Apush Exam
Common Sense (Paine)
argued that America should be republic with representation and consent of the people
Cotton Gin
built by Eli Whitney cotton economics profitable, "King Cotton" South flourished, expanded the cotton kingdom westward
John Peter Zenger
colonial printer whose case helped begin freedom of the press
Eli Whitney
cotton gin machine made interchangeable parts
Massachusetts Bay
franchise-right to vote, extended to "freemen" (1) adulte males belonging to Puritan congregations 2/3 of population (2) unchurched men and women were not allowed in matters of government
Elastic Clause
implied powers (1) congress may do whatever "necessary and proper" to carrying out its constitutional powers
Popular sovereignty
issues should be decided upon by the people, specifically applied to slavery, stating that the people in the territories should decide to legalize or not
Compromises in Constitution
(1) Connecticut (Great) Compromise (2) 3/5 Compromise (3) Slave Trade Compromise (4) Conservative Safeguard Compromises (5) Elastic Clause and Amendment Process
American Disadvantages
(1) Congress had little money, few troops (2) most soldiers were inexperienced, ill-equipped (3) lack of unity, jealousy and disorganization among colonies (4) apathy among the general public
Force Bill
"Bloody Bill" that authorized the president to use the army and navy, if necessary, to collect tariffs
Rhode Island
(1) "God's sewer", "Rogue's Island" (2) people weren't similar, melting pot (3) against special privilege (4) "Little Rhody" aka "traditional home of the otherwise minded"
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
(1) "How will new states be made once people move out there?" (2) outlined steps needed to become a state- 60,000 inhabitants, organize government, written constitution, acceptance by federal government (3) slavery was prohibited in the NW territory (4) Ohio was the first state created from Old NW
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
(1) "Nullies" 2/3 majority over Unionists, met in state legislature, declared Tariff of 1832 to be void within SC boundaries (2) threatened with secession against Union (3) Jackson proclamation against SC, Hayne issued counter-proclamation, civil war loomed dangerously (4) Clay proposed compromise bill- gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of eight years, so that by 1842 the rates would be down to 20% to 25% (5) repealed ordinance of nullification, nullified Force Bill and adjourned
Know-Nothings
(1) "nativists" - old Americans who were prejudiced against newcomers in jobs, politics, religion (2) met in secrecy (3) fought for restrictions on immigration, naturalization, and deportation (4) wrote fiction books about corruption of churches (5) pluralistic society with diversity (6) anti-Catholic, anti-foreign, old Whigs
Amendment Process
(1) 2/3 approval of both houses of congress (2) 3/4 of states approval
Federalist Papers
(1) 85 articles advocating ratification of US constitution (2) Federalist #10 most important *preventing rule by majority faction and advocates and extended republic by Madison* (3) Hamilton, Madison, Jay
Monroe's Presidency: Evidence of new nationalism
(1) American themes in lit and art (2) rebuilding DC (3) expansion of army to 10000 (4) conquest of Barbary Pirates (5) rechartering of national bank in 1816 ($35 million)
Monroe Doctrine: Results
(1) Americans proud, pleased (2) Britons mixed- some glad for markets, some angry over no expansion (3) other monarchs frustrated b.c could not do anything b.c Britain agreed (4) LA countries maybe knew though US issued Doctrine, Britain would enforce (5) US concerned about own safety, not LA's
Election of 1824: Corrupt Bargain
(1) Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, William Crawford, JQ Adams- all called themselves Repubs (2) Jackson most pop. vote, not majority in electoral College (3) Crawford had recently suffered a paralytic stroke (4) Clay- eliminated but Speaker of House (5) Clay hated Jackson, he threw his support behind John Q. Adams, helping him become president (6) JQ Adams- appointed Clay as Secretary of State if won (7) Jackson said Corrupt Bargain
49th Parallel
(1) British proposed treaty here for Oregon (2) more Americans than Brits in Oregon (3) US got better of deal b.c British 2nd choice rejected; Americans' 2nd choice accepted (4) All of Texas- Mexico weak: Not all of Oregon- England strong
Compromise of 1850: North
(1) California as free state; tip balance of Senate (2) Texas lost disputed territory to New Mexico and Oklahoma (3) DC- no slave trade but still legal slavery
Intolerable Acts
(1) Coercive Acts (a) Boston port closed until tea paid for (b) royal charter for Massachusetts revoked (c) Ban on town meetings (d) trials of British soldiers to be held back in England (2) Quartering Act (a) send more soldiers to enforce these things (b) colonists had to pay for soldiers housing, clothing
Mercantilism Cons
(1) Colonial economic initiative was stifled because of limits and restrictions (2) southern colonies were favored over Northern colonies (3) Southern planters were at the mercy of British buyers, felt cheated and often fell into debt because of fluctuating prices (4) american colonists felt mercantilism was debasing (humiliating) and kept them economically dependent on England (5) inhibiting the development of banking, paper currency in the colonies
Thomas Paine
(1) Common Sense (2) influential pamphlet (3) arguments were both high class journalism and propaganda (4) "No where in the universe does a smaller body control a larger one, so it is unnatural for tiny Britain to control gigantic America." (5) radical British immigrant who put an end to American toasts to King George
