APUSH exam review
The Court In The Early 19th Century
"Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws." What court case established the "primacy of the judiciary..."? Marbury v. Madison - established Judicial Review Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional What court cases "asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws." Gibbons v. Ogden - Congress has sole control over INTERstate trade, not states McCulloch v. Maryland - BUS is constitutional states CANNOT tax federal agencies "Legislative and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads..." What court case supports this statement? Charles River Bridge (1837) Contracts could be altered to benefit the general welfare Charles River Bridge company lost its monopoly on the Charles River
Impact of the 14th and 15th amendments
"The women's rights movement was both emboldened and divided". Some argued for universal male suffrage first - Lucy Stone Others argued for female suffrage at the same time - Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
Causes of Populist party
"economic instability inspired agrarian activists to create the People's (Populist) Party, which called for a stronger governmental role in regulating the American economic system" Focus on it being an agrarian movement (and othe groups)
Importance of Region in Politics
"regional interests often trumped national concerns as the basis for many political leaders positions on slavery and economic policy" Nullification Crisis - 1833: SC and other southern states opposed the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 - SC nullified those tariffs Threatened to secede if Jackson collected the tariff by force As the 1800s passed, the south became more entrenched in slavery Many northern states outlawed slavery NY - slavery became illegal in 1827
autonomy
(n.) self-government, political control
Spanish Caste System
- Incorporated Europeans, Africans, Natives - Europeans were at the top (peninsulares and creoles) - Mestizo and mulatos in the middle (mixed European and Native, European and African ancestry) - Native Americans and African slaves at the bottom
King Philip's War
1675. the longest and bloodiest conflict between settlers and natives in the 17th century, native Wampanoags under King Phillip ( Indian Chieftain) resisted England encroachment on their land, they killed many settlers in Mass, English joined with Iroquois to defeat them; Native resistance decreases as a result; Many natives are killed or sent into slavery in the West Indies; Reinforces natives are "savages"
Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)
1774 Closed the Port of Boston until damages were paid Led to the colonists forming the 1st Continental Congress
Whigs and Democrats (2nd Party System)
1820's-1830's This time saw an increase in political participation Elimination of property requirements for voting and universall white, male suffrage Differences between the parties? Role and power of the federal government National Bank (BUS) Tariffs Federally funded internal improvements
Texas
1836: Texas declared independence from Mexico 1844: presidential campaign focused on Texas 1845, under President John Tyler, Texas was annexed by US The boundary was NOT settled by US and Mexico
Bill of Rights (first 5)
1: Five Freedoms: Religion, Assembly, press, petition, and speech 2: Right to bear arms 3: No quartering of troops 4: No unreasonable search and seizures 5: Grand jury; no double jeopardy; can't testify against yourself; can't lost property, life, or liberty without a trial
Henry Clays American System - The BUS
1st BUS created divisions between Jefferson and Hamilton Debate over strict v. loose interpretation of the Constitution The Supreme Court upheld the Constitutionality of the BUS in McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819 However opposition still persisted Andrew Jackson's veto of the 3rd BUS Henry Clay advocated the 3rd BUS - help stimulate the economy
English Colonization
1st permanent settlement was Jamestown in 1607 Settled along the Atlantic coast in present day US and the Caribbean Sent large numbers of males and females Little Intermarriage with Natives Included immigration from other European coutries Immigrants sought: Social mobility, economic prosperity and a chance to aquire land, Religious freedom( Ex. Puritans in Massachusetts), and Improved living conditions
The Industrial workforce
2/3 of workers worked for wages Many worked 6 days a week @ 10 hours a day Children often worked to provide for families
Missouri Compromise of 1820 Historical context
22 states in the country - 11 free and 11 slave Missouri applied for statehood in 1819 from LA territory Would upset balance of free and slave states Tallmadge Amendment Would allow for emancipation of children of slaves House favored it, senate rejected it
3/5 Compromise
3/5 of slaves would count towards representation in the house favored southern states
Why did 1st party system develop?
4 Main Reasons: Power of the federal government Foreign Policy (Stemming from the French Revolution) Economic Policy (Stemming from Hamilton's Financial plan) Balance between liberty and order (Stemming from Alien and sedition Acts)
Election of 1860
4 candidates: Abe Lincoln - Republican John C. Breckenridge - Democrat Stephen Douglas - Democrat John Bell - Constitutional Union Douglas and Breckinridge split Democratic votes
Southern Resistance to 14th and 15th amendments
4 major ways (Great SAQ) Segregation: Jim Crow laws allowed for inferior facilities Violence: KKK, lynchings Supreme Court decisions: Civil Rights Cases (1883) - individuals and private businesses could discriminate Plessy v. Ferguson - upheld the Constitutionality of Jim Crow laws; "Separate but equal" Local Political tactics: Poll taxes, Literacy tests, the Grandfather clause
Bill of Rights (6-10)
6: Speedy trial; right to an attorney; cross examination; witnesses that are favorable 7: Jury trial in a civil suit 8: No cruel and unusual punishment 9: Rights not listed are not necessarily denied 10: Powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved for the states or people
Presbyterian
A Protestant Christian religion characterized by governance by a group of elders and traditionally Calvinistic in doctrine
Methodists
A Protestant denomination founded on the principles of John Wesley and Charles Wesley. (Poorer communities).
Great Plains
A mostly flat and grassy region of western North America
Feudalism
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land
Triangular Trade
A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa
Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
Americas economic focus
Acquiring commodities that were valued in Europe Fur Trade Producing commodities that were valued in Europe Tobacco (Chesapeake) Sugar (Southern Atlantic and West Indies) Exporting commodities that were valued in Europe Gaining new sources of labor Increase in African Slave Trade after 1676(Bacon's Rebellion)
Why did the Colonists Win?
