APUSH exam 2018 MCQ
"We have as yet no certaine proofe or experience concerning the vertues of... Corne, although the... Indians...are constrained to make a virtue of necessitie, and think it a good food: whereas we may easily judge that it nourisheth but little, and is of a hard... digestion, a more convenient food for swine than for men." John Gerard, English botanist, The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes, 1597 Gerard's description of "corne" in the excerpt best reflects which of the following?
Assumptions about the superiority of European culture
William M. "Boss" Tweed: "As long as I count the votes, what are you going to do about it?" During the late nineteenth century, politicians such as the one depicted in the image most likely would have opposed which of the following?
Calls for reforms to local and state governments
"[After the Second World War, Americans] wanted...a secure country. Security would enable them to take advantage of the fruits of prosperity and peace.... And so they adhered to an overarching principle that would guide them in their personal and political lives: containment.... Domestic containment was bolstered by a powerful political culture that rewarded its adherents and marginalized its detractors.... [C]ontainment aptly describes the way in which public policy, personal behavior, and even political values were focused on the home.... Vast numbers of American women and men during the early years of the cold war...got married, moved to the suburbs, and had babies.... [Few] were willing to give up the rewards of conforming for the risks of resisting the domestic path." Elaine Tyler May, historian, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era, 1988 The rise of what the excerpt describes as "domestic containment" most directly contributed to which of the following characteristics of United States society during the period?
Greater cultural homogeneity
"For a few years in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of immigration after 1845.... The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in comparison with the immigration of the late 1840s.... During the decade 1846 to 1855, more than three million immigrants entered the United States—equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845 population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any ten-year period in American history.... Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition." James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010 Which of the following could best be used as evidence to support the argument in the excerpt that "ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue" of the period?
Growing concern about the political and cultural influence of Catholic immigrants
"In August 1865, the photographer Marcus Ormsbee... took a formal portrait of several groups of craft workers in their different shops.... At the center of the photograph, at Outcault's carpentry shop, stands the conventional artisan trio of master, journeyman, and apprentice, still at the heart of the city's workshop world—yet class differences mark these craftsmen's every feature.... Brooding above everyone, a new brick manufactory seals off its employees from the street and from public view. Small shop and large enterprise converge; New York remains a blend of old and new." Sean Wilentz, historian, Chants Democratic, 1984 Which of the following is one important continuity in urban life in the United States throughout the nineteenth century?
Immigrants formed an important part of the manufacturing workforce.
"The National Progressive Party, committed to the principle of government by a self-controlled democracy expressing its will through representatives of the people, pledges itself to secure such alterations in the fundamental law of the several States and of the United States as shall insure the representative character of the government." Progressive Party Platform, 1912 Which of the following groups is most credited with advancing Progressivism?
Middle-class women
"Beginning in the 1930s and lasting into the 1940s, black Chicago experienced a cultural renaissance.... Chicago had become a major destination for black southern migrants.... It was also an urban industrial center. This fact gave a unique working-class and internationalist perspective to the cultural work that would take place there.... "A desire to live freely in 'the metropolis' continued to characterize the aspirations of migrants as second-wave Chicago migrants arrived.... The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a resurgence of black working-class political radicalism that was captured and reflected in the expressive visual and literary productions of Chicago Black Renaissance artists." Darlene Clark Hine, historian, The Black Chicago Renaissance, 2012 Before moving to Chicago, the people described in the excerpt most likely were engaged in which of the following?
Sharecropping or tenant farming
William M. "Boss" Tweed: "As long as I count the votes, what are you going to do about it?" Which of the following changes to the United States during the nineteenth century most directly contributed to the development depicted in the image?
