APUSH Chapter 32 - WITCH, CREEP, and SALT

Smeal

"When the pill came out, it was a savior," recalled HER, president of the Feminist Majority Foundation. "The whole country was waiting for it. I can't even describe to you how excited people were."

Native Americans

2 conditions combined to make THEIR rights a priority in the 60s: first, many whites felt a persistent sense of guilt for the destructive policies of their ancestors toward a people who had, after all, been here first; second, the plight of the Native American minority was more desperate than that of any other group in the country.

Luce

A congresswoman, ambassador, journalist, and playwright who viewed the advent of the pill as a key element in the broader women's movement: "Modern woman is at last free as a man is free, to dispose of her own body, to earn her living, to pursue the improvement of her mind, to try a successful career."

Savio

A founder of the free-speech movement; a philosophy major and compelling public speaker who had participated in Freedom Summer in Mississippi

Taft

A leading Republican, THIS Senator of Ohio, characterized young Congressman Nixon in the early fifties as a "little man in a big hurry" with "a mean and vindictive streak."

Southern Strategy

A major reason for Nixon's election victories in 1968 and 1972 was this effective strategy fashioned by his campaign staffers, For a century, the "Solid South" had steadfastly voted for Democrats in national elections, but this was soon switched

Port Huron Statement

A manifesto by Hayden, It begins: "We are the people of this generation, bred in at least moderate comfort, housed in universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit." Called for political reforms, racial equality, and workers' rights

Youth International Party

A new political party, where members were known as Yippies

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

A voter-registration project in Mississippi, where 3 volunteers had been killed, and nearly 1000 arrested

Latino

Although frequently used as a synonym for Hispanic, THIS term technically refers only to people of Latin American descent.

Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970)

An act passed to ensure safe workplaces

Democratic National Convention

At the 1968 THIS in Chicago, the polarization of society reached a bizarre climax, where democrats nominated VP Humphrey to succeed LBJ while on Chicago's streets the whole spectrum of antiwar dissenters gathered, from the earnest supporters of Senator Eugene McCarthy to the nihilis- tic Yippies

Stonewall Inn

At this popular gay bar in the heart of Greenwich Village, a police raid took place; hundreds of other, mostly young gays and their supporters joined the fracas against the police; when the rioting ended, the Gay Liberation Front was formed

National Environmental Policy Act

Became effective on January 1, 1970, the year that environmental groups established an annual Earth Day celebration

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Between 1960 and 1975, the number of college women engaging in sexual intercourse doubled, from 27 percent to 50 percent. Facilitating this change was a scientific breakthrough in contraception: the birth-control pill, first approved by the THIS in 1960.

The Pill

Blocks ovulation by releasing synthetic hormones into a woman's body; initially were available only to married couples, but that restriction soon ended; Access gave women a much greater sense of sexual freedom than had any previous contraceptive device; quickly became the most popular birth-control method

Milliken v. Bradley (1974)

Busing opponents won a limited victory when the Supreme Court ruled, in THIS case, that desegregation plans in Detroit requiring the transfer of students from the inner city to the suburbs were unconstitutional.

Generic Electric

By 1980, over 70% of southern homes were air-conditioned, because of THIS. The warm climate, low cost of living, low taxes, conservative temperament, and promotion of economic development attracted waves of businesses to relocate to the region.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Congress overwhelmingly approved THIS amendment to the federal constitution, which had been bottled up in a House committee since the twenties; hit a roadblock in several state legislatures; by 1982 it had died, several states short of passage

Planned Parenthood

Displayed posters on birth-control pills in an effort to spread the word about birth-control options

Hayden

Drafted for the SDS an impassioned manifesto that became known as the Port Huron Statement

Kennedy

During 1960-1961, white students joined African Americans in the sit-in movement. They and many others were also inspired by THIS president's direct appeals to their youthful idealism.