Actions of colonial militias and Continental Army: Actions in key battles - Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill Washington's leadership: Charismatic, resilient, revered Captured Hessian's Colonists ideological commitment: Belief in republic government (Enlightenment, T-Paine) Assistance from European allies: Particularly French aid after the Battle of Saratoga (1777)
Precedents Set during Washington's and Adams Administrations
Actions that were taken that were followed by future presidents: 2-term tradition: Washington served only 2 terms Followed by all presidents until FDR 22nd Amendment Presidential Cabinet: Advisors to the president - heads of departments
Juan de Sepulveda
Advocated harsh treatment of Natives Claimed slavery for Natives was justified under Christianity
Chinooks
Advocated warrior traditions Used advanced fighting techniques Lived in longhouses which could house many families
Dred Scott Decision (1857)
African Americans (free and slave) were NOT citizens and could not sue in court Slaves were considered property and could not be taken away without "due process" (5th amendment) The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and congress could not regulate slavery in the territories
Balance Between Liberty and Order
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798, Adams Administration) Meant to silence Adams' Democratic-Republicans opponents Punishments for criticizing included fines and/or jail time Jefferson (Adams VP) and Madison responded with the VA and KY Resolutions Urged states to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts
Effects of the Mexican-American War
America increased its size by 1/3 Future leaders emerge Taylor, Grant, Lee Debates over slavery Wilmot Proviso Compromise of 1850
Beginning of Civil War
April 12, 1861: Attack on Fort Sumter (South Carolina) Both the North (Union) and South (Confederacy) mobilized their economies and societies Conscription (Draft) was instituted in both regions Could pay $ for a replacement Opposition persisted in both regions: North: Maryland newspapers were shut down by Lincoln NYC Draft Riots - "rich man's war, but a poor man's fight" South: Many farmers refused to fight, would not let slaves fight
Bartolome de Las Casas
Argued that Natives deserved the same treatment as all others; Played an instrumental role in ending the encomienda system
National Culture (Arts)
Art - Hudson River School focused on wilderness Literature - writing promoted nationalism James Fenimore Cooper - writings painted frontier people in a favorable light
Background on the constitutional convention
Articles were designed to have a weak central government Annapolis Convention (1786): To improve trade within the articles of confederation; not a success but agreed to meet 1 year later in Philadelphia Purpose was to improve the economy Only 5 states showed up Alexander Hamilton saved the day Promise for another convention in 1787
Frontier Cultures (Post revolutionary war)
As Americans moved westward, distinct frontier cultures developed Scots-Irish (Paxton Boys): Tended to settle on the frontier (edges of settlement) Settled on land without regard for ownership (government, Natives, etc.) Displaced and suppressed Native Americans Illustrates tensions between poor (backcountry) an wealthy (interior)
Native Americans (1830's)
As frontier settlers moved west, conflicts with natives emerged ove land Black Hawk War (1832) Natives crossed the Mississippi River into Illinois The US attacked the Natives, convinced that they were hostile Black Hawk and his followers were defeated Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, and Zachary Taylor served in this conflict Helped encourage many Americans to move Natives WEST of the Mississippi River
Sectionalism
As the 19th century progressed, the North and South became more entrenched in their economies South: Cotton production and agricultural staples North: Focused on the manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries Both regions traded goods to distant markets in Europe
Slavery in politics
As the US expanded, the number one issue was slavery Should this new land be free or slave? Missouri Compromise Banned slavery NORTH of 3630 line in LA purchase territory Wilmot Proviso - proposed all land from Mexican cession would be free Never became law
Debates over assimilation
Assimilation: Adapting or "becoming american" Was a result of: International Migration Led to: Nativism (again) American Protective Association (APA) - sought to limit immigrants and keep Catholics from holding office Similar to know-nothing party of 1850s Immigrants often comprised between their own cultures and US culture 2nd generation were more likely to assimilate than 1st generation Public schools only taught English
Oregon Territory
At one time, 4 countries claimed oregon Spain, Britain, Russia, US Boundary was NOT settled between US and Britain James K. Polk campaigned on "5440" or "Fight" Eventually, the US and Britain settled on the 49th parallel
Reconstruction
Attempting to achieve national unification after the Civil War A major question: Who would control reconstruction, congress or the president
Impact of MIssouri Compromise
Balance remained at 12 free, 12 slave states States were admitted in alternating free and slave in short-term Lasted 34 years As the US expanded beyond the LA territory, slavery became the #1 issue new compromises/court cases would attempt to address issue
WWI Intro
Began on July 28, 1914 MAIN Causes: Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the immediate cause of the war Allies: France, England, Russia (Later US) Central powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
African Americans during the civil war
Beginning in 1862, African Americans could enlist in the war 54th Regiment "Glory" Fought in segregated units Often did manual labor Paid less than whites
Manifest Destiny: An intro
Belief that it was America's "God-given" right to expand from coast to coast Term was created by John O'Sullivan 1840's and 1850's Roots in the LA Purchase Key Associations: Oregon Texas Mexican-American War
Impacts of western migration
Bison population decreased drastically Competition for land between whites, natives, and Mexican Americans Sioux Wars (1866): Result of gold discovery in South Dakota Battle of Little Bighorn (Custer's Last stand) Victory for Natives as Custer and his men were killed
Europe's Presence in America (Post Revolutionary War)
Britain continued to occupy posts in the US Presence in Canada too Spain controlled the Mississippi River LA Purchase was given to Spain by France Would be given back to France soon
Events Before Revolutionary War
Britain ended salutary neglect in 1763 PEEP British imposition of taxes: Stamp, Tea, Townshend, etc. Olive Branch Petition (1775): Colonists asked British to stop the fighting but rejected 2nd Continental Congress hoped to avoid full-scale war, King George 3 said no T-Paine's common sense
Impacts of The War
Britain is in MAJOR debt from the war Seek to end Salutary Neglect, raise revenue, and consolidate control
Tea Act (1773)
Britain sought to bail out the British East India Company Tea was cheaper than smuggled tea, but colonists opposed it due to "No taxation without representation" Led to Boston tea party
New Utopian Communities
Brook farm - small community in Massachusetts that focused on artistic creativity and education Oneida Community (1848) - Onedia, Ny Focused on equality, "free love", and all members contributing to society
Looking Outside the US
Businesses sought markets and resources in other areas of the world Pacific Rim: Hawaii - calls for annexation in the 1890's (sugar plantation) Asia: Philippines - gained in 1898 (Spanish-American war) Open Door policy (1899) US sought to trade freely with China China was divided into spheres of influence - US was afraid of being left out Latin America: Big brother policy - James G. Blaine, 1890's US hoped to open up markets for businesses in Latin America
The Second Great Awakening - Cane Ridge and Charles G. Finney
Cane Ridge - located in KY "Camp meeting" - large church gathering of 25,000 people Charles G. Finney Prominent preacher of the Second Great Awakening
A growing middle class
Caused by: Need for managers at the corporate level Increased access to education Growing leisure time that expanded consumer culture: Vaudeville shows, baseball, consumer goods
Mexican-American War
Causes: Texas boundary dispute "American blood on American Soil" Effects: US gains the Mexican Cession Us owns the land from Atlantic to Pacific Debates over whether this land would be free or slave Wilmot Proviso: Proposed all acquired land would be free
The Second Great Awakening causes
Changes to society as a result of the market revolution Social and geographic mobility
Gettysburg Address (1863)
Civil war goals changed from preserving the Union to ending slavery Referenced a "new birth of freedom"- sought to ensure that all men are truly equal
Colonial Resistance to Imperial Control
Colonial Self-government: Certain colonists could vote for representatives, had no say in Parliament Ideas of liberty: Colonists saw themselves as British and wanted the same rights Enlightenment: Challenging traditional ideas of government Religious independence and diversity Less of a focus on the Anglican Church, led to challenging authority in other areas Perceived corruption in the imperial system Corrupt leaders like Sir Edmond Andros of the Dominion of New England, he eliminated colonial assemblies
How were the colonies Anglicized?
Colonial governments were based on English models Trans-Atlantic print culture- spread of ideas and goods via trade and newspapers Protestant Evangelicalism- George Whitefield from England came to America to spread message
Who took part in independence movement?
