APUSH First Semester

Samuel Slater

"Father of the American Factory System"

John Brown

"The crazy whiteman with the black son" Tried to attack Harper's Fairy to arm his band of ex-slaves and abolitionist

Confederate States of America

(1861-1865) Government established after seven Southern states seceded from the Union. Later joined by four more states from the Upper South.

Ku Klux Klan

(AJohn) , White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties

Emancipation Proclamation

(AL) , Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Daniel Webster

- Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850

Battle for Atlanta

..., (1864) General Sherman captured Atlanta, and, in a famous march through Georgia, destroyed everything in his path that may help the enemy. This action, plus the capture of Vicksburg, cut the South into three sections.

How long did President Lincoln have to enjoy the Union victory before he was assassinated?

..., 31 days

The first major battle of the Civil War (a Southern victory) was:

..., Battle of Antietam

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

..., Confederate General who played a major roll in the battle of Bull Run Creek. Earned his nickname there.

Why was President Andrew Johnson impeached by Congress?

..., He attempted to fire Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in violation of the Tenure of Office Act

The commander of the Army of the Potomac following the defeat at Bull Run was:

..., John Pershing

Why did Andrew Johnson veto the Freedmen's Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866?

..., Johnson felt that reconstruction policy should be lenient towards the south

Which Constitutional amendment abolished slavery?

..., The 13th Amendment

Why did President Lincoln's "Emancipation Proclamation" not immediately free any slaves?

..., general McClellan refused president Lincolns order to go after general lee

Who were the "scalawags?" Who were the "Carpetbaggers?"

..., white southerner who supported the republicans during reconstruction.

How did Rutherford Hayes election bring an end to Reconstruction?

...One month after taking office, Hayes ordered federal troops out of the South, ending Reconstruction altogether and allowing the Democratic Party to sweep in and assert total dominance of the region.

About how many Americans (Union and Confederate) died as a result of the Civil War?

1 million

By the end of the Civil War, what percentage of the Union Army was African American?

10%

James K. Polk

11th president of the U.S.; he settled the Oregon boundary with Great Britain and successfully conducted the Mexican American War

Salem Witch Trials

120 men, women, and children were arrested for witchcraft in Massachusetts in 1692. 19 of them were executed in the course of these famous trials until a new royal governor stopped the prosecutions. The trials reflected deeply held religious convictions, fears of Native Americans, and perhaps tensions between farming and commercial interests in the city where they took place.

Act of Toleration

1649 Maryland law ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians, but was later repealed.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Stono Rebellion

1739 slave rebellion in South Carolina in which more than 75 slaves killed white colonists on a march through the countryside to Florida. After the rebellion was crushed, slave owners and the colonial legislature imposed harsher discipline and slave laws. The largest slave rebellion in 18th c. America.

Albany Congress (1754)

1754 meeting of representatives of 7 colonies in New York that coordinated their efforts against French and Native American threats in western frontier regions. Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan of union that was rejected by both the colonies and the British government

Currency Act (1764)

1764 British act forbidding the colonies to issue paper money as legal tender. Repealed in 1773 by the British in an effort to ease tensions with the colonies.

Quartering Act (1765/1774)

1765 British edict stating that to help defend the empire, colonial governments had to provide housing and food for British troops. Many colonists perceived this to be the ultimate insult, forcing them to pay for the troops that were there to control the colonies.

Declaratory Act (1766)

1766 British law stating that Parliament had an absolute right to tax the colonies and to make laws that would be enacted in the colonies. Ironically, it was issued at the same time as the repeal of the Stamp Act.

Townshend Acts (1767)

1767 parliamentary acts that forced colonists to pay duties on goods coming from England, including tea and paper, and which increased the power of the customs service responsible for regulating colonial trade. Colonial resistance was fierce, and Boston was occupied by British troops. Repealed in 1770.

Tea Act (1773)

1773 act by Parliament that would provide the colonies with cheap tea, but at the same time forced the colonies to admit that Parliament had a right to tax them. The Sons of Liberty resisted, most notably at the Boston Tea Party. Britain responded with the Coercive Acts.

Declaration of Rights and Grievances (1774)

1774 measure adopted by the First Continental Congress. Stated the Parliament had some rights to regulate colonial trade with Britain, but that Parliament did not have the right to tax the colonies without their consent.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. He believed human beings rationally choose to form governments out of self-interest to protect natural rights, and citizens could legitimately overthrow such a government if it violated those rights.

Marbury v. Madison

1803 Supreme Court case that established the Court's power of judicial review. Using this power, the Supreme Court can review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress. This power has since been expanded and applied to state and local laws.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of western territory from France that effectively doubled the size of the US. Prompted by Jefferson's desire for U.S. control of New Orleans, the purchase was controversial because Jefferson asserted implied constitutional powers to complete the purchase.

Orders in Council

1806 edicts issued by the British Crown closing French-owned European ports to foreign shipping. The French responded by ordering the seizure of all vessels entering British ports, thereby cutting off American merchants from trade with both parties.

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement calling for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and outlawing slavery in future states to be created North of 36 30 N lattitude

Monroe Doctrine

1823 declaration that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere (North, South, and Central America) and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.

Gadsen Purchase

1853 treaty that provided for America's purchase of territory not acquired under the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo. Stage coach lines ran through the territory, and the U.S. hoped to also eventually build a southern continental railroad through this territory. This territory today makes up the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico.

Morrill Land Grant Acts

1862 and 1890 federal acts designed to fund state "land grant" colleges. State governments were given large amounts of land in the western territories. This land was sold to individual settlers, land speculators, and others, and the profits of these land sales helped establish colleges. A second Morrill Act in 1890 helped establish several colleges and universities for black students to augment private black colleges, some of which were created during Reconstruction (e.g. Fisk University).

Homestead Act

1862 enactment by Congress that gave 160 acres of publicly owned land to a farmer who lived on the land and farmed it for two years. Inspired hundreds of thousands of Americans to move westward in the years after the Civil War. Some of these included freed slaves to places like Kansas, though relatively few ever migrated westward.

Freedman's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

13th Amendment

1865 amendment that abolished slavery in the United States and all of its territories. Final approval of this amendment depended on ratification by newly constructed legislatures in 8 states that were former members of the Confederacy.

13th Amendment

1865. Amendement abolishing and continually prohibiting slavery. With limited exception, such as those guilty of comitting a crime, it also prevents indentured servitude.

Tenure in Office Act

1867 congressional act designed to limit appointment powers of President Johnson. Stated that Congress had to approve the removal of officials made by the president. Johnson defied the (likely unconstitutional) act by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton but was then impeached.

Command of the Army Act

1867 congressional act limiting the powers of President Andrew Johnson. Instructed president to only issue orders through Union military commander, U.S. Grant, who could not be removed or sent out of Washington, D.C. w/out Senate permission. Reflected political tensions between Congress and president.

Enlightenment

18th century European intellectual movement that attempted to discover the natural laws governing science and society. Included philosophers who greatly influenced Americans, such as John Locke, who emphasized natural rights.

James Fennimore Cooper

1st American Novelist

Elizabeth Blackwell

1st Female to graduate medical college

Oregon Trail

2,000 mile trail stretching through the Great Plains from western Missouri to the Oregon Territory

Gettysburg

3 day battle site of a crushing confederate defeat that ended the Souths hope for a victory

John Quincy Adams

6th President of the United States

Petition of Right

A 1628 document drawn up by Parliament's House of Commons listing grievances against King Charles I and extending Parliament's powers while limiting the king's. It gave Parliament authority over taxation, declared that free citizens could not be arrested without cause, declared that soldiers could not be quartered in private homes without compensation, and said that martial law cannot be declared during peacetime.

Habeas Corpus Act

A 1679 British law which provided a procedure that allowed a person who had been arrested to challenge the legality of his arrest or confinement. The Act imposed strict penalties on judges who refused to issue a writ of habeas corpus when there was good cause and on officers who refused to comply with the writ.

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (1767)

A 1767 pamphlet by attorney and landowner John Dickinson, in which he eloquently stated the "taxation without representation" argument. He argued that Parliament could only meaningfully represent the colonies if colonists served in it, and taxes were only just if the people taxed gave their consent.

Gettysburg Address

A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

Thomas Hutchinson

A Boston-born merchant who served as the Royal Governor of Massachusetts from 1771 to 1774. Even before becoming Governor, he had been a supporter of Parliament's right to tax the colonies, and his home had been burned by a mob during the Stamp Acts riots in 1765. In 1773 his refusal to comply with demands to prohibit an East India Company ship from unloading its cargo precipitated the Boston Tea Party. He fled to England in 1774, where he spent the remainder of his life.

Lexington (1775)

A Massachusetts town where the first skirmish between British troops and colonial militiamen took place. During this April 19, 1775, fight, 8 colonists were killed and another 9 were wounded. The historical record is not clear about who fired the first shot, but the British were the far superior force.

Mayans

A Mesoamerican civilization of Central America and southern Mexico. Achievements include mathematics, architecture, and a 365 day a year calendar. They flourished between the 4th and 12th centuries C.E..

Wilmot Proviso

A PA representative attached this rider to funding bill for Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo which would have barred slavery from the territory acquired. Southerners opposed rider and a new Appropriations Bill was introduced in 1847 without the rider. Provoked one of the first debates on slavery at the federal level, and the principles of the rider became the core of the Free Soil, and later the Republican, Party.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan housewife, she preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637, and she and her family joined other dissenters like Roger Williams in Rhode Island.

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican Congressman from Pennsylvania who served as chairman of the powerful House Ways and Means committee during the Civil War. As a committed abolitionist he worked to empower freed blacks during Reconstruction and fundamentally remake southern race relations.

Benjamin Wade

A Radical Republican senator from Ohio who favored women's suffrage, trade union rights, and equal rights for African-Americans. He co-sponsored the bill that was Congress' response to Lincoln's 10% plan. As President Pro Tempore of the Senate (the Senate's leader in the absence of the Vice President, who technically is the leader of the Senate), he was criticized for participating in Johnson's impeachment proceedings because he stood to become President if Johnson was removed from office (Johnson had no Vice President, and prior to 1947 the President pro Tempore of the Senate preceded the Speaker of the House in the succession order).

