APUSH Period 4 1800-1860

James Monroe

1758 - 1831 United States of America - fifth president - the last president who was also a Founding Father - last president from the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation - oversaw major westward expansion -saw the country through a transition period in which it turned away from European affairs and toward U.S. domestic issues. -However, his administration had a number of successes in foreign affairs- acquisition of Florida, settlement of boundary issues with Britain, creation of the Monroe Doctrine -model for a strong cabinet

Eli Whitney

1765 - 1825 Northern United States -american inventor who developed the cotton gin -contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged -it was a form of mass production, later replicated in the creation of weaponry - his inventions were pirated by many - his inventions changed Southern agriculture -The Cotton Gin enabled seeds to be removed from cotton much faster than by hand. This enabled more cotton to be grown and sold. It also increased the need and demand for slavery as a major labor force in the South.

Robert Fulton

1765-1815 United States of America - American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship - brought steamboating from the experimental stage to commercial success - designed a system of inland waterways and a submarine - made important contributions to portrait painting, canal engineering, and naval warfare -designed the world's first steam warship -developed the first successful commercial steamboat -one of the earliest examples of American ingenuity and its commercial benefit

Economic Nationalism

- body of policies that emphasize domestic control of the economy, labor, and capital formation, even if this requires the imposition of tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of labor, goods and capital - a movement to support the growth of the nation's economy - there was a lot of focus on internal improvements -The new focus on developing as a nation included the economy. This new sense of nationalism caused Congress to levy taxes to protect new U.S industries after the War of 1812 -Henry Clay created the "American system" which included protective tariffs, a strong national bank, and internal improvements (not approved)

unions

- grew out of the need to protect the common interest of workers - fought for better wages, reasonable hours, and safer working conditions - led efforts to stop child labor, give health benefits, and provide id to workers who were injured or retured - a way for workers to negotiate major cities organized trade/craft, increased in numbers, skilled workers sought employment in factories because their practice of working in shops couldn't compete, long hours, low pay, poor working conditions, goal was to reduce to ten hour workday, obstacles were immigrant replacements, state laws outlawing unions, frequent economic depressions

Thomas Jefferson

1743- 1826 Virginia -was an American Lawyer -one of the founding fathers -he was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence -was elected the second Vice President of the United States and the third President of the United States -founder of the Democratic Republican party -he was a spokesman for democracy -his dream was for the United States to be comprised of small farms. He wanted only the educated to vote, but he wanted to give everyone the opportunity to be educated. His decision to complete the Louisiana Purchase and double the size of the United States was uncharacteristic. It has turned out to be one of the greatest land deals of all time.

James Madison

1751 - 1836 Virginia - key contributor to the Constitution -US Statesman and political theorist. -4th President of the US from 1809-1817. -credited with the name "Father of the Constitution" -Wrote the Federalist Papers in 1788. -believed in the principle of divided power, -Oversaw the Louisiana Purchase and the War of 1812. - he was the most creative political thinker of his generation - most important achievement was his involvement in resolving the question of sovereignty and of limiting powers in the United States -without him it is unlikely that we would have such an effective form of government today. His insistence on creating a better government than the Articles of Confederation was vital to the creation of a strong nation run by the people.

John Marshall

1755 - 1835 United States of America -chief of justice -dominated the Supreme Court with his commanding personality and powerful intellect - a close friend of George Washington's -the judge during Marbury v. Madison- partially responsible for the enormous power of the Supreme Court today - helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law - his decision in the Supreme Court Marbury v. Madison case was one of the most important decisions in U.S. judicial history -shaped the american legal tradition more profoundly than any other single figure.

Aaron Burr

1756- 1836 New England - one of the most notorious traitors in history He was the Vice President and a Federalist. He was a politician without prospects in his own party. Jefferson had never forgiven him for the 1800 election deadlock. He was accused by Hamilton of plotting treason and made numerous private remarks, widely reported in the press, about his "despicable" character. After he lost the New York election he blamed his defeat on Hamilton's malevolence. He then challenged Hamilton to a duel. -shot Alexander Hamilton and killed him

Andrew Jackson

1767 - 1845 United States of America He became president and was inaugurated on March 4, 1829. - well-loved - sought to act as the direct representative of the common man - had the highest popular vote Jackson's reputation took on legendary status during the Creek War. Without authorization, he led his forces into Florida and seized a Spanish fort at Pensacola. His superiors were infuriated. The frontiersmen approved heartily Soon, Jackson achieved national fame in a victory over the British at New Orleans. - he did not advance the cause of economic equality -remembered as the "Champion of the Common Man." Was the first president that the people felt could be traced back to origins similar to their own. -responsible for the legendary "Trail of Tears", an event that haunts Native American citizens even today -changed the idea of the presidency

