APUSH chp. 21 sg
Samuel M. Jones
-"Golden Rule" -introduced a comprehensive program of municipal reform, including free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds in Toledo, Ohio
Australian ballot
-"secret ballot" -made voting private -eliminated political bosses finding out who someone voted for
Federal Farm Loan Act
-12 regional federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates
progressive amendments
-16-19
Elkins Act
-1903 -amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 -authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to pass heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates
Mann-Elkins Act
-1910 -empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission for the first time to initiate rate changes, extend regulation to telephone and telegraph companies, and set up a Commerce Court (ICC) to expedite appeals from the ICC rulings
Federal Reserve Act
-1913 -response to the Panic of 1907 -12 reserve banks (bankers banks) -banks had to keep part of their deposits in a federal reserve bank -regulated the nation's money -controlled interest rates -became one of the most significant pieces of legislation in American history
Margaret Sanger
-American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse -popularized the term "birth control" -opened the first birth control clinic in the US -established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America
Upton Sinclair's Jungle was primarily concerned about working conditions. Which of the following most directly helped organized labor?
-Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Federal Trade Commission
-Congress created it at Wilson's request -monitors US business
Niagara Movement
-DuBois and other activists met in Niagara Falls -movement sought to regain suffrage in states that had taken it away and end segregation -laid the foundation for the NAACP
The Jungle directly contributed to the passage of the
-Meat Inspection Act
Describe the role of the media in exposing problems and in instigating legislation during the Progressive era.
-Muckrakers were journalists that were obsessed with reporting corruption and scandal -Lincoln Steffens investigated corruption in municipal government -Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives (about the conditions of people's living arrangements) -Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle which led to the Meat Inspection Act -different exposure led to different reforms and the breaking up of trusts and monopolies
NAACP
-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People -beginning of modern civil rights -was started by WEB DuBois at the Niagara Movement
Theodore Roosevelt
-Progressive Party -progressive president -coined the term muckraker -youngest president to serve (42) -believed in Social Darwinism in international affairs -his domestic programs became known as the Square Deal (all Americans deserved a square deal) -felt the trusts hurt the public interest -sued JP Morgan in the court case Northern Securities v. US under the Sherman Antitrust Act -was called a "trustbuster" -helped resolve a strike between the United Mine Workers -urged workers to accept arbitration -threatened to use army to run the mines if they didn't stop -convinced Congress to pass the Department of Commerce and Labor -pushed the Hepburn Act -strengthened the Sherman Anti-trust Act -best remembered for his efforts in environmental conservation -added 100 mil acres to the national forest, five new national parks, and 51 federal wildlife reservations -believed public land and natural resources should be scientifically managed and efficiently developed -formed the Bull Moose Party (progressive republicans) -came back from an African safari and reentered politics -introduced his "New Nationalism" (domestic policy), called for federal gov to stabilize the economy, protect the weak, and restore social harmony -pushed for William Howard Taft to succeed him (went against his expectations)
Bull Moose Party
-Progressive Republican party -named after Roosevelt -dissatisfied with the renomination of William H Taft -called for direct election of US senators, woman suffrage, reduction of the tariff, and many other social reforms
reasons for the split of the Republican party during the election 1912
-Progressive dissatisfaction with the Payne-Aldrich tariff -controversy over efforts to limit the power of the Speaker of the House of Reps (Joe Bannon) -conservative manipulation of the nominating convention in favor of Taft -Gifford Pinchot's opposition to the Taft administration
Describe municipal political reform, noting key features of the two main plans
-Progressive-era reform battles first erupted over control of municipal transportation networks and utilities -they wanted government to be modeled after the private sector -by 1915, 2/3s of the nation's cities owned their own water systems -The City Commission Plan shifted municipal power from the mayor and his aldermen to five city commissioners each responsible for a different department of the city government -The City Manager Plan established that city commissioners set the policy while the executive officer implemented the policy
Compare and contrast socialism and Progressivism. What were their similarities? Where did they differ?