Bartolome de las Casas

A Spaniard and a Dominican friar who advocated for the rights of American Indians. He spoke and wrote about Spanish cruelties perpetrated upon the Indians, convincing the Spanish Council of Valladolid to rule in behalf of humane treatment of the Indians in 1551, and publishing A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies in 1552.

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

A Spanish religious scholar who argued in the Valladolid Debate that Native Americans were not fully human and thus enslaving them was acceptable.

Thomas Jefferson

A Virginia planter who became a delegate to the Second Continental Congress and primary drafter of the Declaration of Independence. He later served as an ambassador, secretary of state, and president.

Antietam

A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day.

manifest destiny

A belief shared by many Americans in the mid-1800s that the U.S. should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean

Protestant Reformation

A broad religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of new Christian churches/denominations.

Thomas Hooker

A clergyman and one of the founders of Hartford, Connecticut. Sometimes called "the father of American democracy" because he argued that people have a right to choose their magistrates.

Benedict Arnold

A colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution, he soon became a General in the Continental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was instrumental in General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. Often considered the most infamous traitor in American history.

Joint stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Boston Massacre (1770)

A conflict between British soldiers and Boston civilians on March 5, 1770. After civilians threw rocks and snowballs at the soldiers, the soldiers opened fire, killing 5 and wounding 6. Soldiers were later defended successfully during trial by John Adams.

Edmund Burke

A conservative member of Parliament during the Revolutionary period who criticized the British government's treatment of the American colonies, being sympathetic to the colonists' assertion that "taxation without representation" violated the rights of English subjects in North America.

Three-fifths plan

A constitutional compromise intended to address the question of whether slaves would count for purposes of representation under the Constitution of 1787.

Town meetings

A democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, a locale's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.

Sectionalism

A devotion to the interests of one geographic region over the interests of the country as a whole

Petition of Right (1628)

A document drawn up by Parliament's House of Commons listing grievances against King Charles I and extending Parliament's powers while limiting the king's. It gave Parliament authority over taxation, declared that free citizens could not be arrested without cause, declared that soldiers could not be quartered in private homes without compensation, and said that martial law cannot be declared during peacetime.

republic

A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws. Leaders and citizens alike are required to obey the law. Unlike a direct democracy, the interests of many can be represented in the legislature.

Robert E. Lee

A former union general that joined the South after Virginia seceded. He was in charge of the Confederate Army, and led it to many victories.

Magna Carta

A foundational English document drawn up by nobles under King John in 1215 which limited the power of the king. It influenced later constitutional documents in Britain and America.

Hiram Revels

A free black before the Civil War, he was a minister and college administrator who served as the nation's first African-American and Native-American senator from 1870-71. Born in North Carolina, he lived (and voted) in Ohio prior to the War before moving to Kansas, then Louisiana, and finally Mississippi during Reconstruction.

Donner party

A group of western travelers who were stranded in the Sierra Nevada during the winter of 1846; only 45 of the 87 members survived

Algonquian

A group or nation in present-day American northeast and eastern Canada that included the Lenape, Montauk, Machican, and Adirondack. They speak a shared language, and the Iroquois were their main competitors.

Battle of Gettysburg

A key battle that finally turned the tide against the confederates-turning point

unicameral legislature

A law-making body with only one chamber or house. The Articles of Confederation established a one-house Congress with equal representation for each state.

Samuel Adams

A leading opponent of British policy in the 1760s and 1770s, he helped organize the Sons of Liberty and was a leader in the agitation surrounding the Boston Massacre. Because of the Boston Tea Party, he was marked for arrest by the British.

Indentured Servitude

A legal arrangement in which an individual owed compulsory service (usually 3 to 10 years) in exchange for free passage to the American colonies. Many of the early settlers in the Virginia colony migrated under this system.

Bicameral Legislature

A legislative structure consisting of two houses. Adopted by the U.S. Constitution, under which membership in the House of Representatives is determined by population while in the Senate all states have equal representation.

"Era of Good Feelings"

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Placer miners

A person who mines for gold by using pans to wash gold nuggets out of loose rock and gravel

Enlightenment

A philosophical and intellectual movement which started in Europe in the 1700s and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method, and its adherents tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the movement rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

City Upon a Hill

A phrase that is associated with John Winthrop's sermon "A Model of Christian Charity," given in 1630. Winthrop warned the Puritan colonists of New England who were to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony that their new community would be a "city upon a hill," watched by the world.

New Jersey Plan

A plan presented to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 recommending equal representation of states in the new Congress. This plan would have benefited states' with smaller populations.

Virginia Plan

A plan presented to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 recommending proportional representation of states in the new Congress. This plan would have benefited states' with larger populations.

Galloway Plan

A plan proposed at the First Continental Congress which would have created an American parliament appointed by colonial legislatures to work in tandem with Parliament, affording veto power to each body on matters relating to the colonies. It was defeated by one vote in October 1774.

federalism

A political system in which a central government and state/local governments share power and responsibilities.

Common Sense (1776)

A popular 1776 publication written by Thomas Paine, who had come to America in 1774. In it, Paine repudiated the concept of government by monarchy, favoring instead government by consent of the people, which encouraged the sentiment for independence in the colonies.

Board of Trade

A portion of the British government's Privy Council, it served as an advisory board to the king that regulated British trade in the 1600s and 1700s. It set mercantilist policies.

Panic of 1819

A post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank by Americans at that time.

Hamilton's financial plan

A program outlined by the nation's first Secretary of the Treasury to address the new nation's financial difficulties. It recommended the creation of a national bank, tariffs to encourage domestic manufacturing, government-sponsored internal improvements, and the national government's assumption of states' debts.

Bear Flag Revolt

A revolt against Mexico by American settlers in CA who declared the territory an independent republic

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Charles Sumner

A senator from Massachusetts who was the leader of the Radical Republicans in the Senate. During Reconstruction, he fought to minimize the power of ex-Confederates and guarantee equal rights to the freedmen.

Senator Thomas Hart Benton

A senator from Missouri, but he opposed slavery. A zealous supporter of western interests, he strongly advocated government support of frontier exploration during his term in the Senate from 1820 - 1850.

The Federalist Papers

A series of argumentative essays prepared by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison to address criticism of the Constitution of 1787 during the ratification debates.

King Philip's War

A series of battles in 1675 in New Hampshire and Massachusetts between colonists and the Wompanowogs. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Reconstruction Acts

A series of bills that laid out Radical Republicans' plans to control the south, approved in 1867. Former Confederacy was divided into five military districts (TN was exempt). Conventions were to be called to create new state governments, with former Confederate officials ineligible to hold office.

Market Revolution

A series of significant economic changes tied to rapid technological developments in the first half of the 19th century that enabled Americans to buy and sell goods over much longer distances.

Napoleonic Wars

A series of wars fought between France and various alliances involving England, Prussia, Russia and Austria at different times in the period 1799-1814. Important context for the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States.

What was the structure of the national government under the Articles of Confederation?

A single body = Congress; no executive or judicial authority created

Secession

A single state or group of states leaving a political union. New England Federalists threatened this action in 1814. Southern states took this action in the months immediately prior to the Civil War

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy issued in 1823 which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. It's enforcement depended on cooperation between Britain and the United States.

William Tennant

A strong Presbyterian minister and leader during the Great Awakening, he founded a college for the training of Presbyterian ministers in 1726. His son, Gilbert, developed a theology of revivalism as part of the Great Awakening.

common law

A system of law based on precedent and customs, often referred to in legal terms as stare decisis. The English legal system is based on this foundation.

double-entry bookkeeping

A system of recording and classifying business transactions that maintains the balance of the accounting equation. Pioneered by Italian merchants in the Middle Ages based largely on Arab models, this system enabled complex businesses to operate over long distances, perfect for colonization.

Encomienda system

A system was created by the Spanish to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas. Under this system, conquistadors and other leaders received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact "tribute" in the form of gold or labor. The Spanish were supposed to protect and Christianize the Indians granted to them, but they most often used the system to effectively enslave the Indians and take their lands.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

A treaty that ended the Mexican War and gave the U.S. much of Mexico's northern territory

What is a confederation?

A union with a relatively weak central government or authority made up of individual sovereign states which retain power over their own jurisdictions.

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. The war gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

Blanche K. Bruce

A well-educated former slave from Louisiana who became a successful plantation owner, he was the second African-American to serve in the United States Senate and the first to be elected to a full term. Though he focused on protecting the rights of freedmen and other minorities, his life of social privilege in the nation's capital insulated him from the deprivations suffered by many of his black constituents. Though he was more moderate than many white Radical Republicans, he nonetheless often sided with them in support of his constituents.

13th Amendment

Abolished Slavery

Grimke Sisters

Abolitionist who joined after witnessing the horrors of slavery

Chattel Slavery

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

Republican Motherhood

According to this concept, women would remain in the home and be responsible for raising their children to be virtuous citizens of the new American republic. Some women gained greater access to education in order to better prepare their children for civic participation.

Coercive Acts (1774)

Acts passed by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. These included closing Boston harbor, prohibiting local meetings in Massachusetts, and mandatory quartering of troops in vacant private homes.

Aztecs

Advanced Native American civilization located in central Mexico. Conquered in 1521 by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes (Cortez). Their defeat was hastened by smallpox brought to Mexico by the Spanish.

Inca Empire

Advanced and wealthy civilization centered in the Andes mountain region of South America. Aided by smallpox, Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquered this civilization in 1533.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Advocate for women's suffrage Read and wrote the Declaration of Sentiments which prognosticated and declared gender equality

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

empresarios

Agents who were contracted by the Mexican republic to bring settlers to TX in the early 1800s

Sojourner Truth

Ain't I a Women Woman Orator for abolition

How did white Democrats win control of Mississippi, Florida, South Carolina and Louisiana?

All of these. (White rapists undermined blacks' basic safety, white vigilante groups used violence to stop blacks from voting, black voters were threatened with losing their jobs or farms if they voted Republican.)

Holy Alliance

Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of the established order conservative monarchies in Europe

Powhatan Confederacy

Alliance of Native American tribes living in the region of the initial English settlement in Virginia. The leader of this alliance initially tried to live in peace with the English settlers when they arrived in 1607.