The rapid growth of cities
The overall trend from 1960 to 1970 depicted on the graph resulted from all of the following EXCEPT the
adoption of digital technologies
"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863 Lincoln's main purpose in the excerpt was to
gain continued support for the war effort
"I will not accept the excuse that the federal government has grown so big and powerful that it is beyond the control of any president, any administration or Congress. We are going to put an end to the notion that the American taxpayer exists to fund the federal government. The federal government exists to serve the American people.... We are taxing ourselves into economic exhaustion and stagnation, crushing our ability and incentive to save, invest, and produce. This must stop." Ronald Reagan, speech accepting the Republican Party's nomination for president, 1980 Reagan's administration implemented the ideas expressed in the excerpt by
reducing regulation of industry
William M. "Boss" Tweed: "As long as I count the votes, what are you going to do about it?" The image was created most directly in response to
the power gained by urban political machines
"Resolved, That woman is man's equal.... "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs... have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere... assigned her. "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,... That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848 Which other "righteous cause" would participants in the Seneca Falls Convention have been most likely to support
Abolitionism
"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that...they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement whatever.... "[E]very principle from which America has acted in the course of their unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration and cause an act of the legislature to be passed whereby they may be restored to the enjoyments of that which is the natural right of all men." Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives for the State of Massachusetts, January 1777 Which of the following most likely helped to prompt the petition in the excerpt?
American colonists' declaration of independence from Britain
"Beginning in the 1930s and lasting into the 1940s, black Chicago experienced a cultural renaissance.... Chicago had become a major destination for black southern migrants.... It was also an urban industrial center. This fact gave a unique working-class and internationalist perspective to the cultural work that would take place there.... "A desire to live freely in 'the metropolis' continued to characterize the aspirations of migrants as second-wave Chicago migrants arrived.... The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a resurgence of black working-class political radicalism that was captured and reflected in the expressive visual and literary productions of Chicago Black Renaissance artists." Darlene Clark Hine, historian, The Black Chicago Renaissance, 2012 Which of the following most likely contributed to the decline of the "political radicalism" referred to in the excerpt?
Anticommunist measures during the Cold War
"For a few years in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of immigration after 1845.... The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in comparison with the immigration of the late 1840s.... During the decade 1846 to 1855, more than three million immigrants entered the United States—equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845 population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any ten-year period in American history.... Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition." James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010 Which of the following most directly contributed to "the sharp increase of immigration after 1845" referenced in the excerpt?
Crop failures and revolutions in Europe
"Resolved, That woman is man's equal.... "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs... have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere... assigned her. "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,... That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848 The language and themes of the excerpt were most directly inspired by the
Declaration of Independence
"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863 Which of the following most directly contributed to the conflict referred to in the excerpt?
Disagreements over whether to allow slavery in new territories
"Various are the reports and conjectures of the causes of the present Indian war. Some impute it to an imprudent zeal in the magistrates of Boston to christianize those heathen before they were civilized and enjoining them the strict observation of their laws.... Some believe there have been vagrant and Jesuitical priests, who have made it their business, for some years past, to go from Sachem to Sachem, to exasperate the Indians against the English and to bring them into a confederacy, and that they were promised supplies from France and other parts to extirpate [eradicate] the English nation out of the continent of America." Edward Randolph, report of King Philip's War (Metacom's War) in New England, 1676 The confederacy formed to "exasperate the Indians against the English" was motivated primarily by which of the following?
Dispossession of Wampanoag land and threats to their sovereignty
"Various are the reports and conjectures of the causes of the present Indian war. Some impute it to an imprudent zeal in the magistrates of Boston to christianize those heathen before they were civilized and enjoining them the strict observation of their laws.... Some believe there have been vagrant and Jesuitical priests, who have made it their business, for some years past, to go from Sachem to Sachem, to exasperate the Indians against the English and to bring them into a confederacy, and that they were promised supplies from France and other parts to extirpate [eradicate] the English nation out of the continent of America." Edward Randolph, report of King Philip's War (Metacom's War) in New England, 1676 Which of the following best characterizes relations between the English and American Indians in New England following Metacom's War?
Dramatic decline and dispersion of the American Indian population
The ideas expressed through the image reveal that in 1901, which of the following was most true of the United States?
Interventionism had become a more prevalent feature of foreign policy.