-Progressives had a desire to improve life in the industrial age, most progressives were a part of the urban middle class, mostly Protestant middle-class idealists and reformers -Progressives believed society badly needed changes and the government was the proper agency for correcting social and economic ills -Socialists were dedicated to the welfare of the working class, called for more radical reforms than the progressives, and called for the government to own many of the major industries -progressivism was greatly influenced by socialism
Election of 1912
-Republican Party: William Taft -Progressive Party/Bull Moose Party: T. Roosevelt -Democratic Party: Woodrow Wilson -Socialist Party: Eugene Debs -because the Republican party had split, Wilson (democrat) won by a landslide in the electoral college
Coal Strike of 1902
-Roosevelt helped resolve the strike between the United Mine Workers -urged the workers to accept arbitration (3rd party) -mine owners refused until TR threatened to use the army to run the mines
Northern Securities v. US
-Roosevelt sued JP Morgan in court under the Sherman Antitrust Act -court ruled Morgan had violated the act and broke up his monopoly in the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads -Roosevelt was called a "trustbuster"
New Nationalism
-Roosevelt's new domestic policy after returning from Africa -called for federal gov to stabilize the economy, protect the weak, and restore social harmony -strengthening of the federal gov for the purpose of monitoring business and industry
Socialist Party of America
-Socialist Labor Party -dedicated to the welfare of the working class -called for more radical reforms than the progressives -called for the gov to own many of the major industries -Eugene Debs ran in the election of 1912 -John Spargo was a leading public intellectual affiliated with the party (wrote The Bitter Cry of the Children)
Lochner v. New York
-Supreme Court case that held that "liberty of contract" was implicit in the Due Process Clause of the 14th amendment -involved a New York law limiting the number of hours a baker could work to 10, and per week to 60 -the Supreme Court opposed the law, calling it "unreasonable, unnecessary, and arbitrary"
Muller v. Oregon
-Supreme Court ruled that the health of women needed special protection from long hours
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
-Taft wanted to cut tariff rates -divided the Republican Party (progressives wanted tariff reduction and conservatives wanted to maintain high tariffs) -Taft signed this tariff, which barely cut tariffs (actually raised them on some goods) -Taft was cautious and conservative leader whose specialty was constitutional law
3 progressive presidents
-Theodore Roosevelt -William Taft -Woodrow Wilson
square deal
-Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program -believed all Americans deserved a square deal
Underwood Tariff
-Wilson got Congress to pass it -reduced tariffs on imported goods -included a graduated income tax (tax according to % of a person's income; wealthy pay more)
New Freedom
-Wilson's domestic policies -give the federal gov temporary power in order to dismantle trusts
Florence Kelley
-a leader of the social justice movement -found that they needed political support in the state legislatures for meeting the needs of immigrants and the working class -lobbied vigorously and with considerable success for better schools, juvenile courts, liberalized divorce laws, and safety regulations for tenements and factories -believed that criminals could learn to become effective citizens -fought for parole, separate reformatories for juveniles, and limits on the death penalty
Ida Tarbell
-a leading muckraker -magazine editor -she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work, A History of Standard Oil
"Wisconsin idea"
-a series of Progressive measures that include a direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions to monitor railroads, utilities, and business such as insurance
Conservation
-all of the progressive actions TR is best remembered for are his efforts in environmental conservation -he urged Americans to conserve resources -Western Land Development -Newlands Reclamation Act
referendum
-allows the people to vote yes or no in a regular election to accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature -the people could override a law from the legislature
Tom L. Johnson
-an American industrialist and politician -an important figure of the Progressive era and a pioneer in urban political and social reform -US representative from 1891-95 -Mayor of Cleveland from 1901-09
National Urban League
-an interracial organization formed in 1910 -formed to help solve social problems facing African Americans who lived in the cities
The above excerpt most directly reflects that the temperance movement
-appealed to a varied constituency of reformers
Gifford Pinchot
-appointed by Teddy Roosevelt to head up the US Forest Service -drew up regulations to control lumbering on federal lands -adopted scientific management principles that ensured the best uses and conservation practices for natural resources -spoke out against Richard Ballinger when he wanted to open up millions of acres of public land to private development -was fired for insubordination
The Great Migration
-at the close of the 19th century, about 9 out of 10 African Americans lived in the South -between 1910 and 1930, about 1 million African Americans moved north -Reasons: race issues, boll weevil destroyed the cotton industry, and job opportunities
"triple wall of privilege"
-attacked by Wilson -tariffs, banking, and trusts
prohibition
-banning manufacturing, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages -many progressives blamed alcohol for many of society's problems -women led the way in the temperance movement -18th amendment was the Prohibition Amendment (and a "progressive" amendment)
Hughes Hiram Johnson
-battled fraudulent insurance companies
The Prohibition movement was similar to other Progressive reforms because it
-began on the local and state levels before becoming national
Describe the election of 1912. Why did Theodore Roosevelt run for president? What impact, if any, did he have on the final results?
