APUSH PERIOD 3: (1754-1798)

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

Privateers

"Legalized pirates," more than a thousand privateers, who inflicted heavy damage on British shipping and stole gold and weapons to help patriot cause

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on the consent of the governed. "submit oneself to the common good."

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Quartering Act of 1765

Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers. It helped with National Debt. Divided land into townships 6 square miles with one square mile set said for a school.

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Richard Henry Lee

A member of the Philadelphia Congress during the late 1770's. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence and end to British relations.

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

Québec Act

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; This ill-timed effort to solve the problem of governing Canada was seen by Americans as confirmation of evil British designs. The Act placed authority in the hands of a governor without an elected assembly and limited trial by jury.

Armed Neutrality

Loose alliance of nonbelligerent naval powers, organized by Russia's Catherine the Great, to protect neutral trading rights during the war for American independence.

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the Constitution.

Joseph Brant

Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries. He believed that if the British won the colonies would not expand westward. Ravaged Pennsylvania and New York until forced to sign the Treaty of Fort Stanwix.

Revenue Act of 1764

Molasses Act (a Nav. Act aimed at stopping trade between the West Indies & the British Colonies), the Molasses Act changed to the Revenue Act = trade openly but the King wanted to tax to raise revenue for Parliament, taxation without representation b/c Americans had zero representatives in Parliament

Discuss the successes and failures of George Washington's presidency. Overall, was it more positive or negative? Why?

More positive:

Battle of Trenton

On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Deleware River. The next morning, they suprise attacked the Hessians and captured 1000, then defeated British at Princeton.

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally.

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Organization that spurred violent protests. "Liberty, Property, and. No Stamps". They intimidated tax agents; tarred and feathered some tax collectors, and ransacked the homes of British officials.

Stamp Act of 1765

Placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies. If you didn't pay you would go to vice admiralty courts.

Hamilton's Economic Policies:

Purpose: -promote economic growth -strengthen new nation's finances -give financial interests such as eastern merchants a stake in the new government Proposals: - Funding at par = fund the national debt at face value to bolster the nation's credit - Assumption of state war debts= assume state debts incurred during the revolutionary war to strengthen the union - Tariff = adopt a protective tariff to raise revenue (a tax levied on imports, manufacturers in support and farmers in opposition) - Excise tax = tax distilled liquor to raise revenue - National bank = printed paper money and served as depository for treasury funds

Shays' Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Stamp Act Riots

Sons of Liberty riots. "No taxation without representation"

federalists

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.

Old Northwest

Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions.

New Jersey Plan

The "small state" proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation (2 senators) of each state in a unicameral Congress regardless of the state's population.

First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Republican motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children. Stressed the importance of women

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

The name for the North American theater of the Seven Years War & was a successful attempt to move the French out of the Ohio Valley & to stop Indian raids on frontier settlements. *Historical Significance:* Colonists gained pride in their own military strength, felt more disconnected from Britain, & were left without fear of French a invasion.

Treaty of Utrecht

The treaty In 1713 ended Queen Annes's war and showed how badly British beat Spain and France. Britain aquired Acadia (renamed it Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay, and limited trading rights in Spanish America. Peace with France but tension with Spain

George Washington

only president unanimously elected by electoral collage in 1789 in NYC

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

pamphlet that advocated independence for the American colonies because America is geographically bigger than Britain and that the king is corrupt and usurped parliaments power. used biblical imagery so anyone could understand.

profiteers

person who takes advantage of a crisis to make money. Some colonists chose to sell products to British for gold

Model Treaty

(1776) sample treaty drafted by the Continental Congress as a guide for American diplomats; reflected the Americans' desire to foster commercial partnerships rather than political or military entanglements. No political or military connections, only a commercial one (trade). No colonialism and no mercantilism

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

(1784) Treaty signed by the United States and the pro-British Iroquois granting Ohio country to the Americans.

Alien Laws

(1798) Acts passed by a Federalist Congress raising the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace.

King William's War and Queen Anne's War

1689-1697 then, 1702-1713 = B British colonists vs. French couriers de bois, with both sides how thing how thing many many native American allies allies the French Native American allies ravaged Schenectady the French Native American allies ravaged Schenectady in Spain allied its self with France in Spain allied its self with France British colonists lost Québec and March for real British colonists lost Québec and March for real but one but one in Nova Scotia in Nova Scotia..

Currency Act

1764 British act forbidding the American colonies to issue paper money as legal tender; act was repealed in 1773 by the British as an effort to ease tensions between themselves and the colonies.

Tea Act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

Great Compromise

1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

Treaty of Greenville

1795 Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America. Began annual payments to Native Americans of $9000. and they still had hunting rights

Pinckney's Treaty

1795 treaty signed with Spain. Gave Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and trade at New Orleans and western Florida in exchange for peace.

Washington's Farewell Address

1796 Warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency

XYZ Affair

1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Sedition Act

1798 Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, gauranteed by the First Amednment.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

1798-1799 Statements written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. rugged that. states were the final arbitrators of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefore refuse to accept national legislation deemed unconstitutional.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawk Native Americans dumped 342 chests of valuable tea into Boston Harbor. Reactions were. sympathetic but parliament was irate.