"The National Progressive Party, committed to the principle of government by a self-controlled democracy expressing its will through representatives of the people, pledges itself to secure such alterations in the fundamental law of the several States and of the United States as shall insure the representative character of the government." Progressive Party Platform, 1912 Progressivism, as described in the excerpt, has the most in common with which of the following later domestic policy initiatives?
President Lyndon Johnson's protection of voting rights during the Great Society
"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863 After 1863, which of the following most fulfilled the "new birth of freedom" that the excerpt refers to?
Ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments
"We are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities.... Freedom and equality for each individual, government of, by, and for the people—these American values we found good.... As we grew,however,our comfort was penetrated by events too troubling to dismiss.... The declaration 'all men are created equal' rang hollow before the facts of Negro life.... The proclaimed peaceful intentions of the United States contradicted its economic and military investments in the Cold War status quo.... America rests in national stalemate,...its democratic system apathetic and manipulated rather than 'of, by, and for the people.'" Students for a Democratic Society, "The Port Huron Statement," 1962 Which of the following most directly contributed to the sentiments expressed in the excerpt?
Social inequalities exposed during the Civil Rights movement
"That a British and American legislature, for regulating the administration of the general affairs of America, be proposed and established in America, including all the said colonies; within, and under which government, each colony shall retain its present constitution, and powers of regulating and governing its own internal police, in all cases whatsoever. "That the said government be administered by a President General, to be appointed by the King and a Grand Council, to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several colonies, in their respective assemblies, once in every three years." Joseph Galloway, "A Plan of a Proposed Union Between Great Britain and the Colonies," proposal debated by the First Continental Congress, 1774 The excerpt most strongly suggests that in 1774 which of the following was correct?
Some members of the First Continental Congress sought a compromise between submission to British authority and independence.
"In August 1865, the photographer Marcus Ormsbee... took a formal portrait of several groups of craft workers in their different shops.... At the center of the photograph, at Outcault's carpentry shop, stands the conventional artisan trio of master, journeyman, and apprentice, still at the heart of the city's workshop world—yet class differences mark these craftsmen's every feature.... Brooding above everyone, a new brick manufactory seals off its employees from the street and from public view. Small shop and large enterprise converge; New York remains a blend of old and new." Sean Wilentz, historian, Chants Democratic, 1984 Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt?
Technological innovations in the production of goods
Which of the following most directly led to the circumstances illustrated by the image?
The United States victory in the Spanish-American War
"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that...they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement whatever.... "[E]very principle from which America has acted in the course of their unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration and cause an act of the legislature to be passed whereby they may be restored to the enjoyments of that which is the natural right of all men." Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives for the State of Massachusetts, January 1777 The ideas expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?
The adoption of plans for gradual emancipation in the North
"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. "The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world. "The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. "The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants—everywhere in the world. "The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world." President Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union address, January 1941 Which of the following most immediately increased enthusiasm in the United States for upholding the freedoms outlined in the excerpt?
The attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor
"What is the phenomenon of globalization...? Fundamentally, it is the closer integration of the countries and peoples of the world which has been brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation . . . and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and (to a lesser extent) people across borders." Joseph E. Stiglitz, economist, Globalization and Its Discontents, 2002 Which of the following earlier trends was most similar to the pattern described in the excerpt?
The development of Atlantic world commerce in the 1600s and early 1700s
"In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. "The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world. "The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. "The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants—everywhere in the world. "The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world." President Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union address, January 1941 Which of the following most directly contributed to Roosevelt's view that "freedom from want" was necessary?
The experience of domestic and global economic upheavals during the 1930s
"For a few years in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of immigration after 1845.... The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in comparison with the immigration of the late 1840s.... During the decade 1846 to 1855, more than three million immigrants entered the United States—equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845 population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any ten-year period in American history.... Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition." James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010 The conflict described in the excerpt is most similar to conflict in what other period?