LBJ

During the eventful spring of 1968, HE announced that he would not run for reelection

Kissinger

HE acknowledged, "Can you imagine what this man would have been like if somebody had loved him?"; A distinguished German-born Harvard political scientist who served as national security adviser before becoming secretary of state in 1973; dominated the Nixon administration's diplomatic planning and emerged as one of the most respected and internationally famous members of the White House staff. awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Brown

HE told Hayden and other white radicals to "take up a gun and go shoot the enemy." As the SDS became more militant, it grew more centralized and authoritarian. Capitalist imperialism replaced university bureaucracy as the primary foe.

Buchanan

HE was one of Nixon's speechwriters, who later would run for president himself, said "the President is no longer a credible custodian of the conservative political tradition of the GOP."

Haig

Haldeman was succeeded in 1973 by Colonel (later General) HIM, whom Nixon described as "the meanest, toughest, most ambitious son of a bitch I ever knew."

"Participatory Democracy"

Hayden declared that college students had the power to restore THIS by wresting "control of the educational process from the administrative bureaucracy" and then forging links with other dissident movements.

Connally

He changed his personal residency from NY to Florida, appointed conservative Texas Democrat HIM to his cabinet, told the cultural elite to "stop kicking the South around." In his 1972 reelection campaign, Nixon carried every southern state. The transformation of the once "solid" Democratic South into the predominantly Republican South was the greatest realignment in American politics since FDR's election in 1932.

The Feminine Mystique (1963)

Helped launch the new phase of female protest on a national level; "were being duped into believing homemaking was their natural destiny"; inspired many affluent, well-educated women who felt trapped in their domestic doldrums, many well-educated women were in fact miserable

American Indian Movement (AIM)

In 1963 two Chippewas (or Ojibwas) living in Minneapolis, Mitchell and Banks, founded THIS to promote "red power."

National Organization for Women (NOW)

In 1966, Friedan and other activists founded the THIS. IT initially sought to end gender discrimination in the workplace and went on to spearhead efforts to legalize abortion and obtain federal and state support for child-care centers.

Weather Underground

In 1968, the SDS fractured into rival factions, the most extreme of which called itself THIS, a name derived from a lyric by the songwriter Bob Dylan: THEY were "against everything that's 'good and decent,' in America. Embarked on a campaign of violence and disruption, firebombing university buildings and killing innocent people—as well as several of their own by accident. Most were arrested, and the rest went underground.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

In 1970, Nixon launched a concerted effort to block congressional renewal of THIS and to delay implementation of court orders requiring the desegregation of school districts in Mississippi. The Democratic Congress then extended THIS over Nixon's veto.

Sioux

In 1973, AIM led 200 of THIS tribe in the occupation of the tiny village of Wounded Knee, SD, where the 7th Cavalry massacred their village in 1890; the result was a tense confrontation and a government promise to reexamine Indian treaty rights

Roe v. Wade

In 1973, the Supreme Court, in THIS, struck down state laws forbidding abortions during the first three months of pregnancy.

Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education (1969)

In THIS case (1969), a unanimous Court ordered a quick end to segregation. During Nixon's first term and despite his wishes, more schools were desegregated than in all the Kennedy-Johnson years combined.

"Redneck"

In the 70s, THIS southern culture suddenly became chic, as people across the nation embraced NASCAR racing, cowboy boots, pickup trucks, and barbecue. As singer Daniels sang in 1974, "The South's Gonna Do It Again."

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Just as domestic petroleum reserves began to dwindle and dependence upon foreign sources of oil increased, THIS resolved to use its huge oil supplies as a political and economic weapon.

Bracero Program

Mexican Americans argued that their hopes for economic advancement and social equality were put at risk by the daily influx of undocumented Mexican laborers willing to accept low-paying jobs and thus helped end THIS program in 1964, which trucked in contract day laborers from Mexico during harvest season

Federal Election Campaign Act (1971)

Modified the rules of campaign finance to reduce the role of corporate financial donations

"Right-To-Life"

NOW's efforts to liberalize local and state abortion laws generated a powerful backlash, especially among Roman Catholics and fundamentalist Protestants, who mounted a potent THIS crusade against abortion that helped ignite the conservative political resurgence in the seventies and thereafter.