Colonial leaders: Ben Franklin- argued America contributed significantly to the 7 years war victory Co writer of the Declaration of Independence Helped gain support of France during American Revolution Popular movements: Sons and Daughters of Liberty Boycott goods, "homespun" movement Patriots- those that were loyal to the independence movement Mercy Otis Warren- writer that urged independence
Indentured Servants
Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years
Emergence of Corporations
Company forms a charter by paying a fee Owners are NOT liable for losses of company, would just lose investment Led to selling of stock Companies could raise large amounts of cash
Labor vs. Management
Conflicts between labor and management emerge over: wages working conditions As a result, workers will organize labor unions on the local and national level
Slave Trade Compromise
Congress could not allow the international slave trade until 1808 (which they did)
Constitutional Compromises
Congressional Representation: VA Plan - proposed representation to be based on population would favor large states NJ Plan - proposed representation to be equal per state (similar to articles) Great Compromise: Combined elements of VA and NJ plans 1 part of legislature would be based on population (House of Reps) 1 part of legislature would be equal representation (Senate - 2 per state)
Separation of Powers
Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law
Encomienda System
Created by Nicolas de Ovando; Native American labor was marshaled(arranged, assembled) on plantations; Goal was to use labor for agriculture and precious metals in mines; Promise to Christianize natives; eventually replaced by African Slave labor
Impacts of Trade on Native Communities
Cultural changes: Europeans sought to assimilate Natives into their societies (Spanish) Natives were sold into slavery in the West Indies Guns and horses made tribes more powerful Economic changes: Loss of land as plantations spread further west Demographically: Epidemic diseases- drastically decreased Native populations
Impacts of Spanish Exploration
Deadly epidemics: Smallpox, Malaria that killed as many as 90% of Natives in some areas(not immune to European diseases); New animals and crops: Horses(transformed Native life on the great plains), crops included wheat, rice, and sugar which required very hard labor in order to grow these
Compromise of 1850
Dealt with land gained from Mexican cession 5 parts: Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession Tough Fugitive Slave Law Abolition of the slave trade in D.C. California was admitted as a free state Texas paid $ to give up territory
Constitutional Convention
Delegates from 12 states went to Philly in 1787(Not Rhode Island) Structure of the government: Limited government - limits on what the federal government can do Separation of powers and checks and balances Federalism- powers divided between states and federal government
Foreign Policy
Democratic-Republicans tended to support France France provided aid during Rev. War Declaration of Independence inspired the French Rev. Federalists wanted to have a beneficial relationship with England Major Trading partner Jay's Treaty (1794) US acknowledged England as favored trading partner Upset France
joint-stock company
Developed by the dutch with the purpose of raising money for explorations;
French Relations with natives
Did not take a substantial amount of Native land (like English) Did not force them into slavery (like Spanish) Christian Indians were allowed to have a lot of autonomy (independence) Many Natives were killed by disease
Baptists
Dissenters of the Church of England; focused on the power of local churches; stresses following in example; each person interprets the Bible the way the Holy Spirit tells them how; emphasis on New Testament; no Church creeds. It was very simple and appealed to rural people
Dred Scott Decision (1857)Intro
Dred Scott, a slave traveled to free territories with his slave owner After his slave owner's death, he sued for his freedom
Henry Clay's American System
During the early 19th century, the country faced many challenges: Infant US industries had a hard time competing with British goods (Post War of 1812) Infrastructure was weak (especially in the West - KY, OH, TN, etc) 1st BUS expired and 2nd BUs was rechartered in 1816 for 20 years The goal of the American System was to address the areas
What led to the creation of the populist party?
Economic issues: Growth of corporate power: RR's - high shipping rates hurt farmers RRs often owned grain elevators and charged high rates to store goods Panics of 1873 and 1893: Significantly hurt farmers- crop prices plummeted Emerged from previous agrarian groups: Grange Farmer's alliance
The Second Great Awakening - Social Reforms
Education: 1830s - push for universal education Horace Mann "father of education" Asylum reform: Dorothea Dix - hoped to improve the treatment of the mentally ill Prison reform: Elimination of imprisonment for debtors
Events Leading to the civil war
Election of 1844: Clay (Whig) vs. Polk (Democrat) Polk embraced Manifest destiny and the annexation of Texas, wins the elction Slidell Mission: Polk wanted to purchase CA and settle boundary dispute along TX border April 25, 1846 - Mexico attacked US troops on "US" soil Spot Resolutions
Seneca Falls Convention Key people
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Active in the women's rights movement and abolitionism Lucretia Mott: Quaker Involved in women's rights and abolitionism Frederick Douglass: Former slave, women's rights advocate Ony African America to attend the convention
Political Machines
Emerged in cities Political organizations that provided jobs and services to constituents and received support in return Tammany Hall in NYC Boss Tweed
The Republican Party
Emerged in the North after the KS-NB Act Sought to keep slavery from expanding(Free soil) First republican president was Abraham Lincoln
Effects of an increase of slavery
Emergence of a strict, racial system Prohibition of interracial relationships Contrast with the Spanish Colonies Slavery was based on mother's status: If the mother was a slave, the child would be, regardless of the father
Women during the civil war
Employment opportunities increased: Teachers, factories, nursing National Women's loyal League: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Hoped to abolish slavery and gain female suffrage Clara Barton: Helped distribute medical supplies during the war Later founded the Red Cross
English Colonist ideas
English colonies were more democratic than other European colonies England promoted mercantilism(belief that the colonists existed for the profit of the mother country; provide raw materials and markets; focused on controlling balance of trade that leads to profit for England) Navigation Acts: allowed for colonies to trade ONLY with England
Quakers
English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania
Changes to America After Revolution
Enlightenment helped influence individual talent over hereditary privilege Primogeniture was outlawed Eldest son inherits most, if not all, of property Religion helped Americans see themselves as blessed with liberty
African American communities (Post war of 1812)
Enslaved African Americans created communities and strategies to: Protect their dignity and family structures "Surrogate" families when a slave was sold Slave music - used to help pass time while working Instrumental in religious services Joined political efforts to change their status American Anti-Slavery Society
International migration
Escape poverty Religious persecution- jews in Russia fled to the US Little social mobility in home - "Rags to riches" stories in the US: Horatio Alger
Civil Liberties
Espionage and sedition Acts: Espionage - made it illegal to try to incite rebellion or obstruct the draft Sedition - Punished those that criticized the Government Schneck v. US (1919) Charles Schnek criticized and spoke out against the draft, was arrested The Supreme Court upheld the Espionage Act "Clear and present danger" Remember, in times of war and crisis your rights decrease
African slave labor
Europeans partnered with some West African Groups: Forcibly extracted slave labor for the Americas; Spanish imported slaves for plantations and mines
How did Africans Preserve some autonomy?
Family Structures: Surrogate families for slaves that were sold Culture: Language and music Religion: Combined elements of African religions with Christianity
Lowell Factory (Massachusetts)
Farmers daughters would work in the Lowell Factory System Young (late teens - early 20's) , single, women Worked for a short time and would save $ Life at Lowell: Women lived in boarding houses Maintained by owners Workers had a curfew and were required to attend church Often did the same task over and over in the factory
Groups that supported populist party
Farmers! The Grange - sought to connect farmers and share techniques Hoped to elect state legislatures that supported their programs Farmers alliances - mainly local organizations - established stores and banks Industrial workers Knights of Labor - Labor union of skilled and unskilled workers Terrance Powderly Economic reformers
Caravel
Faster ships
Nativism
Fear, distrust, dislike of foreigners often anti-catholic Nativist groups sough to limit immigrants political power
Ratification Debates
Federalists - Those that supported the ratification of the constitution Anti-federalists - those that opposed ratifying the constitution Federalist papers(John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton): 85 essays to defend the constitution and encourage ratification Federalist #10 - factions and controlling factions Federalist #51 - Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances
Power of the Federal Government
Federalists favored a stronger national government Democratic-Republicans favored a smaller federal government Madison and Jefferson argued that states should be able to nullify federal laws VA and KY Resolutions
Why did Anti-federalists ratify the constitution?