Dred Scott Decision
(1) Dred Scott sued for his freedom (2) outcome- slaves are property, can be taken anywhere (3) no slave could be a citizen of the US in his justification (4) *Congress cannot outlaw slavery, against 5th of taking person's property without due process of law* (5) concluded Missouri Compromise unconstitutional all along (6) tensions built
Causes of War 1812
(1) Embargo ->Non-intercourse Act -> Macon's Bill #2 (2) "war hawks"- young congressmen wanted their own war (3) Indian conflict continued with British support (4) impressment of American soldiers angered them (5) Federalists bordered on treason- liked England (6) British attacked first at NY, then in Washington DC, burning White House, Congress, stopped at Baltimore
Embargo: Successful Failure
(1) England had good harvests, found other markets for their goods (2) Americans resented the loss of money; practically destroyed American shipping industry (3) cost 3 times as much as a war would have (4) worsened relations with England/France (5) hurt Federalists at first, then briefly revived them (6) improved American manufacturing b.c no foreign products available (7) people of england hurting, pressed for repeal of it, happened too late, war anyway (8) *US policy actually worked, but we weren't patient enough to wait for it!*
Hartford Convention
(1) Federalists remained opposed to the war, Madison re-elected (2) Federalists wanted Constitutional amendments requiring 2/3 got of Congress before (a) an embargo could be issued (b) before Western states could be admitted (c) before war could be declared (3) talk of secession remains linked with Convention (4) Federalist party continued decline (5) delegates in New England ended up being accused of treason
Land Ordinance of 1785
(1) It provided the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and that the proceeds be used to pay off the national debt. (2) This vast area of Ohio Valley would be surveyed before settlement and then divided into townships (six miles square), which would then be divided into 36 square sections (1 mile square) with one set aside for public schools (section #16)
Jackson versus Bank of United States
(1) Jackson, like most Westerners, distrusted big banks, esp BUS; said unconstitutional (2) saw the BUS and eastern banks as being in a conspiracy to keep the common man down economically (3) Clay tried to force early 2nd BUS- Jackson said unconstitutional (4) stirred up West against East creditors (5) corrupt in loaning money to senators who would then vote in favor of bank (6) BUS led by Biddle, harsh on volatile western "wildcat" banks that churned out unstable money and too-lenient credit for land (which the westerners loved) (7) the bank was financially sound, reduced bank failures, issued sound notes, promoted economic expansion by making abundant credit, and was a safe depository for the funds of the Washington government (8) West against the East
Jefferson vs Chase
(1) Jefferson wanted to impeach Justice Chase b.c of his attacks on Democratic-Repubs (2) Chase was accused of high crimes, misdemeanors by House, but not convinced (really only guilty of bitter partisan spirit) (3) In long run, this was probably good b.c kept *separation of power*
Nullification Crisis
(1) John C. Calhoun secretly wrote "The South Carolina Exposition" in 1828, boldly denouncing the recent tariff and calling for nullification of the tariff by all states (2) SC alone in nullification threat (3) other South thought Jackson would sympathize against tariff
Virginia
(1) Joint-stock company: inventors put money into company with hopes of good return (2) Jamestown (3) John Smith, John Rolfe who married Pocahontas to settle tension (4) relied on tobacco (5) house of Burgesses (6) first slaves in 1619
Lincoln versus Douglas
(1) Lincoln rashly challenged Douglas (2) Douglas- polished versus Lincoln-logical (3) Douglas believed power was held by the people over the Supreme Court (Freeport Doctrine); caused South to dislike him more
Peace at Paris
(1) Lord North resigned and a Whig government in Britain took over, replaced him more favorable to US (2) 3 chief negotiators were Ben Franklin, John Adams and John Jay (3) Explicit instructions to make no separate peace and to consult French allies at all stages of negotiations, but Jay saw French might betray US interests in Mississippi region to Spain, so made a separate peace with England
John Q. Adams
(1) Massachusetts (2) 2nd in pop. vote, electoral college (3) supported Clay, appointed him Secretary of State (4) won presidency
If Texas buddied with Britain
(1) Monroe Doctrine would be undermined (2) dominant Southern cotton economy would also be undercut by Texas cotton shipping to England
Louisiana Purchase
(1) Napoleon planned to build new North American Empire, got Louisiana from Spain, abandoned idea (2) US wanted New Orleans, feared Spain/France might close port again, secret meetings held to attempt to buy N.O. and lands east of Mississippi for $10 (3) if negotiations failed, idea to go to England and make treaty b/c we would have to fight to get Louisiana (4) Napoleon wanted US to get land, sold Louisiana for $15 million (5) Livingston, Monroe "bought a wilderness to get a city" (6) Jefferson's reaction mixed. submitted treaty to Congress, felt unconstitutional (7) Senate approved (8) Jefferson became loose constitutionalist, Federalists opposite
Proclamation of 1763
(1) Parliament prohibiting any settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians. (2) work out the Indian problem by drawing the "out-of-bounds" line. (3) colonists saw it as another form of oppression from a far away country. asked, "Didn't we just fight a war to win that land?"
