APUSH: Exam Review Period 4
What were the Reconstruction amendments?
13th: abolished slavery (except criminal convictions) 14th: naturalized citizenship and equal protection 15th: universal male suffrage
Define Manifest Destiny.
19th Century American ideology advocating expansion across the North American continent and justified through perceived superiority of American culture, religion, technology, and democracy
What was the Missouri Compromise? Why was it passed?
A new rule for future admission of slave and free states using the 36 degree 30' line. Missouri admitted as a slave state and Maine a free state in order to *maintain a balance in the Senate*
What were the Barbary Wars?
A series of conflicts that were sending pirates out against American ships. This caused the US to make a blockade of ships by their ports. Finally the ruler of Tripoli signed a treaty.
What was the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo?
After swift American victory, Mexico was forced to sell much of their territory in present-day United States as well as recognize Rio Grande as southern border of Texas NOTE: Mexican Cession
What was the Gold Rush?
After the 1848 discovery of gold in California, thousands of Americans, Asians, and Mexicans poured into the region NOTE: Boom towns - 1848 pop: 14,000 - 1860 pop: 400,000
Explain the Dred Scott decision.
Argued that slaves were not citizens and therefore not able to sue in federal court. Also, slaves were considered property and the Constitution explicitly states that no person can be deprived of their property without due process of law NOTE: Chief Justice Taney
How did Texas become an independent republic?
As a Mexican territory, Americans were invited to settled and contribute to Mexico's economy. Most Brough Protestantism and slaves with them, causing tension with Catholic and abolitionist Mexico. War ensued, resulting in a Texan victory NOTE: Stephen F. Austin, Sam Houston, Battle of the Alamo, Santa Anna
What was Lincoln's plan for readmitting seceded states?
At least 10% of the population must swear an oath of allegiance to the Union/Constitution and each state must ratify the 13th Amendment (abolish slavery) NOTE: Ten Percent Plan
Explain the 2 key turning point battles in the Civil War.
Battle of Vicksburg: Union victory along Mississippi River that successfully cut the Confederacy in half NOTE: General Grant Battle of Gettysburg: Massive death toll but Union victory stopped Confederate push northward NOTE: General Lee, Gettysburg Address
Explain the causes and effects of the War of 1812.
Causes: Americans suspicion of the British inciting Native Americans attacks on settlers; British police of impressment Effects: Intense nationalism; Federalist opposition to war and calls for secession led to a decline in significance for the party and political dominance for the Democratic-Republicans NOTE: Monroe Doctrine
How was the debate over slavery in the West addressed?
Compromise of 1850 (4 provisions) and the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 NOTE: Henry Clay, Fugitive Slave Act, Bleeding Kansas, John Brown
What new technologies contributed to economic growth?
Cotton gin, spinning machine, interchangeable parts, steamboats, trains
What were the Border States?
Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri were part of the Union despite being slave states
How did the Election of 1824 rearrange the political parties?
Democratic-Republicans split into Whigs and Democrats, led by Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson, respectively NOTE: Second Party System
What was the Second Great Awakening?
Democratizing revival of religious enthusiasm, affording regional Protestant identities
What caused the Mexican-American War?
Dispute over Texas border (Rio Grande vs. Nueces River) that turned violent NOTE: Spot Resolution
How did Reconstruction end?
Disputed Election of 1877 led to a deal between Republicans and Democrats. Hayes would maintain presidency while federal troops would be removed from Southern states NOTE: Compromise of 1877
What caused the Civil War?
Election of anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1860 without any Southern electoral votes led to secession of Southern Carolina (and others) NOTE: Fort Sumter, Cornerstone Speech, C.S.A.
Explain the significance of Marbury v. Madison.
Expanded the power of the Supreme Court (judicial branch) by setting a precedent for judicial review. Massive check on the legislative and executive branches
What was the Monroe Doctrine
Foreign policy declaration that warned European states against further encroachment into or influence in the Americas
How did the Civil War end?
General Sherman's use of total war destroyed Confederate morale and resources. Quickly followed by Lee's surrender to Grant NOTE: Marsh to the Sea, Appomattox Courthouse
How did abolitionists further their cause prior to the Civil War?