Federalists promised to add a BILL OF RIGHTS! 1st Ten Amendments Restrict powers of the federal government and preserve liberties and freedoms
1st Party System
Federalists: Led by Alexander Hamilton John Adams Washington sided with many Federalist policies but was NOT a member of the party Democratic-Republicans: Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
European and Native American Interactions
Fostered accommodation and conflict Spain became more accommodating to natives after the Pueblo Revolt British colonies often had conflict with natives over land Metacom's (King Phillip's) War Native resistance decreased in New England Many Natives were killed or sold into slavery in the West Indies Native tribes sought alliances with Europeans against other American Indian Groups Pequot War: Colonists from Massachusetts and Connecticut allied with Narragansett Native Americans against the Pequots; Many Pequots were killed, others were sold into slavery
War between France and England
French Revolution (1789): Overthrew the French monarch, King Louis XVI Shortly after France and England go to war Both sides wanted to keep the Us from siding with the other Impressment: Forced taking of soldiers into the British navy France hoped US would provide aid Return favor from Battle of Saratoga Democratic-Republicans wanted to side with France Major cause of the formation of 1st Party System
Battle of Buena Vista (1847)
General Zachary Taylor becomes a hero, president in 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: US gained California and modern-day NM, AZ, UT, and NV - 1/2 of Mexican territory US paid $15 million
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Georgia law required the Cherokee Nation to move west of Mississippi River Cherokee sued Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: Case was thrown out since Natives were not considered citizens Worcester v. Georgia: Supreme court ruled that the Natives did NOT have to move "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it..." led to the Trail of tears
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Germany was punished for its role: Took away colonies, had to admit guilt for the war, pay reparations The US senate rejected the treaty of Versailles: Many senators feared the US would get involved in future wars without their consent Washington's Ghost
Woodrow Wilsons 14 points
Goal was to prevent another war and avoid causes of WWI Some of his points included: No Secret alliances Freedom of the seas Eliminate economic barriers (tariffs) Reduce imperialism, promote self-determination An "association of nations" League of Nations
Laissez-Faire
Government policy of NOT regulating the economy Government keeps its "hands-off" the economy Adam Smith - 1776 - The Wealth of Nations Markets should be regulated by the "invisible hand" of supply and demand Used by businesses to justify practices and wealth Carnegie- Steel; Rockefeller o oil; Morgan - Banking
Key strikes
Great Railroad strike (1877) Reaction to wage cuts President Hayes sided with the RRs Homestead Strike (1892): Carnegie Steel plant Wages were cut by 20% strikebreakers were called in Pullman strike: Pullman palace car - luxury railroad cars Workers went on strikes, Cleveland used troops to end the strike
Election of 1892
Grover Cleveland (Democrat) vs. Benjamin Harrison (Republican) vs James Weaver (Populist) Weaver campaigned on the Omaha platform He received 22 electoral votes and 8.5% of the popular vote
Impacts of the market revolution and manufacturing
Growing middle class Increase in prosperity and standard of living for a portion of the population Emergence of a business elite Unequal distribution of wealth Large population of poor workers
Personal Liberties During the Civil War
Habeas Corpus: Cannot be held in jail without charges brought against you Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus Only congress can suspend Habeas Corpus Ex Parte Merryman (1861) The Supreme court ruled the president could not suspend Habeas Corpus, Lincoln ignored the decision
Economic Policy
Hamilton's Financial plan Pitted Hamilton against Jefferson and Madison Bank of the US (BUS) was the most controversial aspect Strict (Democratic-Republicans) vs. Loose (Federalists) Interpretation of the Constitution Ultimately, Washington supports the BUS and sides with the federalists
Kansas Nebraska Act Impact
Helped lead to "Bleeding Kansas" Fighting in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups John Brown and his followers killed 5 pro-slavery individuals at Pottawatomie Creek Fighting continued on and off until the Civil War
Dutch Colonization
Henry Hudson reached NY in 1609 and established trade posts in Manhattan and Albany; Sent few Europeans and focused on trade (like French) Created the joint-stock company(pooling $ together and sharing in profits and losses which helped lead to modern capitalism) Married women retained rights when married (unlike English women who lost their land) Some religious toleration (privately, not publicly)
Missouri compromise of 1820
Henry clay helped mollify the dispute 3 parts of the compromise Missouri was added as a slave state Maine was added as a free state ALL future states in LA Territory about 36 30 would be slave, below would be free
Spanish Conquestadores
Hernan Cortes: conquered the Aztecs due to advanced weapons and disease Francisco Pizarro: Conquered the Incas in Peru
Government and the Economy during the civil war
Homestead act (1862): Open to any adult who never took up arms against the united states Gave 160 acres of land free to anyone that lived on the land for 5 years Morrill Land Grant Act (1862): Encouraging states to use $ from land sales to support agricultural and technical colleges Cornell University in NY The government provided $ and land for construction of RR's
Immigration (1850s)
Immigrants from Asia settled on the West Coast Chinese in the 1850s: Worked in gold mines, factories, RRs, and farming Later, the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) forbid Chinese immigrants European Immigrants: Irish - settled in the Northeast - mostly Catholic Germans - settled on the "frontier" - Midwest - as farmers Many immigrant children attended parochial schools
Why did the Union win?
Improvements in leadership and strategy: Sherman and Grant Anaconda Plan - Blockade of the South Key victories: Antietam - tie, strategic victory for the North (morale boost, kept Europe out of the war) Emancipation Proclamation was issued after this battle Gettysburg - issuance of the Gettysburg address Greater Resources: Larger population and more factories Destruction of the South's infrastructure: Sherman's "March to the Sea"
Southern colonies and west indies demographics
In many cases, African slaves made up most of the population Led to harsh slave codes Slaves sought autonomy through: Culture: Language(Gullah in SC and GA) and they built African style houses Religion: Many Africans practiced a form of animism; Adopted Protestant and Catholic practices to their religion
Lincoln's goals
In the beginning, the war was fought to preserve the Union September 22, 1862 - Emancipation Proclamation: Declared that all slaves in areas of REBELLION would be free Helped change the purpose of the war Kept European countries from supporting the Confederacy Slavery was banned in Europe, Europeans would not support the confederacy Many African Americans enlisted in the Union Army Fought in segregated units, paid less than whites
The Growth of Cities
In the late-19th century, cities will see tremendous growth Factories and businesses international migrants move to cities Asia - Chinese immigrants (pre-1882) settle on the West Coast, RR workers "New Immigrants" - Southern and Eastern Europe - Italy, Poland, etc 10,000,000 between 1860 and 1890
Beginning of US WWI Involvement
Initially the US was neutral: Tradition of non-involvement in European affairs Washington's Farewell Address, Monroe Doctrine Why did the US get involved? Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare Zimmerman Note Russian Revolution - Russia withdrew from the war Woodrow Wilson "calls for the defense of humanitarian and democratic principles
Declaration of Independence (1776)
Inspired by Enlightenment ideas All men had natural rights of Life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness America formally broke away from Britain Issued 1 year AFTER fighting at Lexington and Concord began
Impacts of DOI and Revolution
Inspired revolutions across the world French Revolution in 1789 Haiti - Toussaint L'Ouverture helped Haiti gain independence in 1804 Latin America - many Spanish colonies gained independence in the early 19th century Simon Bolivar
Institutions Set during Washington's and Adams Administrations
Institutions: Bank on the United States (Washington) Brainchild of Hamilton National Bank would help establish United States credit and improve trade Strict (Jefferson argues that if Constitution doesn't allow it then there should be no BUS) vs. loose interpretation(Hamilton says Constitution doesn't say they can't make a BUS so that means they can) Ultimately, Washington supported the BUS
Henry Clays American system - Internal Improvements
Inter v. Intra state trade: Interstate involves trade between two or more states Intrastate trade involves trade within a state For much of early American History, Congress only provided funding for interstate developments The American system advocated federal funds to improve infrastructure - increase trade and connectivity of the conuntry Many politicians, such as Andrew Jackson opposed this Maysville Rd. veto in KY James Monroe's veto of the Erie canal How would the American system pay for these internal improvements? Tariffs?