Compromise of 1850: South
(1) Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession lands- lands too dry to raise cotton, free states anyways (2) Texas paid $10 million for land lost to Mexico (3) Fugitive Slave Law
Abolitionism
(1) Quakers first to speak against slavery (2) American Colonization Society promoted sending blacks back to Africa (3) became a crusade in 1830s
Connecticut (Great) Compromise
(1) combined Virginia (Large State) Plan and NJ (Small State) Plan (2) got representation by population in the House of Representatives (3) small states got equal representation in Senate with each state getting 2 representatives
Wilderness Utopians
(1) Robert Owen founded New Harmony, IN (1825) though it failed in confusion (2) Brook Farm - Massachusetts experiment (1841) where 20 intellectuals committed to Transcendentalism (it lasted until '46) (3) Oneida Community — practiced free love, birth control, eugenic (like Handmaids) selection of parents to produce superior offspring; it survived ironically as a capitalistic venture, selling baskets and then cutlery. (4) Shakers - a communistic community (led by Mother Ann Lee); they couldn't marry so they became extinct; men and women live separately, like monastery and convent, no children
Secession Crisis
(1) SC seceded in December of 1860 (2) Confederate States of America (3) Jefferson Davis as president
3/5 Compromise
(1) South wanted slaves to count; North did not want slaves to count (2) each slave counted as 3/5 of a person and 3/5 of a vote (3) 60% of slave population would count for representation and taxation purposes
Uncle Tom's cabin
(1) Splitting up of a slave family, cruel mistreatment of likeable Uncle Tom by cruel slave master (2) British charmed; South cried foul (3) helped Britain stay out of Civil War
Articles of Confederation weaknesses
(1) States retained their sovereignty, so congressmen had to vote as their states wanted them to, not necessarily according to the common good (2) Congress had no control over individuals; had to deal with the states only (3) There were no federal executive or judicial departments (4) the powers of Congress were inadequate, since they were executive rather than legislative, and lawmaking was difficult when 2/3 of majority was required (5) *congress could not raise money. they could not tax the people nor get international credit. all they could do was ask the states for money* (6) congress could not trade, so each state could charge its own tariffs and coin its own money. there was no way to control foreign trade (7) congress could not coerce the states. there were no means to enforce the laws congress made, unless the states themselves decided to do this. (8) *the articles had an unsatisfactory amendment procedure, which needed to have the approval of Congress, as well as ALL state legislatures in order to effect change* (9) congress had great difficulty in conducting foreign affairs, especially with Great Britain
Grenville Acts
(1) Sugar Act (1764)- 1st law passed by Parliament to raise revenue in colonies for England; tax on sugar, coffee, wine imports (2) Stamp Act (1765)- done in England, but new to colonists; tax on licenses, magazines, newspapers;offenders were tried in admiralty courts- guilty unless can be proved innocent
Loyalists
(1) Tories (2) supported the Monarchy (3) 20% of population (4) conservatives, wealthy, cultured, King's officers (5) other crown beneficiaries, older, Anglican strongholds of NYC, Penn, NJ (6) thought *they* were patriotic
Louisiana in Long view
(1) US gained rich land, elbow room (2) established precedent of acquistion of foreign land, people by purchase (3) Lewis and Clark Expedition, surveyed land and laid claim to Oregon (4) kept US on course in foreign affairs: good relations with France, no alliance with Britain (5) boosted national unity; West became more secure, continued Federalist decline (6) prompted the strange case of Aaron Burr
Texas Annexation
(1) US was at stand-still on what to do with Texas (2) North decried the Southern "slavocracy" (3) America could not annex Texas without Mexican War (4) Texas would be good boost for American cotton production, much more land
Mercantilism Pros
(1) Until 1763, no real problem because rules were not enforced. (2) Americans were subsidized or at least preferred in many areas, like naval stores, tobacco, even though British competitors complained. (3) Colonial traders had the protection of the British army and navy at no cost. Americans had unusual self-gov opportunities (4) Average American colonist was generally better off than average Briton (5) Mercantilism was practiced by most European countries, so Americans were not being singled out. (6) American colonist > Briton
Knickerbocker Group
(1) Washington Irving- 1st U.S. internationally recognized writings, The Sketch Book, Knickerbocker Tales (2) James Fenimore Cooper- 1st US novelist, The Leatherstocking Tales (which included The Last of the Mohicans which was popular in Europe) (3) William Cullen Bryant- Thanatopsis, the 1st high quality poetry in U.S.