Samuel Slater

1768 - 1835 United States of America (born in the UK) -considered father of American industrial revolution because he brought British textile technology, illegally, to America -British mechanic that moved to america and in 1791 & invented the first american machine for spinning cotton - is known as "the father of the factory system" - he implanted the idea of child labor in American factories -increased labor problem -only benefitted employers, not workers -forbade unions - revolutionized the textile industry and paved the way of the Industrial Revolution -his journey to America in order to develop his ideals shows the emerging American spirit: determined, creative, hardworking, open to new ideas

Tecumseh

1768- 1813 United States and Canada - a leader of the Shawnee Native American tribe - leader of a large tribal confederacy which opposed the United States during Tecumseh's War - became an ally of Britain in the War of 1812 Beginning in 1809, after tribes in Indiana had ceded vast lands to the United States, he set out to unite all the Indians of the Mississippi Valley, north and south. He promised they would halt withe expansion, recover the whole Northwest, and make the Ohio River boundary Between US and the Indian Country.

William Henry Harrison

1773 - 1841 United States of America - ninth president - American military officer and politician -first president to die in office -first whig in office -In 1801 Jefferson appointed him governor of the Indiana Territory to administer the president's proposed solution to the "Indian problem" - used innovative campaign techniques that were used when the South attempted to secede He committed advocate of growth and development in the western lands, and he was largely responsible for the passage in 1800 which enabled white settlers to acquire farms from the public domain on much easier terms than before. -his death weakened the Whig party- they split in the years after -took Northern territories and helped create the Upper Midwest.

Henry Clay

1777- 1852 United States of America - a Kentucky senator, political scientist - speaker of the House of Representatives - secretary of state under John Quincy Adams - pushed for the Compromise of 1850 -developed the American System which the US adopted after the War of 1812. -His compromises quelled regionalism and balanced states rights and national interests. As a result, the Civil War was averted until the nation could survive it. -changed the role of Speaker of the House and made it the powerful position it is today -the American system was important to the era of nationalism

Henry Clay

1777- 1852 United States of America - a war hawk - politician who served in Congress and as secretary of state under John Quincy Adams He was the speaker of the house and informed northern members that if they blocked Missouri from entering the Union as a slave state, southerners would block the admission of Maine. -crucial to the peacemaking process even as he aimed for war Maine found their offer a way out of the impasse, as the Senate agreed to combine the Maine and Missouri proposals into a single bill. Maine would be admitted as a free state, Missouri as a slave state. The Senator Jesse proposed an amendment prohibiting slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase.

Stephen Decatur

1779 - 1820 America - American naval officer notable for his heroism in the Barbary Wars and the war of 1812 - sent by Adams and Monroe to North Africa -helped promote trade and grow the American economy through his tactics. - First American celebrated as a nation military hero who had not fought in the American Revolution - forced rulers to allow American shipping/ free use of the Mediterranean - held important commands in the War of 1812

Francis Scott Key

1779 - 1843 United States of America - United States lawyer and poet - was on a British ship because he and a couple other attorneys were sent over to try to get their doctor back with letters written by their prisoners of war testifying that they were treated well by this doctor - who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812 - served as district attorney for Washington D.C. - wrote our current national anthem - successfully negotiated the return of one of the United States of America's army doctors - After Key's death, The Star-Spangled Banner" continued to be held up as a U.S. musical symbol though also facing critiques, with the song being labeled by some as violent. -captured patriotism and the American spirit better than any man had done so far- created something enduring.

John C. Calhoun

1782 - 1850 United States of America -an American politician and political theorist - prominent U.S. statesman -spokesman for the slave-plantation system in the South - helped steer the United States into war with Great Britain the issue of tariff created a dilemma for him. He had been an outspoken protectionist and had strongly supported the tariff of 1816. But many South Carolinians had come to believe that the "tariff of abominations" was responsible for the stagnation of the state's economy.