The Industrial Workforce - Internal and international Migration
Internal migration: Many farmers moved to cities to work in factories International migration "New" Immigration: Predominantly Southern and Eastern Europe Italy, Poland, Etc Chinese immigration on the west coast Chinese Exclusion act of 1882 (banned Chinese Immigration)
Even more Issues Under the articles of confederation
Internal unrest: Shays Rebellion: Economic issues in the 1780s Farmers in MA protested farm foreclosures and high state taxes Rebellion lasted months - no national military to stop it All these issues led to many Americans wanted to revise the Articles
Issues Under The Articles of Confederation
International Trade: Britain refused commercial treaties with US Spain cut off access to Mississippi River Finances: Federal government could not tax - very little source of revenue - Each state could coin its own $ - differing values, inflation in some states Difficulties with trade
More Issues Under the articles of confederation
Interstate commerce: Each state could place tariffs on goods from other states Federal government had no control over Interstate trade: Trade between two or more states Foreign Relations Weak government could not force Britain to leave posts after Rev. War
Maize Cultivation effects
Irrigation systems; Less emphasis on hunting and gathering; increase in population; establishment of permanent villages with socially diverse societies
Washington's Farewell Address
Issued in 1796 as Washington left office Written by Washington and Hamilton Helped influence US foreign policy for years to come Another precedent Great connection to another time period in a foreign policy essay Washington warned of foreign entanglements His ghost will hover over foreign policy debates until WWII He also warned of political parties Not followed by the country
Diplomatic initiatives to deal with England and Spain (Post Revolutionary war)
Jay's Treaty (1795): Treaty with Britain US received compensation for damaged ships Britain promised to leave posts - they didn't Granted Britain favored trading status Upset Democratic-Republicans that supported France Major Cause of the development of political parties Pickney's treaty (1795): Treaty with Spain US was granted navigation rights on the Mississippi River Right of Deposit in New Orleans
Why did all the British Colonies Engage in Slavery
Large amounts of land Laborers to work European demand for colonial goods: Especially tobacco Shortage of indentured servants Post-Bacon's Rebellion (1676) Many indentured servants refused to work in harsh conditions of the deep South and West Indies
Immigration (1830's-1840's)
Large numbers of immigrants from Europe Germany - political instability Ireland - Potato famine Where did they settle: Irish in cities (Boston, NYC, etc) Germans on the Frontier Americans moved in large numbers west of the Appalachainas and developed new communities on Ohio River and MS River Cincinnati on the Ohio River "Porkopolis"
Seven years War
Lasted from 1754-1763 Britain forced colonists to enlist and provide shelter for soldiers Britain defeated the French Peace of Paris, 1763 Britain gained all French land east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans French gave New Orleans and land west of MS to Spanish
French Colonial government
Led by a governor-general that was appointed by Paris; No representative assembly
Lincoln's Victory
Lincoln campaigned on a Free Soil Platform He did not win a single Southern State
Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867)
Lincoln's 10% plan: Southern states could be readmitted if 10% of voters in 1860 pledged loyalty Many in congress felt it was too lenient Johnson's plan Wealthy plantation owners could ask for pardon
Causes of the Civil War Intro
Long-term: Expansion of slavery Uncle Tom's cabin Popular sovereignty Short-term: Election of 1860 Lincoln sought to keep slavery from expanding (Free-soil)
Obstacles to Victory
Loyalist Opposition: Roughly 20%, higher in some areas Great Britain's military and economic advantages: Strongest military in the world, much more $ than the Americans
Internal Migration
Many African Americans moved within and out of the South To escape sharecropping This will increase in the 20th century - The "Great Migration"
New State Constitutions
Many constitutions placed property qualifications for voting and citizenship Fear of the masses Most property qualifications would be eliminated during Andrew Jackson's presidency State governments: Most powerful branch was the legislative Elected by the voters Fear of a British monarch
Westward Migration
Many migrants moved to rural and boomtown areas of the West Hoped to achieve self-sufficiency "Safety-valve" theory: Idea that one could always move west and make $ during tough economic times Economic opportunities: Building RRs, mining, farming, ranching Teddy Roosevelt in the 1880s
Impact of the populists
Many of the ideas and goals of the Populist party later came to fruition 16th amendment - income tax 17th amendment - direct election of senators Secret ballots All during the Progressive Era - Connection to another time period!
Gender and Family roles (Post war of 1812)
Many poorer families stopped farming and moved to work in factories Children as young as 6-8 would work in factories Married, middle-class women were not expected to work outside the home Cult of Domesticity: Upper and middle-class women were expected to focus on their families and instilling American virtues in children Women were expected to live in a "separate sphere" Joined voluntary clubs and organizations Women often stayed out of politics, focused on domestic issues If women worked, they did so in professions such as nursing and teaching
New England Colonies
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire Initially settled by Puritans- wanted to "purify" the Anglican (English) Church Massachusetts Bay- John Winthrop "City Upon a Hill": Perfect city Not Religiously tolerant Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson were banished for challenging the Church Rhode Island: Founded by Roger Williams; Religious toleration; Paid Natives for land
Emergence of factories
Men and women began to work outside the home in factories in larger numbers No longer reliant on semi-subsistence farming Textile mills located near water These goods were often traded to distant markets Not just within the US, but EUROPE as well
Early interactions Natives and Europeans
Misunderstandings between both groups: Natives gave power to women while Europeans gave power to men; Natives viewed land as their tribe collectively owning it while Europeans views it as individual ownership; Natives believed in many diverse religions like polytheistic and animism which contradicted European Christianity; Each group adopted aspects of each other's culture: Natives adapted technology; Europeans adapted agricultural techniques
New England Colonies Demographics
More likely to see extended families than other religions Grandparents too! Higher life expectancy than other regions due to cooler climate viruses and bacteria couldn't thrive because of it
Middle Colonies Demographics
Most diverse of all regions Many countries from Europe Scotts-Irish, German Provinces, Netherlands Religious toleration - freedom of religion Large amount of indentured servants and slaves
The Homefront
Movement of Americans to cities: War production by women and African Americans Great Migration: Mass movement of African Americans from the South to the North and west for jobs and to escape: Segregation, racial violence, and limited economic opportunities George Creel: Journalist, helped drum up support for the war via 4 minute speeches
Pluralism
Multiple groups living together; English colonies were diverse- many European countries and regions- different religions; Intellectual exchanges from different European groups
Bacon's Rebellion (1676)
Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry with Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.
Separation of powers
National government: Coin, Declare war, Make treaties, establish post offices Both: Collect taxes, enforce laws, and borrow and spend $ States: 10th amendment, Education, Licensing Professionals, and marriage/divorce
Art, Literature, and architecture (Post Revolutionary war)
National identity was expressed through these art mediums Art: Gilbert Stuart - painted portraits of the first 6 presidents John Trumbull - Painted pictures of key American events Literature: Focused on freedom and defining the government Jefferson's Virginia statute for religious freedom Architecture: Jefferson and Monticello Pierre Charles L'Enfant and D.C.