Farewell Address
(1) Washington retired after 2 terms as president (2) never given as speech, Hamilton ghost-wrote (3) warned against (a) partisan bitterness (b) entangling/permanent alliances with other countries, foreign intrigues
Patriots
(1) Whigs (2) supported the rebellion (3) minority revolution- meaning? (4) favored independence, younger, more radical, less educated, strongholds in Boston, Virginia (5) in New England
Log Cabins and Hard Cider
(1) William Harrison- issueless, enemyless against John Tyler (2) made look like many poor Westerners (3) Whigs advocated "poor man's president" (4) pop. election close, Harrison > van Buren in electoral college
Outcomes of Fugitive Slave Law
(1) angry northerners pledged not to follow law (2) Underground railroad stepped up its timetable (3) inflamed both sides
Townshend Acts
(1) began import duties on lead, glass, paper, paint, tea (2) reorganized the customs service for greater efficiency (3) granted the army almost unlimited power to search homes and business for smuggled goods (4) made the governors' salaries dependent on collection the revenues
Jackson crushed BUS
(1) began to withdraw federal funds from the bank, so as to drain it of its wealth; (2) in reaction, Biddle began to call for unnecessary loans; harsh and seemed to vindicate all Jackson's accusations (3) hard times fell upon the West
Unitarian faith
(1) believed God existed in only 1 person, not in the orthodox trinity; stressed goodness of human nature (2) believed in free will and salvation through good works; pictured God as a loving father (3) appealed to intellectuals with rationalism and optimism
Quebec Acts
(1) border extended to Ohio river, no representative assemblies (2) extended Catholic jurisdiction and a non-jury judicial system into the English-speaking Ohio country
Declaration of Independence: content, purpose
(1) coming up with a list of grievances against King George III and persuasively explaining why the colonies had the right to revolt. (2) His "explanation" of independence also upheld the "natural rights" of humankind (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness).
Embargo of 1807
(1) complete embargo to force Europeans to repeal their offending Orders; lasted over year (2) Federalists thought Jefferson tyrant (3) replaced by Non-Intercourse Act, reopened trade with all nations except England and France
Hamilton's Financial Plan
(1) create confidence in new government (2) gain support of the wealthy (3) allow prosperity to trickle down
Mexican War: Causes
(1) difficult to get California due to strained US-Mexican relation (2) had been forced to default on its payments of $3 million to US (3) US sent John Slidell to Mexico as an envoy instructed to buy California for $25 million, "snubbed" him (4) Polk ordered Zachary Taylor to march from Nueces River to Rio Grande (5) Mexican troops crossed Rio Grande, killed 16 Americans (6) Polk pushed for declaration of war
Tariff of 1828
(1) drive up duties to as high as 45% while imposing heavy tariffs on raw materials like wool, so that even New England, where the tariff was needed, would vote the bill down and give Adams another political black eye (2) NE passed law (3) Southerners thought "Tariff of Abominations" (4) Southern whites led to tightening control of slavers
Treaty of Ghent, 1814
(1) essentially an armistice (cease-fire): no more fighting, land restored to its antebellum (prewar) status (2) no indemnities (payment of war damages), no mention of the Indian problem or freedom of the seas issues like impressment or the British Orders in Council (3) might expect the treaty to be rejected, but Americans were happy not to have lost any land. ironic since some had wanted to conquer Canada (4) most issues unresolved
Hamilton's Plan: Create means to pay off debt
(1) establish an 8% tariff-low, about 10% today, encourages trade, made most money (2) set up an excise (luxury) tax on whiskey- controversial, made least money, farmers who made whiskey singled out (a) caused whiskey rebellion (3) continued sales of public lands-2nd most money maker, not controversial
James K Polk
(1) expansionist (2) "mandate for manifest destiny" (3) Texas formally invited to US (4) Mexico complained that Americans had despoiled it of Texas (5) Mexico would not have been able to reconquer (6) "Young Hickory" (7) sponsored by Jackson
Seneca Falls
(1) first women's right convention in NY in 1848 (2) Declaration of Sentiments - was written in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence saying that "all Men and Women are created equal" (3) demanded ballot for women (4) launched modern women's rights movement