Madman Theory

Nixon and Kissinger expanded the air war over Vietnam in hopes of persuading the North Vietnamese to come to terms; heavy bombing of North Vietnam was part of what Nixon called this plan

"Silent Majority"

Nixon explicitly appealed to the THIS of predominantly white working-class and middle-class citizens determined to regain control of a society they feared was awash in permissiveness and anarchy. He promised voters that he would return "law and order" to a fractious nation riven with turmoil.

Congressional Black Caucus

Nixon hated the "liberal" media, expressed contempt for the civil rights movement, set out to dismantle LBJ's war on poverty programs, appointed no African Americans to his cabinet, and refused to meet with the THIS

"Vietnamization"

Nixon sought to defuse the anti-war movement by reducing the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam, justifying the reduction as the natural result of THIS— the equipping and training of South Vietnamese soldiers and pilots to assume the burden of combat in place of Americans.

Rogers

Nixon tapped as secretary of state HIM, his old friend, who had served as attorney general under Eisenhower. But the president had no intention of making Rogers the nation's chief diplomat. HIS control over foreign policy was quickly preempted by Kissinger

Santa Barbara

On January 28, 1969, an offshore oil-drilling platform near HERE ruptured; within a 10-day period, some 100,000 barrels of crude oil spilled into the channel and onto the beaches, fouling the coastline and killing 1000s of sea birds and marine animals

WITCH (Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell)

Radical feminists formed provocative groups such as the Redstockings, THIS, and the New York Radical Women.

"freedom cans"

Radical liberationists took direct action, such as picketing the 1968 Miss America Pageant, burning copies of Playboy and other men's magazines, tossing their bras into THESE and assaulting gender-based discrimination in all of its forms.

Clean Air Act

Signed by Nixon to reduce air pollution on a national level

Endangered Species Preservation Act

Signed reluctantly by Nixon along with the National Environmental Policy Act and by executive order created two new federal environmental agencies, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

University of California

Students here at Berkeley took Hayden's program to heart; several of them had returned to the campus after spending the summer working with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Greensboro sit-ins

THESE in 1960 not only precipitated a decade of civil rights activism but also signaled an end to the complacency that had enveloped many college campuses and much of social life during the 50s

Yippies

THEY distributed a leaflet at the convention calling for the immediate legalization of marijuana as well as all psychedelic drugs, student-run schools, unregulated sex, and the abolition of money. They also hurled taunts, rocks, and urine-filled plastic bags at the police.

Hippies

THEY were the direct descendants of the Beats of the 50s. Primarily middle-class whites alienated by the Vietnam War, racism, political corruption, parental demands, runaway technology, and a crass corporate mentality that equated the good life with material goods, were not attracted to organized political action or militant protests.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

THIS Supreme Court decision, which restricted the use of college-admissions quotas to achieve racial balance, marked the transition of desegregation from an issue of simple justice to a more tangled thicket of conflicting group, individual, and states' rights.

Dow Jones

THIS average of major industrial stocks fell by 36 percent between 1968 and 1970, its steepest decline in more than thirty years.

New South

THIS promoted by Grady in the 1880s finally arrived in the form of fast-growing and increasingly cosmopolitan cities such as Atlanta, Charlotte, Dallas, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, and Richmond, all of which spawned affluent all-white suburbs that were enclaves of Christian conservatism.

Cuyahoga River

THIS river near Cleveland caught fire and burned for 5 days, its flames leaping 50 feet into the air; it was not the first time that the heavily polluted river, clogged with effluent from oil refineries, chemical plants, utilities, and factories, had ignited, but like the Santa Barbara oil spill, it became an important catalyst in the raising of environmental awareness

stagflation

THIS term was coined by economists to describe the unprecedented syndrome that defied the orthodox laws of economics. The unusual combination of a stagnant economy with inflationary prices befuddled experts. There were no easy answers, no certain solutions.

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

THIS was then—and still is—widely viewed as the worst-managed federal agency. Instead of finding creative ways to promote tribal autonomy and economic self-sufficiency, the BIA has served as a classic example of government inefficiency and paternalism gone awry.

