APUSH period 3

A pamphlet published by Thomas Paine in 1775, which advocated for independence from Great Britain.

Common Sense

core historical themes: After tobacco prices started to remain stagnant, plantation owners in Virginia wanted to move west into the Ohio River Valley to produce more tobacco and hopefully drive prices of that cash crop up. However, both Britain and France claimed ownership of the lands in the Ohio River Valley. The conflict between the two lead to the start of the Seven Years' War.

Competition between European powers

core historical themes: Never before had the colonies worked together in a unified political front. The First Continental Congress was made up of elected representatives from 12 of the 13 colonies. While the colonists still considered themselves British subjects, the First Continental Congress was a separate government that directly challenged British rule through boycotts. The creation of the First Continental Congress showed how the colonists were gradually separating themselves from British rule.

Consolidation of American colonies

core historical themes: Both the French and the British cooperated with Native Americans to use their forces in the Seven Years' War. The French allied with the Hurons, whereas the British allied with the Iroquois. These alliances caused tension after the war in which the British began siding with Native Americans who were against colonial interest to move westward.

Cooperation with Natives

A list of 27 grievances the colonists had with the British crown that the colonists used as justification to declare independence from Britain.

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state. Thomas Jefferson composed the first draft, which was then edited by the other delegates to produce the final version

Declaration of Independence

This explained and justified the 13 colonies' decision to go to war, and had the effect of invalidating the Olive Branch Petition, which the British summarily rejected.

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

A law that stated that the British Parliament's taxing authority was the same in America as in Great Britain.

Declaratory Act

article two

Executive Branch

Alexander Hamilton

Federalist

George Washington

Federalist

John jay

Federalist

"The insurgents who were assembled at Worcester in Massachusetts have disbanded. The people at Boston seem to be glad at this event and say it was the effect of fear. But the fact is that the insurgents effected their object . . . The commotions of Massachusetts have wrought prodigious changes in the minds of men in that State [with regard to] the Powers of Government. Everybody says they must be strengthened and that unless this shall be effected there is no Security for liberty or Property. Such is the State of things in the east, that much trouble is to be apprehended in the course of the ensuing year." -Source: Henry Knox, letter to his former commander George Washington, 1786 Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support the author's views expressed in the excerpt?

Federalists

Protects against unreasonable search and seizure

Fourth Amendment

Inspired by the American Revolution, the French people fought against the French monarchy to establish a democracy. The Revolution caused a series of European wars, most notably between Britain and France.

French Revolution

British general in the Revolution. He was commander in chief of the North American forces and military governor of the Province of MA Bay.

General Gage

First President

George Washington

The first commander in chief of the Continental Army, who led the colonies to victory over the British army.

George Washington

Plan to have a popularly elected House based on state population and a state-selected Senate, with two members for each state. Combining parts of the Virginia and New Jersey Plan regarding representation

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

core historical themes: Ideas about individualism and the role of government were derived from the Enlightenment. The era of Enlightenment was at its peak in the mid-1700s, and philosophers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau influenced colonial cries for equality and, eventually, independence. Concepts like consent of the governed, the rights of a citizen of a state, and republican self-government can be tied directly to the Enlightenment.

Influence of the Enlightenment

Also called the Coercive Acts, consisted of four separate legislative measure: the Boston Port Bill, the Government Bill, the Administration of Justice Act, and the Quartering Act.

Intolerable Acts

Which of the following describes an accomplishment of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

It established procedures by which territories could become states.

Virginia Plan; proposed by

James Madison

Chief Justice John Jay was sent to Britain to negotiate a treaty to end British harassment of American shipping. He was unsuccessful at fixing that problem and instead brought back a treaty in which Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on the US western frontier.

Jay's Treaty

first vp

John Adams

American artist and painter who painted four panels in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington: The Declaration of Independence, The Surrender of General Burgoyne, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, and The Resignation of General Washington.

