APUSH Period 3 Quizlet Set

Alexander Hamilton Hamilton's Plan, Federalist Party, Aaron Burr Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. II. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. E) In the debate over ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principles were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). Federalists ensured the ratification of the Constitution by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Alexander Hamilton as defined by Wikipedia.org: Alexander Hamilton was a Founding Father of the United States, chief staff aide to General George Washington, one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the U.S. Constitution, the founder of the nation's financial system, the founder of the Federalist Party, the world's first voter-based political party, the Father of the United States Coast Guard, and the founder of The New York Post. As the first Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton was the primary author of the economic policies of the George Washington administration. Hamilton took the lead in the funding of the states' debts by the Federal government, the establishment of a national bank, a system of tariffs, and friendly trade relations with Britain. He led the Federalist Party, created largely in support of his views; he was opposed by the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, which despised Britain and feared that Hamilton's policies of a strong central government would weaken the American commitment to Republicanism. Significance to U.S. History: Alexander Hamilton was the leader of the federalists (constitution) and later the federalist party. He provided a landmark financial plan that helped ease war debts aptly named "Hamilton's plan." He, along with the federalist party, supported manufacturing, economic ties with Britain, and loose construction of the constitution. He was important in the first two party system as he provided staunch opposition to Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic Republicans and effectively both created and crippled the first two party system, as his death shook the federalist party to its core. His legacy of a strong central government helped shape american values and policies for many years to come.

American Indians and White Migration During the Revolution and New Republic Iroquois, Northwest Territory, Northwest Ordinance, Pontiac's Rebellion Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations. I. In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending. A) Various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with Europeans, other tribes, and the U.S., seeking to limit migration of white settlers and maintain control of tribal lands and natural resources. British alliances with American Indians contributed to tensions between the U.S. and Britain. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

American Indian Relations during the American Revolution as defined by edsitement.net: At the outbreak of the Revolutionary crisis in the 1760s, Native Americans faced a familiar task of navigating among competing European imperial powers on the continent of North America. At the close of the era in the 1780s, Native Americans faced a "New World" with the creation of the new United States of America. During the years of conflict, Native American groups, like many other residents of North America, had to choose the loyalist or patriot cause—or somehow maintain a neutral stance. But the Native Americans had distinctive issues all their own in trying to hold on to their homelands as well as maintain access to trade and supplies as war engulfed their lands too. Some allied with the British, while others fought alongside the American colonists. Significance in U.S. History: East-coast Native Americans were largely displaced by white settlers and their settlement patterns during the colonial revolution. This displacement would set a land encroachment precedent that would eventually lead to an underfunded and culturally insensitive reservation policy during the Gilded Age. However, many native Americans at the time did not realize this precedent and assumed that all expansion would cease after the Northwest Ordinance.

Articles of Confederation Weak government, shays rebellion, Constitution Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. II. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. B) The Articles of Confederation unified the newly independent states, creating a central government with limited power. After the Revolution, difficulties over international trade, finances, interstate commerce, foreign relations, and internal unrest led to calls for a stronger central government. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Articles of Confederation as defined by Wikipedia.org: The Articles of Confederation were an agreement among all thirteen original states in the United States of America that served as its first constitution.Its drafting by a committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress began on July 12, 1776, and an approved version was sent to the states for ratification in late 1777. The formal ratification by all thirteen states was completed in early 1781. Government under the Articles was superseded by a new constitution and federal form of government in 1789 Significance to U.S. History: The Articles of Confederation served as the first government for the newly independent American colonies. They were greatly ineffective as they provided a very loosely structured federal government, which caused for an overall weak and under-powered body. They also did not allow for necessary components for large countries, such as a central leader, a court system, and a relatively sizable military. This document set the groundwork for the Constitution, which later replaced the Articles of Confederation with a stronger, more centralized form of government.