Fugitive Slave Law
(1) fleeing slaves could not testify on own behalf (2) federal commissioner who handled case got $5 if slave free, $10 if not (3) people who were ordered to help catch slaves forced to do so, even if didn't want to
Dorothea Dix (Utopian)
(1) fought for reform of the mentally insane in her classic petition of 1843 (2) shamed people in Mass. to help them (3) 1st mental asylums (4) improved prison conditions
Lincoln and Repub Platform
(1) free-soilers it proposed the non-expansion of slavery (2) northern manufacturers, a protective tariff (3) immigrants, no abridgement of rights (4) West, internal improvements at federal expense (5) farmers, free homesteads (6) Southerners threatened to secede if Lincoln won (7) wasn't outright abolitionist; won even though not on South ballot
Bacon's Rebellion
(1) frustrated, white, poor, landless, single men, rebelled, lost (2) slaves were less troublesome laborers
Hamilton's Plan: Bolster national credit
(1) fund war debt at par (full funding of continentals) (2) assume states' debts (3) favor wealthy people (4) put into one big national debt (5) Virginia would help pay if it got DC (6) continentals paid for full dollar worth $20 continentals-> $20 American money
Anti-Federalist Arguments
(1) gave too much power to national government at expense of the states governments (2) no Bill of Rights (3) national government could maintain an arm in peacetime (4) Congress because of elastic clause wielded too much power (5) executive branch held too much power (6) back-country, small farmers, artisans, less educated, poorer class, debtors, farmers (7) Sam Adams, Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry (8) strict interpretation (9) Pro-French
Hamilton's Plan: BUS
(1) government would be the major stock holder (2) bank would print paper money and provide sound currency
American Advantages
(1) great leaders like Washington and Franklin (2) moral cause: fought for home, liberty (3) guerrilla warfare on land they knew well (4) few brilliant officers: Washington, Nathanial Greene (5) aid from powerful France (6) Lafayette and other European officers helped train colonial troops (7) defensive war; better marksmen
British Advantages
(1) great wealth and population (3 to 1) (2) world's best navy (3) large, well-equipped armies (4) experienced officers (5) Some Indians, Loyalists, Hessians and slaves in the service
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism
(1) he continued to promote Federalist ideals after Federalist Party faded; worked to make Supreme Court equal to 2 other branches (2) strengthened power of federal gov. at states' rights expense: Marbury v Madison, McCulloch v Maryland, Cohens v Virginia (extended judical review to state), Gibbons v Ogden (3) preserved property rights from attack by states : Fletched v Peck, Dartmouth College v Woodward (4) made country more federally united and stable and law-abiding
South on immigration
(1) immigrants couldn't compete with slaves (2) couldn't afford land, grow cotton (3) South was most Anglo-Saxon section (4) repelled immigrants from Europe, who went to the North, making it richer
Shays' Rebellion
(1) impoverished back-country farmers in Massachusetts rose up b/c losing farm due to foreclosure (2) wanted cheap money, lighter taxes, suspension of foreclosures (3) rebellion was crushed but memory lingered on, many began to realize that changes were needed (4) power structure was the problem; how to balance federal and state rights
Women's Rights, Suffrage
(1) included Lucretia Mott with Elizabeth Cady Stanton- called first women's right convention, abolitionists; Susan B Anthony, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1st female medical graduate), Margaret Fuller, the Grimke sisters (anti-slavery advocates), and Amelia Bloomer (semi-short skirts) (2) equal rights, education, medical, some abolitionists
Northern Industrialization
(1) industrial revolution- land was cheap, money for investment, plenty raw materials (2) Britain lacked consumers for factory-scale manufacturing, America had growing numbers (3) wage slaves- long hours, unsafe conditions, 50% children labor
Anne Hutchinson
(1) intelligent, strong-willed, talkative (2) holy life was no sure sign of salvation (a) truly saved need not bother to obey the law of God or man (1.)antinomianism (2.) don't need clergy to be told what to do; God speaks individually (3) boasted beliefs were from God (4) banished, went to RI (5) Killed in NY by Indians
Marbury vs Madison