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)

The Burger Court ruled unanimously in THIS case that school systems must bus students out of their neighborhoods if necessary to achieve racially integrated schools.

Rudd

The Columbia University campus SDS leader that joined other student radicals in occupying the president's office and classroom buildings; kidnapped a dean—all in protest of the university's connection to a war research institute and Columbia's recent decision to displace an African American neighborhood in order to build a new gymnasium

Burger

The Supreme Court, in the first decision made under the new chief justice, HIM—a Nixon appointee—mandated the integration of the Mississippi public schools.

Sexual Revolution

The feminist movement coincided with the so-called THIS, a much-discussed loosening of traditional restrictions on social behavior; the movement did help generate two major cultural changes: society became more tolerant of premarital sex, and women became more sexually active

ROTC (Reserve Officers' Training Corps)

The goals and tactics of the FSM and SDS spread to colleges across the country. Issues large and small became the target of student protest: unpopular faculty tenure decisions, mandatory THIS programs, dress codes, curfews, and dormitory regulations.

Brownmiller

The goals of the women's liberation movement, said HER, a self-described "radical feminist" who was also a veteran of the civil rights struggles, were to "go beyond a simple concept of equality. believed, required transforming every aspect of society: sexual relations, child rearing, entertainment, domestic duties, business, and the arts.

Woodstock Music and Art Fair ("Aquarian Exposition")

The largest of the outdoor concerts; some 400,000 young people converged on a 600-acre farm near the tiny rural town of Bethel, New York; for 3 days, the assembled flower children reveled in good music, rivers of mud, cheap marijuana, and casual sex

Alcatraz Island

The leaders of AIM occupied THIS in San Francisco Bay in 1969, claiming the site "by right of discovery." And in 1972, a sit-in at the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) in Washington, D.C., attracted national attention.

Counterculture

The numbing events of 1968 led other disaffected young activists to abandon politics in favor of the THIS. Long hair on men and women, blue jeans, tie-dyed shirts, sandals, mind-altering drugs, rock music, and experimental living arrangements were more important than revolutionary ideology to the "hippies"

All in the Family

The opposition to LBJ's Great Society programs was highlighted in one of the period's most popular television shows whose central character, Archie Bunker, was a lower-middle-class reactionary outraged by the permissiveness of modern society and the radicalism of young people

Daley

The outlandish behavior of the Yippies and the other demonstrators provoked an equally outlandish response by Chicago's Mayor HIM and his army of city police. Many police officers went berserk, clubbing and gassing demonstrators as well as bystanders caught up in the melee. They also indiscriminately arrested protesters and bystanders.

26th Amendment (1971)

The right of 18-year-olds to vote in national elections (1970) and in all elections under this amendment

Nixon

The social turmoil of the sixties—anti-war protesters, countercultural rebellions, liberationist movements, street violence—spawned a reactionary backlash that propelled HIS election victory in 1968; unlikely president with a peculiar personality, "Gloomy Gus", introverted, bad temper, could be ruthless against opponents, smart

Haggard

The sunbelt spearheaded the backlash against sixties radicalism. HE, a country-and-western music star who was one of Nixon's favorite performers, captured the tone of the conservative backlash in a hit song titled "Okie from Muskogee." HIS songs discussed opinions against marijuana.

"Confrontation Politics"

The term that was used to describe what Rudd and friends were practicing

"Multiversities"

The term used to describe how many universities had become gigantic institutions dependent upon huge research contracts from corporations and the federal government; as they grew larger and more bureaucratic, they unwittingly invited resistance from a generation of students wary of what President Eisenhower had labeled the military-industrial complex

Sunbelt States

These states were attractive to migrants not only because of their mild climate and abundant natural resources; they also had the lowest rates of taxation and labor union participation as well as the highest rates of economic growth

Back-To-The-Land Movement

This movement was a result of the thousands of inexperienced romantics that flocked to the countryside, eager to liberate themselves from parental and institutional restraints, live in harmony with nature, and coexist in an atmosphere of love and openness; participants were seeking a path to more authentic living that would deepen their sense of self while pursuing a simple life of self-sufficiency