Constitutional Convention and Constitution Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. II. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. C) Delegates from the states participated in a Constitutional Convention and through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Constitutional Convention as defined by Wikipedia.org: The Constitutional Convention took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States. Constitution as defined by Wikipedia.org: The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America.The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government. Significance to U.S. History: The Constitutional Convention led to the creation of an innovative, fair, and strong government for the newly independent colonies. It was called for assembly after the catastrophic failure of the weak Articles of Confederation. They decided on key, debated issues such as interstate commerce, slavery, and governmental representation. The product of this assembly was the Constitution, which is still recognized as the supreme law of United States government. It was built on the ideas of Federalism and Separation of Powers, which empowered the previously weak central government.

Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Richard Henry Lee George III, and unalienable rights Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. I. The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century. B) The colonists' belief in the superiority of republican forms of government based on the natural rights of the people found expression in Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence. The ideas in these documents resonated throughout American history, shaping Americans' understanding of the ideals on which the nation was based. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition as by Wikipedia.org: The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Continental Congress meeting at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. Instead they formed a new nation—the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was unanimously approved on July 2. A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when Congress voted on independence. The term "Declaration of Independence" is not used in the document itself. Significance to U.S. History: The Declaration of Independence, introduced by Richard Henry Lee, a delegate of the Second Continental Congress, provided a basis for the fighting of the American Revolution. This gave justification for any earlier fighting and in effect began the organized wartime effort

Republican Motherhood Women and gender roles in society Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. I. The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century. D) In response to women's participation in the American Revolution, Enlightenment ideas, and women's appeals for expanded roles, an ideal of "republican motherhood" gained popularity. It called on women to teach republican values within the family and granted women a new importance in American political culture. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from Wikipedia.org: "Republican Motherhood" is a 20th-century term for an attitude toward women's roles present in the emerging United States before, during, and after the American Revolution (c. 1654 to 1920). It centered on the belief that the patriots' daughters should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, in order to pass on republican values to the next generation. In this way, the "Republican Mother" was considered a custodian of civic virtue responsible for upholding the morality of her husband and children. Although it is an anachronism, the period of Republican Motherhood is hard to categorize in the history of Feminism. On the one hand, it reinforced the idea of a domestic women's sphere separate from the public world of men. On the other hand, it encouraged the education of women and invested their "traditional" sphere with a dignity and importance that had been missing from previous conceptions of women's work. Significance to U.S. History: Republican Motherhood defined "women's roles" of the Era by saying that a woman's duty was to raise her children to be the best republicans they could be (not the party, but the ideals). It also established women as a group with moral superiority in relation to men. This concept would eventually lead to similar movements such as the "cult of domesticity" of the 19th century.

Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention Key Concept 3.1: British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War. C) The effort for American independence was energized by colonial leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, as well as by popular movements that included the political activism of laborers, artisans, and women (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from Wikipedia.org: Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A renowned polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As an inventor, he is known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove, among other inventions. He facilitated many civic organizations, including Philadelphia's fire department and a university. Significance To U.S. History: Benjamin Franklin, along with other revolutionary leaders, called the public to action and formed much of the ideals that would form into the independent American government. Benjamin Franklin in particular provided a calming and unifying voice at the constitutional convention.

Seven Years War (The French and Indian War) Albany Plan of Union, Britain, France Key Concept 3.1: British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War. I. The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the Seven years' War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians. A) Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18th century, as the growing population of the British colonies expanded into the interior of North America, threatening French-Indian trade networks and American Indian autonomy. B) Britain achieved a major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating the French, but at tremendous expense, setting the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over the colonies. C) After the British victory, imperial officials' attempts to prevent colonists from moving westward generated colonial opposition, while native groups sought to both continue trading with Europeans and resist the encroachments of colonists on tribal lands. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from history.com: Also known as the Seven Years' War, this New World conflict marked another chapter in the long imperial struggle between Britain and France. When France's expansion into the Ohio River valley brought repeated conflict with the claims of the British colonies, a series of battles led to the official British declaration of war in 1756. Boosted by the financing of future Prime Minister William Pitt, the British turned the tide with victories at Louisbourg, Fort Frontenac and the French-Canadian stronghold of Quebec. At the 1763 peace conference, the British received the territories of Canada from France and Florida from Spain, opening the Mississippi Valley to westward expansion. Significance to U.S. History: The Seven Years War spurred major conflict between the colonies and the Crown because of differing identities that emerged from it. For example, the colonists began to view themselves as self-sufficient and proud while the English still viewed them as dependent and less-than. These views, along with other struggles, supported the Revolutionary cause by calling the colonists to action.