Unions
National labor union: Created in 1866 - fought for higher wages and an 8 hour workday Also sought equal rights for women and African Americans Knights of Labor: Led by Terrance Powderly - skilled AND unskilled workers Sought to abolish child labor and trusts and monopolies Declined after the Haymarket Riot in 1886 American Federation of Labor: Led by Samuel Gompers - skilled workers Focused on "bread and butter" issues - 8 hour workday, higher wages
Impacts of Manifest Destiny
Native Americans: Lost land and were pushed further west Eventually, many were forced to reservations Slavery: #1 issue prior to the Civil War Debate over whether land should be free or slave
Native Americans (Post Revolutionary War)
Natives sought to limit American expansion west Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794 - Ohio) Natives led by Little Turtle were defeated Treaty of Greenville - Natives ceded a significant amount of land British alliances with Natives contributed to tensions with America - pre-War of 1812 Constitution gave no mention of the treatment/relations with Natives Treaties were not always enforced States did not always follow treaties(seen in period 4 - Indian Removal Act)
Natives resistance to European encroachment and forced labor
Natives sought to preserve political, economic, gender, and religious autonomy; These efforts included gaining allies with different European countries against other tribes and Guale Indians rebelled against Spanish forts in Florida in 1597
Algonquians
New England and East Coast; Often would live in villages of a few hundred people; Survived by hunting and fishing, growing corn, beans, and squash
Where was Slavery found in the British Colonies?
New England: Small New England Farms Port Cities: North and South Plantations in the Chesapeake and the South Most African slaves were sent to the West Indies
Middle Colonies
New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware Economy was based of cereal crops for export Grains, wheat, etc. (Breadbasket colonies) Also shipbuilding due to the surplus of forests; Lead to trade with New England colonies Williams Penn's(Founder of Pennsylvania) "Holy Experiment" Religious toleration Like RI, they paid Natives for their land
Impacts of the 1st Great Awakening
New sects of Christianity emerged Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians Rejection of authority Helped to inspire rejection of British authority in the 1760s and 1770s
The Second Great Awakening impacts
New sects or branches of Christianity emerged Women made up a large portion of converts Helped spur several reform and other movements: Moral Social Utopian societies
Why did Reconstruction fail?
North's waning resolve By 1877, economic issues (Panic of 1873) and political issues (election of 1876) led to many in the North to want to move on from Reconstruction Compromise of 1877: Hayes (Republican) wins the presidency, military is withdrawn from the South Southern resistance to Reconstruction: Jim Crow laws, KKK, Black codes
A Positive of the articles of confederation
Northwest Land Ordinance (1787): Nation could admit new states (once a population of 60,000 was reached) Guaranteed freedom of religion and trial by jury PRIOR to the Bill of Rights Proceeds from the 16th square mile of 36 square miles went towards education Abolished Slavery Protection of Private property
Women's Rights Movement Intro
Often aligned with the abolitionist movement Women hoped to achieve greater equality and opportunities "Republican motherhood" and "cult of Domesticity: 1839, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cody Stanton were prohibited from speaking or voting at an abolitionist meeting in London
Characteristics of Urban Neighborhoods
Often based on ethnicity, race, and class "Little Italy" Provided new cultural opportunities
Mission system
Outposts throughout the Americas to help convert Natives
European and Colonial interests
Over time, both sides increasingly mistrusted each other British colonists sought to expand (especially pre and post 7 years war), Britain resisted this Colonists were upset over: Territorial settlements and frontier defense- as seen in Bacon's Rebellion Self-Rule- Governors were often appointed by the British Edmund Andros- governor of the unpopular Dominion of New England- restricted town meetings Trade- Navigation Acts- could only trade with Britain Colonists often resisted by smuggling
Slave Resistance
Overt methods: Rebellion; Stono (1739)- slaves killed whites and tried to flee to Spanish Florida Harsher slave laws and restrictions emerged Covert methods: Breaking tools, running away, working slowly, faking illness
Early 1800's Political Parties
Parties debated the following issues: Tariffs Federalists favored tariffs, Democratic-Republicans opposed Powers of the federal government Ironically, federalists opposed a loose interpretation of the Constitution - LA Purchase Democratic-Republicans tended to favor states rights
Mobilization For The Revolutionary War
Patriots- Those that supported independence Loyalists- Those that were loyal to England: Roughly 20% of population Men and women provided financial and material support to the Patriot movement Homespun Movement Women soldiers- Molly Pitcher
The Second Great Awakening Message
People must readmit God and Jesus into their lives Must reject rationalism that threatened beliefs No longer focused on predestination God's grace could be obtained through faith and good deeds
Land Ownership and Sharecropping
Plantation owners still owned a majority of land Former slaves had difficulty in acquiring land Sharecropping: Former slaves and poor whites worked on farms and exchanged labor for land and housing 1/2 of crops were given to land owner If cotton prices fell, perpetual debt was common for sharecroppers
Know-Nothing Party
Political Party that formed due to nativism Originated as the supreme order of the star-spangled banner Wanted to ban Catholics from holding offices Called for tough immigration and naturalization laws In 1856, Ex-president Millard Fillmore ran for president for the Know-nothing party Won 21% of the popular vote
Short-term Successes of reconstruction
Political and leadership opportunities for former slaves Freedmen's bureau: Provided food, medicine, clothing, and education to former slaves Promises "40 acres and a mule" but rarely occurred
Populist party
Political party from the late 19th century, made up of mostly farmers They sought increased government involvement in the economy: Railroads, banks, and government reform Critical of the economic system (capitalism) Originated in CINCINNATI
1763: An Important Year
Pontiac's Rebellion: Native American rebellion in Ohio Valley to resist British encroachment As a result of the rebellion, Britain issues the... Proclamation Line of 1763: Forbid expansion beyond Appalachian Mountains Colonists were upset, ignored the order End of the 7 years war End of Salutary Neglect
Chesapeake and North Carolina
Predominantly agriculture- rural settlements Cash Crops- Tobacco Arduous, labor-intensive, work Indentured Servants made up most of the workforce prior to Bacon's Rebellion (1676) Headright System benefitted wealthy landowners - 50 acres for each indentured servant they payed the passage for After 1676, African slave labor replaced indentured servants
Impacts of this growing economy
Price of goods decreased Large supply of goods, cheaper production Increase in workers wages More $ for workers to spend Increased standard of living New access to goods and services Sewing machines, sporting equipment, household items However, there was a growing gap between the rich and poor
Pacific Railway Act (1862): and other economic events
Provided for the construction of a Northern transcontinental RR and telegraph line to link California with the East May, 1869, the transcontinental RR was complete Impact of subsidies? Growth of farms, cities, and lumber industry
Enlightenment Ideas
Questioning of government and divine authority John Locke: Natural rights Montesquieu: Separation of powers Voltaire: Freedom of religion and speech
The 1st Great Awakening
Religious revival in England and the 13 colonies Focus on the individual Key people: Jonathon Edwards- started the awakening John Wesley- helped found Methodism George Whitefield- great orator from England Transatlantic exchanges: ideas from Europe to America
The Second Great Awakening
Religious revival that spurred reforms in America Early 19th century
How was the subjugation of Africans and Natives justified?
Religious: Curse of Ham- used as a biblical justification for slavery Cultural: Like Native Americans, Africans were often seen as "savages" or "barbaric" Racial: Polygenism- theory that human races are of different origins
Radical Reconstruction (1867-1877)
Response to Southerners actions such as: Alexander Stevens Black Codes - harsh laws that regulated behavior of African Americans Reconstruction Act of 1867 Divided the South into 5 military districts Response to southerners such as Alexander Stevens
The Market Revolution
Revolution in transportation, farming, and production of goods Increase use of canals, roads, steamboats and RR's Switch from subsistence to cash-crop farming Goods were produced increasingly OUTSIDE the home Occurs PRIOR to the Civil War (Antebellum America)
How did Colonial Leaders justify their resistance to the British?