(1) judiciary act 1801- Adams created new positions for judges, filled with Federalists, new administration refused to honor these offices (2) Marbury sued for his commission (3) Marshall decided Marbury was not entitled to the job b.c part of judiciary law was unconstitutional (4) judicial review established
Nicholas Biddle
(1) led BUS (2) cleverly lent U.S. funds to friends, and often used the money of the B.U.S. to bribe people, like the press
Alien and Sedition Acts
(1) lengthened time of residency for becoming a citizen from 5 to 14 years (2) allowed President to deport dangerous aliens during peacetime (3) allowed President to imprison dangerous aliens during wartime (4) sed- made it a crime to impede the government's policies or to falsely defame its officials, including the president Punishments: fines, imprisonment Alien acts- never enforced, effective in limiting immigration Sed- enforced, likely unconstitutional, more people Jeffersonians
National Literature
(1) literature was reborn after the War of Independence and especially after War of 1812 (2) The Knickerbocker group in NY wrote the first truly American literature
British Disadvantages
(1) logistics for tropps, supplies, orders (2) troops trained to fight in formation (Red Coats) (3) used mercenaries (Hessians); no loyalty (4) After 1778, American revolution grew into international war (5) had to fight offensive war; no real capital to defeat (6) not all British supported the war esp the Whig Party; many did not want to fight American cousins
Polk's 4-point mission
(1) lower tariff- did from 32% to 25% (2) restore independent treasury (put US money into non-gov banks)- did in 1846 (3) clear up Oregon border issue- did (4) get California
Religion, revivalism
(1) many relied on Deism- ejected original sin of man, denied Christ's divinity but believed in a supreme being that created universe with an order (2) Unitarian faith begins (New England) (3) These perversions of Christianity ignited Christians to "take back their faith" and oppose these new beliefs
Articles of Confederation Successes
(1) military force until Rev. War won; men, money, organization (2) sent able men to Spain, France for Treaty of Paris (3) basis for departments: State, Treasury, Army, Navy (4) Land and Northwest Ordinances
Tallmadge Amendment
(1) no more slaves in MO (2) gradual emancipation of children born to slaves already there (3) South- defeated, equal number of slave/free states in Senate (4) South still felt threatened
Monroe Doctrine: Purpose
(1) non-colonization- did not allow European countries to touch the Americas, to colonize (2) noninterference- European countries could not mess with Americas trade and such
Macon's Bill #2
(1) passed after Non-intercourse Act expired (2) reopened trade with *all* nations (3) If England, France repealed their offending Orders, Decrees, US would continue trade with them, discontinue trade with enemy (4) Napoleon- promised to end decrees (5) Britain delayed decision
John Brown's Raid
(1) plan to invade the South, seize its arms, call upon the slaves to rise up and revolt, and take over the South and free it of slaves (2) slaves did not revolt, captured by Robert E Lee, convicted of treason, sentenced to death, hanged (3) insane, not stupid; seen as martyr against slavery, abolitionists (4) South happy, saw justice. actions were typical of radical North
Impact of Saratoga Victory
(1) plan: 3-prong attack, but Howe turned to Philadelphia where Washington was instead, St. Leger was stopped at Oriskany and Burgoyne had to surrender at Saratoga on Oct 17, 1777 (2) Washington and his army suffered the winter at Valley Forge (3) Turning point? revived the faltering colonial cause, *the victory made French aid possible*
Indirect Election of Senators/Electoral College
(1) powerful president elected by Electoral college (2) separate state elections (3) winner must have majority of electoral votes (4) senators elected indirectly by state legislature who had been chosen by people; later changed by 17th Amendment
Roger Williams
(1) radical idealist, made clergymen make clean, complete break (2) with Church of England (3) deny civil gov govern religious behavior- church, state separate (4) banished in 1635 to Rhode Island (5) Providence- everyone welcomed
Henry Clay in favor of BUS
(1) rammed a bill for the re-chartering of the BUS—four years early (2) He felt that if Jackson signed it, he'd alienate his followers in the West and South, and if he vetoed it, he'd lose the supports of the "best people" of the East. (3) He failed to realize that the West held more power now, not the East.