The Enlightenment, Democratic and Republican Ideals, and natural rights American Revolution, Haitian Revolution, French Revolution, and Latin American Revolutions Key Concept 3.1: British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War. II. The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain. B) Colonial leaders based their calls for resistance to Britain on arguments about the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, local traditions of self-rule, and the ideas of the Enlightenment. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from history.com: European politics, philosophy, science and communications were radically reoriented during the course of the "long 18th century" (1685-1815) as part of a movement referred to by its participants as the Age of Reason, or simply the Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers in Britain, in France and throughout Europe questioned traditional authority and embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through rational change. The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. The American and French Revolutions were directly inspired by Enlightenment ideals and respectively marked the peak of its influence and the beginning of its decline. The Enlightenment ultimately gave way to 19th-century Romanticism. Definition of natural rights as by Wikipedia.org: Natural rights are those not contingent upon the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture or government, and therefore universal and inalienable (i.e., rights that cannot be repealed or restrained by human laws). Significance to U.S. History: The Enlightenment served as inspiration for Revolutionary Ideals. This movement of thought and reason provided a logical basis for rebellion against the oppressive British government. The Sons of Liberty and other revolutionary groups used scientific reasoning to persuade the public to join their cause. Natural rights and democratic and republican ideals provided a platform for the new republic to launch into existence with the Constitution and Bill of Rights.

The American Revolution (Also referred to as the Revolutionary War) Intolerable acts, mercantilism, continental congress, Patriots, loyalists, neutralists Key Concept 3.1: British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War. II. The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition from history.com: The war of independence waged by the American colonies against Britain influenced political ideas and revolutions around the globe, as a fledgling, largely disconnected nation won its freedom from the greatest military force of its time. Significance to American History: The Revolutionary War won independence for the colonies from England. This paved the road for not only other countries in the Americas to fight for independence, but also for the creation of what was to become a major world power in coming years. Many important colonial leaders rose at this time to call citizens to action, such as Patrick Henry and Thomas Paine.

Abolition of Slavery Service to freedom, 3/5 compromise, 20 year peace period Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. I. The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century. C) During and after the American Revolution, an increased awareness of inequalities in society motivated some individuals and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and national governments. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition of Revolutionary abolitionist causes by abolition.nypl.org: Important as these initiatives were, however, they did not yet constitute an organized movement. Here, an important catalyst came in the shape of the American Revolution. At an ideological level, the fate of Britain's North American colonies unleashed a heated debate about political representation that was quite often framed in terms of slavery (disfranchisement) and freedom (the vote). The revolutionaries' commitment to freedom and equality necessarily led to growing unease over the legitimacy of slavery, as did the valor of the African Americans who enlisted in the Patriot cause. Significance in U.S. History: Abolitionist causes became more prevalent in the time following the American Revolution due to the ideals of equality and freedom outlined in the Declaration of Independence. This racial tension would prevail as a major issue in internal sectionalism and would eventually lead to the Civil War and segregation.

Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" Patriotism, Enlightenment, Mercantilism Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. I. The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century. B) The colonists' belief in the superiority of republican forms of government based on the natural rights of the people found expression in Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence. The ideas in these documents resonated throughout American history, shaping Americans' understanding of the ideals on which the nation was based. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Definition of Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" by ushistory.org: Published in 1776, Common Sense challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. The plain language that Paine used spoke to the common people of America and was the first work to openly ask for independence from Great Britain. Significance to U.S. History: Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" was a pamphlet that called for civilian action against the oppressive British government. It argued that it was "common sense" for the colonies to become independent. This generated a lot of public support for the Revolutionary cause.