Rights of British subjects: Rejected "Virtual representation"- idea that Parliament acted in the best interests of all British subjects Rights of the individual: Taxation, writs of assistance Local traditions of self-rule: colonists could elect their legislatures, not British representatives Enlightenment Ideas: Consent of the governed - John Locke "Life, Liberty, and property:
Northwest and Present-Day California Native Americans
Roughly 300,000 natives before European arrival; based on hunting, gathering, and foraging; gathered nuts, fish, and hunted; societies ruled by wealthy families; resources of the ocean supported life
French Colonization
Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec in 1608; Sent fewer individuals than the Spanish and English did; Mostly men which led to intermarriage (metis); France focused on trade with Natives-friendly relations with natives including fur trade; lots of these goods eventually were exported to Europe
European point of view
Saw natives and Africans as savages
Border States
Slave states that did not secede, during the civil war Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia (later) Their siding with the union was a major factor in the outcome of the war
New England Colonies Makeup
Small towns Family farms (not plantations like the South) Mixed Economy- agriculture and commerce Merchants, shipbuilding, whaling, etc. Slavery did exist, just on a smaller scale
The Second Great Awakening Utopian Societies
Societies that sought to achieve perfection on earth Brooke Farm (Massachusetts): Residents would share in work and leisure New Harmony: "Village of cooperation" - residents lived and worked equally Oneida Community: Rejected traditional family and gender roles Practiced "free love"
Chesapeake and North Carolina Demographics
Some families Mostly white, male, indentured servants Lower life expectancy than New England and Middle Colonies Maryland Acts of Toleration: Granted religious toleration to ALL Christians (specifically aimed to protect Catholics)
Push for Equality During And After The War
Some individuals called for the abolition of slavery Pennsylvania's Gradual Abolition Law (1780): Prohibited importation of slaves into PA ALL children born in PA would be free, regardless if their parents were slaves Model for other states to follow Increased calls for greater political democracy: Abigail Adams "Remember the Ladies" Judith Sargent Murray advocated education for females
The "new south"
Some southern leaders called for a "New South" Henry Grady - editor of the Atlantic constitution Called for increased industrialization in the South; emergence of more textile factories However, sharecropping and tenant farming remained constant Leasing land and paying with a share of crops
Boston Tea Party (1773)
Sons of Liberty dressed as Natives and threw tea into the Boston Harbour; Britain responded with the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts
Radical Republicans
Sough to "change the balance of power between Congress and the presidency" and "reorder race relations in the south" Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Removal was one vote shy Many of Johnson's vetoes were overridden by congress Civil Rights Act of 1866 - protection for citizens Reorder of race relations: Several African Americans held political office Hiram Revels - Senator from MS
Goals of the populists
Sought economic relief, as well as government intervention: Omaha platform: Direct election of senators Graduated income tax Australian (secret) ballot Government control of railroads, telegraphs, and telephones Free coinage of silver at a ratio of 16:1 with gold (Bimetallism) 16 ounces of silver would equal 1 ounce of gold Would increase the money supply - farmers to pay off their debts more easily Supported by farmers and debtors, opposed by industrialists and lenders Civil service reform 8-hour workday
1st Continental Congress (1774)
Sought to redress grievances, go back to salutary neglect
Southern Colonies and West Indies
South Carolina, Georgia, West Indies(Caribbean) Economy was based on: Export staple crops to Europe Tobacco, sugar, rice Large plantations Most slaves went to Brazil or the West Indies
Impact of the Election of 1860
Southern states debated secession December, 1860: South Carolina seceded Other states soon followed Immediate cause of the Civil War Began on April 12, 1861
Spanish Crown
Spanish King or Queen; Tight control over its colonies; royal officers were mostly appointed from Spain, rather than the colonies; Most settlers were men which led to intermarriage with natives and Africans; Emergence of a caste system
Reasons for Spanish Colonizations
Spanish sought precious metals like gold and silver Also planned on converting Natives to Christianity
Pueblo Revolt
Spanish tried to convert the Native Americans to Christianity, they didn't like it and revolted. Pope(Native religious leader) killed hundreds and forced the Spanish to flee. Pueblos drastically outnumbered the Spanish. Spanish regains control in 1692. Spain becomes more accommodating to the Natives. More religious tolerance.
Columbian Exchange
Spread of crops, diseases, people, and ideas between the new world and old world; America sent potatoes and maize to Europe which ended up increasing European population; Europe sent horses and guns to America as well as diseases(Measles and smallpox) which drastically decreases Native populations; Spain experiences an increase in gold which led to Europe transforming from feudalism to capitalism
British Taxes on Colonies
Stamp Act (1765): Tax on 50 commonly used goods- newspapers, playing cards, etc. Colonists responded with... Stamp Act Congress Colonial boycotts of Stamp Act Tar and feather tax collectors Britain repealed the stamp act
Government Actions during market revolution
State and federal governments often helped fund roads, canals, and RR's Erie Canal - paid by NYs Intrastate trade Cumberland Rd - paid by federal government Interstate trade Often, the North and Midwest were closely linked together Each region became more reliant on each other and traded more with each other Midwest - Corn, cattle, pigs South - cotton North - manufactured goods
Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)
Stephen Douglas proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act Called for popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska The expectation was that Kansas would be free and Nebraska would be slave Overturned the MO Compromise of 1820
American System analysis
Success: North and Midwest were more closely linked Many states built up their infrastructure 1st of many government sponsored programs in the economy American industries were able to prosper Failures: Did not unify all areas of the US Sectionalism increased (Nullification crisis) Continued debates about role of federal government in intrastate business
T-Paine's Common Sense (1776)
T-Paine was an author, originally born in England Wrote Common Sense- one of the most influential writings in American history Challenged King George 3, urged it was Common sense to break away from the corrupt monarch A little island could not rule a larger continent Helped inspire Declaration of Independence
Henry Clay's American System - Tariff
Tariff: Tax on foreign goods Price of foreign goods increases, provides revenue for government, and makes American products more appealing Tariff of 1816, 1828, and 1832: Raised the price of foreign goods Idea was to help American Industries Much resistance to 1828 and 1832 Nullification Crisis in Sc
Tariffs support
Tax on imported goods - tended to favor the industrialized north Whigs supported, democrats opposed Federally funded internal improvements: Whigs favored Democrats opposed Andrew Jackson's Maysville Rd. veto
Townshend Acts (1767)
Taxes on tea, lead, glass, and paint After Colonial boycotts, all but the tax on tea was overturned
Causes of Increased Production of goods by businesses
Technological advances: Taylorism - Frederick Taylor - focused on improving efficiency - timed tasks, specific tasks for workers Create access to natural resources Lumber out west Redesigned financial and management structures Monopolies - businesses sought to have sole control over an industry Marketing advances Mail order catalogs - sears growing labor force Large supply of workers, including immigrants`
The Second Great Awakening Moral Reforms
Temperance: Crusade against drunkenness Women played a large role in this movement Different Temperance organizations emerged in the early-mid 19th century American Temperance Society (Lyman Beecher) 1,000s of chapters throughout the US Aligned with the abolitionist movement Maine passed the first "dry" law in 1851
Impact of Dred Scott Decision (1857)
Tensions increase between North and South Some sought to not enforce the supreme court decision Split the Democratic Party along sectional (North/South) lines African Americans will be granted citizenship with the 14th amendment (1868)
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Intro
The North wanted to build a transcontinental railroad that would go through the North Both Kansas and Nebraska were above the 3630 line in the LA territory The south would NOT support adding 2 free states
US Government Interaction with natives
The US often violated treaties with Natives Indian Appropriation Act of 1871: Ended tribal recognition as independent nations - nullified previous treaties Would use military force to resistance Battle of wounded knee - 1890- 300 natives were killed (women and children) Most natives were moved to reservations Loss of sovereignty
Monroe Doctrine
The US sought to keep Europe from re-colonizing Latin America The US warned Europe to stay out of Western Hemisphere In return, the US would stay out of European affairs Continuation of Washington's farewell address More symbolic in the short term, used later under TR
Impacts of The War of 1812
The War made two generals popular and future presidents: William Henry Harrison - Battle of Tippecanoe Andrew Jackson - Battle of New Orleans Hartford Convention (end of the war) New England federalists gathered at Hartford Proposed amending the constitution 1 term for president, 2/3 congress to approve embargoes and declare war Some delegates urged secession
Great Basin
The area between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas. Dry desert, mostly.