Missouri Compromise
(1) ready for statehood, House added Tallmadge Amendment (2) became slave state, Maine free (3) no slavery in LA Purchase north of 36*30' (4) slavery issue continue to grow
Cotton Kingdom
(1) reinvigorated slavery (2) huge agricultural factory (3) Northern shippers made money (4) 1840, 1/2 of all cotton exports, 1/2 of cotton in world (5) Britain depended on South, would be on south side if seceded (6) one-crop economy whose price level was at the mercy of world conditions
Rotation of office (spoils system)
(1) rewarded supporters with good positions in office (2) experience counted: loyalty, young blood, sharp eyes counted more (3) always people hounding Jackson for positions (4) 1/5 of men discharged- usually went mad, killed selves, tough time (5) denied many able people a chance to contribute (6) built up by gifts from expectant party members (7) more than 50 years before grip loosened
Farewell to Union
(1) seceding states did so because they feared that their rights as a slaveholding minority were being threatened (2) alarmed at the growing power of the Republicans (3) believed that they would be unopposed despite what the Northerners claimed (4) South hoped to develop banking, shipping and prosper *In 1776, 13 colonies seceded from Britain*
van Buren and "Divorce Bill"
(1) separating the bank from the government and storing money in some of the vaults of the larger American cities, thus keeping the money safe but also unavailable (2) independent treasury
Federalist Arguments
(1) separation of powers into three independent branches protects the rights of the people equal branches, no one stronger than other (2) listing of rights can be dangerous thing- if rights listed, what could stop gov from violating rights other than listed? can't list all, so won't list any (3) central government the state's rights (4) delegates of Constitutional Convention, propertied folk, conservative, old Loyalists (5) John Marshall and Washington (6) loose interpretation (7) Pro-British
Slave Trade Compromise
(1) slave trade would continue until 1807 end when Congress would turn off spigot (20 years, then abolished) (2) North wanted slave trade to end; South wanted continue
Denmark Vesey
(1) slave who led rebellion in Charleston (2) This raised fears by Southern whites and led to a tightening of control over slaves (3) The South mostly complained because it was now the least expanding of the sections. (4) Cotton prices were falling and land was growing scarce (5) Southerners sold cotton, other products without tariffs
Wilmot Proviso
(1) slavery should never exist in any of the Mexican Cession territories (2) twice passed House, never Senate (3) symbol of bitter division in US over slavery (4) opened old wounds of slavery (5) "Will we have slavery in the Mexican Cession lands" question that started Civil War
Great Awakening
(1) spectacular, emotional religious revival of the 1730's and 1740s (2) want to bring fear of God into people, emotional to turn back to God (3) "sinners in the hands of an Angry God" (4) "Old Lights" and "New Lights" (5) first religious experienced shared by all Americans as a group, creating a sense of unity
Transport in the Union
(1) steamboat: South to West; canals: East to Weset (2) South->cotton to NE; West->grain and livestock to East, Europe; East->machines, textiles for South and West
Prohibition
(1) stressed temperance (individual will to resist) (2) legislature-removed temptation - Neal S. Dow becomes the "Father of Prohibition" (3) sponsored Maine Law of 1851 which prohibited making and sale of liquor
Gag Resolution
(1) strict rule passed by pro-southern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Reps (2) violation of freedom of speech
Zenger Trial
(1) the case that established the precedent that true statements about public officials cold not be prosecuted as libel (2) harged w. seditious libel for accusing the NY governor William Cosby of corruption (3) Judge wanted jury to consider the publication as a crime, regardless of content (4) defended the case by using truth as a defense (5) case is step toward freedom of press
Second Great Awakening
(1) tidal wave of spiritual fervor that resulted in prison reform, church reform, temperance movement (no alcohol), women's rights movement, abolition of slavery in 1830s (2) Peter Cartwright- was best known of the "circuit riders" or traveling preachers; John Edwards of his day, struck emotions (3) Chalres Grandison Finney- greatest revival preacher who led massive revivals in Rochester, NY (4) widened lines between classes the region (5) further split with the issue of slavery (6) led to the building of small schools in the South the West (mainly for pride)
Transcendentalists
(1) truth came not by observation alone, from with inner light (2) it stressed individualism, self-reliance, and non-conformity (3) Ralph Waldo Emerson- urged U.S. writers throw off European tradition; influential as practical philosopher (stressed self-government, self-reliance, depending on self) (4) Henry David Thoreau- mystical, nature, condemned slavery, not wrong to disobey law (5) Walt Whitman- poetry, pre- and post-civil war
Whig Party
(1) united by dislike of Jackson (2) anti-monarchy (3) Supported Henry Clay's American System and internal improvements (4) proposed expansion of bank credit, higher tariffs, and subsidies for internal improvements, but Van Buren spurned such ideas (5) Berated leaders whose appeals and self-interest fostered conflict among individuals. (6) Favored a renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms. (7) Mostly more aristocratic and wealthier. (8) Generally from the East.