European powers influence on North America XYZ affair, French and Indian War, Mercantilism Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations. II. The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

European Powers during the Revolution as defined by history.state.gov: During the American Revolution, the American colonies faced the significant challenge of conducting international diplomacy and seeking the international support it needed to fight against the British. The single most important diplomatic success of the colonists during the War for Independence was the critical link they forged with France. European Powers after the Revolution as defined by Gage Clow: The British remained involved in the Americas through their settlements in Canada. Additionally, they continually denied the autonomy of the new republic, causing for future struggles between The U.S. and Britain. Significance in U.S. History: European Powers had a great influence on the shaping of American identity and policy. For example, George Washington's doctrine of neutrality was based on the idea that British were constantly quarreling with settlers on the Western frontier. Also France assisted with the winning of the war for independence. The effects of their influence were widespread and integral to the growth of American Culture.

Federalism Republicanism, States' rights, Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. II. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. C) Delegates from the states participated in a Constitutional Convention and through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Federalism ad defined by Wikipedia.org: Federalism is a political concept describing the practice whereby a group of members are bound together by agreement or covenant with a governing representative head. It refers to a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally shared between a central governing authority and constituent political units (such as states or provinces). Federalism is a system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments. The term federalist describes several political beliefs around the world depending on context. Significance to U.S. History: The United States government acts under federalism, which is exemplified by the mutualistic relationship between individual states and the central government. This was an important ideal to base the American government on, as the struggle between states' rights and the federal government was a huge point of debate between differing ideologies. Even though this was supposed to be a positive, centripetal force for the unification of the states, the argument for states' rights has become a greatly debated topic throughout the entirety of American History.

Federalist Papers and Anti-Federalist Papers Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and Joh Jay (federalists) and Patrick Henry and John Hancock (anti-federalist) Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. II. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. E) In the debate over ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principles were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). Federalists ensured the ratification of the Constitution by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Federalist Papers as defined by Wikipedia.org: The Federalist Papers are a collection of 85 articles and essays written (under the pseudonym Publius) by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. Seventy-seven were published serially in The Independent Journal and The New York Packet between October 1787 and August 1788. A compilation of these and eight others, called The Federalist; or, The New Constitution, was published in two volumes in 1788 by J. and A. McLean.[1] The collection's original title was The Federalist; the title The Federalist Papers did not emerge until the 20th century. Anti-Federalist Papers as defined by Wikipedia.org: Anti-Federalist Papers is the collective name given to the scattered writings of those Americans who starting 25 September 1787 and running through the early 1790s opposed or raised doubts about the merits of a firmer and more energetic union as embodied in the 1787 United States Constitution. The authors of these writings, like those who wrote The Federalist Papers - articles and essays in support of and promoting a firmer and more connected union - wrote mostly under pen names but, unlike the three authors of The Federalist Papers, were not engaged in an organized project. Thus, in contrast to the pro-Constitution advocates, there was no one book or collection of Anti-Federalist Papers at the time. Their work is vast and varied and, for the most part, uncoordinated. Significance to U.S. History: These two works both argued for the federalists and anti-federalists, respectively, and just like the two groups themselves, they helped balance out the constitution into a centralized, citizens'-rights-protecting government.