Erie Canal

Allowed by Governor DeWitt Clinton Revolutionizes the West and South since trade becomes easier to facilitate NY becomes a major port city

judicial review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws and actions of the executive branch

Elastic clause

Also known as the "necessary and proper" clause, Article 1, Sec. 8, Clause 2 in the Constitution gives Congress the flexibility to create laws to meet demands or needs not anticipated by the founders in 1787.

Ecological Imperialism

American aggression and heedless exploitation of the West's natural bounty

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

American and French forces commanded by George Washington trapped the army of General Cornwallis here. A French fleet in Chesapeake Bay prevented escape or rescue for the British, who surrendered on October 19, 1781, effectively ending British hopes of victory in the American Revolution.

Stephan F. Austin

American colonizer in Texas; he became Secretary of State of the Republic of Texas

John Jacob Astor

American fur trader; he founded the fur-trading post of Astoria and the American Fur Company

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review and assert the supremacy of the national government over the states.

John Sutter

American pioneer who build Sutter's Fort, a trading post on the CA frontier

Brigham Young

American religious leader who headed the Mormon Church after the murder of Joseph Smith; he led thousands along the Mormon Trail to Salt Lake City

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

An 1807 Incident that brought on a war crisis when the British warship Leopard attacked the American warship Chesapeake; the British demanded to board the American ship to search for deserters from the Royal Navy. When the U.S. commander refused, the British attacked, killing or wounding 20 American sailors. Four alleged deserters were then removed from the Chesapeake and impressed. Many angry and humiliated Americans called for war.

Embargo Act

An 1807 law which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. In reality, however, it mostly affected Americans, sent the economy into recession, and was therefore repealed in 1809.

Nonintercourse Act

An 1809 law that allowed Americans to carry on trade with all nations except Britain and France. The law was ineffective because of widespread smuggling by American merchants and sailors.

Macon's Bill No. 2

An 1810 law that permitted resumed trade with Britain and France, but offered to embargo trade with whichever nation did not first lift its neutral trading restrictions. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

Battle of Tippecanoe

An 1811 Battle between Americans and Native Americans in the western Ohio territory. Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet attempted to obstruct further white settlement in the West, but were defeated by militia led by William Henry Harrison. Led to proposals for Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

Battle of New Orleans

An 1815 battle between American and British troops for control of New Orleans, ending in an American victory, ironically after the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed. Americans were led by Andrew Jackson, who used later notoriety from the War to advance his political career.

Mississippi Plan

An 1875 campaign by white Democrats in Mississippi to undermine and overthrow a Republican state government elected in 1874. Using violent attacks on white Republicans and blacks plus economic pressure, white Democrats reclaimed control of the state government in 1875. President Grant hesitated to act because he feared being accused of "bayonet rule."

Phyllis Wheatley

An African domestic servant in the colonies and a well-known colonial poet. Her poetry, which was often ornate and elaborate, undermined racial stereotypes about people of African descent in the colonies as illiterate and barbaric.

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Johnathan Edwards

An American theologian and congregational clergyman whose sermons helped stir the religious revival known as the First Great Awakening; known for Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God sermon.

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He notably claimed the river that empties into the Atlantic Ocean around present day New York and called it New Netherlands.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journeys until the time of his death in 1503.

Missouri Compromise

An agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories.

Sugar Act (1764)

An effort to pay for the British army located in North America, this 1764 measure taxed certain imports. It especially tried to raise money from the American trade with the French West Indies. Harsh penalties were imposed on smugglers who did not pay the duty on imports.

Santa Fe Trail

An important trade trail west from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, NM

Hereditary aristocracy

An upper class defined by land, wealth, and power passed down through families. European nations, including England, were often dominated by this social class.

Polybius

Ancient Greek historian who wrote a thorough history of the Mediterranean region. He popularized the idea of the mixed constitution and promoted the separation of powers in government.

Artistotle

Ancient Greek philosopher who asserted governments have three functions: legislative, executive, and judicial. He suggested governments take three forms - rule of one, of the few, and of the many - which can take a "right" form and "corrupt" form.

John Calhoun

Andrew Jackson's vice president, ____________, resigned after Jackson supported the Tariff of 1832.

George Whitefield

Anglican minister who proved to be a dynamic and charismatic preacher during the Great Awakening. Preaching to as many as 20,000 people at a time, his 1740 tour of the colonies was the high point of the Great Awakening.

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and a more powerful and activist government that was splintered in the early 1850s by internal disputes over slavery and immigration.

The Emancipation Proclamation was given after this battle.

Antietam

Half-way covenant

Applied to members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

John Slidell

Appointed minister to Mexico in 1845, he went to Mexico to pay for disputed Texas and California land. The Mexican government, still angry about the annexation of Texas, refused to negotiate with him.

Where did Lee surrender to Grant?

Appomattox Court House

Thomas Jefferson

Architect of the University of Virginia

Trace the development of westward expansion from colonial times to 1823.

As American want for the west grew, they acquired land form the Revolutionary War (1783), Louisiana Purchase (1803), Convention of 1818, and the Adams- Onís Treaty (1819). These lands were sealed as American by the Monroe Doctrine in 1823.

Patrick Henry

As a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, he introduced resolutions protesting the Stamp Act. He proclaimed that the act showed the tyranny of King George III, and many considered his speech treasonous.

John Wilkes Booth

Assassinated Lincoln on April 14, 1865

Three major battles that were located in Texas during the Civil War?

Battle of Galveston, Battle of Sabine Pass, and Battle of Palmito Ranch

Battle of Vicksburg

Battle that gave the Union control of the Mississippi.

Chancellor of the Exchequer

Before and during the American Revolution, this official was the head of the British governmental department that issued and collected taxes. Many acts issued and/or enforced by this department caused great resentment in the American colonies.

Lyman Beecher

Believed in Separation of the Church and State Revivalism

Drafters of the Declaration of Independence

Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams were members of the "Committee of Five" charged with this task.

Amelia Bloomer

Bloomers- masculine pants Lily Magazine

natural rights philosophers

Born from a rejection of European monarchs' claim to a divine right to rule, these thinkers argued humans were naturally socially and formed governments to escape the anarchy of the "state of nature." Individual rights, popular sovereignty, and limited government were central tenets that influenced America's founders.

Paul Revere

Boston silversmith who, with William Dawes, alerted colonial militia to the approach of British regulars to Lexington and Concord.

Parliament

Britain's permanent law-making assembly, which began as a council of advisors to British monarchs. The upper chamber is the House of Lords and the lower chamber is the House of Commons.

Lord North

British Prime Minister from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies, though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.

Sir Robert Walpole

British Prime Minister in the early 1700s whose position towards the colonies was "salutary neglect."

George Canning

British Prime Minister who first proposed an Anglo-American pact to prevent European expansion in western Hemisphere. First leader to recognize the independence of the Spanish colonies in America. Unhappily supported the Monroe Doctrine, which eventually helped restore good relations between the U.S. and Great Britain.

Admiralty Courts

British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts. The British government sometimes used these courts to try American criminals suspected of violating mercantilist laws in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury.

Habeas Corpus Act (1679)

British law that ensured a person who had been arrested could challenge the legality of his arrest or confinement through a writ. The Act imposed strict penalties on judges who refused to issue a writ when there was good cause, and on officers who refused to comply with the writ.

Virtual representation

British parliamentarians argued colonists' interests were guaranteed under this principle despite the fact colonists did not in fact directly elect members of Parliament.

Salutary Neglect

British policy of the early 18th century stating that as long as the American colonies remained politically loyal and continued trade with Great Britain, the British government would relax enforcement of the Navigation Acts. Despite this policy, tensions continued to exist concerning British trade policy.

Lyceum Lecture Association

Brought learning to the masses

First major Battle of the Civil War and the winner

Bull Run South/Confederacy

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Case heard by the Massachusetts Supreme Court in 1842. The first judgement in U.S. that recognized that the conspiracy law does not apply to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Also decided that unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members.

Transportation Revolution

Changes in transportation during Antebellum period. By the 1850s railroad transportation was fairly cheap and widespread. It allowed goods to be moved in large quantities over long distances, and it reduced travel time. This linked cities' economies together.

Fort Sumter

Charleston, SC April 12, 1861 North's General Anderson South's General Beauregard Won by Confederate Results - Union surrenders and Civil War Begins

Explain the system of checks and balances as it exists in the U.S. Constitution.

Checks and balances are powers of different branches of the government that are limited and balanced between other branches.

Congregational Church

Church founded by separatists who felt that the Church of England retained too many Roman Catholic beliefs and practices. Puritans and Pilgrims were members of this Church. The Cambridge Platform of this church stressed morality over church dogma.

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

John C. Fremont

Civil governor of California. Failed to secure California during Mexican-American War under his own direction and joined forces with Stephen Kearney.

King William's War

Colonial War against the French that lasted from 1689 to 1697. An army from the New England colonies attacked Quebec but was forced to retreat because of a lack of strong leadership and a smallpox outbreak among the troops.

Loyalists

Colonists who did not join rebellion against Great Britain during the American Revolution. Many, though not all, came from the upper strata of society. Large numbers moved to Canada, the West Indies, or Great Britain during or immediately after the war.

Royal colony

Colony formed by the English king, so the English government had total control over them.

Proprietary colony

Colony founded by a owner company or individual and was controlled by the owner(s).

Charter colony

Colony founded by a written government grant with special privileges and rights and provided to a company or a group of people. The British government had some control over these colonies.

Plymouth Colony

Colony founded by the Separatist Pilgrims who migrated to the Americas on the Mayflower. Located in New England not far from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

General Zachary Taylor

Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. On President Polk's orders, he took the Army into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande River. His victories in the Mexican-American War and defeat of Santa Ana made him a national hero.

Stephen Kearney

Commander of the Army of the West in the Mexican War, marched all the way to California, securing New Mexico.

States' Rights

Concept that the states and not the federal government have the power to decide the extent to which federal law is enforced. This concept was defended by New England Federalists at the Hartford Convention, Southerners before the Civil War, and some Southerners during the Civil Rights Era of the 1950s and 1960s.

Aroostook War

Conflict precipitated when Maine lumberjacks in 1839 tried to oust Canadian rivals. Militia were called in from both sides until the Webster-Ashburton Treaty was signed. Took place in disputed territory between Maine and Canada.

What powers did the Articles of Confederation deny to the national government?

Congress could NOT: (1) Levy taxes; (2) Regulate interstate or foreign commerce; (3)

What powers did the Articles of Confederation give the national government?

