APUSH - HENRETTA - 1.4 (Exploration and Conquest)

Tainos

The Indians who inhabited San Salvador and many Caribbean islands and who were the first people Columbus encountered after making landfall in the New World.

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. Ferdinand and Isabella finally captured Grenada, the last Islamic territory in WEstern Europe. Using Catholicism to build a sense of "Spanishness," they launched the brutal Inquisition against suspected Christian heretics and expelled of forcibly converted thousands of Jews and Muslims.

African Diaspora

The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.

Amerigo Vespucci

A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him around 1500.

Ponce de leon

Explored Florida looking for the Fountain of Youth in 1513.

African slave trade

African people were taken as slaves to be sold in America, in America they would work in mines & plantations. The profit went to europe where they built goods to then be sold to Africans. It was a triangle.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.

Prince Henry of Portugal

An early 15th century explorer, Henry "the Navigator" sought to increase the power of Portugal by seeking trade routes to the East by way of Africa.

Spanish Inquisition

An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism.

Moctezuma

Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.

Plantation System

Brazil would soon become the world's leading producer of sugar utilizing this system it introduced to the Americas - a form of estate agriculture using slave labor that was pioneered by Italian merchants and crusading knights in the 12th century and transplanted to the islands off the coast of Africa in the 15th century. The Portuguese set in motion one of the most significant developments of the early modern era.

The Indies

Columbus believed that he had landed on one of the many islands in the ________ off the coast of the mainland China as was described by Marco Polo. It was in fact present-day Bahamas.

Small Pox

Disease spread by Europeans in the Americas. Led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans in North and South America

Ferdinand and Isabella

During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.

Hispaniola

First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.

Sierre Leone

In 1435, Henry the Navigator's sailors traveled to this sub-Saharan region where the Portugese exchanges, sold, wine and fish for African ivory and gold.

Population

In one of the great demographic disasters in world history, 20 million Native Americans in 1500 had dwindled to just 3 million in 1650.

New world

North and South America

African slavery

Portugese traders ousted Arab merchants as the leading suppliers of this. They were a key commodity, sold as agricultural laborers, concubines, or military recruits. Sometimes their decendants were freed, but others endured hereditary bondage. Between c. 700 - 1900, it is estimated that 9 million Africans were sold in the trans-Saharan slave trade (separate from the Atlantic Slave trade)

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. He returned to India in 1502 with 21 fighting vessels, which outmaneuvered and outgunned the Arab fleets. Soon the Portugese government set up fortified trading posts for its merchants at key points around the Indian Ocean, in Indonesia, and in China.

Pedro Alvares Cabral

Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil

Dutch

Replaced the Portugese as the leaders in Asian Commerce in the Indian Ocean.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547). In 1519, he led an army of 600 men to the Yucatan Peninsula.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541). BY the time he and his small force of 168 men and 67 horses finally reached their destintation in 1532, half of the Inca population had already died from European diseases.

Madeira and Azores Islands

discovered and claimed by Prince Henry's navigators located to the west and southwest of Portugal. These regions became laboratories for expansion of Mediterranean agriculture. Planters experiemented with a variety of familiar cash crops, including sugar. Beginning in 1482, slaves were introduced to work on Sugar plantations.

Coerced labor

forced labor systems (slavery, indentured servitude, debt peonage)