Federalist party led by Alexander Hamilton and the Democratic-Republican party led Thomas Jefferson and James Madison First Two Party System Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. III.New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues. B) Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties — most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Federalist Party as defined by Wikipedia.org: The Federalist Party was the first American political party. It existed from the early 1790s to 1816 (the era of the First Party System); its remnants lasted into the 1820s. The Federalists called for a strong national government that promoted economic growth and fostered friendly relationships with Great Britain, as well as opposition to revolutionary France. The party controlled the federal government until 1801, when it was overwhelmed by the Republican opposition led by Thomas Jefferson. It came into being between 1792 and 1794 as a national coalition of bankers and businessmen in support of Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies. Democratic-Republican Party as defined by Wikipedia.org: The Democratic-Republican Party was the American political party in the 1790s of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison formed in opposition to the centralizing policies of the new Federalist party. It came to power in 1800, and dominated national and state affairs until the 1820s, when it faded away. The term "Democratic-Republican" is used especially by modern political scientists for the first "Republican Party" (as it called itself at the time), also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans. Significance to U.S. History: The Federalist and Democratic-Republican Parties disagreed on almost every major political and economic policy (strong vs. weak central government, loose construction vs. strict construction, allies with Britain vs. allies with France, and pro-industry vs. pro-agriculture, respectively). These two parties comprised the first two-party system and while they both eventually faded out of relevance, their ideals influenced both the second and third two party systems.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists (Constitution) The Federalist and Anti-Federalist Papers, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and Joh Jay (federalists) and Patrick Henry and John Hancock (anti-federalist) Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. II. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. E) In the debate over ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principles were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). Federalists ensured the ratification of the Constitution by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Federalists as defined by Wikipedia.org: Statesmen and public figures supporting the proposed Constitution of the United States between 1787 and 1789. The most prominent of the advocates at that time were James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay; they published The Federalist Papers, which documented the tenets of the (early) federalist movement to promote and adopt the proposed Constitution. Anti-federalists as defined by Wikipedia.org: Anti-Federalism refers to a movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution. The previous constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, gave state governments more authority. Led by Patrick Henry of Virginia, Anti-Federalists worried, among other things, that the position of president, then a novelty, might evolve into a monarchy. Significance to U.S. History: The Federalists drew much public support for the constitution, but their opposition, the Anti-Federalists, provided much needed criticism for the federalist cause. Without the federalists, a proper and strong constitution would not have been created, but without the anti-federalists, the rights of the people would not have been protected. Their quarreling created a good balance for the constitution and bill of rights.

French, Haitian, and Latin American Revolutions Enlightenment ideals, American Revolution, democratic and republican ideals Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. I. The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century E) The American Revolution and the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence reverberated in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future independence movements. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

French Revolution as defined by Wikipedia.org: The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship by Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics. Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history. Haitian Revolution as defined by Wikipedia.org: The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) was a slave revolt in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue. It culminated with the elimination of slavery there and the founding of the Republic of Haiti. Latin American Revolutions as defined by Wikipedia.org: The Latin American Wars of Independence were the revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas. Haiti, a French slave colony, was the first to follow the United States to independence, during the Haitian Revolution, which lasted from 1791 to 1804 Significance to U.S. History: The American Revolution helped spark these other movements for change and independence. The French Revolution was both military and social and also called on enlightenment ideals for its basis. The Haitian Revolution was the second independence movement of the New World and Haiti ended up being the first republic of the Americas to abolish the practice of slavery. These two revolutions, plus the many Latin American movements for independence, showed the influence of the American Revolution on the rest of the world.

George Washington (Military Leader) and the Continental Army Valley Forge, Trenton, Yorktown, Treaty of Paris 1783 Key Concept 3.1: British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War. II. The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain. E) Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as well as Great Britain's apparently overwhelming military and financial advantages, the Patriot cause succeeded because of the actions of colonial militias and the Continental Army, George Washington's military leadership, the colonists' ideological commitment and resilience, and assistance sent by European allies. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

George Washington as defined by Wikipedia.org: George Washington was the first President of the United States (1789-97), the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He presided over the convention that drafted the current United States Constitution and during his lifetime was called the "father of his country". The Continental Army as defined by Wikipedia.org: The Continental Army was formed after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America. Established by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775, it was created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great Britain. The Continental Army was supplemented by local militias and troops that remained under control of the individual states or were otherwise independent. General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army throughout the war. Significance in U.S. History: George Washington and the Continental Army made the Revolutionary cause an actual possibility through outstanding leadership and force. The continental army under George Washington allowed for the independence of the United States of America, which, for all intents and purposes, created the study of United States History.