John Trumbull

article three

Judicial Branch

Declaration of Independence

July 4, 1776

article one

Legislative Branch

The first shots of the American Revolution

Lexington and Concord, April 1775

natural rights of John Locke

Life, Liberty, and Property

Constitutional Convention

May 25 to September 17, 1787

Colonial militias which were prepared to fight the British "with a minute's notice."

Minutemen

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory

Missouri compromise of 1820

article six

National Supremacy, debts, oaths, religious tests

conservative petition which represented one final attempt at negotiation and affirmed the colonies' loyalty to the Crown, July 5 1775

Olive Branch Petition

unicameral legislature

One-house legislature

A treaty in which Spain agreed to open the southern part of the Mississippi River and New Orleans to American trade and deemed Florida's northern boundary at the 313131st parallel.

Pinckney's Treaty

Washington signed this proclamation declaring American neutrality in the French Revolution.

Proclamation of Neutrality

article seven

Ratification

Locke's belief that people should be allowed to rebel against a government that is oppressing them

Right of the People to Rebel

delegates from all 13 colonies convened in Philadelphia in the summer of 1775

Second continental congress

Sometimes called the French and Indian War, it was a conflict between France and Britain, in which the Algonquins sided with the French and the Iroquois sided with the British and the colonists.

Seven Years War

Right to a trial by jury in civil cases

Seventh Amendment

Passed by British Parliament, it was a direct tax on all printed material in the North American colonies.

Stamp Act

Delegates from the colonies who drew up formal petitions to the British Parliament and King George III to repeal the Stamp Act.

Stamp Act Congress

article four

States, Citizenship, New States

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws. Granted citizenship for African Americans, repeal of 3/5 Compromise, denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, repudiate (reject) confederate debts

14th amendment

The Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation

1777

Battle of Yorktown

1781

British forces surrender at Yorktown; all thirteen states ratified the Articles of Confederation

1781

Americans to win the Revolutionary War.

1783

shays' rebellion

1787

Constitution Ratified

1788

Start of French Revolution

1789

Start of the French Revolution

1789

George Washington elected

1789-1792

Bill of Rights ratified

1791

Proclamation of Neutrality

1793

Battle of Fallen Timbers

1794

Jay's Treaty

1794

Pinckney's Treaty

1795

Treaty of Greenville

1795

Washington published his Farewell Address; John Adams is elected as the second President of the United States

1796

Start of the XYZ Affair

1797

John Adams (f)

1797-1801

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798

14th Amendment

1868

the federalist papers; authors

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John jay

Passed during the Adams administration as a way to punish political rivals, the Alien Act allowed the federal government to deport non-citizens who were a threat to national security. The Sedition Act was a way to punish American citizens who falsely spoke about or criticized the American government during the quasi-war with France with the intent to harm the government's position.

Alien and Sedition Acts

article five

Amendment Process

Benjamin West

An Anglo-American self-taught painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American Revolution, West also painted the royal family of King George III and co-founded the Royal Academy of Arts. best know for The Death of General Wolfe, 1770

George Mason

Anti-Federalist

Patrick Henry

Anti-Federalist

First 10 amendments to the Constitution

Bill of Rights

British soldiers stationed in Boston opened fire on a crowd, killing five townspeople and infuriating locals.

Boston Massacre

A direct response to British taxation policies and the Tea Act by the North American colonies.

Boston Tea Party

"I will allow that bodily strength seems to give man a natural superiority over woman; and this is the only solid basis on which the superiority of the sex can be built. But I still insist that not only virtue but the knowledge of the two sexes should be the same in nature, if not in degree, and that women, considered not only as moral but rational creatures, ought to endeavour to acquire human virtues (or perfections) by the same means as men, instead of being educated like a fanciful kind of half being— one of Rousseau's wild chimeras." -Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792 Which of the following developments best represents a logical extension of the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

The growing movement towards granting women suffrage in the 1800s

"When the Articles of Confederation were drafted, Americans had had little experience of what a national government could do for them and bitter experience of what an arbitrary government could do to them. In creating a central government they were therefore more concerned with keeping it under control than with giving it the means to do its job". -Source: Edmund S. Morgan, The Birth of the Republic, 1763-89, 1956 Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to support the argument in the excerpt?