Free-Speech Movement

This organization was formed as a result of restrictions against political demonstrations on campus at UC Berkeley, initially protested on behalf of students' rights but it quickly mounted a more general criticism of the university and what Savio called the "depersonalized, unresponsive bureaucracy" smothering American life

Silent Spring (1962)

This pathbreaking book by Carson had sounded the warning years earlier by graphically revealing how industries had been regularly dumping toxic chemicals and pesticides into waterways, doing incalculable ecological damage

Selective Service System (1966)

This system made undergraduates eligible for the draft after initially using deferments which enabled college students to postpone military service until they received their degree or reached the age of twenty-four; in 1965-1966, college students made up only 2% of all military inductees

New Left

This term was adopted by Hayden and others to distinguish their efforts at grassroots democracy from those of the Old Left of the thirties, which had espoused an orthodox Marxism; by 1971, was dead as a political movement because of the abandonment of pacifist principles that had given the movement moral legitimacy

United Farm Workers (UFW)

This was formed in 1962 to represent Mexican American migrant workers, founded by Chavez. Gained national attention in 1965 when it organized a strike against the corporate grape growers in CA's San Joaquin Valley.

Peace Corps

Thousands enrolled in THESE and VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America), while others continued to participate in civil rights demonstrations.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Tom Hayden and Al Haber formed this in 1960, an organization very much influenced by the tactics and ideals of the civil rights movement

Freedom Summer

UC Berkeley students' idealism and activism had been pricked by their participation in this and they were eager to bring changes to campus life as they enrolled for the fall semester

Thieu

US negotiators in Paris demanded the withdrawal of Communist forces from South Vietnam and the preservation of the US-backed regime of this president

Educational Amendments of 1972

Under Title IX of these amendments, colleges were required to institute "affirmative- action" programs to ensure equal opportunities for women in admissions and athletics

Humphrey

VP nominated by Democrats in 1968, The chaotic spectacle lasted 3 days and seriously damaged HIS candidacy.

MLK

Was assassinated in the spring of 1968; campus unrest enveloped the country

Altamont Speedway

When other concert promoters tried to replicate the "Woodstock Nation" experience at HERE, 40 miles east of San Francisco, the counterculture encountered the criminal culture. An 18-year-old African American man was beaten to death, 3 other spectators were killed that night; much of the vitality and innocence of the counterculture died.

Gay Liberation Front

When the rioting at the Stonewall Inn ended, gays had forged a new sense of solidarity and this new organization, "Gay is good for all of us," proclaimed one of its members. "The artificial categories 'heterosexual' and 'homosexual' have been laid on us by a sexist society."

Friedan

a 42-year-old mother of 3 from Peoria, Illinois, led the mainstream of the women's movement. Her influential book, The Feminine Mystique (1963), helped to transform the feminist movement from the clear-cut demands of suffrage and equal pay to the less-defined but more fulfilling realm of empowerment—at home, in schools, in offices, and in politics

Hispanic-Americans

a term used in the US to refer to people who trace their ancestry to Spanish-speaking Latin America or Spain, came into increasing use after 1945 in conjunction with growing efforts to promote economic and social justice. The labor shortages during WWII had led defense industries to offer this group their first significant access to skilled-labor jobs

Haldeman

an imperious former advertising executive, served as Nixon's chief of staff. As the short-tempered HIM explained, "Every President needs a son of a bitch, and I'm Nixon's. I'm his buffer, I'm his bastard." resigned and would later serve time in prison because of Watergate scandal

Chavez

founder of United Farm Workers (UFW), the son of Mexican immigrants, moved to CA in 1939. There they joined thousands of other migrant farm workers living in poor conditions, his insistence upon nonviolent tactics and his reliance upon college-student volunteers, his skillful alliance with organized labor and religious groups—all combined to attract media interest and popular support

Hoffman

one of the Yippie leaders, explained that their "conception of revolution is that it's fun."

Mitchell

the gruff attorney general who had been a senior partner in Nixon's NY law firm, was the new president's closest confidant. resigned and would later serve time in prison because of Watergate scandal