Thomas Macdonough

1783 - 1825 United States of America - naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814 - victorious and forced redcoats to withdraw from detroit and fort malden - noted for his roles in the first Barbary War and the War of 1812 - saved the upper New York from conquest - achieved fame during the War of 1812, commanding the American naval forces that defeated the British navy at the Battle of Lake Champlain, part of the larger Battle of Plattsburgh, which helped lead to an end to that war. - known as "The Hero of Lake Champlain"

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

1817 America - The Treaty which, after a heated naval arms race in the Great Lakes, the world's largest unfortified boundary, running between the U.S and Canada, was established. -The treaty established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s - US and Canada border was longest unfortified border in the world - eased tensions between the United States and Britain - created a sustainable relationship between Great Britain and the United States

Oliver Hazard Perry

1785 - 1819 USA -United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the war of 1812 -Naval hero during the war of 1812 -faced a difficult situation in fighting the world's greatest naval power, but managed to capture 6 British ships and boost the confidence of the American nation in war -said "we have met the enemy and they are ours" this became the slogan of the American cause and gave it new life - his achievements turned the war around -his power to inspire the troops and boost their morale was critical to the American cause in the war of 1812 -honored as a war hero

implied powers

1791-now United States - refers to the powers of the government found in the constitution in unwritten forms. - not specifically referred to in the constitution through the elastic clause they are not illegal or unconstitutional - granted by the Elastic Clause due to their being necessary to implement the expressed powers that are named in Article 1 of the constitution -the "necessary and proper" clause allows Congress the constitutional authority to take any powers and liberties in areas it believes are necessary. -implied powers were used to establish a National Bank -were included in the Constitution to help form an effective government

neutrality

1793- United States and Europe - early United States of America had this policy when it came to wars that did not directly involve them -encouraged strongly in Washington's farewell speech. He advised the nation to stay out of foreign wars, especially with the European countries (geographically a hotbed for conflict) By doing this the US was effectively practicing isolationism in staying out of wars and choosing sides. This enabled the country to reserve funds, resources, and steer away from creating enemies. This helped early America to develop into a strong and independent country as well as develop their founding principles

cotton gin

1794 Southern United States - a machine invented by Eli Whitney that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers. - the first to clean short-staple cotton - a single device could produce up to fifty pounds of cleaned cotton in a day -secured cotton's place as "King" of the Southern economy - one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the South - it increased the development of the south and expanded slavery because there was more time for cotton to be planted -interchangeable parts

"Old Ironsides"

1794 - 1797 USA - official name was the USS Constitution -one of the first naval ships built by the United States -44-gun frigate -one of the many american ships that had thicker side, heavier firepower and larger crews with a single gun - a wooden-hulled, three-masted heavy frigate of the United States Navy, named by President George Washington after the Constitution of the United States of America -they were used in the war of 1812 and were very useful in helping the Americans dominate the sea -raised American morale by defeating and sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia. - she was undefeated in all of her battles at sea

Lancaster Turnpike

1795 Pennsylvania - built by a private company -one of the best roads in the U.S. at the time. -linked Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania. -Because the road was set on a bed of gravel, water drained off quickly. For a smooth ride, the road was topped with flat stones. -connected Philadelphia with rich farmlands, success stimulated construction of other privately built short toll roads -resulted from the American system. -began the process of connecting America through paved roads

interchangeable parts

1798 Northern United States of America -uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces - pioneered by eli whitney - machines would mass produce different parts of an object - even though they were made separately, they worked when put together - factories could specialize -gave advantage to the north (union) -became basis of modern mass-production -although this concept was first demonstrated with the Cotton Gin, it could be used in several different areas, including weaponry. -helped lead to the development of modern warfare -early assembly line concept

Napoleon Bonaparte

1799-1815 France French Leader from 1799 to 1815. Was ambitious: wanted to dominate Europe and own US. Led France into Napoleonic Wars. -French General, political leader, and emperor of the late 18th and early 19th c. -quickly rose through the ranks of the army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804 -conquered much of Europe -sold Louisiana to the Americans after receiving it from the Spanish for $15 million -deliberately provoked a war with Britain -when Napoleon put restrictions on British ports, the United States was forced to declare an embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer to war - the USA attempted to stay neutral in Napoleon's conflicts but eventually became entangled in European affairs, contrary to George Washington's warnings

Toussaint l'Ouverture

1800 New World -wan an important leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti -Led blacks to victory over the whites and free colored and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator -led rebellion on Santo Domingo, it resulted Taking advantage of a truce in his war with England, Napoleon sent an army to the West Indies. It temporarily crushed the insurrection and restored French authority but the incident was an early sign of the problems Napoleon would have in realizing his ambitions in America -his rebellion led to heavy French losses and serves as one of the impetuses for French selling of the Louisiana Territory - his rebellion created the second independent country in the Americas

judicial review

1800- present day United States of America - doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to review by the judiciary -not established with the creation of the Constitution. Rather, it was set into place with the case of Marbury v. Madison -gives the judicial branch the power to check the legislative and executive branches gave the Supreme Court the power to decide if a law is or is not constitutional. accepted as a result of the famous case of Marbury v. Madison an example of the separation of powers in a modern governmental system. Common law judges are seen as sources of law, capable of creating new legal rules and rejecting legal rules that are no longer valid. In the civil law tradition, judges are seen as those who apply the law, with no power to create or destroy legal rules. In the United States, judicial review is considered a key check on the powers of the other two branches of government by the judiciary.

