded. Major loss of life and had property damage as well as exposed the shortcomings in city, state, and federal governments in handling the crisis; The Department of Homeland Security and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FERA) were late, slow, and inefficient; Bush criticized for failing to cut short his vacation to deal with the crisis.

United States- Japanese Security Treaty

This treaty ended the formal occupation of Japan but also provided for US troops to stay on military bases in Japan as that country's protection against external threats. Japan and the US become strong allies and the Japanese economy flourished. The US was interested in Japan becoming an economic powerhouse in Asia to offset the power of communist China.

Alliance for Progress

This was a "Marshall Plan" for Latin America. Its purpose was to strengthen democracy and give comic aid to help the region resist communism. Provided loans and aid from the US and international financial community, built some schools and hospitals.

Agent Orange

This was a defoliant used in South Vietnam to clear the jungle so the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese would have less coverage. This was linked to increased risk of various types of cancer and genetic defects. Herbicide such as Dow Chemical and Monsanto.

Equal Pay Act

This was an amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act, which prohibited wage discrimination, based on sex, in public or private employment.

Twenty-second Amendment

This was passed in reaction in FDR running and serving as President for four terms. This allows Presidents to serve for two terms. If the individual is VP and then takes office to finish a presidential term, he may serve up to two years that term and then run for President in their own rights for two full terms.

National Liberation Front aka Viet Cong

This was the anime given to the Vietnamese communist army in South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese or Viet Minh were their allies. In support of Ho Chi Minh, the group used to overthrow the South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Deim. Guerilla fighters.

Bosnia/Dayton Accords

Through NATO, the US sent troops into former Yugoslavia to stop Serbs from massacring the Muslims here. The Military remained here to oversee a cease-fire and peace-building process in the US brokered _____ of 1995

"Smoking Gun"/ Nixon's Resignation

Throughout the Watergate Investigation , there was an ongoing effort to find conclusive evidence that the president knew about and indeed ordered the cover up of Watergate. The Watergate Tapes offered conclusive evidence and at that point, impeachment and conviction of the president was inevitable. On August 8, 1974 Nixon became the first American president to ever resign. Gerald Ford was sworn in as President.

March on Washington

To create support for the civil rights legislation introduced by Kennedy and secondly, to demonstrate the power of the civil rights movement. MLK delivered his "I have a dream" speech. This was the apex of the civil rights movement and this aided the passage of Civil Rights Act.

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty

Treaty signed by Mikhail Gorbachev and George Bush; It cut the nuclear weapons arsenals of both countries by thirty percent; landmark bc it eased tensions between the two nations.

Election of 1948

Truman (D) vs Dewey (R) vs Thurmond (Dixiecrats) vs Wallace (Progressive) Conservative southern democrats was unhappy with Truman's liberal civil rights position and ran Thurmond. Left wing democratic were unhappy with Truman because was ineffective with domestic policy. Truman went on a huge campaign trip and his talked about the "do-nothing, good-for-nothing" republican congress. Truman won and Democratic took back congress.

Federal Employee Loyalty Program

Truman created this program through an executive order. The program reviewed the loyalty of federal employees. Employees lost jobs over what kind of organization they belonged to and the politics of their family and/or friends. Truman wanted to prove that he was tough against communism. Start of the second red scare.

Fair Deal

Truman proposed a social and economic program. Added housing, conservation, economic security, health insurance, federal aid to education, agricultural subsides, increased the minimum wage, and expanded Social Security.

Dean Acheson

Truman's Secretary of State, who argued the fall of one nation to communism would have a "domino effect" on surrounding nations in the region.

Potsdam Conference

Truman, Attlee, and Stalin agreed to issue a warning to Japan to surrender unconditionally and so hold war-crime trails of Nazi leaders. Truman got tough with the USSR. The USSR was allowed to get reparations from its own zone, but was not allowed any from the American, French, and British zones of Germany.

U-2 Spy Plane Flight/ Francis Gary Powers

Two weeks before the planned Paris summit, the Soviets shot down a high-altitude US spy plane over the Soviet Union. The flights gathered information about the Soviet Union's missile program. Eisenhower took full responsibility for the flights, but Khrushchev then called off the upcoming Paris summit. The pilot survived and served 18 months in Soviet jail.

Israeli invasion of Lebanon

US invaded Southern Lebanon to stop PLO terrorists; got involved in trying to end Lebanese civil war

Nasser/ Suez Canal crisis

US offered Egypt a loan to build the Aswan High Dam. The offer was withdrawn after Egypt also accepted USSR aid. Egyptian leader nationalized this and used the money from the tolls to build the dam. Israel invaded Egypt with French and British aircraft. This was done without advance US knowledge because the three countries knew the US would not approve. The US supported the United Nations resolution called for Israeli withdrawal.