The period from after the First World War through the 1920s
"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that...they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement whatever.... "[E]very principle from which America has acted in the course of their unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration and cause an act of the legislature to be passed whereby they may be restored to the enjoyments of that which is the natural right of all men." Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives for the State of Massachusetts, January 1777 Which of the following developments from the 1800s emerged from ideas most similar to those expressed in the excerpt?
The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
"[After the Second World War, Americans] wanted...a secure country. Security would enable them to take advantage of the fruits of prosperity and peace.... And so they adhered to an overarching principle that would guide them in their personal and political lives: containment.... Domestic containment was bolstered by a powerful political culture that rewarded its adherents and marginalized its detractors.... [C]ontainment aptly describes the way in which public policy, personal behavior, and even political values were focused on the home.... Vast numbers of American women and men during the early years of the cold war...got married, moved to the suburbs, and had babies.... [Few] were willing to give up the rewards of conforming for the risks of resisting the domestic path." Elaine Tyler May, historian, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era, 1988 The pattern described in the excerpt of Americans who "got married, moved to the suburbs, and had babies" most directly contributed to which of the following long-term developments?
The rise of youth rebellion through the counterculture
"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain... that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities...are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State...." South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following?
The secession of most Southern states
"What is the phenomenon of globalization...? Fundamentally, it is the closer integration of the countries and peoples of the world which has been brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation . . . and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and (to a lesser extent) people across borders." Joseph E. Stiglitz, economist, Globalization and Its Discontents, 2002 Which of the following contributed most directly to the trend described in the excerpt?
The spread of computer technology and Internet use
"[After the Second World War, Americans] wanted...a secure country. Security would enable them to take advantage of the fruits of prosperity and peace.... And so they adhered to an overarching principle that would guide them in their personal and political lives: containment.... Domestic containment was bolstered by a powerful political culture that rewarded its adherents and marginalized its detractors.... [C]ontainment aptly describes the way in which public policy, personal behavior, and even political values were focused on the home.... Vast numbers of American women and men during the early years of the cold war...got married, moved to the suburbs, and had babies.... [Few] were willing to give up the rewards of conforming for the risks of resisting the domestic path." Elaine Tyler May, historian, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era, 1988 A desire for greater national security in the United States emerged immediately after the Second World War because of fear of which of the following?
The spread of international communism
"I will not accept the excuse that the federal government has grown so big and powerful that it is beyond the control of any president, any administration or Congress. We are going to put an end to the notion that the American taxpayer exists to fund the federal government. The federal government exists to serve the American people.... We are taxing ourselves into economic exhaustion and stagnation, crushing our ability and incentive to save, invest, and produce. This must stop." Ronald Reagan, speech accepting the Republican Party's nomination for president, 1980 Which of the following would be most likely to support the views expressed in the excerpt?
White males in the Sunbelt
"We are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities.... Freedom and equality for each individual, government of, by, and for the people—these American values we found good.... As we grew,however,our comfort was penetrated by events too troubling to dismiss.... The declaration 'all men are created equal' rang hollow before the facts of Negro life.... The proclaimed peaceful intentions of the United States contradicted its economic and military investments in the Cold War status quo.... America rests in national stalemate,...its democratic system apathetic and manipulated rather than 'of, by, and for the people.'" Students for a Democratic Society, "The Port Huron Statement," 1962 Based on the excerpt, Students for a Democratic Society would most likely support
a decrease in United States intervention in Asia
"Resolved, That woman is man's equal.... "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs... have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere... assigned her. "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,... That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848 In the decades following the Civil War, the woman's rights movement that began at Seneca Falls focused its energies most strongly on
achieving the right to vote
"The National Progressive Party, committed to the principle of government by a self-controlled democracy expressing its will through representatives of the people, pledges itself to secure such alterations in the fundamental law of the several States and of the United States as shall insure the representative character of the government." Progressive Party Platform, 1912 The excerpt suggests that Progressives in the early twentieth century most typically sought to