The national government could not levy taxes on the people.

No quartering of soldiers in private homes

Third Amendment

Compromise created at constitutional convention established that enslaved men and women would be represented in the House at a ratio of 3 to 5 of their actual numbers. Thus, every five individuals would count as three for the purposes of both legislative representation and taxation.

Three-fifths compromise

A series of laws that placed new taxes on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea.

Townshend Acts

Treaty ending the Seven Years War, in which French ceded much of its North American territory to the British

Treaty of Paris

bicameral legislature

Two house legislature

As George Washington left office, he wrote a farewell address to be published in newspapers that warned Americans not to: get involved in European affairs; make "permanent alliances" with other countries; form political parties; get distracted by regional differences between states.

Washington's Farewell Address

New Jersey Plan; proposed by

William Paterson

When Americans were sent to negotiate a treaty with France, three French diplomats, nicknamed "X", "Y", and "Z", proceeded to ask for bribes to start negotiations. The story eventually made its way to the American public, inciting Americans to push Adams for armed conflict with the French.

XYZ Affair

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.

anti-federalists

raise taxes, regulate commerce.

authority not given to continental congress

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

battle of fallen timbers

Declaration of Independence (purpose

call for help from France

Main issues with the Articles of Confederation

central government was weak and could not raise taxes or regulate commerce

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

constitutional convention

James Madison

democratic-republican

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong state governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

democratic-republicans

The constitutional amendment that forbids cruel and unusual punishment, excessive bail and fines

eighth amendment

"The United States Constitution may have reflected a desire for a more republican, less democratic way of organizing governments, but those states that rewrote their constitutions between 1789 and 1791 never reduced the right to vote for adult white males. In 1789 Georgia confirmed that all free white males who paid taxes during the previous year could vote. . . . Most drastically, in 1791-1792 Delaware at last dropped its freehold qualification and enfranchised adult white male residents who had paid a state or county tax. Together with New Hampshire (which in 1791 also chose to retain its taxpaying qualification) and North Carolina, these states all maintained tax systems that made qualification easy. . . . Thus by the time of George Washington's reelection in 1792, after the admission of Vermont and Kentucky, seven of the fifteen states had given up property qualifications in voting for their lower house of assembly." -Source: Donald Ratcliffe, "The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787-1828," 2013 According to the excerpt, one major change in United States politics from 1780 to 1800 was which of the following?

elimination of property qualifications for voting

the branch of government that carries out laws, headed by the president

executive branch

party in favor of strengthening the federal government by replacing the Articles of Confederation with a stronger central government, such as what was created under the Constitution.

federalists

A constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without due process of law, Miranda rights

fifth amendment

5 freedoms: speech, press, religion, assembly, petition

first amendment

"His Brittanic Majesty acknowledges the said United States . . . to be free, sovereign and independent States; that he treats with them as such; and for himself his heirs and successors, relinquishes all claims to the gouvernment, propriety and territorial rights of the same, and every part thereof. . . ." -Source: Treaty of Paris, 1783 Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt?

foreign assistance from the French

major political questions and conflicts during the 1790s

foreign policy, economic policy, balance of power

"All male white inhabitants, of the age of twenty-one years, and possessed in his own right of ten pounds value, and liable to pay tax in this State, or being of any mechanic trade, and shall have been resident six months in this State, shall have a right to vote at all elections for representatives, or any other officers, herein agreed to be chosen by the people at large; and every person having a right to vote at any election shall vote by ballot personally. . . ." -Source: Georgia State Constitution, 1777 The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following trends of the 1770s?

how southern state constitutions maintained pre-Revolutionary property qualifications for voting