Helped slaves escape to freedom in the North and published newspapers and books to spread their ideas NOTE: Underground Railroad, Uncle Tom's Cabin
Describe the American System.
Henry Clay's plan for uniting the national economy 3 parts: protective tariffs, 2nd national bank, and government funded roads, railroads and canals NOTE: Cumberland Road, Eerie Canal
How did Lincoln's assassination and Johnson's impeachment affect Reconstruction?
His successor, Andrew Johnson, was a Southern apologist who was against affording rights to blacks He vetoed most of Congress's Reconstruction efforts and was ultimately impeached in 1868, allowing Radical Republicans to lead Reconstruction going forward
How did the Market Revolution affect society and immigration?
Increased wealth inequality, influx of immigration (especially to eastern cities), growing middle class, women working in factories (to a degree) but still limited by cult of domesticity NOTE: Around 2 million immigrants from 1820-1840, mostly Irish/German + Waltham-Lowell mills
What was the Emancipation Proclamation?
Lincoln's executive order stating that all enslaved people in Confederate states were free. Enlarged the purpose of the war from preserving the union to abolishing slavery, thus preventing abolitionist Britain and France from supporting the South
Define the Market Revolution.
Linking of northern industries with western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation
What is the difference between loose and strict constructionism?
Loose constructionism allows for more expansive governmental power by way of the elastic clause—Federalists Struct constructionism attempts to limit governmental authority by interpreting the Constitution more narrowly—Democratic-Republicans
What were utopian communities?
New societies founded by religious and/or reform-minded people who were influenced by European intellectuals and ideals of American democracy and equality
What was transcendentalism?
Philosophical movement that embraced man's relationship with nature and human perfectibility NOTE: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thorough, Brook Farm
What were the three primary stances on slavery in the West?
Pro-slavery: Southern position that claimed slavery was a Constitutional right Free-soil: anti-slavery position that aimed to prevent the spread of slavery into the West Popular sovereignty: leave the decision up to the voters in the territory/state NOTE: Wilmot Proviso, Abraham Lincoln, Stephen Douglas
List and describe at least 3 examples of continued oppression of blacks after the Civil War.
Sharecropping: economic system of tenant farming that still tied poor blacks to the land and white patronage KKK: white supremacist organization that terrorized blacks in an effort to limit their civil rights Black codes: lawson in Southern states that undermined Reconstruction efforts and relegated blacks to 2nd class citizens NOTE: Neo-slavery, Nathan Bedford Forrest, Jim Crow laws (later)
What prompted South Carolina to threaten secession?
Tariff of Abominations (1828) South Carolina claimed it was unconstitutional but Jackson threatened to send troops down NOTE: Nullification, Force Bill
List and describe the social reform movements during this time period.
Temperance - against consumption of alcohol Abolitionism - end institution of slavery Women's Rights - education equality, marriage rights, and suffrage NOTE: Garrison's Liberator, Americans Anti-Slavery Society, Seneca falls, Declaration of Sentiments; Asylum movement, Dorothea Dix, Public education, Horace Mann
Which territories/states were added during the Polk presidency?
Texas, Oregon, Mexican Cession (California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming)
What was the "corrupt bargain"?
The contentious election of 1825 ended without a clear electoral winner and was decided by the House, of which Henry Clay presided over. Andrew Jackson was snubbed, despite being the most popular candidate
How were Native Americans treated by the federal and state governments during the Jacksonian Era?
They were removed to the new "Indian Territory" through the violation of past treaties and Supreme Court ruling NOTE: Indian Removal Act, Worcester v. Georgia, Trail of Tears
What were the Union and Confederate strategies in the Civil War?
Union: take advantage of economic and naval superiority by blockading Southern ports and taking control of Mississippi River Confederate: solicit help from Britain and France due to their trade relationship (cotton) NOTE: Anaconda Plan
Who were Radical Republicans?
