APUSH Midterm - Gilded and Progressive Era / 1898-1945
The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 placed a "quota" of the number of European immigrants who could come to America each year; it was set a 3% of the people of their nationality who had been living in the United States in what?
1910.
What gave women's suffrage?
19th Amendment.
What shortened the time a defeated president remained in office?
20th Amendment.
The Selective Service act required all men between the ages of what to register for military service?
21 and 31.
What repealed prohibition?
21st Amendment.
What group was not part of the voting coalition that supported the New Deal?
Business executives.
What plan loaned money to Germany to pay their reparations to Great Britain and France, for Great Britain and France to pay their debts to the United States?
Dawes Plan.
What boosted the buying power of wage earners by reducing work hours and increasing minimum wages?
Fair Labor Standards Act.
The policies passed in response to the Great Depression contributed to a change in what earlier popular beliefs?
Government should be noninterventionist during economic downturns.
The flappers of the 1920's challenged traditional American attitudes about women by supporting what?
Greater freedom in manner of dress and moral behavior.
["People's Party Platform"] Activists formed the Populist Party most directly in response to what?
Growth of corporate power in agriculture and economic instability as farming.
What is true of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890?
It had little impact on the regulation of large cororations.
The Teller Amendment said that United States would not rule Cuba, and leave the government to the Cuban people, making Cuba what?
Protectorate.
City bosses and urban political machines in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries did what?
Provided some welfare for poor immigrants in exchange for political support.
During the 1920s, both the Sacco and Vanzetti case and the rise of the new Ku Klux Klan reflected what?
Public fear and resentment of southern and eastern European immigrants.
Jacob Riis's principal involvement in the reform movements of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was his effort to do what?
Publicize poor housing and sanitation in urban tenements.
The Foraker Act allowed the United States to annex what?
Puerto Rico.
What is true about the Platt Amendment?
The U.S. could trade freely with Cuba..
Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth endorsed what view?
Wealthy individuals have a duty to return their fortunes to society.
What best describes the main idea of Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth?
Wealthy individuals should use their wealth for social betterment.
What is a government that assumes responsibility for the welfare of children and poor, elderly, sick, disabled, and unemployed?
Welfare State.
["A Party of Patches"] The cartoonist likely supported what?
Government policies favoring corporations.
What is true about the Tennessee Valley Authority?
It built dams that made rural electrification possible.
What was the name of FDR's group of advisors that included some of the greatest minds in the country?
'Brain Trust'.
What was FDR's attempt to obtain the power to increase the size of the Supreme Court from 9 justices to 15 for every sitting justice who refused to retire at the age of 70?
'Court Packing'
What were the stories FDR would tell using the radio in order keep America informed on the progress America was making during the Depression and on into the years of war?
'Fireside Chats'
What was the idea that public (government) spending would put people back to work, create a steady flow of money into the economy and end the Depression?
"Pump-Priming".
What created income taxes?
16th Amendment.
What caused the direct election of senators?
17th Amendment.
What caused prohibition?
18th Amendment.
What did immigrants in the West who struggled during the Great Depression not face?
A 1913 California law allowed Japanese and Chinese farmer to own land, but farm prices declined during the depression and racial discrimination grew, as many as one in five immigrants returned to their native countries.
[General Federation of Women's Clubs] Based on the excerpt, Marion Crocker was most likely what?
A Progressive Era reformer.
The Harlem Renaissance can best be described as what?
A celebration of black culture and creative expression of a prominent and vibrant black community in the North.
During the 1930's, the Great Depression led to what?
A mass internal migration of Americans looking for work.
["Speech to the Women's Christian Temperance Union"] People who agreed with the argument made in the speech would most likely have recommended what?
A stronger government role in the economic system.
Because of President Herbert Hoover's "do nothing" approach and failed policies to lessen the sting of the economic recession, America's reaction to Hoover's non-action was what?
Abandon capitalism, embrace socialism/communism, and get rid of tiered economic system of class and competition.
[Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions] In the decades following the Civil War, the women's rights movement that began at Seneca Falls focused its energies most strongly on what?
Achieving the right to vote.
William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" oration was primarily an expression of his what?
Advocacy of free and unlimited coinage of silver.
Marcus Garvey, founder of the United Negro Improvement Association, did what?
Advocated the ideas of developing an elite "talented tenth" to lead African American economics and social progress and promote racial integration in the United States.
[Washington Gladden Quote] What arguments about society during the Gilded Age could Gladden's purpose in the quote best be used to support it?
Advocates of the Social Gospel emphasized putting religious principles into practice in society.