Congress could: (1) Declare war, but war had to be funded by state legislatures; (2) ??? -

Freedman's Bureau

Congress created this in 1865 to assist the newly freed slaves. Helped freed slaves obtain employment, education, and general assistance as they adjusted to their new lives. Under programs run by this office, some ex-slaves received "40 acres and a mule."

Andrew Johnson's impeachment

Congress passed a law that said that the Senate had to approve of the President firing a cabinet member. This happened when President Johnson tested this law by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without approval

Wade-Davis Act

Congress passed this bill in 1864 in response to Lincoln's "10 Percent Plan." Set out much more difficult conditions for Southern reentry to the Union, including requiring half the white male citizens of a state to take a loyalty oath to the Union and the 13th Amendment. Lincoln killed the bill with a pocket veto.

Spot Resolution

Congressman Abraham Lincoln supported this to find the exact location where American troops were fired upon, suspecting that they had illegally crossed into Mexican territory.

Mississippi River

Considered a very important resource during the Civil War; The Union gained control of it at the Battle of Vicksburg

Eli Whitney

Cotton Gin - revived slavery Interchangeable Parts - basis of mass production and gave the Union a considerable advantage

Continental Association

Created by the First Continental Congress, it enforced the non-importation (boycott) of British goods by empowering local Committees of Vigilance in each colony to fine or arrest violators. It was meant to pressure Britain to repeal the Coercive Acts.

Noah Webster

Created the American Dictionary, which standardizes American English Induced a lot of PATRIOTISM

Charles Grandison Finney

Created the Anxious Bench, often filled with WOMEN Became the President of Oberlin College Evangelist Preacher of the Reform Believed in Gender Equality

William McGuffrey

Created the Mcguffrey Reader which taught moral, patriotism and idealism

Robert Owen

Creator of New Harmony - very socialist, led based on morales

Battle of Trenton (1776)

December 26, 1776 surprise attack launched by George Washington's army against Hessian mercenaries. 30 Hessians were killed and 950 captured, while only 3 Americans were wounded. The victory gave a great psychological boost to the American war effort.

Monroe Doctrine

Declared in 1823 that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S., and that a New World colony which had gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. Grudgingly supported by George Canning, English Prime Minister. Had more significant impact on American foreign policy in late 1800s.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points but died before it was passed however.

English Bill of Rights

Drawn up by Parliament and presented to King William II and Queen Mary, it listed certain rights of the British people. It also limited the king's powers in taxing and prohibited the maintenance of a standing army in peacetime.

Hunter-gatherers

Early societies that existed not by farming but by moving from place to place and gathering food as they went. Some early Native American tribes practiced this form of society.

Mercantilism

Economic policy practiced by most European states in the late 17th century under which states actively sought to create wealth as a means to power. Mercantilist states minimized trade with outsiders and maximized trade with their colonies. The government controlled industry and trade with the idea that national strength and economic security comes from exporting more than is imported. Colonies provided countries with sources of raw materials and markets for their manufactured goods.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

What four advantages did the Union enjoy over the Confederacy?

Economic, Environmental, Public Relations, and Professionalism.

Radical Whigs

Eighteenth-century British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Their writings shaped American political thought and made colonists especially alert to encroachments on their rights.

Rutherford B. Hayes

Elected President by the House of Representatives in the contested election of 1876 as part of the Compromise of 1877 between moderate-business oriented Republicans and southern Democrats seeking an end to federal military occupation of some southern states.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equity, and who under William Penn founded the colony of Pennsylvania.

Pilgrims

English religious separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be reformed. Separatist groups were illegal in England, so this group fled to America and settled in Plymouth.

Primogenture

English requirement that a man's real property pass in its entirety to his oldest son. This included land, which excluded many young English men from land ownership, and thereby prompted many young Englishmen and women to migrate to North America for economic opportunity.

Glorious Revolution

English revolution of 1688-1689 that removed openly Catholic King James II from the throne and replaced him with his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William of Orange. In the American colonies, James' official appointees were deposed and sent home.

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property, and that governments exist to protect those rights. He rejected the theory of the Divine Right of the monarchy, and believed that government was based upon a "social contract" that existed between a government and its people. If the government failed to uphold its end of the contract by protecting those rights, he argued the people could rebel and institute a new government.

Jim Crow Era

Era in the South after Civil War (1865) until 1950s. African Americans were freed from slavery and could legally vote (Amendments 13, 14, 15) but were still subjected to discriminatory state laws enforcing segregation and kept from voting by laws (ex. poll taxes, literacy tests) and by violence (KKK)

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution.

English Bill of Rights (1689)

Established for English citizens freedom from taxation without representation, outlawed cruel and unusual punishment, guaranteed the right to bear arms, and many other rights. Many of these same rights are included in the U.S. Constitution.

2nd National Bank of the United States

Established in 1816, its loans were used to help finance industrialization after the War of 1812. More powerful than its predecessor, it was also controversial and Andrew Jackson successfully killed it during his presidency.

Edward Braddock

Experienced British general sent to America to stop the French construction of a fort at what is now the city of Pittsburgh. On July 9, 1755, his force of regulars and Americans was crushed in an ambush that cost Braddock and most of his men their lives.

Lowell Factory

Factory established in 1814 at Waltham, Massachusetts. It was the first factory in the world to manufacture cotton cloth by power machinery in a building.

Appomattox

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Who made up the largest group of Southern Republicans during Reconstruction?

Farmers.

Subsistence farming

Farming to provide food and other crops necessary for your own survival. Can be contrasted with commercial farming in which farmers grow crops to sell for profits in a marketplace.

Horace Mann

Father of Education Reformed American Education and made teaching a better and more professional occupation

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Explain the differences between the Federalists and the Democratic Republicans.

Federalists were in favor of a loose interpretation of the Constitution, sided with the British, and wanted a strong central government. Democratic Republicans were in favor of a strict interpretation of the Constitution, sided with the French, and wanted strong state governments.

Willamette Valley

Fertile valley in Oregon territory where many settlers traveling along the Oregon trailed stopped.

Mayflower Compact

First agreement for self-government in America. Signed by 41 men in 1620 and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

White League

First established in Grant Parish, Louisiana in 1874, this paramilitary organization affiliated with the Democratic Party used violence and intimidation to remove Republicans from office and suppress black votes. Some early members were ex-Confederates who attacked African-Americans during the 1873 Colfax Massacre.

Natural rights philosophy

First expounded by Scottish Enlightenment philosopher John Locke, it held that human beings had by nature (or by virtue of being humans) certain rights, such as the rights to life, liberty, and property.

John Winthrop

First governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs, he opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. Helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president. He viewed the colony as a "city upon a hill," a godly community far from the corrupting influences of England.

Middle Passage

Forced voyage taken by slaves across the Atlantic Ocean on their way to the Americas. Sickness, disease, and death were rampant. On some ships, more than 20% of slaves who began the journey died in horrific conditions aboard the ships.

Where was Abraham Lincoln assassinated?

Ford Theater, Washington D.C.

Sharecropping

Form of agricultural labor that emerged in the South during Reconstruction. Farmers worked for a landlord, receiving seed and farming implements, and in return for their labor received the profits for a share of the crop. Many poor blacks and whites became permanently indebted to their landlords or local merchants under this system.

New England Confederation

Formed in 1643 to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies. Also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

Sam Houston

Former Governor of Tennessee and an adopted member of the Cherokee Indian tribe, he settled in Texas after being sent there by Pres. Jackson to negotiate with the local Indians. Appointed commander of the Texas army in 1835, he led them to victory at San Jacinto. President of the Republic of Texas (1836-1838 & 1841-1845) and advocated Texas joining the Union in 1845. Later served as U.S. Senator and Governor of Texas, but was removed from the governorship in 1861 for refusing to approve Texas joining the Confederacy.

Abraham Lincoln

Fought to restore the Union during the Civil War. Issued the Emancipation Proclamation and supported the 13th Amendment, which ended slavery. Favored quick reconstruction and gave South lenient terms to restore Union after the Civil War.

due process clauses

Found in both the 14th and 15th amendments, these clauses provide, respectively, that "No person shall ... be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law" and "[N]or shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law..."

Magna Carta (1215)

Foundational English document limiting the powers of the king signed in 1215 with leading nobles. Citizens could not be deprived of life, liberty or property without a lawful judgment of their peers or by law of the land.

Horace Greeley

Founder and editor of the New York Tribune. Popularized the saying "Go west, young man." Wrote that people who were struggling in the East could make their fortunes by going west.

George Ripley

Founder of Brook Farm - Transcendentalist group that went bankrupt

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer who established the first permanent settlement in Canada at Quebec. Worked to protect his settlement by making alliances with the Hurons and other Native American tribes.

Marquis de Lafayette

French major general who aided the colonies during the Revolutionary War. He and Baron von Steuben (a Prussian general) were the two major foreign military experts who helped train the colonial armies.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher who believed human beings are naturally good and free, and they can rely on their instincts to form a government through the social contract.

Wendell Phillips

GOLDEN TRUMPET OF TH ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT

Who was given command of all Union forces in March 1864?

General Joseph Wheeler

Evaluate the Presidency of George Washington and the precedents he set.

George Washington led an influential presidency by helping America win the Revolutionary War and shaping the US government by setting precedents on how to be the president of the U.S.A. His presidency set a certain standard by which later presidents attempted to equal.

Johannes Gutenberg

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use such a press. Development of his press increased access to information and improved literacy over time.

Hessians

German troops who fought for Great Britain during the Revolutionary War. They were mercenaries sold into British service by German princes who raised money by hiring out their regiments.

John Peter Zenger

German-American New York newspaper editor who in 1735 was brought to trial for libelously criticizing New York's colonial governor William Cosby. Jurors ignored English common law that criminalized injuring a governor's reputation (whether the printed word was true or false) and acquitted him.

Transcendentalism Practices

Glorified Nature Idealism of individual Reliance on Intuition Freedom of speech Independence from Society Insisted on Humanitarian Reform because man was free and limitless with power

forty-niners

Gold seekers who moved to CA during the gold rush of 1849

mixed constitution

Governments created by constitutions that combine elements of rule by one (monarchy), the few (oligarchy), and the many (polity).