Wing of the Republican Party that fought to extend equal civil rights to blacks and to establish political and economic punishments for seceded states
Which of the following was the primary cause for the development depicted in the painting *1868: Across the Continent: Westward the course of empire takes its way*? a) A desire for economic opportunity through settlement and access to new resources b) Persecuted groups searching for religious freedom and refuge in the West c) Increased immigration resulted in less available land in the East d) Slave-holding interests in the South demanded more land for cotton production
a) A desire for economic opportunity through settlement and access to new resources Americans and their government saw the West as a treasure trove, rich with fertile land, mineral resources, and access to the Pacific Ocean
Which of the following was a direct effect of the changes depicted in the maps *US after Mexican-American War 1848 & US after Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854*? a) Sectional tensions eroded political loyalties, ending the Second Party System b) Lincoln's election in 1860 without electoral votes from western states and territories c) South Carolina seceded from the Union due to violence in Kansas d) Emergence of violent conflict along the border of the Utah and New Mexico territories
a) Sectional tensions eroded political loyalties, ending the Second Party System The Democrat and Whig parties became internally fractured along the regional lines that divided the slave debate. This provided the occasion for Democrats to consolidate Southern support and the Republican Party to energy in the wake of the northern Whigs' decline
Which of the following developments in the early and mid-19th Century best reflects the concerns expressed in the excerpt *Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Woman, 1837*? a) The abolitionist movement's calls for ending slavery b) Jacksonian Democrats' appeal to the "common man" c) Nativist resentment towards European immigrants d) The expulsion of Native Americans to beyond the Mississippi River
a) The abolitionist movement's calls for ending slavery Women's rights and abolitionism were two movements that overlapped significantly until the Civil War as they were both striving for equality for different groups
Which of the following most directly contradicts the ideas expressed in the excerpt *Constitution of the new Confederate States of America*? a) The passage of the 13th and 14th Amendments b) The recruitment of blacks into the Union army c) The establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau d) Federal troops occupying the South until 1877
a) The passage of the 13th and 14th Amendments Following the defeat of the Confederacy, the 13th Amendment abolished slavery while the 14th Amendment promoted the status of blacks, in the eyes of the law, to that of equals. This directly undermined the founding ideology of the CSA
Which of the following groups would most likely agree with the ideas expressed in the excerpt *Memorial To the Legislature of Massachusetts, 1843*? a) Transcendentalists b) Jacksonian Democrats c) Nativists d) Revivalists
a) Transcendentalists Transcendentalists challenged the economic and religious motives of mainstream American society that often led to inequalities
The ideas expressed in the excerpt *Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Woman, 1837* most directly challenged the prevailing ideal in the early nineteenth century that a) women should pride themselves solely on their work in the home b) women should be considered equal to men in every way c) women's role in society was to educate their children on their civic duty d) women were making a newfound positive impact on the national economy
a) women should pride themselves solely on their work in the home The cult of domesticity maintained that women's role in the home should be revered and idealized. Public life, marriage and property rights, and economic opportunity were considered unnecessary or corrupting for women
Which of the following was an effect of westward expansion? a) Native Americans quickly assimilated to an idealized industrial-age lifestyle b) Expanded diplomatic and economic ties between the United States and Asia c) Agriculture production increased while industrial development decreased d) A decline in sectional tensions over the issue of slavery
b) Expanded diplomatic and economic ties between the United States and Asia By completing the transcontinental railroad, the seat of power on the East Coast had direct access to the Pacific Ocean and thus increased interaction with Asia
All of the following actions taken by the Jefferson administration directly contradicted his desire for an agrarian nation with limited government EXCEPT a) Declaring war on the Barbary pirates b) Purchasing the Louisiana Territory from France c) Refusal to allow Federalist-appointed judges to take office d) Cutting off all trade with Europe
b) Purchasing the Louisiana Territory from France While the Constitution did not explicitly award the power to purchase foreign land to the federal government, the addition of the Louisiana Territory did align with Jefferson's agrarian view as this acquisition provided millions of acres of fertile, resource-rich land to be settled by Americans
Social reform efforts consistent with the ideas expressed in the excerpt *Memorial To the Legislature of Massachusetts, 1843* were most common in which of the following regions? a) The Deep South b) The North c) Rural communities d) Western territories
b) The North Most reform movements originated and/or flourished in the North. This was due to many reasons, not insignificantly the increased role of women in the public sphere there