W. E. B. Du Bois different in philosophy from Booker T. Washington in that Du Bois believed what?
African Americans should pursue immediate and full equality.
What established a system of cash subsidies for seven major commodities to entice farmers to cut production?
Agricultural Adjustment Act.
The People's Party advocated what?
An increase in the money supply.
What required the United States as a member of the League of Nations to promise to respect and preserve all of the other members of the League against "external aggression"?
Article 10.
[The Best Fields for Philanthropy] The creation of libraries in the late 1800s as described in the excerpt best reflects what development?
Attempts to provide opportunities for people to fill their leisure time.
["A Party of Patches"] The cartoon suggests that the disparate groups that favored the People's (Populist) Party typically shared what?
Belief in a stronger federal government role in the United States economic system.
What was a reason the United States began to expand all of the sudden in the 1890s?
Belief to for the United States to compete globally, belief in their superior characteristics need to spread, belief to expand overseas, and yellow journalism?
What was not an argument of the Irreconcilables when it came to the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles?
Believed the League of Nations removed Congressional power to declare war, making it unconstitutional.
During the 1930s Black voters overwhelmingly switched from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party because of why?
Black Americans benefitted from some New Deal economic policies.
[William M. "Boss"] During the late nineteenth century, politicians such as the one depicted in the image most likely would have opposed what?
Calls for reforms to local and state governments.
["Progressive Party Platform, 1912"] The excerpt suggests that Progressives in the early twentieth century most typically sought to do what?
Challenge political inequality.
What put 2.6 million men and women to work to build bridges, roads, trails, and other structures in state and national parks?
Civil Works Administration.
What event started the completion of the Panama Canal?
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was signed between Britain and the United States forbidding canal construction.
Progressive reformers rejected Social Darwinism because they believe what?
Conflict and competition did not necessarily improve society.
What provided 250,00 unemployed young men between the ages of 18-25 with useful work in the outdoors?
Conservation Civilian Corps.
["People's Party Platform"] What best describes the overarching goals of the Populist Party in the late nineteenth century?
Cooperative democracy and a stronger governmental role in the economic system.
What concerned was not addressed during the "Hundred Days" of the New Deal?
Count restructing.
What U.S. historical document was the motivation behind promoting openness and supporting freedom?
Declaration of Independence.
What was not one of the Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon's economic policies under President Harding and Coolidge?
Deficit Spending.
What best characterizes the conservationist approach to the environment that emerged in the Progressive Era?
Designation of national parks and forests for recreational and managed use.
Who was least involved in the struggle for women's rights?
Dorothea Dix.
[Washington Gladden Quote] What arguments about the United States economy during the Gilded Age could the historical situation of the quote best be used to support?
Economic changes produced debates over how to organize the national economy.
The establishment of a stronger economic regulatory system during the Great Depression most closely reflected continuity with which of the following?
Efforts to restrict the excesses of corporation during the Progressive Era.
What will officially end the New Deal?
Election of 1938.
What was not a response by Herbert Hoover to the Great Depression?
Elevated Taxes, lowered interest rates, and created public-education programs.
[GASP PSA] The methods used to express the ideas in the public service announcements have the most in common with those of female activists who did what?
Engaged in Progressive Era reform movements.
What act gave the president the power of censorship?
Espionage Act of 1917.
During Woodrow Wilson's administration, the federal government attempted to counteract the economics influence of big business by doing what?
Establishing the Federal Trade Commission.
["The Principles of Scientific Management"] What group of people would have been most likely to oppose Taylor's management ideas?
Factory workers.
What protected depositors in insured banks up to $2,500?
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.
Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth was based on the belief that wealthy industrialists should use their wealth to do what?
Finance philanthropic endeavors.
What Washington Naval Conference Treaty limited the naval armaments of the U.S., France, Britain, Japan,, and Italy, imposing a ratio of 5:5:3:1.75:1.75, respectively, for the international allotment of capital warships?
Five-Power Treaty.
What was not true about women during the New Deal?
Frances Perkins was the first female cabinet member when she was appointed Secretary of Commerce.
What created the FDIC?
Glass-Steagall Act.
Which crisis in confidence America left struggling with when business and industry profits declined causing workers to be laid off and left with the possibility that there was no other employment to be found?
High unemployment.
What was created to refinance home mortgages?
Homeowners Loan Corporation.
Jacob Riis's "How the Other Half Lives" is a study of what?
Immigrant urban poverty and despair in the 1890's.
How does the Roosevelt Corollary keep Europe out of the Western Hemisphere?
In future cases of debt problems, the U.S. would take over and handle any intervention in Latin America on behalf of Europe.