Vicksburg

Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

Radical Republicans

Group of Republicans after the Civil War who favored harsh treatment of the defeated South and a dramatic restructuring of the economic and social systems in the South. Favored a decisive elevation of the political, economic, and social positions of former slaves.

Boston Associates

Group of businessmen and investors who helped build the first power loom. In 1814 in Waltham, Massachusetts, they financed a factory run by Lowell. Their factory made cloth so cheaply that women began to buy it rather than make it themselves.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Nicholas Trist

He was sent as a special envoy by President Polk to Mexico City in 1847 to negotiate an end to the Mexican War.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter, known as the "starving time."

John Jacob Astor

His American fur company (est. 1808) rapidly became the dominant fur trading company in America. Helped finance the War of 1812. First millionaire in America (in cash, not land).

London Company

In 1603, King James I gave this company a charter to settle the Virginia territory. In April 1607, the first settlers from this company settled at Jamestown. Jamestown was the first successful English colony in America. Example of a joint-stock company.

Nathaniel Bacon

In 1676 he lead a rebellion of farmers protesting VA Royal Governor Sir William Berkeley's lenient policy towards the Native Americans. Bacon died of dysentery after burning Jamestown, and the rebellion was suppressed. In the following years, the Virginia aristocracy (gentry) limited the power of the royal governor.

Dominion of New England

In 1686 the British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into this single province headed by a royal governor. The reorganization ended in 1692 with the overthrow of King James II during the Glorious Revolution when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Charter of Liberties

In 1701, the Pennsylvania colony created this written constitution which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration.

Stephen Austin

In 1822, he founded the first settlement of Americans in Texas. In 1833 he was sent by the colonists to negotiate with the Mexican government for Texan independence and was imprisoned in Mexico. Returned to Texas in 1835 and became the commander of the settlers' army in the Texas Revolution.

Gaspée Incident (1772)

In June, 1772, this controversy involved a British customs ship run aground off the Rhode Island coast. When the British sailors went ashore for help, colonials boarded the ship and burned it. They were sent to Britain for trial. Colonial outrage led to the widespread formation of Committees of Correspondence.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

In response to the Tea Act and additional British taxes on tea, Boston radicals disguised as Native Americans threw nearly 350 chests of tea into Boston harbor on December 16, 1773. Parliament closed Boston harbor and passed the Coercive Acts

republic

In short, a political system considered "thing (or property) of the people" which is characterized by the rule of law and representative government.

democracy

In short, a political system ruled by the will of the people, typically the majority of citizens.

Deism

In short, the religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Followers denied that God communicated to man, influenced his life in any way, or revealed truths to prophets.

Deism

In short, the religion of the Enlightenment. Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. Several of America's leading founders were deist or held some deist beliefs, including Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.

Location of most of the railroads

In the North

Tenant famers

In the Reconstruction South, farmers who rented land from a landowner but usually did not suffer under the extremes of sharecropping conditions.

Location of most of the Civil War Battles

In the South

Molasses Act

In the early 1700s, colonists traded for molasses with the French West Indies. British traders pressured Parliament to pass this act in 1733, which put high duties on imported molasses. Americans evaded British officials and smuggled French molasses into the colonies.

Reasons Temperance Started (5)

Increased accidents with machines Fouled Family Life Thwarted Religious life Threatened the safety of Women and Children Women, Clergymen, and Congress members began to drink

Republic of Texas

Independent republic created March, 1836 but not recognized until the next month after the battle of San Jacinto. Its second president attempted to establish a sound government and develop relations with England and France. Rapidly rising public debt, internal conflicts and renewed threats from Mexico led the republic to join the U.S. in 1845.

inalienable rights

Individual rights, notably life, liberty, and property, which Enlightenment philosophers believed were each human's birthright.

Sons of Liberty

Informal group of men who organized opposition to British policies during the late 1760s and 1770s. Founded in Boston in response to the Stamp Act, the group organized the Boston Tea Party and was lead by Samuel Adams.

Charter of Liberties (1100)

Issued by King Henry I, this document bound the king to obey certain laws regarding the treatment of noblemen and church officials. It served as a precedent for the Magna Carta.

John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto)

Italian sailor sent by England to search for the Northwest Passage, a sea route to Asia across, who in turn claimed land in what is today Canada for the English.

Martin Van Buren

Jackson's second vice president and the eighth president of the United States who advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt but struggled to address the fallout of the Panic of 1837.

54º40' or Fight!

James K. Polk's aggressive 1844 presidential campaign slogan concerning the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. U.S. settled for the 49º latitude in 1846.

Evaluate the Presidency of John Adams.

John Adams, a Federalist, was the second president of the United States. He served from 1797-1801. John Adams's presidency was marked by conflicts between the two newly-formed political parties: the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. The conflicts between the two political parties centered on foreign policy and the balance of power between the federal government and the states' governments.

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

June 1775 British attack on colonial forces at Breed's Hill outside of Boston. Despite frightful losses, the British emerged victorious in this battle, driving the Americans from the hill. The Americans were heartened by the damage they did to the British.

Henry Clay

Kentucky congressman who argued for the American System of economic policy

Lucy Stoner

Kept her maiden name after marriage

What were the key failings of the national government of the Articles of Confederation?

Key failings of central government under Articles of Confederation: (1) Inability to repay domestic and foreign debts; (2) inability to maintain order in face of armed rebellion (Shays rebellion); (3) inability to prevent harmful economic competition among states; (4) lack of legitimacy and respect from foreign nations.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern this colony in 1629. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

Queen Anne's War

Known as the War of Spanish Succession in Europe, this war pitted England against France and Spain from 1702-1713. Native Americans fought on both sides of the war in the Americas. The English were victorious and won Hudson Bay and Nova Scotia from France.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Labor Unions are allowed Doesn't get carried out because Immigrants still threaten jobs

Propaganda

Language intended to persuade or further an agenda, often a political one. Often it uses subjective and manipulative language to persuade its audience.

Colfax Massacre

Large-scale attack and murder of former slaves in Louisiana in April 1873 by white Democrats and their sympathizers in the wake of disputed state elections. Attempts to try the perpetrators in federal court for violating the victims' 14th amendment rights backfired in the Supreme Court case U.S. vs. Cruikshank (1876). The USSC ruled the 14th amendment's protections only applied to state actions, not those of individuals.

Magna Carta (1215)

Latin for Great Charter, this agreement (or charter) between English nobles and King John of England laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy in England in which the power of the king or queen was limited by certain rights and the rule of law.

Black Codes

Laws adopted by Southern states in the early Reconstruction era that greatly limited the freedom of Southern blacks. In several states, blacks could not move, own land, own firearms, serve on juries or testify against whites, or work outside coercive "apprenticeships."

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws passed by the Federalist Congress in 1798 to suppress their Democratic-Republican opponents. Criminalized criticism of government officials and lengthened the naturalization period of recent immigrants to deprive the D-Rs of a key group of supporters.

Robert E. Lee

Leader of the Confederate army

Ulysses Grant

Leader of the Union army who later became President

Susan B. Anthony

Lecturer of Women's Right Movement

Redeemers

Led by wealthy landowners, professionals, and businessmen, this conservative southern wing of the Democratic Party was most concerned with the removal of Radical Republicans from southern state governments during Reconstruction.

General Winfield Scott

Led the U.S. forces' march on Mexico City during the Mexican War. He captured the city and ended the war. He would later develop

Who surrendered to who?

Lee surrenders to Grant

Roger Williams

Left Massachusetts colony in 1635. He purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony in 1635 to offer complete religious freedom.

Colonial Assemblies

Legislatures which existed in all the British colonies in America. The Virginia House of Burgess was the first, and members of these were almost always members of the upper classes of colonial society.

"Preserve the Union"

Lincoln's main goal in fighting the Civil War.

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction, laid out in the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863). Offered pardons to most Southerners who would take an oath of allegiance to the Union and accepted 13th Amendment. Once ten percent of citizens of a state took the oath, the state could apply to rejoin the Union. Radical Republicans opposed this plan.

The Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln's plan to end slavery in the South

Lexington Green

Location of the "shot heard 'round the world." The first military skirmish between British troops in Massachusetts and Patriot "minutemen" occurred here in April 1775. The historical evidence suggests it was less a battle and more a rout or massacre of the "minutemen" facing a far superior British force.

Second Treatise on Government

Locke's most important Enlightenment work on natural rights and the relationship between the government and its people.

First Battle of Bull Run

Manassas Junction, VA July 21, 1861 North's General - McDowell South's Generals - Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Won by Confederate Results - Union realized this would be a long war loss at Bull Run hurt the North

Explain how John Marshall helped define the role of the Supreme Court.

Marbury v. Madison was the first case in which the Supreme Court struck down a federal law as unconstitutional and it is most significant for its role in establishing the Supreme Court's power of judicial review, or the power to invalidate laws as unconstitutional.

John Adams

Massachusetts lawyer who defended British soldiers accused of murder after the Boston Massacre. He later became an American representative to the Netherlands and France, served in Washington's administration, then became second president of the United States as a Federalist.

Daniel Webster

Massachusetts senator and famous American orator who opposed the financial policy of Jackson, challenged the doctrine of nullification, and later pushed for a strong union.

Cyrus McCormick

McCormick Mechanical Reaper allows for large scale farming. Ends most subsistence farming.

Navigation Acts

Measures enacted by Charles II in 1660 to increase colonial dependence on England for trade, although colonists routinely ignored them. Under these measures, goods like tobacco could only be sold to England, and all trade with other countries had to go through England.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists in New England near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Democratic-Republican Party and asserted the potential for secession. These actions were largely viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence.

Second Continental Congress

Meeting of delegates from the American colonies that began in May 1775. Some delegates expressed the hope that the differences between the colonies and Britain could be reconciled. The creation of a Continental Army led by George Washington was authorized by the meeting.

Mormons

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Mountain men

Men hired by eastern companies to trap animals for fur in the Rocky Mountains and other western regions

vaqueros

Mexican cowboys in the West who tended cattle and horses

Santa Anna

Mexican general and politician who was president of Mexico and became dictator; he fought in the Texas Revolution

Mexican Cession

Mexican territory added to the U.S. after the Mexican War, including Arizona, New Mexico, California, Utah, Nevada & Colorado.