Barbary pirates

1800s Atlantic Ocean -north american pirates who attacked US merchant ships, seized the goods and kidnapped the crews, taking advantage of the absence of british protection of US shipping in the mediterranean - disrupted shipping -muslim pirate operating from North America that seized US ships and were a major harassment on shipping -they backed off after the Napoleonic wars around 1815 -From 1795-1801 the US paid the barbary states for protection against the pirates -led directly to the creation of the US Navy to protect their ships but they also paid tribute for peace - caused the Barbary Wars -Piratical practices were the cause of several wars between Tripolitania area (Western Libya) and the United States in the 19th century

the Prophet

1800s United States - half-brother of Tecumseh - sought w/ brother to unite several tribes in the Ohio and Indiana Territories against the American settlers The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 Having freed himself from what he considered the evil effects of white culture, he began to speak to his people of the superior virtues of Indian civilization and the sinfulness and corruption of the white world he inspired a religious group that spread and helped unite the tribes.

Cultural Nationalism

1800s United States of America - young America was excited about the prospects of moving westward - had little interest in European wars - many patriotic themes in paintings - background- nationalism: the strong belief that the interests of a particular nation-state are of primary importance./the belief that a people who share a common language, history, and culture should constitute an independent nation, free of foreign domination. -the American people were beginning to create a culture for themselves -many aspects of this culture are still seen in America today: the idea of pushing westward (moving forward with innovations, ideas), staying out of European affairs (reluctance to join WWI, WWII, pulling troops out of Iran), etc. Patriotism is celebrated very differently today, but there is still a strong sense of nation initially developed in this time period.

Industrialization

1800s in the US - arose because of technological innovations, a favorable patent system, new forms of factory organizations, an abundant supply of natural resources and foreign investments - the new labor force came from the millions of immigrants - gave rise to the labor movement - led to the emergence of women's organizations who advocated for industrial reforms -helped change America from the agriculture-based economy it was initially into a specialized service economy -made America into a superpower

Louisiana Purchase

1803 United States of America -a land deal between the United States and France -the United States acquired 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi for 15 million dollars -sold under Napoleon to raise war money for France to conquer the world -one of the most important achievements of Jefferson's presidency Rich in gold, silver and other ores, as well as huge forest sand endless lands for grazing and farming, the new acquisition would make America immensely wealthy. nearly doubled the size of the United States

Lewis and Clark expedition

1804-1806 Western United States of America - Lewis and Clark's exploration of the USA's western lands - traveled up the Missouri River, through the Rockies, and to the mouth of the Columbia River -helped by a young Indian woman, Sacagawea -charted unknown territories that at the time were considered "the West" - bolstered America's claim to western lands and opened the west to Indian trade and further exploration - the most important thing was that they found a waterway to the Pacific Ocean - they found and identified many species of animals and plants - discovered the terrain of the western parts of the United States

Steamboats

1807 - invented by Robert Fulton - allowed boats to travel both down and up rivers - a boat in which the primary method of marine propulsion is steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels -increased the speed at which people could travel and increased communication between states, along rivers, and overall throughout the country. -its invention helped connect and develop America

impressment

1807 British -British practice of taking any sailors and forcing them into military service if needed in an emergency -infuriated jefferson and american merchants -the act of coercing someone into government services - British claimed the right to stop & search American ships becaue of British deserters - After colonial America announced itself as a country, France impressed American sailors and this lead to the XYZ affair -the British did not hold up their end of the agreement of the Treaty of Paris and continuing impressing American soldiers, leading to future conflict like the war of 1812.