-candidates: William Taft (Republican)/ T. Roosevelt (Progressive)/ Eugene Debs (Socialist Party)/ Woodrow Wilson (Democratic) -Progressive Republicans formed this new party nicknamed the Bull Moose Party -Roosevelt returned from an Africa safari and threw his hat back into the political ring because he was upset at Taft -he introduced his "New Nationalism," his new domestic policy, which called for federal government to stabilize the economy, protect the weak, and restore social harmony -because the Republican Party had split, Wilson won by a landslide in the Electoral College
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act
-child under 14 could not be hired in factories producing goods for interstate commerce -law was declared unconstitutional
City Manager Plan
-city commissioners set policy while the executive officer implemented policy
Newlands Reclamation Act
-conservation act -gave money for irrigation and land development projects
National Woman Suffrage Association
-created in response to a split in the American Equal Rights Association over whether the woman's movement should support the Fifteenth Amendment to the US Constitution -Carrie Chapman Catt was the president
insubordination
-disobedience to authority -Taft fired Pinchot for this
Samuel Sidney McClure
-founded McClure's Magazine, which ran muckraking articles
McClure's Magazine
-founded by Samuel Sidney McClure -ran muckraking articles
Clayton Antitrust Act
-gave teeth to the Sherman Antitrust Act -called the workers "Magna Carta" -gave unions the right to exist
Meat Inspection Act
-government response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle
Pure Food and Drug Act
-government response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle
Robert La Follette
-governor of Wisconsin -introduced direct primaries
Socialism
-had a substantial and significant impact on Progressivism -adopted by Eugene V. Debs while in jail for the Pullman Strike
Charles Darwin
-his theories led the way for pragmatism -wrote The Origin of Species
Progressivism
-included a wide range of groups and individuals with a desire to improve life in the industrial age -Theodore Roosevelt's party -Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson were the 3 progressive presidents -was greatly impacted by socialism -increased the power of the federal gov and the president -added 4 amendments (16-19) -biggest failure was not addressing racial and religious discrimination
City Commission Plan
-introduced in Galveston, Texas -shifted municipal power from the mayor and his aldermen to five city commissioners each responsible for a different department of the city government -businessmen were determined to rebuild gov on the principles of efficient and scientific management that had energized the private sector
Examine the Progressive influence on the expansion of voting rights in the United States. Which groups benefited from Progressive voting reforms? Which groups suffered from those reforms?
-introduced the Australian, or Secret Ballot: made voting private and eliminated political bosses from finding out who someone voted for -Direct primaries: the people chose a candidate to run for the presidency -Direct election of Senators: allowed the people to elect their state Senators -Initiative: a process that permitted a group of citizens to introduce legislations and required the legislature to vote on it -Referendum: allows the people to vote yes or no on a law from the legislature -Recall: voters can petition to hold a special election deciding whether to remove an elected official from office -The comman man benefitted -wealthy and political men suffered more from it
Jacob Riis
-leading muckraker -wrote How the Other Half Lives -shocked the US in 1890 by factual descriptions of slum conditions in his book
Upton Sinclair
-leading muckraker -wrote The Jungle -exposed conditions in the US meat packing industry
Lincoln Steffens
-leading muckraker -wrote The Shame of the Cities -investigated corruption in municipal government in American cities
William James
-leading pragmatist -American philosopher and psychologist and physician -one of the most influential philosophers the US has ever produced -"Father of American Psychology" -author of The Pragmatic Theory (defines truth in terms of the usefulness of a belief) -believed that useful beliefs are true and useless beliefs are false
Charles Peirce
-leading pragmatist -American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist -"Father of Pragmatism" -crux of his pragmatism is that for any statement to be meaningful, it must have practical bearings
John Dewey
-leading pragmatist -"Father of Modern Experiment Education" -leading exponent of philosophical pragmatism and rejected traditional methods of teaching by rote in favor of a broad-based system of practical experience -early proponent of progressive education, maintained that schools should reflect the life of the society -"education is not preparation for life; education is life itself"
Triangle Shirtwaist fire
-led to many reforms in health and safety codes -March 25, 1911 -burnt down, killing 145 workers, mostly female immigrants -remembered as one of the most infamous incidents in American industrial history, as the deaths were largely preventable
realism
-major foreign policy ideology -act in the world only to protect and benefit yourself -(contrast with idealism)
Booker T. Washington
-most influential African American -head of the Tuskegee Institute -preached accomadationism -wrote Up From Slavery -was born a slave
progressives
-most progressives were a part of the urban middle class -mostly Protestant middle-class idealists and reformers -believed society badly needed changes and the gov was the proper agency for correcting social and economic ills -adopted the new philosophy of pragmatism because it enabled them to challenge fixed notions that stood in the way of reform -cornerstone of their ideology was faith in democracy -believed given a chance, voters would elect honest officials instead of the corrupt ones dominated by the political machines -introduced a number of reforms for increasing the participation of the average citizen in political decision making -blamed alcohol for many of society's problems -believed big businesses needed to be regulated -wanted tariff reduction -though only in terms of white America -did very little about segregation and lynching
Theodore Dreiser
-muckraker -wrote Sister Carrie (about a poor working girl in Chicago) -wroteThe Financier and The Titan (portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an industrialist)
The above excerpt is most closely associated with which sector of the Progressive movement?