Why was the U.S. Constitution used as the model for establishment of the League of Nations?
In order to create an organization to secure "mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.
What reserved the Dawes Act of 1887 by promoting Indian self-government and granting a greater degree of religion freedom?
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.
["How the Other Half Lives"] The excerpt is best understood as a response to what historical development?
Industrialization.
President Theodore Roosevelt did not address what during his presidency?
Insider trading on the stock market.
What is the significance of Woodrow Wilson's "Moral Diplomacy" / "Watchful Waiting" foreign policy in comparison to other foreign policies of the Progressive Era?
It had to balance his foreign policy with the Roosevelt Corollary and Dollar Diplomacy when dealing with Latin American countries.
What was a musical form based on improvisation, recombing different forms of music, including African American blues, ragtime, and European-based popular music?
Jazz.
What economist believed the Great Depression was caused by the problems in the money supply, distribution of wealth, stock speculation, consumer spending productivity, and employment could have been controlled?
John Maynard Keynes.
What was the goal of President Taft's Dollar Diplomacy?
Joining United States business interest with diplomatic interests of international countries?
Jacob Riis is best known for his work in the 1890s as what?
Journalist and photographer who publicized the wretched conditions in which many immigrants lived.
The term "muckrakers" was used in the early twentieth century to refer to what?
Journalists who wrote articles exposing political corruption and urban poverty.
What principles of Keynesian Economic theory did Roosevelt not follow during the New Deal Era that is the major cause for his 1937 double-dip recession?
Keep a Balanced Budget.
What economic theory suggested that instead of cutting back on government spending, our government should: lower taxes, spend money, and purposely run up large deficits (debt); without maintaining a balanced budget?
Keynesian Economics.
[Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth"] What policies would Carnegie most likely have supported?
Laissez-faire economics.
President Hoover's approach to the Great Depression was to do what?
Leave the economy alone to work itself out of trouble.
Between 1870 and 1900, what did farmers not do in an attempt to better their condition?
Limit production of crops.
The leaders of the Progressive movement were primarily what?
Middle-class reformers concerned with urban and consumer issues.
["Progressive Party Platform, 1912"] What group is most credited with advancing Progressivism?
Middle-class women.
[William Jennings Bryan Quote] What group would most likely agree with the quote?
Midwestern farmers.
What is both a philosophical movement and an art movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
Modernism.
The definition of isolationism is a policy of avoiding alliances and other types of involvement in the affairs of other nations. What is the best example of American isolationism prior to the expansionist era of the 1890s?
Monroe Doctrine of 1823?
[William M. "Boss"] What is the cartoon a commentary on during the late-nineteenth-century?
Municipal corruption.
The policy initiatives during Franklin D. Roosevelt's first two presidential terms did not include what?
Nationalizing basic industries.
Europeans did not engaged in imperialism for what?
Need for cooperation between European nations to grow the European Union economically, militarily, and politically.
What is not true about the evaluation of the New Deal?
New Deal did end the Depression, and restored American economy.
In the three decades following the Civil War, what policies of the Republican Party generally favored?
Northern industrial interests.
An underlying cause of the Great Depression, which began in 1929, was what?
Overproduction in the manufacturing and farm sectors.
What was Woodrow Wilson's pleas to Europe in 1916 to end the war, because the terms of victory would be forced upon the vanquished, which would lead to resentment, and threaten the stability of peace in the future?
Peace without victory.
[The Best Fields for Philanthropy] What can best be concluded about the late 1800s based on the situation in which the excerpt was produced?
People debated that best means for expanding educational opportunities.
[Quote on Railroads] What group included the passage above in its platform?
People's Party.
The era from the end of the Civil War to the outbreak of the First World War was characterized by what?
Periodic economic panic and depression.
[Protectors of Our Industries Illustration] What most directly affected the lives of the late-nineteenth-century workers?
Political machines that provided social services in exchange for votes.
["The Grapes of Wrath"] What movement expressed ideas most similar to the ideas expressed in the excerpt?
Populism in the 1890s and early 1900s.
[Paterson Strike Poster] The poster advertising a 1913 labor union pageant was designed to do what?
Portray the strikers as the heroic champions of workers and ordinary people.
[Lewis Hine Photo] Conditions such as those shown in the photograph contributed most directly to what?
Pressure from progressive activists to reform business practices.
What was the goal of the Roosevelt Corollary?
Prevent Europe from using the problems in Latin America as a reason to intervene in Latin America.
Woodrow Wilson declared war on Germany because of what?
Prevent the destruction of the British Navy.