Conquistadors

Military adventurers who were mostly responsible for initial Spanish colonization of the Americas.

Evaluate the role that military leaders played in America's victory over the British in the Revolutionary War.

Military leaders played an important role in America's victory over the British in the Revolutionary War by inspiring Americans, unifying Americans, and protecting Americans.

Which four slave states remained in the Union throughout the war?

Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware

Memphis and New Orleans Race Riots

Mob violence and massacres in 1866 directed at African-Americans as means to enforce white supremacy and coerced labor of African-Americans. Wealthy plantation owners sought labor for farms. Lower class whites, including recent Irish immigrants, found themselves in competition with freed African-Americans for work, housing, and status.

What two ironclad ships fought to a draw in 1862, signaling the end of wooden naval ships?

Monitor and the Virginia

Joseph Smith

Mormon Founder Claimed to have been given golden plates with heavenly messages Voting Blocks Polygamy Wrote the book of Mormons Latterday Saints Church

Utopias (5)

Mormons - Joseph Smith Shakers - Mother Ann Lee Oneida - John Humphrey Noyes Brook Farm Project - George Ripley

Mary Lyon

Mount Holyoke Seminary Did a lot of work to make women's education equal to men's

Oregon Fever

Movement beginning in 1842 when many Eastern and Midwestern farmers and city dwellers, dissatisfied with their lives, began moving west to the Willamette Valley. Free land was widely publicized and propelled movement.

All Mexico Movement

Movement spearheaded by Benito Juarez, who overthrew Mexican dictator Santa Ana. Mexico then began blocking American immigration, particularly slave holders (Mexico for Mexicans only).

Somerset Case

Named after slave purchased in Virginia then taken to London by his master, this English court case found that slaves who escaped in England couldn't be extradited to the colonies for trial. In London, the slave had tried and failed to escape.

Berlin Decree

Napoleon's 1806 order declaring the British Isles under blockade and authorizing the confiscation of British goods from any ship found carrying them or travelling from a British port.

George Catlin

National Parks Inspired by the extreme bison and native treatment Success with Yellow Stone Park

Seminoles

Native American tribe who, encouraged by the Spanish, launched a series of raids into the U.S. As a consequence, President J. Q. Adams ordered Andrew Jackson, whose troops were on the U.S./Florida border, to seize Spanish forts in northern Florida. Jackson's successful attacks convinced the Spanish that they could not defend Florida against the U.S.

Williams CUllen Bryant

New York EveningPost Known for the works down for American Journalism

Domestic Feminism

Newly assertive role of women

NINA

No Irish Need Apply

Unitarian Beliefs

No Orthodox Trinity - God exist in only one form God is loving Humans have essential goodness and ability to make decent decisions

Puritans

Non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. Received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area from the King of England. Many members emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s as part of the Great Migration. During this time, the population of the Massachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population.

Industry of North, West, and South

North = Manufacturing West = Farmed goods South = Cotton

Which four Southern states seceded after the bombardment of Fort Sumter?

North Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas, and Tennessee.

Who were the "Copperheads?"

Northerners who wanted a negotiated peace with the South even if the union were not restored (just wanted to end the war)

Methodist and Baptist

Number one affiliations split over slavery

Battle of Concord (1775)

Occurred on April 19,1775, between British regulars and Massachusetts militiamen. More than 70 British soldiers died and another 174 were wounded. Due to this battle, a wider conflict between the colonies and the British became more likely.

Martial Law

Occurs during a state of emergency when the rule of law may be suspended. Government is controlled by military or police authorities. Imposed by Lincoln during war and by Congressional Republicans on southern states during Reconstruction.

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made this final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (e.g. repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

On October 17, 1777, the British army of General John Burgoyne was forced to surrender after this battle. This American victory persuaded the French government to sign a treaty of alliance with the United States and enter the war against Great Britain.

Massachusetts Government Act (1774)

One of the Coercive Acts, it declared that members of the Massachusetts assembly would no longer be elected, but instead would be appointed by the king. In response, the colonists elected a their own legislature which met in the interior of the colony.

Boston Port Act (1774)

One of the Coercive Acts, it shut down the Boston harbor until Boston repaid the East India Company for tea destroyed during the Boston Tea Party.

Federalists

One of the two original American political parties, this party emphasized the need for a strong central government and favored government support for industry and internal improvements. Led initially by Alexander Hamilton.

Democratic-Republicans

One of the two original political parties, this party emphasized a small national government, states' rights, low taxes, and an agricultural vision for the future of the country. Led by Thomas Jefferson.

United States Supreme Court

One of three branches of the national government. Today it is responsible for the reviewing the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress and state legislatures.

John Humphrey Noyes

Oneida - superior race

Ku Klux Klan

Organization founded in Tennessee during Reconstruction with chapters across the South. Members began to use terror tactics, including murder, to suppress blacks. Its members and supporters sought to maintain conservative political control and white supremacy. Existed 1866 - c. 1871. Revived in 1920s to oppose blacks, immigration, Catholics, Jews, and socialists.

Headright system

Parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. Used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Quebec Act (1774)

Passed by Parliament in 1774, this law alarmed the colonies because it recognized the Roman Catholic Church in portions of Canada. Some colonials took it as a sign that Britain was planning to impose Catholicism upon the colonies.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Penned by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, these statements articulated for the first time the principle of nullification. They argued states who determined a federal law violated the constitution could nullify its enforcement in those states.

Transcendentalism

Philosophical and literary movement of the 1800s that emphasized living a simple life and celebrating the truth found in natural, in personal emotion, and in imagination. Emerson and Thoreau are notable members of this movement.

Manifest Destiny

Phrase commonly used in the 1840s and 1850s to express the inevitability of continued expansion of the U.S. to the Pacific.

William Bradford

Pilgrim and second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. Developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. Helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Valley Forge

Place where George Washington camped his army during the winter of 1777-1778. Soldiers suffered from hunger, cold, and disease, leading 1,300 to desert. Morale was raised by the drilling and discipline instilled by Baron Von Steuben, a former Prussian officer

Compromise of 1877

Political deal that ended the contested presidential election of 1876. Representatives of the Southern states agreed to recognize Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as president. In return, the Union army was removed from the southern states where they remained, effectively ending federal Reconstruction.

Democrats

Political party formed around Andrew Jackson in the early 1830s that campaigned against strong central government and elitism. Members generally supported individual liberty, the rights of the common man, and westward expansion.

Fort Duquesne

Present-day Pittsburgh, where the French established a strategic fort that became the focal point of conflict between the French and English settlers, ultimately leading to the outbreak of the French and Indian War.

pocket veto

President Lincoln used this tactic to block the Wade-Davis bill in 1864. The Constitution grants the president 10 days to review a measure passed by the Congress. If the president has not signed the bill after 10 days, it becomes law without his signature. However, if Congress adjourns during the 10-day period, the bill does not become law.

Santa Ana

President and dictator of Mexico during Texas War for Independence. Led the attack on the Alamo in 1836. Later defeated by Sam Houston at San Jacinto.

Abraham Lincoln

President during the Civil War

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy during the Civil War

Factory girls

Primary employees hired by Lowell to work in his factory. He opened a chaperoned boarding house for them. He hired them because they could do the job as well as men (in textiles, sometimes better), he didn't have to pay them as much, and since they were unmarried, they needed the money and would not be distracted from their work by domestic duties.

Catholicism

Protestant Americans objected to Irish and German immigrants because this was the religion of the most of these new immigrants

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

Covenant theology

Puritan teachings which emphasized biblical agreements: God's contracts with Adam and with Noah, the relationship of grace between God and man through Christ.

15th Amendment

Ratified by the states in 1870 and stated that a person could not be denied the right to vote because of the color of his or her skin or whether or not the person had been a slave. Extended franchise to all African-American males.

Articles of Confederation

Ratified in 1781, establishing the first official government of the U.S. Allowed much power to remain with the states, with the federal government possessing only limited powers. Replaced by the Constitution in 1788.

14th Amendment

Ratified in 1868 and stated that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" were citizens. All former Confederate supporters were prohibited from holding office in the United States.

Radical Reconstruction

Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war

Internal improvements

Refers to the development of transportation and other infrastructure, especially in the early national and antebellum periods. Alexander Hamilton and other Federalists first proposed the idea of internal improvements funded by the national government. The American System proposed by Henry Clay in the 1820s was designed to unify the nation and strengthen the economy with protective tariffs, a national bank, and roads and canals.

Dorothea Dix

Reformed asylums and wards

Samuel Tilden

Reformist Democrat defeated in the election of 1876 by virtue of the Compromise of 1877, which resulted in the removal of the final remaining federal troops in the South.

Great American Desert

Region between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains called the __________ in atlases published between 1820 and 1850. Many people were convinced this land was a Sahara habitable only to Indians. Phrase coined by Major Long during his exploration of the central region of the Louisiana Purchase region.

Transcendentalism Definition

Religious/Philosophical movement centered in New England set attitudes of the interrelationship between God Endless goodness that lives in all good things is called the OVERSOUL

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

Representatives of 9 colonies gathered in New York City in October 1765 for this meeting. The document produced by the representatives maintained the loyalty of the colonies to the crown but condemned Parliament's efforts to raise revenue in the colonies. The act which prompted the meeting was repealed within one year.

citizenship clause

Repudiating the 1857 Dred Scott decision, this clause in the 14th amendment asserted that "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and the State wherein they reside."

Circular Letter (1768)

Responding to the Townshend Acts, the Massachusetts Assembly sent this letter to the other colonies, asking that they work together and jointly issue a petition of protest. The strong-willed response of British authorities to the letter led the colonial assemblies to work more closely together

Cato the Elder

Roman censor (advisor) famed for his frugality, self-sacrifice, and devotion to duty.

Cicero

Roman statesmen and philosopher who believed public life required dedicated citizens and leaders willing to make sacrifices for the sake of the common good. The fall of the Roman Republic in his time gave way to the rule of Julius Caesar.

Proclamation of 1763

Royal decree by King George asserting British colonists could not migrate westward of the Appalachian mountains in order to reduce conflict between Native Americans and white settlers. To the west of the Appalachians was territory reserved for the Native Americans.

Who was President during the Credit Mobilier and Whiskey Ring scandals?