Key ideas before Seven years war
The rivalry between Britain and France increased in the mid-18th century British colonists sought to expand George Washington challenged French expansion in Western PA Most Natives, except for Iroquois, sided with the French Britain practiced Salutary Neglect which was when they left the colonies alone as long as they were profitable
14th and 15th amendment in the 20th century
These amendments will be used to uphold civil rights Brown v. Board - Separate but equal is NOT constitutional
Articles of Confederation
Think one word WEAK! The Articles were purposely designed this way. Why? Fear of a strong central government like Britain How were the Articles weak? No executive branch Unicameral legislature with one vote per state State legislatures had incredible power
The Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Thomas Jefferson sought to purchase New Orleans from the French Napoleon offered all of Louisiana for $15 Million Doubled the size of the US Jefferson switched from strict to loose
Reasons for European Exploration
Three G's: Gold, Glory, and god Gold: new resources of wealthy including gold and silver Glory: Economic and military competition; Ex. English defeat of the Spanish Armada God: Desire to spread Christianity; Ex. Major goal of the Spanish to spread Catholicism
New England colonies government
Town Hall Meetings: Voting was limited to land-owning, white, male, church members; These voters elected colonial legislatures
National Culture (1800's)
Transcendentalists Focus on ones self and looking for god in nature Challenged materialism of the 19th-century Stressed individualism Examples of transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson: Helped create a distinct American culture Self-reliance Henry David Thoreau Walden - lived in the woods for two years by himself "On Civil Disobedience" Transcendentalists were often antislavery
Reasons for westward migration
Transcontinental RRs: Often built by the Irish and Chinese RRs were given government subsidies Encouraged westward settlement Mineral Resources: Comstock Lode - present-day Nevada Led to a silver rush Government policies: Homestead Act (160 acres of land) Pacific Railway Act These created new communities and centers of commercial activity
Market Revolution Innovations
Transportation innovations: Roads - Cumberland (National) Road Canals - Erie Steamboat - Robert Fulton Agricultural Improvements: Cotton Gin - Eli Whitney Steel Plow - benefited Midwest McCormick Reaper - increase harvesting efficiency Technological innovations: Interchangeable Parts - Eli Whitney Telegraph - increase communication
15th Amendment (1870)
U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed
Impacts of cotton on the economy
US economy increased during this time due to: Southern Cotton production Sold to the North and Europe Northern Manufacturing Cotton used in textile factories Banking Loans to foster the growth of industry Shipping industries Northern merchants made $ from sale of cotton and international trade As the north industrialized, the south continued to produce staple crops and cash crops Plantation owners exercised tremendous power Many elites defended slavery and the Southern Way of life John C. Calhoun
Impact of US WWI Involvement
US entered the war in 1917 - almost three years after the war started The American Expeditionary Forces (military) tipped the balance in favor of the allies Led by General John J. Pershing - fought on the western front
Natives seek to preserve autonomy
US promoted policies of assimilation Dawes Act (1887): Sent Natives children to boarding schools, had to speak English Native families were given individual plots of land Hunting to farming Natives practiced the Ghost Dance: Ceremony in which Natives envisioned the return of bison and elimination of whites
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
US purchased territory below the Mexican Cession Hopes of building a RR
US Policy post-WWI
US pursued a unilateral foreign policy that used: International investment Continuation of Dollar Diplomacy - US banks and businesses investing in foreign countries Peace treaties: Washington Naval Conference (5 power and 9 power treaties) - determined the number of battleships the US, Britain, and Japan could build (5:5:3 ratio) Select military interventions: Mostly in Latin America - Nicaragua (1912-1933) The US still sought to maintain isolationism Neutrality Acts of the 1930s
Interactions with Asia
US sought to trade with Asia Matthew Perry and the "opening" of Japan Clipper ships allowed for increased and faster trade Missionaries were established in China to spread Christianity
Anglicization
Using more British norms and customs
Chesapeake
Virginia-Maryland bay area, site of the earliest colonial settlements
War of 1812
War with Great Britain Impressment "War Hawks" from the south and west favored war Federalists were against war with England Merchants were hurt by the Embargo Act No land was gained or lost by either side
Native Americans Unit 1
Were mostly mobile; hunted bison and sheep; horses are introduced and allow natives to become stronger militarily and hunting became easier
Election of 1896
William Jennings Bryan (Democrat AND populist) vs. William McKinley (Republican) The populist party supported Bryan due to his support for Free Silver Cross of gold speech: Farmers would agree, industrialists not because it would devalue there money
Trail of Tears
Winter of 1838 under President Martin Van Buren The US army forced around 15,000 natives to leave Georgia 4,000 died on the journey
The End of the Second Party System
With the passing of prominent whig leaders, the party declined Henry Clay and Daniel Webster Slavery and nativism also weakened the parties Emergence of sectional parties, especially the Republican party
Republican Motherhood
Women were expected to instill republican values in children and families Republicanism - focus on citizens as source of power - popular sovereignty Increased educational opportunities for women
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
Women's Rights Convention in NY Declaration of sentiments - "All men AND women are created equal" Hoped to achieve suffrage and greater rights for women
A century of dishonor
Written by Helen hunt Jackson in 1881 Chronicled a 100 year period of unfair treatment of Natives by the US government
13th Amendment (1865)
abolished slavery
Maritime technology
adoption of magnetic compass, built larger ships; led to increased international trade
Capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country's a trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Cahokia Indians
built huge mounds that were in shapes of servants; Around 30,000 people; Largest settled community until NY and Philadelphia in 1800
Sextant
could be used to find exact position on earth; more precise sailing
14th Amendment (1868)
granted citizenship and equal protection under the law for African Americans
Maize cultivation
growing of corn. Originated in Mexico and spread to Southwestern US
Iroquois
northeastern Indian nation, developed an organized government and military; Burned forests to hunt and grow crops; villages built around maize; power was based on female authority; women would tend to crops and oversaw community affairs while men hunted
English Colonist life
often lived separately from natives Natives helped them survive in the early years by teaching them how to grow crops and fish Colonists focused on agriculture: Southern colonies: tobacco Middle Colonies: cereal crops(Bread and grains) New England Colonies: subsistence farming(not to sell, just to live off of) Colonists frequently fought with Natives over land
Merchants
people who buy and sell goods
Southern Colonies government
politics were dominated by elite planters Governor was appointed by England Virginia House of Burgesses (1619): First Representative government in the colonies; Voting requirements were mostly landowning, white men
British Imperial aims
sought to limit colonial expansion to avoid conflict with Natives
Whigs
tended to favor a stronger central government Whigs were created in response to "King Andrew 1" Whigs favored BUS
Democrats
tended to favor more power to states tended to oppose BUS Jackson veto of the 3rd BUS in 1832
Natural rights
the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property
new world
the name given by Europeans to the Americas, which were unknown to most Europeans before the voyages of Christopher Columbus
old world
the regions of the world that were known to Europeans before the discovery of the Americas