Governmental policies enacted during the New Deal most strongly demonstrate a continuity with what earlier development?
Progressive reformers demanded stricter regulation of the economy.
["Why Women Should Vote"] The ideas expressed in the excerpt most clearly reflect the ideals of what?
Progressivism.
[General Federation of Women's Clubs] People who shared Crocker's ideas at the time most typically sought to achieve their goals by doing what?
Promoting federal legislation to protect the environment.
Automobiles drew Americans away from home but what drew them back in?
Radio.
The New Deal attempted to revive the farm economy during the 1930's by doing what?
Reducing the amount of land under cultivation.
What was the 2nd New Deal directed towards?
Reform.
["The Yosemite"] What argument could best be supported by the purpose of the excerpt?
Reformers encouraged the more active protection of natural resources.
[Washington Gladden Quote] The point of view expressed in the quote could best be used to support what historical arguments about the late 1800s?
Reformers sought to use religion to reduce discord between workers and employers.
What are the New Deal's 3R's?
Relief, Recovery, Reform.
What was the 1st New Deal aimed at?
Relief.
Which of the Fourteen Points was relying on the success of the Freedom of the Seas in peace and war time?
Removing economic trade barriers between countries.
The long-term outcome of the Scopes "Monkey Trial" was what?
Represented, at best, a hollow victory for Fundamentalism because it cast ridicule of the fundamentalist cause and highlighted the dubious rationality of relying on a literal theological reading of the Bible to overturn the finding of modern science.
Democratic Party support by a new coalition of workers and African Americans during the 1930s was most similar to that of what?
Republican Party support following the Civil War.
What raised taxes on corporate profits and higher income?
Revenue Act of 1935.
The Palmer Raids were an attempt to do what?
Round up those who were thought to be un-American.
What installed power line in rural areas hoping to keep the farmers on the farm?
Rural Electrification Act.
One reason early twentieth century muckrakers were able to have a significant impact on society is because of what?
Sales and circulation of newspapers and magazines increased.
What was created to regulate the stock market and prevent further abuses in Wall Street?
Securities and Exchange Commission.
What act proposed penalties on anyone who used "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the U.S. government, flag, or uniform, in any form of communications?
Sedition Act of 1918.
Members of what group were most likely to support the Populist Party?
Sharecroppers from the South.
["A Party of Patches"] What group would be most likely to support the Populist Party?
Sharecroppers.
What is not true regarding the appraisal of the New Deal?
Showed how inflexible the Constitution and the Supreme Court when it came to the separation and balance of power of our government.
What provided old-age pension for most workers in the private sector to be financed by a federal tax that both employers and employees would pay; established a joint federal-state system of unemployment compensation; and offered a relief program for widowed mothers and the disabled?
Social Security Act of 1935.
What was created by the New Deal because FDR 'did not want Americans to live in fear of starving' by creating benefits for the employed, disabled, elderly, and the unemployed?
Social Security.
["Why Women Should Vote"] The concerns Addams raises in the excerpt were most directly a reaction to what?
Social injustice and rising economic inequality.
What is considered the true success of the Food Administration, under the guidance of Herbert Hoover?
Soldiers and American Citizens were fed.
What were the republican economics policies under Warren G. Harding?
Sought to follow strictly the traditional Old Guard Republican business doctrine of laissez-faire without any active involvement by the federal government to advance corporation's bottom-line goal of progressively increasing profit each year.
Around 1920, the number of children aged 10 to 15 in the industrial workforce began to decline for what reason?
States began to require children to attend school until a certain age and to limit the ages at which they could be employed.
["The Yosemite"] The excerpt could best be used to explain the significance of what historical situations?
The role of journalism in reform movements.
Henry Ford's success can be found in the implementation of scientific management and the application of the moving assembly line, also known as what?
Taylorism and Fordism.
[Lewis Hine Photo] Advocates for individuals such as those shown in the photograph most likely would have agreed with what perspective?
That the government had an obligation to establish workplace safety standards.
["How the Other Half Lives"] Studies similar to Riis' were most effective in promoting action by federal government during when?
The 1960s.
[Quote on Sentiments] These sentiments are most characteristics of what?
The Gospel of Wealth.
["Platform"] The excerpt appeared in the platform of what political party?
The Populist Party.
["People's Party Platform"] The idea of the Populist Party, as expressed in the excerpt, had the most in common with the idea of what?
The Progressive movement.
The red scare of 1919-1920 was provoked by what?
The Russian Communism threat to America's economy and security.
What is the reason why United States did not become directly involved in the war in Europe when it broke out in 1914?