Neutrality Proclamation

A 1793 statement by President Washington that the United States would not support or aid either France or Britain in their European conflict following the French Revolution

The Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail. Published in 1788 during the debate in NY. These influential essays served as an important source to interpret the constitution

Annapolis Convention

A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states in Virginia. It issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

Convention of 1800

Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president to. try and avoid war

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Nathanael Greene

American general of Rhode Island helped to turn the tide against Cornwallis and his British army used the geography of the land. Know as the "fighting quaker"

Albany Congress (1754)

Americans needed unity and help from the ear accord and help from the Iroquois so in June seven of the 13 delegates from the colonies show up to give Iroquois 30 wagons loads of gifts to keep them as allies in the war. in Albany New York the purpose of the Albany conference was to have greater colonial unity and common defense against France. The Albany plan by Ben Franklin said the colonies could tax for defense and set up an intercolonial government. This was rejected because to the colonists it did not give them enough independence, and to Britain, it gave the colonists too much power.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Federalist No. 10

An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable. Also said it was impossible to extend a republican form of government over a large territory of land. Argued people were not virtuous and wanted to create a system where no one person/group is dominant.

Lord Dunmore's Proclamation

An offer by the British governor and military commander in Virginia for freedom to any slave who escaped to his lines and bore arms for the king.

Radical Whig theory

Anti-corruption citizens should be sure the government isn't. taking away their liberties

Lexington and Concord

April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord)

Elastic clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.

George Grenville

Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling.

Pontiac's Uprising

Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion.

Nonimportation agreements

Boycotts against British goods adopted in response to the Stamp Act and, later, the Townshend and Intolerable Acts. The agreements were the most effective form of protest against British policies in the colonies. Ex: homespun pollen garments. It unites the American people.

War of Jenkins' Ear

British Captain Robert Jenkins had his ear cut off by Spanish authorities. In 1739

William Howe

British Commanding General at the start of the American Revolution. He was Washington's adversary and was not a military genius.

Admiralty courts

British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury. Assumed guilty until proven innocent.

Slave Trade Clause

Clause that allowed the slave trade to be condemned by civilized society until 1808, meaning that Congress was not allowed to prohibit slavery until 1808.

Second Continental Congress

Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

Decisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. Army. in Ohio. British forces refused to shelter the routed Native Americans, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States.

three-fifths compromise (1787)

Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states.

Edmund Genêt

Diplomat sent by the French government to bring the United States into France's war with Britain and Spain. Recruited privateers and armies to invade Florida and Canada, so Washington asked. France to recall him

Compare five disadvantages the British faced with five disadvantages the Americans faced as they entered America's War for Independence. Which side faced the more serious problems? Why?

Disadvantages of British: - Fighting in colonies not in Britain, didn't know geography - Had angered most of Europe in past wars - armed neutrality with Catherine the Great - Didn't have. a great military strategy - Had to conquer everything (offensive war) Disadvantages of colonists: - Not trained whatsoever - Didn't have enough supplies - Not united (half loyalists, and the separated colonies) - Native Americans and slaves were on side of the British - continental congress could not draft men

Edward Braddock

Edward Braddock was a 60-year-old reset out in 1755 to capture Fort to Kenzie with 2000 untrained men. George Washington came to help him and battle but they still lost.

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

First major battle of the American Revolution; ended in colonial defeat. *Historical Significance:* The British suffered heavy casualties, including a notably large number of officers.

Acadians

French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as "Cajuns."

Jeffrey Amherst

General, appointed by Pitt, Marched into Montreal, ending the French & Indian war

Hessians

German soldiers (mercenaries) hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures. Established Supreme Court, federal district court and circuit court as well as the office of the attorney general.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Fort Duquesne and Fort Necessity

In Pittsburgh, in 1754 the governor of Virginia sent George Washington just secure land claims to secure land claims. Washington and 150 militia men killed French soldiers. The French seized Fort necessity causing Washington to surrender.

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Navigation Law of 1650

Law passed by Parliament to regulate the mercantilist system; aimed at rival Dutch shippers. Said that all commerce flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British/colonial vessels

George Rogers Clark

Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779., secured the Northwest Territory for America

Battle of Saratoga

The turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain. Led by General Horatio Gates.

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. British agree. to leave American land at "all convenient speed"--- War of 1812

Jay's Treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory. Negotiated by John Jay to avoid war with Britain and included a promise by Britain to pay reparations for damages done to seized American ships in exchanged for pre-revolutionary war debts repaid and abiding trade laws with France.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Written by Thomas Jefferson; influenced by the Enlightenment philosophers of his day. *Provisions:* *Part 1* - Explains the necessity of independence for the preservation of basic laws and rights. The "Natural rights" of humankind *Part 2* - Lists a series of "abuses and usurpations" by the king and his government; Jefferson claimed that this treatment violated the social contract the British monarch had with the colonies, thereby justifying the actions his American subjects felt compelled to take. *Part 3* - Ends with what is tantamount to a formal declaration of war.

Electoral College

a body of people representing the states of the US, who cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.

Committee of Correspondence

an organization that spread political ideas and information through the colonies to keep. the spirit of resistance alive by exchanging letters.

Intolerable Acts

in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

James Wolfe

the British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec won Canada for the British Empire. Even though the battle was only fifteen minutes, Wolfe was killed in the line of duty. This was a decisive battle in the French and Indian War.

Declaration of Rights and Resolves

the declaration that Americans were entitled to legislate for themselves "in all cases of taxation and internal policy," conceding to Parliament only the power to regulate "our external commerce." The king. ignored and rejected it. By 1775 trade is at a standstill between the two.

Civic virtue

the democratic ideas, practices, and values that are at the heart of citizenship in a free society, willingness of a citizen to sacrifice personal self interest for the public good.

Bill of Rights

the first ten amendments to the Constitution that guarantee the rights of all US citizens

Reign of Terror

the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed (Marie Antoinette)

Samuel de Champlain

was a French soldier and explorer (Father of New France. He was very friendly with Huron Native Americans and helped them. fight against the Iroquois which earned France their wrath(Iroquois ravaged French settlements Ohio Valley and sided with the British).