Rutherford Hayes

Lucretia Mott

Seneca Falls Leader

Convention of 1818

Set the border between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel (or latitude). Also affirmed U.S. rights to fisheries along Newfoundland and Labrador.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First written constitution in America.

Proprietorships

Settlements in America that were given to individuals who could govern and regulate the territory in any manner they desired. Charles I gave the Maryland territory to Cecil Calvert, the Lord Baltimore, as one of these settlements.

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer

Sewing Machine - Clothing Industry

What was sharecropping?

Sharecropping was when a black family rented land and grew crops on it. They usually paid for renting land with their crops.

Treaty of Ghent

Signed December 24, 1814 it ended the War of 1812 and restored the pre-war status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. Did not directly address impressment or violations of American neutral trade.

Treaty of Ghent

Signed December 24, 1814 it ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Treaty of Paris, 1783

Signed on September 3, 1783, it formally ended the Revolutionary War. Under this agreement, Britain recognized American Independence, the U.S. received a western boundary at the Mississippi River, Spain received Florida, and France received territory in Africa and the West Indies.

First Great Awakening

Significant religious revival movement that swept through the colonies from the 1720s to the 1740s. Preachers challenged the "cold" message of the established churches and stirred congregations with powerful, emotional sermons. Encouraged a sense of social equality and the questioning of authority. Emphasis on a more personal connection to God. Congregationalist and other traditional churches lost adherents to new sects of Christianity including the Baptists.

Nat Turner

Slave who kills his master South develops Siege Mentality and enforce Jim Crowe Laws

Continentals

Soldiers who joined the rebel army commanded by Washington. Joined up for multi-year terms of service, unlike fellow citizens in the militias, and many member of these units became veteran forces during the course of the War.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator who advocated for state's rights, supported limited government, and defended nullification and the institution of slavery. He was Jackson's first vice president.

Andrew Johnson

Southern Democrat elected Vice President in 1864 on Lincoln's Republican ticket. He rose to President after Lincoln's assassination in April 1865 and sparked controversy for his lenient treatment of former Confederates during Reconstruction. Political battles with Radical Republicans led to his impeachment in 1868, though he narrowly avoided being removed from office.

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain prior to the War of 1812. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Californios

Spanish colonists in CA in the 1800s

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico and central America.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire in the Andes mountains using advanced weaponry, horses, and, unwittingly, smallpox.

Alamo

Spanish mission converted into a fort in San Antonio, Texas. Besieged by Mexican troops in 1836, the Texans garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force. Served as a rallying cry for white American settlers who sought Texas' independence.

Alamo

Spanish mission in San Antonio, TX, that was the site of a famous battle of the Texas Revolution in 1836

2nd GreAT Awakening

Spread to masses by "camp meetings" Evangelicalism Reorganized churches and divided them over slavery Furthered class distinctions Feminization

Free Incorporation

Starts in NY Business no longer need a charter from the Federal government to start there own corporations

Robert Fulton

Steamboat Clementine (aka Fulton's Folly)

John Deere

Steel Plow that could cut through virgin soil and was light enough to be dragged by a horse

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Struck down Black Codes and defined the rights of all citizens. Stated that the federal government could act when civil rights were violated at the state level. Passed by Congress over the veto of President Andrew Johnson.

Brigham Young

Successor of the Mormon Faith 2nd president of the Latterday Saints Moved the group to Utah - Desert Zion Narrowly avoids battle with the US government through Compromise

River Bridge v. Warren Bridge

Supreme Court ruled in this case that a charter granted by a state to a company cannot work to the disadvantage of the public. One bridge company protested when another was authorized in 1828 to build a free bridge where the first had been chartered to operate a toll bridge in 1785. Court ruled in 1837 that the first company was not granted a monopoly right in their charter, and the other company could build its bridge.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government in a case involving the state of Maryland's attempt to tax a branch of the national bank out of existence in the state.

San Jacinto

Surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana's camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Ana's men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and signed an armistice securing Texas independence.

checks and balances

System in which each branch of the government can restrain the power of the other branches to prevent any concentration of power in one branch. Many historians believe over time the executive has become more powerful and influential than at the nation's founding.

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

Samuel Morse

Telegraph - connected the nation

Freedmen and Freedwomen

Term for free black in the South after the Civil War. They enjoyed gains in education, ability to hold public office, and economic well-being during Reconstruction era. Many of their gains were wiped out after Compromise of 1877.

Scalawags

Term used by Southerners in the Reconstruction era for fellow Southerns who either supported Republican Reconstruction policies or gained economically as a result of these policies. Seen as allies of the carpetbaggers.

Carpetbaggers

Term used by Southerners to mock Northerners who came to the South to gain either financially or politically during Reconstruction. Referred to the luggage the Northerners supposedly carried.

Louisiana Purchase

Territory in the present-day western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million after Napoleon's forces failed to retake control of the colony of St. Domingue (Haiti).

Describe the cooperation and conflict between Native Americans and the early settlers of the British colonies.

The British and Native Americans' cooperation and conflict started out unstable and feud-filled, became more beneficial and amicable, then turned to a full-fledged war.

Margarett Fuller

The Dial Used Literature to advocate women's rights

Compare and contrast British and French colonization of North America.

The French tended to have small settlements and were better like by native people; the British tended to have large, rapidly-growing colonies and had less native allies. Both felt their land was valuable and benefitted from resources found in their newly acquired lands.

Compare and contrast the economies and cultures of the Middle, New England, and Southern colonies.

The New England colonies had a religious culture and a trade and shipbuilding based economy. The Middle colonies had a diverse culture and a trade and staple crops based economy. The Southern colonies had a British-like culture and a farming and slavery based economy. Similarities between the three include how religion was tied to government, and how slavery and farming affected the colonies.

What impact did the Civil War have on the economy of the North?

The North's factories benefited from all of the manufacturing

Mother Ann Lee

The Shakers - no procreation (no baby-makin allowed)

Judicial review

The Supreme Court can strike down an act of Congress by declaring it unconstitutional using this power. It was first asserted by John Marshall's court in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Explain the significance of the War of 1812 as a turning point in American history.

The War of 1812 was a turning point in American history because it increased a sense of national pride, boosted American manufacturing, and weakened Native American resistance to the U.S. government.

Annexation of Texas

The addition of this independent republic as a state in 1845. Passed by joint resolution of both houses of Congress and signed by Tyler shortly before leaving office.

Nullification

The belief that a state has the right to declare void (powerless) any federal law believed unjust. The concept was advanced by John C. Calhoun and accepted by many southerners. Andrew Jackson resolved a crisis precipitated by this belief in 1832.

Parliament

The bicameral legislative body of England's government. It is divided into two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

separation of powers

The division of power among branches of government, often legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The founders generally believed this division was necessary to preserve liberty and prevent abuses of power by any one person or group in government.

French Revolution

The dramatic overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy beginning in 1789 which led to more than two decades of global warfare among Europeans that directly impacted American trade and neutrality.

James Monroe

The fifth president of the United States whose administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

Battle of San Jacinto

The final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas

House of Burgesses

The first elected legislative assembly in the Britain's North American colonies established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619.

Bull Run (Manassas)

The first major battle of the Civil War

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded on the coast of eastern Virginia in 1607.

Washington's Farewell Address

The first president's warning to the nation of the dangers posed by political factions (parties) and entanglement in disputes among foreign nations, especially the European powers.

James Madison

The fourth president of the United States often referred to as the "Father of the Constitution," whose administration was dominated by foreign challenges related to the Napoleonic Wars in Europe.

limited government

The idea that certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect the natural rights of citizens.

consent of the governed

The idea that government derives its authority by sanction of the people. The people are the source of power.

Cult of Domesticity

The idealization (making into ideal forms) of women in their roles as women and mothers in the early national period.

Classical Republicanism

The ideals and practices of ancient Greek and Roman city-states that emphasized moral education and civic virtue, or the responsibility of citizens for the well-being of their polity, or country. Acts by citizens that placed the public good, or common welfare, above private interest were especially prized.

Haitian Revolution

The largest successful slave revolt in modern human history, this revolution shocked many Americans who feared the spread of slave revolts in the American south.

Thomas Jefferson

The lead author of the Declaration of Independence and eventual third President of the United States and who oversaw the acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase and worsening relations with Britain and France in the context of the Napoleonic Wars.

Robert Morris

The most powerful financier of the American Revolution, he was also a delegate to the Second Continental Congress from Pennsylvania and signer of the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, and U.S. Constitution. He also served as one of PA's first two Senators.

Church of England (Anglican Church)

The national church of England, founded by King Henry VIII. Included both Roman Catholic and Protestant ideas. Religious radicals desired a church "purer" than monarchs allowed this one to be.

Triangular Trade System

The oversimplified name of the complex web of trading relationships that developed in the late 17th c. between the Americas, Europe, and West Africa. Europeans sold European goods in Africa and the Americas and purchased African slaves to sell in the Americas. Raw materials from the Americas were shipped to Europe or other locations in the Americas.

equal protection clause

The portion of the 14th amendment that dictates no state may "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." This clause became widely used in the 20th century by various groups, including women's suffragettes and Civil Rights campaigners. It formed the basis of the landmark Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court Case.

Columbian Exchange

The process of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds beginning after Columbus' "discovery" of the Americas in 1492 . Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life.

rule of law

The restriction of the arbitrary exercise of power by subordinating it to well-defined and established rules, which are typically agreed upon by representative assemblies in a republic.

right of revolution

The right of the people to overthrow a government that acts against their common interests.

suffrage

The right to vote in elections. This right was extended to all white males in the first half of the nineteenth century, beginning first in western states and territories that sought to recruit western settlers.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, increased the presidential powers, and supported the removal of eastern Native Americans from their ancestral lands.

Committees of Correspondence

These groups first existed in Massachusetts and eventually in all the colonies. They consisted of leaders of resistance to British rule, who listed their grievances against the British and circulated them to all the towns in the colony, and eventually to other colonies.

"New Lights" and "Old Lights"

These new religious movements known as ___________________ formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the established congregational church in New England. The established congregational churches were known as ______________.

Force Acts (Enforcement Acts)

These three bills passed in 1870-71 created criminal offenses for those who violated African-Americans' right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws. The third and final act also targeted the KKK and its tactics as violations of the 14th Amendment.