Embargo Act (1807)

1807 United States of America, France, Great Britain -was a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States - the goal was to force Britain and France to respect American rights -the US was not prepared to fight in a war so president Jefferson hoped to weaken Britain and France by stopping trade -repealed in 1809 Congress enacted a drastic measure known as the ... It became one of the most controversial political issues of its time. It prohibited American ships from leaving the United States for any foreign port anywhere in the world. Hardest hit were the merchants and shipowners of the Northeast, most of them Federalist. -ended up hurting the american economy more than the British -helped revive the Federalists -caused New England's industry to grow -eventually led to the war of 1812

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

1809 England and France - enacted after the repeal of Jefferson's disastrous embargo act -Madison hoped to end economic hardships while maintaining his country's right as a neutral nation -replaced the embargo act - lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports -Formally reopened trade with all nations except England and France on March 1, 1809. A replacement of the Embargo Act. Made by the Republican Congress in an attempt to make England and France stop harassing the American ships and recognize the neutrality of America. -allowed transatlantic trade to resume -suspended trade with only France and England until one of them would "revoke or modify her edicts, as that they shall cease to violate the neutral commerce of the United States -this act prohibited their ships from entering American ports and decreed it illegal for citizens of the United States to have "any intercourse with, or to afford any aid or supplies" to any French or English ships

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1810 America -after the Republicans gained control of the New Hampshire government, they tried to revise the Dartmouth College charter, to make it a public school instead of private -Daniel Webster defended the college, arguing that the charter was in fact a contract that was protected by the same doctrine that the court had already upheld in Fletcher v. Park. -the court ruled for Dartmouth proclaiming the corporation charters such as the one the colonial legislature had granted the college were contracts -This decision placed important restrictions on the ability of state governments to control corporations - landmark decision from the United States Supreme Court dealing with the application of the Contract Clause of the United States Constitution to private corporations

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

1810 Atlantic Ocean - intended to motivate Great Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars -forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first - France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the US resumed trade with France, but not Britain. - led to more respect among foreign countries -restored American trade with the rest of the world- was very important for the manufacturers and farmers who depended on trading with other countries as a main source of income.

Fletcher v. Peck

1810 Georgia - arose out of a series of notorious land frauds - the court had to decide whether the Georgia legislature of 1796 could repeal the act of the previous legislature granting lands under shady circumstances to the Yazoo lands companies -in unanimous decision, John Marshall said that a land grant was a valid contract and could not be repealed even if corruption was involved - first case in which the SUpreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional - helped create a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts - hinted that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands -defended the right to property cherished by the American people

war hawks

1810 South and Western Frontiers (mainly) -expansionists primarily composed of young Southerners and Westerners elected to the U.S. Congress - were a group of Republican Congressmen who, at the end of the first decade of the 1800s, demanded that the United States declare war against Great Britain, invade British Canada, and expel the Spanish from Florida. -their ambitions caused war with Great Britain -a handful took over key positions in Congress which gave them considerable influence on the course of congressional debate, as well as access to government funding - ex. Henry Clay and Peter B. Porter

National (Cumberland) Road

1811- 1850s Maryland to Illinois - First of the internal improvements provided by congress in 1806 to help the colonization of the west -extended more than 1000 miles- from Maryland to Illinois -funded by government money- toll required to use it -paved highway, major route to the west -received federal and state money -one of the earliest Federal highway projects- originally meant to provide ease of travel between the Potomac and Mississippi Rivers -the project helped connect America, develop the infrastructure- part of the era of American nationalism -the whole project spanned 600 miles, took 30 years

War of 1812

1812 United States of America -war between US and Britain -America declared war in 1812 because of trade restrictions, impressments, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion, and humiliation of American honor -was an important test to see if young America would be able to survive on the global stage - marked the beginning of the Era of Good Feelings - marked the end of the Federalist party - broke the power of the Native Americans - promoted national self-confidence - encouraged expansionism - helped American unity and culture blossom -strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

1814 Ghent, Belgium - signed by British and American representatives - ended the War of 1812 - all conquered territory was to be returned - commissions were planned to settle the boundary of the United States and Canada -some wars occurred after it was first drafted - helped to restore relations between Great Britain and the United States - helped America gain influence as a foreign power -similar in some ways to the Treaty of Paris, but this time America would begin to be taken seriously. They had proven that they could hold out against foreign nations, ugly though the fighting might appear. -restored the status quo

"The Star-Spangled Banner"

1814 United States of America National anthem of the US - lyrics come from "Defense of Fort McHenry" written by Francis Scott Key after witnessing bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812. - inspiring - morale booster - once published it became widely popular- In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson declared "The Star-Spangled Banner" should be played at official events. -1931- President Herbert Hoover along with Congress had the song declared the U.S. national anthem.

Second Bank of the United States

1816 America - founded after the War of 1812 when it was realized that without a national bank (the charter on the first bank was allowed to lapse) it would be impossible to fund another war such as the one just fought -modeled on Alexander Hamilton's First Bank of the United States -was chartered by President James Madison in 1816 -the Bank's first years were difficult- many felt that its mismanagement helped bring on the panic of 1819 -several states tried to restrict the Bank's operations, but in McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court held that the Constitution had granted Congress the implied power to create a central bank and that the states could not legitimately constrain that power.