Henry Clay's American System
(1) work on economic reform (2) help stabilize the country and begin the pursuit for worked recognition (3) called for a protective tariff to be put in place for the manufacturers, a new Federal Bank to be put in place, and to begin work on many internal improvement
Bill of Rights
(a) added as promised to Anti-Federalists (b) written by Madison, approved by 2/3 vote of each house (c) swung the gov a little more in the anit-federalist direction (d) adopted in 1791 (1) Freedom: speech, religion, press, petition, assembly (2) Right to bear arms and militia (3) no quartering of soldiers in peacetime (4) warrants and searches (5) rights concerning trials, property (6) speedy trial witnesses (7) jury trial (8) bail and fines, no cruel, unusual punishment (9) disclaimer on rights (elastic clause) (10) states' rights
Era of Good Feelings
Boston Paper said "Era of Good Feelings" underneath, lots of rivalry over tariff, bank, internal improvements public land sales, slavery (1) inflation (2) public debt from War of 1812 (3) Louisiana Purchase
Border States
Delaware, Missouri, Kentucky and Maryland were these
House of Burgesses in Chesapeake colonies
Fitzhughs, Lees, Washingtons owned much real estates and dominated
Neutrality Act
Lafayette instructed his American Revolutionary comrade Paine to deliver the key to the liberate Bastille to Washington (1) Franco-American Alliance bound US to aid France; Washington felt we needed to avoid war since we just finished our Revolution and needed time to grow, stabilize (2) this said US remain neutral in conflict btw France and enemies (3) mixed reviews from general population
SC's idea of secession
No other states had supported South Carolina's stance of possible secession, though Georgia and Virginia toyed with the idea
Spoils system Pros v Cons
Pros: (1) fresh ideas (2) people to work with attentive (3) interest in gov Cons: (1) little experience, learn on job (2) unstable gov/lack of continuity (3) instability (4) skills? voted on opinions
Pinckney's Treaty
Reasons: Spain controlled the Mississippi River and part of New Orleans Terms: US was allowed free navigation of the Mississippi, use New Orleans and the disputed area north of Florida Reaction: Americans very favorable
Jay's Treaty
Reasons: impressment and occupation of forts on American soil; stop American ships and force them to British ships Terms: British would leave the forts, pay damages against shipping, no promises for the future, wanted US to allow British to collect pre-war debts Reaction: Americans outraged by treaty French hated b/c they though US getting closer to Britain
Jamestown
Riverbank site where Virginia Company settlers planted the first permanent English colony. swampy- bad water, mosquitoes caused malaria, yellow fever looked for gold instead of doing useful tasks no women on initial ship tobacco was Jametown's gold- greed for land
XYZ Affair
Scandal in which 3 French secret agents attempted to bride US diplomats, outraging the American public and causing undeclared war with France French wanted a $250,000 bribe to even speak to Talleyrand Americans refused and came home
"peculiar Institution"
Southerners claimed slavery was (1) positive good (2) supported the Bible and Aristotle's philosophy (3) Africans were lifted from jungle heathenism and clothed with blessings of Christian civilization (4) used racial superiority theories (5) slaves were treated like families, unlike labor slaves in the Northern "wage slaves"
Judicial review
Supreme Court had final say if law is unconstitutional, not states strengthen Supreme Court and there federal government
Mexican War: Results
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1) America all Mexican territory from Texas to California north of Rio Grande- Mexican Cession land; 1/3 more land (2) US only paid $15 million to Mexico for all land (3) $3.5 million in debts from Mexico to US were absolved (4) bitter relations (5) outside countries respected America more, no major blunders, proven fighting prowess
Treaty of Paris, 1783
US received (1) independence (2) rights to land east Mississippi river and north to the Great Lakes (Spain got Florida) (3) fishing rights off Newfoundland US promised (1) fair treatment for Loyalists (2) honoring of prewar debts owed by Americans to British merchants
Manifest Destiny
US was destined to expand across the continent and get as much land as possible
Tariff of 1832
lowering the tariff down to 35%, a reduction of 10%, but many southerners still hated it
Non-Intercourse Act
reopened trade with all nations except England and France after the Embargo Act
Kansas-Nebraska Act
slavery in Kansas and Nebraska decided by popular sovereignty wrecked Missouri Compromise