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

isolationism

the branch of government that interprets the laws and the Constitution, 9 judges appointed by president

judicial branch

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

kentucky and virginia resolutions

John Jay of New York and John Dickinson of Pennsylvania

leaders of conservatives in continental congress

John Adams of Massachusetts and Thomas Jefferson of Virginia

leaders of radicals in continental congress

The branch of government that makes laws; the U.S. Congress, senate and house of representatives

legislative branch

"Instead of a powerful nation-state with imperial pretensions, the government established under the Articles of Confederation was not really much of a government at all, but rather a diplomatic conference where the sovereign states, each of which regarded itself as an autonomous nation, met to coordinate a domestic version of foreign policy. It was, in effect, designed to be weak, and lacked altogether the authority to manage a burgeoning empire." -Source: Joseph J. Ellis, historian, American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic, 2007 Which of the following actions of the central government under the Articles of Confederation directly undermines Ellis's assertions?

negotiating the Treaty of Paris of 1783

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

new jersey plan

People's rights are not limited to those listed in the Constitution

ninth amendment

Appointing ambassadors, issuing paper currency, raising the Continental Army through conscription, appointing generals

powers of continental congress

Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system.

revolution of 1800

The unofficial policy of the British crown where they avoided strict enforcement of parliamentary law in the colonies.

salutary neglect

Right to keep and bear arms, right to a well regulated militia

second amendment

A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

shays' rebellion

Right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury

sixth amendment

"We found ourselves rather pressed, the Ohio Company appeared to purchase a large tract of the federal lands, about 6 or 7 million of acres— ;and we wanted to abolish the old system and get a better one for the Government of the Country— ;and we finally found it necessary to adopt the best system we could get. . . . When I drew the ordinance which passed (in a few words excepted) as I originally formed it, I had no idea the States would agree to the sixth Art. prohibiting Slavery— ; as only [Massachusetts] of the Eastern States was present—; and therefore omitted it in the draft—; but finding the House favourably disposed on this subject, after we had completed the other parts I moved the art—; which was agreed to without opposition." -Source: Nathan Dane, in a letter to Rufus King after the passage of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, 1787 Which of the following developments in the 1790s best represented the continuation of the ideas expressed in the passage?

support for abolition movements in the North to prohibit slavery

Amendment stating that the powers not delegated to the federal gov. are reserved to the states

tenth amendment

"The insurgents who were assembled at Worcester in Massachusetts have disbanded. The people at Boston seem to be glad at this event and say it was the effect of fear. But the fact is that the insurgents effected their object . . . The commotions of Massachusetts have wrought prodigious changes in the minds of men in that State [with regard to] the Powers of Government. Everybody says they must be strengthened and that unless this shall be effected there is no Security for liberty or Property. Such is the State of things in the east, that much trouble is to be apprehended in the course of the ensuing year." -Source: Henry Knox, letter to his former commander George Washington, 1786 The events described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?

the Constitutional Convention

a series of pamphlets written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison after the Constitutional Convention. The three men articulated the argument for the ratification of the Constitution and explained why the stronger central government in the Constitution was necessary for the United States.

the federalist papers

"When the Articles of Confederation were drafted, Americans had had little experience of what a national government could do for them and bitter experience of what an arbitrary government could do to them. In creating a central government they were therefore more concerned with keeping it under control than with giving it the means to do its job". -Source: Edmund S. Morgan, The Birth of the Republic, 1763-89, 1956 Which of the following best supports Morgan's assertion about the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

the lack of centralized military power under the Articles of Confederation

"Instead of a powerful nation-state with imperial pretensions, the government established under the Articles of Confederation was not really much of a government at all, but rather a diplomatic conference where the sovereign states, each of which regarded itself as an autonomous nation, met to coordinate a domestic version of foreign policy. It was, in effect, designed to be weak, and lacked altogether the authority to manage a burgeoning empire." -Source: Joseph J. Ellis, historian, American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic, 2007 According to the excerpt and your knowledge of history, what was the purpose of the Articles of Confederation?

to create a weak national government with a unicameral legislature and no executive branch

Patrick Henry, "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death," 1775 Henry most likely wrote his account for which of the following reasons?

to influence colonial separation from the British and start the American Revolution

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

treaty of Greenville

Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population. Lower house elected by people, upper house appointed by legislature.

virginia plan

A representative government made up of elected officials from 12 of the 13 colonies created to create a unified front against the British government.