Tariff of 1816

1816 United States of America - Congress raised tariff rates on certain goods in an attempt to protect US manufacturers - the Americans feared the British would dump their goods - specifically raised the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S. - the United States' first protective tariff - helped protect American industry from competition- allowed their economy to grow without matching the prices and quality of a foreign nation with a thriving economy -part of the effort to further the era of American nationalism

Protective Tariff

1816 (first one) United States of America - a tariff imposed to protect domestic firms from import competition -when a tax is put on a foreign import it raises their price, and makes them less attractive to consumers. As a result, consumers buy from domestic merchants and the domestic economy can grow. - important to the American economy -allowed the newly emerged American market to grow before it became a part of the world stage -part of the era of American nationalism

Era of Good Feelings

1817 1825 United States of America -a period in the political history of the US that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars -the Federalist presence in politics was effectively gone- there was no real competition between parties. Only the Democratic-Republican party was putting forth candidates. -The first real time of peace and national expansion -The beginning of a focus on American nationalism instead of worrying about foreign invasion (War of 1812, XYZ affair) -An attempt to heed "the Man's advice" with foreign policy and domestic political rivalry -creation of the isolation and individualism characteristics so present in the US today

Treaty of 1818

1818 America and Canada - A negotiated treaty between the Monroe administration and England. -This treaty came after the War of 1812 to settle disputes between Britain and U.S. -It permitted Americans to share Newfoundland fisheries with the Canadians, and fixed the vague northern limits of Louisiana from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. -Provided a 10 year joint occupation of untamed Oregon country. - Increased relations with Britain - resolved the most long standing border issues between the U.S. and British North America (Canada) -Britain's agreement to negotiate with the young United States showed that the US was beginning to earn some respect from foreign nations. The treaty would not be blown off as easily as the Treaty of Paris after the Revolutionary War

Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

1819 America - War of 1812, US troops had occupied here -Spain held it previously, had difficulty governing the peninsula, Seminoles, runaway slaves, and white outlaws began conducting raids on US - Monroe and Jackson took action -Gave american Southwest to Spain - defined the western limits of the Louisiana Purchase - resulted in spain surrendering its claims to the Pacific Northwest -showed a more diplomatic way to acquire land (rather than engaging in war to conquer)

Panic of 1819

1819 America - first major financial panic because the Second Bank tightened credit which lead to deflation, and large increases in unemployment - most severe in the west - there were huge debts and foreclosures - shook nationalistic views Jackson was right to fear the speculative fever but wrong in thinking the specie circular would cure it. On the contrary, it produced a financial panic that began in the 1st months of Buren's presidency. Hundreds of banks and businesses failed. Unemployment grew. Bread riots broke out. Prices on land fell.

Tallmadge Amendment

1819 Missouri -blocked by Senate, but passed by the House -would have prohibited the further introduction of slaves into missouri and would have mandated the emancipation of slaves' offspring born after the state was admitted - the beginning of abolitionist ideals - This Amendment provoked a controversy that raged for the next two years -showed the emergence of a divided culture. Some believed that slaves were property, a right protected by the Constitution . Others believed that slaves should have Constitutional rights.

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 United States -in this case Marshall confirmed the "implied powers" of Congress by upholding the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States, even though it had become very unpopular in the south and west. - The Bank had become so unpopular in the South and the West that several of the states tried to drive branches out of business by outright prohibition or by confiscatory taxes. - presented two constitutional questions: Could Congress charter a bank? And if so, could individual states ban it or tax it? - a landmark decision by the Supreme Court -established the dominance of federal government over state government - one of the first and most important Supreme Court cases on federal power

mountain men

1820-1850s Far Western United States -men hired by eastern companies to trap animals for fur in the Rocky Mountains and other regions of the US. Later became trailblazers and guides - began trading in the Far West even though there were few of them - mostly white, young, and single men. A lot of them, about 2/3, married Indian or Hispanic women - developed important relationships with the existing residents of the West and altered the character and society there -exploits fostered development of a thriving fur trade, but at the same time led to devastation of animal populations.