Rush-Bagot Treaty

This 1817 treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain (which controlled Canada) provided for the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. This was later expanded into an unarmed Canada/U.S. border.

Asiento System

This Spanish colonial system required that a tax be paid to the King of Spain for slaves from Africa that were imported to the Americas.

Amnesty Act of 1872

This act removed voting restrictions and office-holding disqualification against most of the secessionists who had previously been banned. It signaled declining interest among the Northern electorate to continue the Reconstruction effort in the South in the face of fierce white southern resistance. Its passage allowed southern conservatives to elect Democrats to retake control of southern state governments.

Committee of Thirteen

This body exercised executive authority under the Articles of Confederation when Congress was in recess. One representative from each state served on the body, which was also known as the Committee of the States.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Justice Marshall's majority decision argued the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

This final civil rights reform legislation passed during Reconstruction guaranteed equal treatment in public accommodations and transportation. It also prohibited courts from excluding African-Americans on juries. Some portions were overturned in the Supreme Court Civil Rights Cases (1883), notably the ban on racial discrimination in public accommodations and transportation.

Ulysses S. Grant

This general became commander of of Union forces in the Civil War and architect of the Northern victory. Later served as president from 1869 to 1877, although his presidency was marred by rampant corruption.

Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago

This treaty required Mexico to cede the American Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to the U.S. U.S. gave Mexico $15 million in exchange.

Adams-Onis Treaty

This treaty secured the addition of Florida for the United States. The U.S.-Mexico border was also set by making Texas and the territory which later became the American Southwest part of Mexico.

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

This war, fought between the English and French over expanding their empires in the Americas from 1754 to 1763, spread to Europe and the rest of the world in 1756. In Europe, it was called the Seven Years War. The British were victorious, receiving French Canada as their main spoils of war, but new challenges facing the British after victory led to the end of Salutary Neglect.

Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson wrote the first draft of this document after a motion by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia on June 7, 1776 was approved by the Second Continental Congress. It was formally approved on July 2, 1776 and formally announced on July 4, 1776.

Treaty of Ghent

Thwarted American Industry since British goods were sold so cheaply Leads to Tariff of 1816

Era of Good Feelings

Time period generally referring to James Monroe's presidency.

What was the goal of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)?

To eliminate all other races that were not superior.

Stamp Act (1765)

To help pay for the British army in North America, parliament passed this act in 1765, imposing a tax on all legal documents and newspapers, which now had to have official markings. Resistance to this act was severe in the colonies, and it was eventually repealed.

Why did the Confederacy face a food shortage during the Civil War?

Took Lincoln's decision to send provisions (resupply but not reinforce) to the fort as an act of aggression

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first free black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Treaty signed in 1842 which established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states.

Treaty of Paris, 1763

Treaty that ended the French and Indian War. Britain gained most French territory in the New World, including Canada and Caribbean colonies. Britain gained Florida from Spain, and France gave Spain the Louisiana territory as compensation for the loss of Florida. Spain retained Cuba.

Emma Willard

Troy Female Seminary

impeachment

Under the U.S. Constitution, the House of Representatives has this power to indict a sitting president for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors." The Senate decides whether to remove the president for office. Andrew Johnson was the first U.S. president to face this process.

Winner of the Civil War

Union

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Oliver Hazard Perry

United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812, one of the few notable victories for American forces in the War of 1812.

Cumberland Road

Unites Maryland to Illinois Finished by the government and states

Whiskey Rebellion

Uprising in 1794 primarily in western Pennsylvania against a key component of Alexander Hamilton's financial plan that was a crucial early test of the new federal government's power.

Analyze the various forms of self-government in the original 13 colonies.

Various forms of self-government in the original thirteen colonies included representatives elected by the people, town meetings, and written compacts/constitutions. These forms of self-government helped to unify the colonies by creating a sense of anti-Europe nationalism.

Martin Van Buren

Vice-president under Andrew Jackson who was elected president in 1836

George Rodgers Clark

Virginian soldier and frontiersman who helped remove the Indians from the Illinois territory in May, 1798 but died impoverished and in debt.

Pontiac's War

War initiated by Native Americans in the Ohio territory shortly after the French and Indian War. Lasted from 1763-64 and convinced British government of need for permanently stationing troops in the colonies.

Knickerbockers (3)

Washington Irving James Fennimore Cooper William Cullen Bryant

Second Great Awakening

Wave of religious revivalism which swept the country from upstate New York in the 1730s and 1740s. It was characterized by intense religious fervor, fiery threats of damnation, and increased involvement of women and African-Americans.

George Washington

Wealthy Virginia planter and colonial militia leader who became commanding general of the Continental Army and the nation's first President.

Suffolk Resolves (1774)

Were sent from Suffolk County, Massachusetts, to the First Continental Congress in September 1774. Called for the citizens of all the colonies to prepare to take up arms against the British. After much debate, the First Continental congress adopted them.

Lancaster Turnpike of Phil.

Western Development is spurred 18% return on assets

Red Shirts

White supremacist paramilitaries who organized first in Mississippi in 1875 to support white Redeemer Democrats. They effectively acted as the military wing of the Democrat party in the mid-1870s, intimidating African-Americans and political opponents. The practice of wearing red shirts spread to other southern states after the success of the Mississippi Plan (1875).

Abigail Adams

Wife and confidant of John Adams, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the home front. She also urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

Holy Experiment

William Penn put his Quaker beliefs to the test in his colony, Pennsylvania. He wanted the colony to provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself.

Accomplishments of the American Temperance Society (2)

Women Drink less Less consumption of hard liquor

Oberlin College 1837 Decision

Women could now go to the school

Cult of Domesticity

Women had moral power and increasingly made more family decisions

Theodore Weld

Wrote "Slavery As It Is"

Fredrick Douglass

Wrote North Star Ex-Slave orator for abolition

Washington Irving

Wrote the Knickerbocker 1st American to receive international recognition for literature

William Lloyd Garrison

Wrote the Liberator mentor of Fredrick Douglas

nullification

a state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

tariff

a tax on imports

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Second Inaugural Address

another famous public speech by Lincoln after he was elected for a second term; stated that he wanted to finish the business at hand with the South and allow them to rejoin the Union

Battle of Manassas

another name for the First Battle of Bull Run- This battle was where spectators came and watched from a distance and had picnics

Henry Clay

arranged the Missouri Compromise

John Tyler

became president upon the death of William Henry Harrison

Battle of Antietam

bloodiest single day of fighting during the war-gave Lincoln opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

Marbury v. Madison

case that established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review

McCulloch v. Maryland

case that upheld national sovereignty (federal government is superior to state goverments) and the Federalist theory that the Constitution, by implication, gives the federal government power beyond those expressly stated

14th Amendment

declared that all persons born in the US were citizenship, that all citizens were entilted to equal rights and their rights wer protected by due process

Constitution of the United States

document that served as a model for the constitutions of the new independent nations of Latin America

John Quincy Adams

elected president of the United States in 1824

economic depression

event that contributed much to the defeat of Martin Van Buren's attempt to be re-elected

nationalism

extreme patriotism, marked by a feeling of superiority of one's country

Strengths of the North

factories food supply population railroads money weapons production

consumer demand for cotton, the invention of the cotton gin, the opening of new lands in the west

factors that led to the rise of the cotton-growing industry in the South

John Marshall

federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who established judicial review and strengthened national sovereignty

James Monroe

gave official United States recognition to the new countries of Latin America in 1822

Alexander Hamilton

he managed to get the first Bank of the United States chartered in 1791

put too much money into circulation

how banks chartered by states created inflation and confusion

Ireland and Germany

immigration from these countries triggered an anti-immigrant backlash

manufacturing

industry helped the most by protective tariffs

Transportation Revolution

inspired by the East's desire to unite with the West

Eli Whitney

invented the cotton gin

Battle of Palmito Ranch

last battle of Civil War fought in Texas after General Lee's surrender.

Northwest Ordinance

law that prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory

21 year wait before immigrants could be citizens and excluding Catholics from holding public office

main demands of the Know-Nothing Party

sugar cane

main plantation crop of Lousiana

Great Britain

major European power that opposed the Holy Alliance

economic independence

many Americans argued this was as important as political independence

Why did the Reconstruction Act of 1867 split the former Confederacy into military districts?

militarized reconstruction act

What protection did the Fifteenth Amendment offer to African Americans during Reconstruction

none

War of 1812

often called the second war of independence

Democratic Party

party that Andrew Jackson led

Whig Party

party that arose in opposition to Andrew Jackson

What protection did the Fourteenth Amendment offer to African Americans during Reconstruction?

protection of all liberties under the constitution

the Northeast

region of the United States helped most by protective tariffs

the West

region of the United States most in support of a national system of roads and canals

the South

region of the United States most opposed to protective tariffs

John C. Calhoun

resigned the vice-presidency to lead South Carolina's opposition to protective tariffs with the argument of states's right to nullify federal law

Middle Class

set moral tone of the nation most dynamic class

Why was illiteracy at such a high percentage among African Americans at the end of the Civil War?

slaves were never taught to read or write

small farmers of the West, workers and artisans

sources of support for Andrew Jackson

South Carolina

state that attempted to nullify the "Tariff of Abominations"

Georgia

state that received United States military help in removing Indian tribes in the 1830s

southern states

states that permitted slavery

northern states

states that prohibited slavery

Strengths of the South

strong military leaders Home field advantage cotton production cotton diplomacy

merchants, manufacturers, and bankers

supporters of the Second Bank of the United States

Why was the Union victory at Vicksburg an important battle?

the Union gained control of the Mississippi

national sovereignty

the authority of a country to govern itself, the national government is supreme

Appomattox Courthouse

the location where General Robert E. Lee was forced to surrender, thus ending the Civil War

Order of the Spar-Spangled Banner

the official name of the Know-Nothing party

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

his support of state's rights and a low tariff

the views of John Tyler that alienated fellow Whigs Henry Clay and Daniel Webster

prospect

to search for gold

William Henry Harrison

war hero elected president in 1840

Presidential Reconstruction

was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.

arguments over slavery

what brought about the decline of the Know-Nothing Party

death

what happened William Henry Harrison a month after his inauguration

1816

when the Second Bank of the United States was chartered

George Washington

wrote that he hoped the United States would adopt a plan "by which slavery may be abolished by slow, sure, and imperceptible degrees."