First Continental Congress

English philosopher who influenced the Enlightenment with his writings on sovereignty and governance. His ideas influenced the separation of the colonies from Britain and are reflected in the Declaration of Independence

John Locke

A colonist of the American revolutionary period who supported the British cause.

Loyalists

A plan created by Benjamin Franklin to organize an intercolonial government, including a system to collect taxes and recruit troops.

Albany Plan of Union

Albany Plan of Union

1754

Seven Years War

1754-1763

Pontiac's rebellion

1763

Treaty of Paris and Proclamation of 1763

1763

Sugar Act

1764

Declaration of Colonial Rights and Grievances

1765

Stamp Act Stamp Act Congress Quartering Act

1765

Declaratory Act

1766

Townshend Acts

1767

Boston Massacre

1770

Tea Act and Boston Tea Party

1773

Tea Act, Boston Tea Party

1773

Intolerable Acts, First Continental Congress

1774

Battles of Lexington and Concord

1775

Common Sense published; Declaration of Independence issued

1776

Articles of Confederation

1781-1789

Treaty of Paris (Revolutionary War)

1783

core historical themes: As the Seven Years' War came to an end, Britain had massive financial debts for its role in the war. In order to pay that debt, the British parliament began passing a series of taxes, including the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, and the Tea Act. The colonies resented the fact that they were being taxed, and some colonists argued that Britain did not have the right to tax the colonies, as there were no colonial representatives in Parliament. The colonies did believe that they were British citizens, but they also argued that they deserved representatives who understood what the colonies needed. This is where the phrase "no taxation without representation" comes from!

American identity and democracy

At Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts, war between Britain and its North American colonies broke out.

April 1775

Served as the Constitution of the United States from 1781 to 1789

Articles of Confederation

The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of minutemen on Lexington green.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

Revolutionary War battle that ended in decisive victory for American colonial forces. The surrender of British General Cornwallis led the British government to negotiate peace.

Battle of Yorktown

"Stand your ground; don't fire unless fired upon, but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here."

Captain John Parker, leader of minutemen at Lexington and concord

A Patriot association that formed in response to increased taxes by organizing and participating in boycotts of British goods. (female counterpart to sons of liberty)

Daughters of Liberty

Written by the Stamp Act Congress, it declared that taxes imposed on British colonists without their formal consent were unconstitutional.

Declaration of Colonial Rights and Grievances

British Parliament declared that the colony of Massachusetts was in a state of rebellion

February 1775

"Be it enacted and it is hereby enacted by the Representatives of the Freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. . . That all persons, as well negroes and mulattoes as others who shall be born within this state, from and after the passing of this act, shall not be deemed and considered as servants for life or slaves; and that all servitude for life or slavery of children in consequence of the slavery of their mothers, in the case of all children born within this state from and after the passing of this act as aforesaid, shall be and hereby is utterly taken away, extinguished and forever abolished." Pennsylvania Act, 1780 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following social changes after the American Revolution?

Growing support for the abolition of slavery in northern states

"His Brittanic Majesty acknowledges the said United States . . . to be free, sovereign and independent States; that he treats with them as such; and for himself his heirs and successors, relinquishes all claims to the gouvernment, propriety and territorial rights of the same, and every part thereof. . . ." -Source: Treaty of Paris, 1783 What role did George Washington play in the events referenced by the text?

His military leadership forced the British to surrender.

core historical themes: When the Seven Years' War ended, the British won all of France's land holdings in colonial America. Colonists wanted to expand westward into these new lands in order to gain more land, but fearing conflicts with Native Americans, Britain passed the Proclamation of 1763. The proclamation prohibited movement west of the Appalachian Mountains, upsetting many colonists who wanted the land to increase their wealth. Thousands of colonists defied the law, moving west to claim land for themselves.

Migration after the war

A force of 300 members of different Native American tribes led by Chief Pontiac attempted to stop British encroachment on their territory in an armed rebellion.