-muckrakers
Eugene V. Debs
-one of the founders of the Socialist party -he adopted socialism while in jail for the Pullman strike -accepted some aspects of capitalism -ran in the election of 1912
W.E.B. Du Bois
-one of the most important African-American activists during the first half of the 20th century -co-founded the NAACP -supported Pan-Africanism -met in Niagara Falls for the Niagara movement to regain suffrage in states that had taken it away and to end segregation -felt accomadationsim did not bring any reprieve from racism -criticized Booker T. Washington -wrote The Souls of Black Folk
League of Women Voters
-organized by Carrie Chapman Catt
Carrie Chapman Catt
-organized the League of Women Voters -president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association -originally wanted to win votes for women at the state level, but eventually changed strategies towards getting the suffrage amendment to the constitution
scientific management
-organizing people in the most efficient manner -wanted to use business efficiency methods to make gov more efficient -Frederick Taylor's book, The Principles of Scientific Management
Party Bosses
-party leaders, usually in an urban district, who exercised tight control over electioneering and patronage
Department of Commerce and Labor
-power to investigate big businesses -used the "gentlemen's agreement" in dealing with companies -allowed companies to fix problems secretly
initiative
-process that permitted a group of citizens to introduce legislations and required the legislature to vote on it -legislation could now be introduced by the people, not just state legislatures
Amendment 17
-progressive amendment -direct election of senators
Amendment 19
-progressive amendment -gave women the right to vote
Amendment 16
-progressive amendment -income tax
Amendment 18
-progressive amendment -prohibition
Municipal Reform
-progressive-era reform battles first erupted over control of municipal transportation networks and utilities (owned by private companies, monopolies, and controlled by party machines) -wanted gov to be modeled after the private sector -by 1915, 2/3rds of the nation's cities owned their own water systems
Which of the following would most directly support the argument that Progressives were "exclusionary"?
-progressives did little to end the segregation of African Americans
Which of the following interpretations of progressivism would most likely support this excerpt?
-progressives were a diverse group who supported various reforms
Hepburn Act
-pushed by Roosevelt -strengthened the Sherman Anti-trust Act -strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commissions
Richard Ballinger
-replaced James Garfield as secretary of the interior -wanted to open up a million acres of public lands to private development
"trustbuster"
-someone who breaks up monopolies -Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft
Pan-Africanism
-supported by WEB DuBois -the idea or advocacy of a political alliance or union of all the African nations -seeks elimination of colonialism and white supremacy from the continent -red, black, and green flag
accommadationism
-taught by Booker T. Washington -idea that if blacks educated themselves and established their own businesses, they would be accepted as equals by whites -basically failed
Muckrakers
-termed by Theodore Roosevelt -a reference to journalists who were obsessed with reporting scandal and corruption -meant as criticism of sensationalized journalism -became a badge of honor for many reporters who reported repugnant aspects of American life -Lincoln Steffens, Jacob Riis, and Upton Sinclair were leading muckrakers
Which of the following Progressive reforms most directly promoted "active citizenship"?
-the direct election of senators
Direct Primaries
-the people chose a candidate to run for the presidency -introduced by Robert La Follette, governor of Wisconsin
Pragmatism
-the philosophy of romantic transcendentalism in America gave way to this -belief that "good" and "truth" could not be known in the abstract as fixed and changeless ideals; people should take a pragmatic, or practical, approach to morals and ideals, and knowledge -founded by Charles S. Peirce, William James, and John Dewey -grouped under experimentalism -principles: no ultimate value, emphasis on experiment for practical implication, emphasis on practicality, and reality always in the making in the process -adopted by progressives
"gentlemen's agreement"
-used in the Department of Commerce and Labor -allowed companies to fix problems secretly
arbitration
-using an impartial outsider to settle disputes -used by Roosevelt with the Coal Strike of 1902
recall
-voters can petition to hold a special election deciding whether to remove an elected official from office
Alice Paul
-women's suffrage leader in New Jersey -broke from NAWSA -formed the National Woman's Party -focused on winning the support of Congress and the president for an amendment to the constitution
The Bitter Cry of the Children
-written by John Spargo -presented detailed evidence of child labor conditions
The Jungle
-written by Upton Sinclair -exposed abuses in the meatpacking industry -government responded by passing the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act
John Spargo
-wrote The Bitter Cry of the Children -presented detailed evidence of child labor conditions (9 and 10 year olds working 10 hours a day) -early biographer of Karl Marx -one of the leading public intellectuals affiliated with the Socialist Party of America during the progressive era
Frederick W. Taylor
-wrote The Principles of Scientific Management (how to break down tasks into small parts)