challenge political inequality
"We have as yet no certaine proofe or experience concerning the vertues of... Corne, although the... Indians...are constrained to make a virtue of necessitie, and think it a good food: whereas we may easily judge that it nourisheth but little, and is of a hard... digestion, a more convenient food for swine than for men." John Gerard, English botanist, The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes, 1597 The development that brought "corne" to the attention of botanists such as Gerard is best known as the
columbian exchange
The ideas addressed in the image most directly relate to
debates about United States acquisition of overseas territories
"Beginning in the 1930s and lasting into the 1940s, black Chicago experienced a cultural renaissance.... Chicago had become a major destination for black southern migrants.... It was also an urban industrial center. This fact gave a unique working-class and internationalist perspective to the cultural work that would take place there.... "A desire to live freely in 'the metropolis' continued to characterize the aspirations of migrants as second-wave Chicago migrants arrived.... The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a resurgence of black working-class political radicalism that was captured and reflected in the expressive visual and literary productions of Chicago Black Renaissance artists." Darlene Clark Hine, historian, The Black Chicago Renaissance, 2012 The "political radicalism" referred to in the excerpt was most directly a response to the experience of
economic depression
"In August 1865, the photographer Marcus Ormsbee... took a formal portrait of several groups of craft workers in their different shops.... At the center of the photograph, at Outcault's carpentry shop, stands the conventional artisan trio of master, journeyman, and apprentice, still at the heart of the city's workshop world—yet class differences mark these craftsmen's every feature.... Brooding above everyone, a new brick manufactory seals off its employees from the street and from public view. Small shop and large enterprise converge; New York remains a blend of old and new." Sean Wilentz, historian, Chants Democratic, 1984 The conditions described in the excerpt most directly contributed to the
growth of an organized labor movement
"I will not accept the excuse that the federal government has grown so big and powerful that it is beyond the control of any president, any administration or Congress. We are going to put an end to the notion that the American taxpayer exists to fund the federal government. The federal government exists to serve the American people.... We are taxing ourselves into economic exhaustion and stagnation, crushing our ability and incentive to save, invest, and produce. This must stop." Ronald Reagan, speech accepting the Republican Party's nomination for president, 1980 The excerpt reflects many Americans' belief at the time that the federal government
had been unable to solve social and economic problems
A development related to the overall trend from 1960 to 1980 depicted on the graph was the
increase in public concern regarding air and water quality
The overall trend from 1980 to 2010 depicted on the graph was most directly caused by the
increasing integration of the United States into the world economy
"That a British and American legislature, for regulating the administration of the general affairs of America, be proposed and established in America, including all the said colonies; within, and under which government, each colony shall retain its present constitution, and powers of regulating and governing its own internal police, in all cases whatsoever. "That the said government be administered by a President General, to be appointed by the King and a Grand Council, to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several colonies, in their respective assemblies, once in every three years." Joseph Galloway, "A Plan of a Proposed Union Between Great Britain and the Colonies," proposal debated by the First Continental Congress, 1774 The key concern that Galloway's plan was designed to address was the
lack of American representation in the British Parliament
"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain... that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities...are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State...." South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832 The excerpt most directly expresses an economic perspective that
prioritized regional interests
"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain... that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities...are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State...." South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832 The ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from a larger intellectual debate over the
relationship between the federal government and the states
"Various are the reports and conjectures of the causes of the present Indian war. Some impute it to an imprudent zeal in the magistrates of Boston to christianize those heathen before they were civilized and enjoining them the strict observation of their laws.... Some believe there have been vagrant and Jesuitical priests, who have made it their business, for some years past, to go from Sachem to Sachem, to exasperate the Indians against the English and to bring them into a confederacy, and that they were promised supplies from France and other parts to extirpate [eradicate] the English nation out of the continent of America." Edward Randolph, report of King Philip's War (Metacom's War) in New England, 1676 Compared with French and Spanish interactions with American Indians, English interaction with American Indians more often promoted
separation between the groups
The developments referenced by the image most directly contributed to United States involvement in
the suppression of an independence movement in the Philippines
The overall trend from 1980 to 2010 depicted on the graph most directly led to a decline in
union membership