Berlin Wall

USSR Premier Khrushchev had threatened war if the West did not turn over West Berlin to East Germany. When that bluff did not work, East Germany built this. The purpose of this was to stop the mass exodus of East Germans to West Berlin. It stood as a physical reminder of ht hostility between the communists and noncommunist for the next thirty years.

Peaceful coexistence

Used by USSR Premier Nikita Khrushchev to call for diminished tension between capitalist and communist nations in the Cold War. As a sign of the reduced hostility, Khrushchev and Nixon exchanged official visits.

Resignation of Spiro T. Agnew

VP Agnew was charged with income tax evasion and accepting bribes. He pleaded no contest which was "The full equivalent to a plea of guilty" according to the trial judge. Agnew left the government service with a 3 year suspended sentence. Nixon appointed and Congress confirmed Republican House Minority leader Gerald Ford as the new VP.

Iran-Iraq War

War began over territorial disputes; fighting throughout Gulf region and US dragged into conflict many times; ended in 1988; Iraw preparing to invade Kuwait;area remained volatile

George Wallace

Was governor of Alabama who first came to national attention as an outspoken segregationist. Wallace ran for Presidency in 1968 and 1972 and was shot during a 1972 election campaign stop in Maryland. Draft deferments for college students. The assassination attempt left him paralyzed from the waist down and ended his presidential aspirations, although he went on to serve multiple terms as the governor of Alabama.

Southern Strategy

When Nixon only received 43% of the popular vote in 1968, he started looking for a way to form a republican majority in time for the 1972 election. "Silent Majority" disliked the antiwar protests, black militants, school busing to achieve racial balance, and the counterculture. To win votes in the South, Nixon asked federal courts in the South to delay integration plans and busing orders. He nominated 2 southern conservatives to the Supreme Court (Senate refused to confirm). It worked - the Republican ticket won majorities in every Southern State in 1972.

University of Mississippi/ James Meredith

When governor of Mississippi refused to enforce a federal court order ordering this place to enroll its first black student. There were riots to protest the court order. Kennedy sent federal troops to Mississippi to end the violence and enforce the court order.

"Saturday Night Massacre"/ Archibald Cox

When special prosecutor Cox, who was appointed by Nixon to handle the Watergate cases, took the President to court to force Nixon to hand over the tapes. Nixon fired Cox. Consequently, Nixon's Attorney General Elliot Richardson and his deputy resigned in protest. Nixon was forced to appoint a new special prosecutor, more importantly ; this led to the House of Representatives investigating the potential for impeachment of the president.

Indian Civil Rights Act

With this law Native Americans were included in most of the political protection other citizens enjoyed under the Bill of Rights while the act also recognized the role of tribal laws on reservations. Dissatisfaction with the limited nature of the act led AIM and other activist groups to take direct action .

Woodstock/Altamont

Woodstock was a fusion rock music, hard drugs, free love, and an antiwar protest drawing 400,000 people in the summer of 1969. Altamont near SF had rock music, hard drugs, free love but violence as well. 4 people died and many people were beaten by members of the Hell's Angels motorcycle gang who had been hired by the Rollings Stones as security guards.

Wounded Knee

Wounded Knee was the site of an 1890 massacre of Sioux by US troops. AIM members seized the town for 2 months. The seizure ended after 1 Native American died and another was wounded in a confrontation with the federal government.

Reagan Coalition

alliance between corporate conservatives (movers and shakers, commitment to capitalism), neoconservatives (intellectuals who had embraced conservatism to support Western democracy against communism), and the New Right (mistrust of Eastern est. and fear of a powerful federal government)

Three Mile Island

malfunction at this power plant in Penn. nearly caused a nuclear meltdown. In response to growing concern, orders for new reactors and expansion of the industry was canceled. This brought changed to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission; Americans more aware of environment

Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Balanced Budget Act

passed to try to get deficit under control

Contra Rebellion in Nicaragua

pro-America dictatorship overthrown by Sandista gov. who was marxist and anti-American

Proposition 13

question on the California state ballot to cut property taxes by 2/3rds. First successful tax payers revolt; created financial crisis; provided base for Republican conservatives to win by cutting high taxes in the 1980 election

OPEC; Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries;

raised the price of oil by 400% in 1974. America more dependent of them than ever. Increased inflation rate to 11% in '76

Deregulation

referred to reducing the role of government in American economic life; James Watt, EPA, Dep. of Transportation all involved in new standards to bring economic revival