Pontiac's uprising

A law passed by the British parliament that prohibited colonial movements west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Proclamation of 1763

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules, John Locke

Social Contract

A secret society formed by radical colonists to protest British taxation policies.

Sons of Liberty

Which of the following best describes the effect of the Proclamation of 1763 on the relationship between Britain and the American colonies?

Tensions increased between Britain and the American colonies over territorial expansion.

1776 document stating that the 13 English colonies were a free and independent nation. Thomas Jefferson composed the first draft, which was then edited by the other delegates to produce the final version.

The Declaration of Independence

A cultural and intellectual movement in the 1700s that emphasized science and rationalism.

The Enlightenment

"The American Revolution launched an idea of popular sovereignty that, together with the cost of the war, helped to provoke the downfall of the French monarchy. The French Revolution, dramatic as was its influence on the Old World, also became a fundamental event in the New World because it was eventually to challenge slavery as well as royal power." Robin Blackburn, historian, "Haiti, Slavery, and the Age of the Democratic Revolution", William and Mary Quarterly, 2006 Which of the following was the most significant impact of the American and French Revolutions described in the excerpt?

The Revolutions inspired future independence movements in the Caribbean and Latin America.

"They tell us, sir, that we are weak; unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger. . . The millions of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. . . . The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable--and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come." -Source: Patrick Henry, "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death," 1775 The point of view expressed in the quotation above is most likely that of a member of which of the following groups?

a Patriot

Is a refutation of the divine rights of kings and the absolutist theory of government. A book written by John Locke which stated details about natural rights and that people were born with and entitled to life, liberty, and property.

Two Treatises on Government

"All male white inhabitants, of the age of twenty-one years, and possessed in his own right of ten pounds value, and liable to pay tax in this State, or being of any mechanic trade, and shall have been resident six months in this State, shall have a right to vote at all elections for representatives, or any other officers, herein agreed to be chosen by the people at large; and every person having a right to vote at any election shall vote by ballot personally. . . ." -Source: Georgia State Constitution, 1777 According to the excerpt, which of the following was a qualification for voting?

Voters had to own property.

". . .From the numerous avocations to which a professional life exposes gentlemen in America from their families, a principal share of the instruction of children naturally devolves upon the women. It becomes us therefore to prepare them, by a suitable education, for the discharge of this most important duty of mothers. . . . The equal share that every citizen has in liberty and the possible share he may have in the government of our country make it necessary that our ladies should be qualified to a certain degree, by a peculiar and suitable education, to concur in instructing their sons in the principles of liberty and government." Benjamin Rush, Thoughts upon Female Education, 1787 The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following?

Women should be responsible for teaching republican values to their families

"The assurance of the Americans was ultimately justified by events: they did win, and their greatest asset was, in fact, their desire to be free. Though this desire did not enable them to maintain in the field a force equal to that of the British, the American armies could always count on popular support . . . The Revolution, in other words, became a people's war, and it is doubtful that the British could ever have won more than a stalemate. They might defeat the American forces in the field, as they often did, but victory did not enable them to occupy the country without a much larger force than they ever had." -Source: Edmund S. Morgan, historian, The Birth of the Republic, 1956 According to the passage, which of the following best explains a major advantage Americans had during the Revolutionary War?

colonial ideological commitment

"We found ourselves rather pressed, the Ohio Company appeared to purchase a large tract of the federal lands, about 6 or 7 million of acres— ;and we wanted to abolish the old system and get a better one for the Government of the Country— ;and we finally found it necessary to adopt the best system we could get. . . . When I drew the ordinance which passed (in a few words excepted) as I originally formed it, I had no idea the States would agree to the sixth Art. prohibiting Slavery— ; as only [Massachusetts] of the Eastern States was present—; and therefore omitted it in the draft—; but finding the House favourably disposed on this subject, after we had completed the other parts I moved the art—; which was agreed to without opposition." -Source: Nathan Dane, in a letter to Rufus King after the passage of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, 1787 Which of the following developments best represents a logical extension of the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

growing regional differences on the practice of enslavement

Patrick Henry, "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death," 1775 The ideas in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?