George Washington's Farewell Address Neutrality, No political factions, sectionalism, foreign affairs Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations. II. The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests. C) George Washington's Farewell Address encouraged national unity, as he cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

George Washington's Farewell Address as defined by Wikipedia.org: George Washington's Farewell Address is a letter written by the first American President, George Washington, to "The People of the United States of America". Washington wrote the letter near the end of his second term as President, before his retirement to his home Mount Vernon. Significance in U.S. History: George Washington set many precedents as president, but some of his ideas were ignored. His farewell address called for no internal divisions within the American populace and a constant stance of neutrality. Both of these were disregarded and the first two party system popped up during his presidency and foreign relations became a huge facet of the American government. However, this address does seem to have value in terms of retrospect, as it shows how we as a modern society may become more prosperous.

James Madison The Constitution, Era of Good Feelings, War of 1812 Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. II. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. E) In the debate over ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principles were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). Federalists ensured the ratification of the Constitution by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

James Madison as defined by Wikipedia.org: James Madison, Jr. was an American statesman, political theorist, and the fourth President of the United States (1809-17). He is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for being instrumental in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution and as the key champion and author of the Bill of Rights. He served as a politician much of his adult life. Significance to U.S. History: James Madison was arguably the most important framer of the constitution, earning the nickname Father of the Constitution. His ideas of a lesser central government helped form the Democratic-Republican Party, and he later contributed to the War of 1812. He also proposed the Kentucky Resolution, which argued for the ability of states to nullify federal law. This set an important precedent that would be greatly expanded on during the antebellum and Civil War Eras.

Revolutionary Frontier Cultures Westward Expansion, Northwest Territory, Ohio Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations. I. In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending. B) As increasing numbers of migrants from North America and other parts of the world continued to move westward, frontier cultures that had emerged in the colonial period continued to grow, fueling social, political, and ethnic tensions. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Movement and and culture of the frontier during the American Revolution as defined by frontier-history.org: Settlers on the 18th century Upper Ohio Valley experienced the Revolutionary War as a time of frightening violence, and in many ways very different from those who saw it from the perspective of Boston, Philadelphia, Charles Town, or York Town. The back country revolution was characterized by chaos, fueled by moral ambiguity and radically changing power. Moving to the frontier itself showed that settlers had already made a break with England and, indeed, its way of life involving a society of feudal dependencies, a politics of patronage, and a division between the nobility and the "herd". For frontiersmen to decide to join the revolutionary people at war was not as radical as it proved to be for loyal British subjects on the east coast. With the collapse of British authority in Pittsburgh almost a year before shots were fired at Lexington and Concord, resistance had given way to rebellion, and a full-scale revolution was not very far away. Significance to U.S. History: The frontier would become a major facet of the American identity, as explored in Turner's Frontier Thesis. During the Revolutionary Era and the Era of the New Republic, this frontier ideal was in its incipient stages and began to grow rapidly once people began to move westward more frequently in search of new economic opportunities and resources.

John Adams (Presidency) XYZ Affair, Alien and Sedition Acts, Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. III.New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues. A) During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into practice. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

John Adams as defined by Wikipedia.org: John Adams, Jr. was an American lawyer, author, statesman, and diplomat. He served as the second President of the United States (1797-1801), the first Vice President (1789-1797),and as a Founding Father was a leader of American independence from Great Britain. Adams was a political theorist in the Age of Enlightenment who promoted republicanism and a strong central government. His innovative ideas were frequently published. He was also a dedicated diarist and correspondent, particularly with his wife and key advisor Abigail. Significance in U.S. History: John Adams's presidency followed George Washington's, and showed how quickly the country dissolved into political parties and factions. His presidency was plagued with issues over neutrality and states' rights. He passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, which limited free speech and led to the Democratic-Republicans later taking power in the central government. These acts also led to the dooming of the federalist party.