The author of the excerpt *Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Woman, 1837* draws a direct comparison between the mistreatment of women in the 19th Century and a) The encroachment by European colonists onto Native American land b) The burden of Parliamentary legislation on colonists leading to the American Revolution c) The growing slave population in the Deep South due to the cotton industry d) The inequalities that existed between urban, East Coast elites and agrarian settlers on the Western frontier
b) The burden of Parliamentary legislation on colonists leading to the American Revolution The author cites "this taxation, without representation" as a significant economic grievance for women. This is a reference to the primary cause for the American Revolution just half a century earlier
The changes depicted in the maps *US after Mexican-American War 1848 & US after Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854* were primarily caused by which of the following? a) Unwillingness by Congress to engage in political compromise b) The debate over the extension of slavery into western territories c) Settlers in western territories voted on their new borders d) Supreme Court decisions such as Scott v. Sanford
b) The debate over the extension of slavery into western territories The Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 divided territories and allowed citizens to decide the fate of slavery in their territories through popular sovereignty
The painting *1868: Across the Continent: Westward the course of empire takes its way* represents a continuation of which of the following developments in the first half of the 19th Century? a) Mexican-American War b) Indian Removal Act c) American System d) Missouri Compromise
c) American System Henry Clay's prescription for "internal improvements" is directly represented by the railway and train in the painting
Which of the following people would most agree with the view expressed in the excerpt *Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, 1781*? a) Alexander Hamilton b) Henry Clay c) Andrew Jackson d) John Quincy Adams
c) Andrew Jackson A fellow slaver-holder, Jackson supported westward expansion for the purposes of agricultural production
Which of the following groups would most likely agree with the ideas expressed in the excerpt *Constitution of the new Confederate States of America*? a) Northern industrial workers b) Free-Soilers c) Southern landowners d) Recent immigrants from Europe
c) Southern landowners Southern landowners, the predominant slave-holding class, were largely supportive of the CSA and its stance on slavery as a foundation
The ideas expressed in the excerpt *Constitution of the new Confederate States of America* contributed to all of the following trends after the Civil War EXCEPT a) the emergence of the KKK b) the widespread use of sharecropping in the South c) the election of former slaves into Congress d) the enacting of Black Codes and Jim Crow laws
c) the election of former slaves into Congress The wave of blacks elected to Congress following the 14th and 15th Amendments flew in the face of the defeated Confederacy
Which of the following would the author *Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Woman, 1837* most strongly support? a) cult of domesticity b) republican motherhood c) women's suffrage d) utopian societies
c) women's suffrage Stating that women "had no voice in establishing" laws concerning their lives, the author definitely supported granting women the right to vote
The maps *US after Mexican-American War 1848 & US after Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854* reflect all of the following political compromises EXCEPT the a) Missouri Compromise of 1820 b) Three-Fifths Compromise c) Compromise of 1850 d) Compromise of 1877
d) Compromise of 1877 The Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction by pulling federal troops out of the South. This is not reflected in the maps above
Which of the following did NOT result from the debate over America's economic future in the excerpt *Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, 1781*? a) American System b) Missouri Compromise c) Louisiana Purchase d) Second Great Awakening
d) Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious movement that saw parallels with contemporary political developments, such as Jacksonian democracy, but was largely void of economic factors
All of the following developments in the mid-19th Century reflect the ideas expressed in the excerpt *Memorial To the Legislature of Massachusetts, 1843* above EXCEPT a) The desire to establish a national system of public education b) A growing movement to make alcohol manufacture, sale and consumption illegal c) Attempts at forming utopian communities outside of urban and mainstream society d) Southern churches splitting with their abolitionist counterparts in the North
d) Southern churches splitting with their abolitionist counterparts in the North The Southern Baptist denomination emerged in the 1840s in response to northern calls for abolition. This was in opposition to a push for equality
The ideas expressed in the excerpt *Constitution of the new Confederate States of America* are most consistent with which of the following? a) The rise of nativist sentiments in the 1840s and 1850s b) The sectional split in Protestant Christian denominations c) The principle of popular sovereignty in Western territories d) The premise of slavery as a positive good in the pre-war period
d) The premise of slavery as a positive good in the pre-war period Stephens describes the "natural and normal condition" of blacks as inferior to white san thus belonging in bondage. Prior to the war, many southern whites described the institution of slavery as beneficial to blacks based on this flawed premise