Missouri Compromise

1820s Missouri The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. Missouri was slave state, Maine was a free state, 36 30 line could prohibit slavery north - Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying, with the exception of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery - was the tipping point between the evenly divided slave and free states -advanced the Civil War forward by some years (as an unbalanced number of slave and free states seemed a pressing issue) -brought new questions to light regarding the conditions of statehood and acceptance into the United States

American System

1820s- 1830s United States - method for advancing economic growth through protective tariffs, a national bank, internal improvements, tariffs - would promote American manufacturing - bank would keep system running smoothly - Congress chartered second bank - Monroe vetoed acts of road-building, etc. - internal improvements would help west and south -New industries were established -Factories were built -America reduced their dependence on foreign goods -Roads and canals were built- enabled Americans to travel -Cumberland Road, Erie Canal constructed -allowed the General Survey act of 1824 to be passed -helped to fuel the belief in the Manifest Destiny of the United States

Inventors of the American System

1820s- 1830s United States - method for advancing economic growth through protective tariffs, a national bank, internal improvements, tariffs - would promote American manufacturing - bank would keep system running smoothly - Congress chartered second bank - Monroe vetoed acts of road-building, etc. Henry Clay, method for advancing economic growth, protective tariffs, national bank, internal improvements, tariffs would promote American manufacturing, bank would keep system running smoothly, internal improvements would help west and south,

the West

1820s- 1860s Western States - America's population was still moving ever westward in search of opportunities and advancement -represented promise, new life, and a chance to make one's fortune -migration west was encouraged by the Monroe Doctrine Cotton mills closed in England, and American planters saw their markets disappear. By the summer of 1837, business was paralyzed, and it was not until the early 1840s Presidents elected after Jackson also came from the West, or were allied to those who reflected rural sentiments, and they shared Jackson's mistrust of central power.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

1823 America - December 2 1823 American continents were free and independent as they were maintained - not to be considered as subjects of colonization by European powers - US was opposed to European interference in Western hemisphere - primarily the work of John Quincy Adams - United States would consider any foreign challenge to the sovereignty of existing American nations an unfriendly act - improvement of relations between the United States and Great Britain - gave the United States a foundation that allowed it to exert a great deal of control over many of the countries of Latin America

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824 New York - The state of New York had indirectly granted Aaron Ogden... the business of carrying passengers across the river between New York and New Jersey. But Thomas Gibbons, with a license granted under an act of Congress, began competing with Aaron for the ferry traffic. Aaron brought suit against him and won in New York courts - Thomas Gibbons took the case to the Supreme Court where they overturned the New York courts' decision - The Court strengthened Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce. - led to the Supreme Court decision that the power to regulate interstate commerce belonged to Congress - provided the federal government with the ability to regulate interstate government - added weight to the authority of the federal government over state's rights - used as a basis for the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Erie Canal

1825- New York it is a canal in New York that runs from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean -it cut transport costs into the wilderness by about 90% -part of the American system- attempt to connect America - one of the most extraordinary engineering feats of the 19th century - connected the eastern ports and manufacturing with the rest of the country -resulted in a massive population surge in western new york, and opened regions further west to increased settlement

American Indian removal

1830 Eastern United States - Act passed to authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. -The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant emigration of american indians to the west - one of the tragic episodes in American history - led to violent conflict in many cases, and succeeding treaties generally compelled tribes to cede large areas to the United States government - many deaths - lots of disease - tragedy as thousands of people were forced to leave behind their homes, livestock, crops, and places that had spiritual significance for them

Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner

1849 New York City - created by Charles Allen - signed by multiple nativists groups - an oath-bound secret society - demands included - banning Catholics or aliens from holding public office, enacting more restrictive naturalization laws, and establishing literacy tests for voting - their demands went against American ideals -proved to be very ironic. The land that had once welcomed the ancestors of the Star Spangled Banner members was now attempting to shut out new immigrants with dreams of freedom and property. -also ironic that Star-Spangled Banner members wanted to ban Catholics from office because of their religion when so many of their ancestors fled their countries to obtain religious freedom

Know-Nothing Party

1849 United States of America - a secret political party founded by the nativists, -worried that immigrants eventually might overtake them in numbers and in political influence. -also known as the "Formidable Party" - attempted to reduce rights for immigrants and create restrictions for the deportation of aliens. -Attacked Catholic schools and churches in Philadelphia -Despite great numbers in elective office, it was largely unsuccessful in passing significant legislation -marks one of the first times a negative response to US immigration became significant to politics. Even in 2016, immigration policy is important in deciding candidates for office. -Previous to the American party, no strong voice for anti-immigration was heard in politics (it was never part of a platform)