Northwest Territory and Northwest Ordinance American Indians, The State of Ohio, Similar to Proclamation of 1763 Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations. I. In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending. C) As settlers moved westward during the 1780s, Congress enacted the Northwest ordinance for admitting new states; the ordinance promoted public education, the protection of private property, and a ban on slavery in the Northwest Territory. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Northwest Territory as defined by Wikipedia.org: The Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, more commonly known as the Northwest Territory, was an organized incorporated territory of the United States spanning most or large parts of six eventual U.S. States. It existed legally from July 13, 1787, until March 1, 1803, when the southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Ohio, and the remainder was reorganized Northwest Ordinance as defined by Wikipedia.org: The Northwest Ordinance was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States (the Confederation Congress), passed July 13, 1787. The ordinance created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British Canada and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south. Significance to U.S. History: The Northwest Ordinance organized land and banned slavery in the territory between Canada and the Ohio River (The Northwest Territory). This opened an important debate over the expansion of slavery into newly acquired territories, which would be expanded upon in the early 19th century. It also created a means by which new states could be integrated into the Union, which allowed for greater expansionist policies to be utilized later on.

Patriotism and Loyalism The American Revolution, Mercantilism, Imperialism Key Concept 3.1: British attempts to assert tighter control over its NorthAmerican colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-governmentled to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War. II. The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain. D) In the face of economic shortages and the British military occupation of some regions, men and women mobilized in large numbers to provide financial and material support to the Patriot movement. E) Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as well as Great Britain's apparently overwhelming military and financial advantages, the Patriot cause succeeded because of the actions of colonial militias and the Continental Army, George Washington's military leadership, the colonists' ideological commitment and resilience, and assistance sent by European allies. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Patriotism defined by Wikipedia.org: Patriotism is an emotional attachment to a nation which an individual recognizes as their homeland. This attachment, also known as national feeling or national pride, can be viewed in terms of different features relating to one's own nation, including ethnic, cultural, political or historical aspects. It encompasses a set of concepts closely related to those of nationalism. An excess of patriotism in the defense of a nation is called chauvinism; another related term is jingoism. Loyalism defined by Wikipedia.org: In general loyalism refers to an individual's allegiance toward an established government, political party, or sovereign, especially during times of war and revolt. The most common usage of the term refers to loyalty to the Great Britain, especially to opponents of the American Revolution and those exiles who went to Canada. Significance in U.S. History: A major internal conflict during the Revolutionary war was the loyalists vs. the patriots. The loyalists supported the crown while the patriots argued for rebellion in the name of independence. These two groups served as an early example of sectionalism based on differing ideals and goals.

George Washington (Presidency) Farewell Address, Neutrality, Supreme Court Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. III.New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues. A) During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into practice. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

President George Washington as defined by Wikipedia.org: General George Washington was sworn in as the first President of the United States on April 30, 1789. President Washington entered office with the full support of the national and state leadership, and established the executive and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States. His leadership guaranteed the survival of the United States as a powerful and independent nation, and set the standard for future presidents. Significance to U.S. History: George Washington set important precedents as president. He organized the federal government and helped show its power by forcefully putting down the Whiskey Rebellion. Although he did not support the formation of political parties, he heavily leaned toward federalist ideals and much of his presidency was devoted to the federalist party's cause. He set the important precedent for the president to only serve two terms, which was not violated until approximately 150 years later. He also supported the idea of United States Neutrality. He is widely regarded as one of the best presidents the United States has ever had due to his effectiveness as a leader in organizing an entirely new government.

Separation of Powers and the Three Branches of the Government Montesquieu, Great Compromise, Checks and Balances Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. II. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. C) Delegates from the states participated in a Constitutional Convention and through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Separation of Powers and the Three Branches of the American Government as defined by Wikipedia.org: The separation of powers, is a model for the governance of a state (or who controls the state). The model was first developed in Congress. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The typical division of branches is into a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in a parliamentary system where the executive and legislature (and sometimes parts of the judiciary) are unified Significance to U.S. History: Throughout U.S. History under the constitution, the government has been separated into three main branches of power: the executive branch, which enforces laws and runs the country, the legislative branch, which makes laws through assemblies, and the judiciary branch, who decides on the constitutionality of laws. These branches allow for the separation and balance of government powers. This balance has provided for a prosperous government and citizenry under it.