growing support for American involvement in the American Revolution

"Niagara at most should be my furthest Post in that quarter . . . By this Means we may keep up a Trade with the most distant Nations, retain their good Opinion, and totally prevent any Jealousy of our intending them any ill. . . . As we increase in Numbers on this Continent, it's easy and Safe to advance our settlements in Townships, though this I would do only by Cession or by Purchase of the Lands to prevent the Shadow of an Excuse for the Indians to quarrel with us." -Source: Colonel William Eyre, as printed in The First Global War: Britain, France, and the Fate of North America, 1756-1775, 1764 The ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from a larger debate over British Parliament's decision to:

limit westward expansion beyond the Appalachian Mountains.

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

proclamation of 1763

Which of the following identifies a way that women served the revolutionary cause?

spinning homemade cloth to support boycotts

"To the evil of monarchy we have added that of hereditary succession; and as the first is a degradation and lessening of ourselves, so the second, claimed as a matter of right, is an insult and imposition on posterity. For all men being originally equals, no one by birth could have a right to set up his own family in perpetual preference to all others for ever, and tho' himself might deserve some decent degree of honours of his contemporaries, yet his descendants might be far too unworthy to inherit them." Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 The excerpt above contributed most directly to which of the following developments?

the colonists' belief in the superiority of republican forms of government

Patrick Henry, "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death," 1775 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

the colonists' ideological commitment to involvement in the American Revolution

"Could it be made a decree in nature, or an edict registered in heaven, and man could know it, that virtue and wisdom should invariably appertain to hereditary succession, the objection to it would be removed; but when we see that nature acts as if she disowned and sported with the hereditary system; that the mental characters of successors in all countries, are below the average of human understanding; that one is a tyrant, another an idiot, a third insane, and some all three together, it is impossible to attach confidence to it, when reason in man has power to act." -Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, 1791 Which of the following best represents continuity in the years after 1791 with the ideas that the author expressed in the excerpt?

the expansion of suffrage to all white men

"Let us now, if you please, take a view of the other side of the question. Suppose we were to revolt from Great-Britain, declare ourselves Independent, and set up a Republic of our own-what would be the consequence?—I stand aghast at the prospect—my blood runs chill when I think of the calamities, the complicated evils that must ensue, and may be clearly foreseen—it is impossible for any man to foresee them all. . . ." "But as soon as we declare for independency . . . Ruthless war, with all its aggravated horrors, will ravage our once happy land—our seacoasts and ports will be ruined, and our ships taken. Torrents of blood will be split, and thousands reduced to beggary and wretchedness." -Source: Charles Inglis, The True Interest of America Impartially Stated in Certain Strictures on a Pamphlet Intitled Common Sense, 1776 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

the faction of Loyalist opposition to the American Revolution

"If your majesty has no more skillful man to employ, I am ready to take the matter in charge and will be responsible for the treaty without compromising anyone persuaded that my zeal will better supplement my lack of dexterity than the dexterity of another could replace my zeal. The Americans are as well placed as possible; army, fleet, provisions, courage, everything is excellent; but without powder and engineers how can they conquer or how even can they defend themselves? Are we willing to let them perish rather than loan them one or two millions? Are we afraid of losing the money?" -Source: Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, letter to the King of France, 1776 The ideas in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?

the provision of foreign aid and resources for American troops

"My country men, I know from their form of government and steady attachment heretofore to royalty, will come reluctantly into the idea of independency, but time and persecution brings many wonderful things to pass, and by private letters which I have lately received from Virginia, I find Common Sense is working a powerful change there in the minds of many men." -Source: George Washington, in a letter to Joseph Reed, 1776 Washington's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the late eighteenth century?

the rise in support within the colonies for a republican form of government

Treaty that officially ended the Revolutionary War in 1783.

treaty of Paris

A theory that members of Parliament were obligated to defend the interests of British subjects and colonists alike and that colonists did not need colonial representatives.

virtual representation