The United States did not meddle in European affairs.
What was the main reason for the major decrease in the number of Europeans immigrating to the United States in the 1920s?
The United States passed the National Origins Act.
Although Progressive Era reformers held different opinions about many issues of the day, they shared a belief in what?
The capacity of trained professionals to find rational, scientific solutions to society's problems.
["A Sketch of History and Resources of Dakota Territory"] What was a long-term result of the developments described in the excerpt?
The creation of farmers' groups to resist corporate control of agricultural markets.
["Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform"] What was the most direct effect of the trend described in the excerpt?
The development of the Progressive movement to address social problems associated with industrial society.
["How the Other Half Lives"] By the 1910s, the conditions described in the excerpt were most addressed by who?
The efforts of the middle-class reformers.
[The Best Fields for Philanthropy] The excerpt best serves as evidence for what development in the late 1800s?
The emergence of arguments that wealthy people had moral obligation to help society.
One means by which President Hoover attempted to fight the Great Depression was by what?
The establishment of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation.
[Ralph Waldo Emerson Quote] What developments best represents a logical extension of the ideas expressed in the quote?
The expansion of participatory democracy in the Progressive Era.
What is not true about the legacy of the New Deal?
The government made a commitment to not intervene when the private sector could guarantee economic stability, and federal regulation brought order and regularity to economic life.
["A Party of Patches"] The People's (Populist) Party emerged most directly in response to what late-nineteenth-century trends?
The growth of corporate power in agriculture and the economy.
What did not contribute to the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment legislating Prohibition in 1919?
The high death toll from alcohol-related automobile accidents.
["The Talented Tenth"] What best describes the relationships of ideas such as those in the excerpt to the broader Progressive reform movement of the era?
The ideas in the excerpt challenged the racial stereotypes held by many White Progressive reformers.
Constitutional amendments enacted during the Progressive Era did not concern what?
The imposition of poll taxes.
Henry Ford's most distinctive contribution to the automobile industry was what?
The moving assembly line.
What statements about women's suffrage is true?
The only states with complete women suffrage before 1900 were west of the Mississippi?
[William M. "Boss"] The image was created most directly in response to what?
The power gained by urban political machines.
[Lewis Hine Photo] The use of images in the late 1800s and early 1900s such as the one shown had most in common with what?
The reporting of journalists that raised public awareness of social injustices in United States cities.
["The Principles of Scientific Management"] Taylor's ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly in response to what development in the United States?
The rise of industrial capitalism.
What is a major change in the status of women that occurred in the 1920s?
They began to vote in national elections.
America's European allies argued that they should not have to repay loans that the United States made to them during World War I because of why?
They had paid a much heavier price in lost lives, so it was only fair for the United States to write off the debt.
What best characterizes the muckrakers of the early twentieth century?
They were leading critics of urban boss politics.
["The Yosemite"] What argument about Progressives could Muir's point of view best be used to support?
They were supportive of federal regulation of the economy in order to limit the impact of industrialization.
Why was the Monroe Doctrine used to promote the principles of no more secret treaties?
To prevent Entangling Alliances from pulling the nations into another Great War.
True or False. Still fearing Entangling Alliances, even after the treaties of the Washington Naval Conference the US will throw in this clause: "No commitment to armed force, no alliance, and no obligation to join in any joint defense."
True.
True or False. The Harding Administration's 'Return to Normalcy' was based on the doctrine of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economics commitments, international agreements, and believing that the government should intervene as little as possible in the direction of economic affairs.
True.
What historical events did Wilson use to promote freedom of the seas and the end colonialism?
Two wars for independence.
What is the interpretation of the 'New' Monroe Doctrine?
U.S. would now defend the Monroe Doctrine with its own military and give another country reason enough to pause and reassess a possible military confrontation with the United States.
What country was not a contributor to the need for an "Open Door Policy" in China where each nation would be allowed to trade freely in each nation's sphere of influence?
United States.
The Congress of Industrial Organizations was most interested in unionizing what?
Unskilled and semiskilled factory workers.
A key goal of the Progressive movement was to do what?
Use government power to regulate industrial production and labor condition.
What emerged during the Progressive Era as the most influential advocate of full political economic, and social equality for Black Americans?
W. E. B. Du Bios.
What recognized the rights of workers to join unions, created a board to protect the worker's rights, and encouraged the use of collective bargaining?
Wagner Act.
Conservatives who opposed FDR's New Deal believed that government was what?
Was too powerful.
What spent $11 billion to provide work for able-bodied unemployed in building roads, bridges, public buildings, and other public works?
Work Project Administration.