The Spanish and their Mission Settlements Pueblo Revolt, American Southwest Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations. I. In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending. E) The Spanish, supported by the bonded labor of the local American Indians, expanded their mission settlements into California; these provided opportunities for social mobility among soldiers and led to new cultural blending. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Spanish and Mission Settlements as defined by Wikipedia.org: The Spanish missions in the Americas were Christian missions established by the Spanish Empire during the 15th to 19th centuries in an area extending from Mexico and the southwestern portions of what today are the United States, southwards as far as Argentina and Chile. Significance to U.S. History: The Spanish and their Mission Settlements in much of Southwest sought to convert Native Americans to Christianity through force. This did not always work, and eventually it aggravated many native American tribes, which was shown through movements such as the "Pueblo Revolt." This Spanish occupation would also eventually hinder westward expansion of The United States, creating conflict. This conflict manifested in the Mexican American War, after which the United States gained quite a bit of territory through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Bill of Rights Anti-Federalist, Human Rights, First Ten Amendments Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. II. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. E) In the debate over ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principles were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). Federalists ensured the ratification of the Constitution by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

The Bill of Rights as defined by Wikipedia.org: The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed following the often times bitter 1787-1788 battle over ratification of the Constitution, and crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add certain safeguards of democracy—specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights; clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings; and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people—to the Constitution. Significance to U.S. History: The Bill of Rights, called for by the Anti-Federalists, protected the rights of the American populace. This was important in ensuring the the government did not "over-step" their bounds regarding the rights of their citizens. It also allowed for more amendments to come, which helped the government change with ever-evolving times.

The Great Compromise and the Three Fifth's Compromise Constitutional Convention, Virigina Plan, New Jersey Plan Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. II. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. D) The Constitutional Convention compromised over the representation of slave states in Congress and the role of the federal government in regulating both slavery and the slave trade, allowing the prohibition of the international slave trade after 1808. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

The Great Compromise as defined by Wikipedia.org: The Great Compromise was an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman, along with proportional representation in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states. Each state would have two representatives in the upper house The Three Fifths Compromise as defined by Wikipedia.org: The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise reached between delegates from southern states and those from northern states during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention. The debate was over whether, and if so, how, slaves would be counted when determining a state's total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes. The issue was important, as this population number would then be used to determine the number of seats that the state would have in the United States House of Representatives for the next ten years. The effect was to give the southern states a third more seats in Congress and a third more electoral votes than if slaves had been ignored (but fewer than if counts of slaves and free persons had been lumped together), allowing the slaveholder interests to largely dominate the government of the United States until 1865. The compromise was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman. Significance to U.S. History: The Great Compromise set up the legislative branch of the United States government to be equal and fair. This compromise helped keep north/south and big state/small state sectionalism at bay up until slavery tensions came to a boil in the mid 19th century. The 3/5 compromise also helped the North and South ease tensions. Both of these effective decisions helped launch the United States into being.

Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republicans, Revolution of 1800, Virginia Resolution, Embargo Act of 1807 Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. III.New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues. B) Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties — most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. (Source: 2015 Revised College Board Content Outline for A.P. U.S. History)

Thomas Jefferson as defined by Wikipedia.org: Thomas Jefferson was an American lawyer and Founding Father, and principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776). He was elected the second Vice President of the United States (1797-1801) and the third President (1801-1809). Primarily of English ancestry, he was born and educated in Virginia, where he graduated from the College of William & Mary, practiced law and married Martha Wayles Skelton. Significance in U.S. History: Thomas Jefferson was an important leader for the Democratic-Republican party, ans shaped many of its values and platforms. He also was the main contributor to the Declaration of Independence, and later became the third president of the United States. His ideals of small government and states' rights became a champion ideals for many conservative parties for years to come. Additionally, he helped usher in the Era of Good Feelings, which unified the majority of the country under one political ideology.