Corporations

19th c. - a radical transformation took place among American corporations in the 19th century - corporations were larger and specialized - management shifted to professional managers instead of owners - created by shareholders who have limited liability function on the selling of stocks because of many reasons, corporations are seen as very attractive. -growth of corporations- part of the industrialization of America -helped lead to a specialized economy, where people had more leisure time -people could develop specific skills instead of everyone working in agriculture to survive -rise of modernity and the American dream

factory system

19th c. America -system where goods were produced at a large level by unskilled workers using machinery - fathered by Samuel Slater - first adopted in England during their Industrial Revolution in the 1750s - included assembly lines - all parts needed for a product would be made in one place -the rise of mass production -part of the industrialization of America -start of job specialization and the beginning of a divergence from a strictly agrarian economy -urbanization -eventually lead to the entertainment industries (plays, movies, etc. ) as more free time was created

Railroads

19th c. Western Europe and the United States of America - effective transportation network, more direct routes, greater speed, larger volumes of traffic -most important innovation of the 19th c. -key development in American culture As the railroad grew larger, dependence on its quick and cheap transportation grew not only for people, but for market goods as well. - brought profound social, economic and political change -created towns, economic specialization -linked separated cities, fostered interdependence -encouraged settlement westward -improved communication throughout the nation, connected the east and west, and convinced American transportation

Deep South

19th century AL, MS, LA, Ak -where cotton was most dominant -"cotton kingdom" - settlement into this region was like the gold rush to california -tremendous profit came from this region -thousands of whites came hoping to become wealthy via cotton planting -reflected the dominance of cotton - usually delineated as being those states and areas where cultural elements most often thought of as "Southern" exist in their most concentrated form

Great Plains

19th century Alberta Canada through west central United States into Texas - The frontier that was settled by thousands during the Homestead Act of 1862 - a vast prairie region - expensive to buy - anybody wanting to go west faced a long, dangerous and uncomfortable journey - poor soil and harsh climate discouraged American settlers - only settled because of the Homestead Act of 1862 - gave people a "fair chance" at life -region that promised opportunity, but only if one was willing to start a new life in an unknown, often unforgiving region

poor whites

19th century American South -took no part in the plantation economy of the South -owned infertile lands- supported themselves by foraging and hunting -some worked as common laborers for their neighbors -sometimes resorted to eating clay and developed pellagra, hookworms, and malaria - many were against slavery in the south -Southern aristocracy- those who suffered the most from it - usually couldn't produce enough to expand operations or get out of debt -were looked down upon by the slaves of rich whites- poor whites were deemed to be even lower in society than slaves of well-to-do families

Codes of Chivalry

19th century American South In order for wealthy southern whites to sustain their image of aristocrats, they adopted an elaborate code, which obligated white men to defend their honor, often through dueling, and they avoided occupations in trade and commerce and either became planters or went into the military - tied to the importance among white males of the public appearance of dignity and authority - considered the most important obligation of the white southern male -was a very important part of Southern culture- the idea of being a "gentleman" carried extreme weight in society poor whites 19th century American South -took no part in the plantation economy of the South -owned infertile lands- supported themselves by foraging and hunting -some worked as common laborers for their neighbors -sometimes resorted to eating clay and developed pellagra, hookworms, and malaria - many were against slavery in the south -Southern aristocracy- those who suffered the most from it - usually couldn't produce enough to expand operations or get out of debt -were looked down upon by the slaves of rich whites- poor whites were deemed to be even lower in society than slaves of well-to-do families

white settlers

19th century United States of America - the majority of them were Christian - were not as prepared for the Midwest winters as they should have been - depended on their houses for mostly all their shelters - the white settlers who settled mainly in the Midwest of the United States suffered dearly because they were not prepared for what they were getting themselves into -many were very poor -made up an agricultural sector of the United States

planter aristocracy

19th century United States' South -south governed by select few rich people, -was the head of southern society -the wealthiest had a home in the town or city as well as summer homes, and they traveled widely, especially to europe, children go a better education -owed at least 40-50 slaves and 800 or more acres -they determined the political economic and even the social life of their region - heavily affected the southern government - widened the gap between the rich and the poor because of their influence in the government - owned cotton magnates, sugar plantations, rice plantations and tobacco plantations and thus controlled the South

the frontier

19th century Western United States - the process of settlement of new lands in the West, plus the geographical zone of settlement, together with the impact on the frontiersmen and the nation at large. As pioneers moved west they changed their customs, behavior and values and became more "American" - the culture that formed there formed the culture we now have today - unlimited free land in the zone was available and thus offered the psychological sense of unlimited opportunity, which in turn had many consequences, such as optimism, future orientation, shedding of restraints due to land scarcity, and wastefulness of natural resources

Free African Americans

19th century primarily Northeastern United States Free blacks in the south numbered about 250,000, -many owned property -few owned slaves themselves -were prohibited from working certain occupations and couldn't testify against whites in court -northern blacks were especially hated by the Irish because of competition towards jobs - some free blacks achieved a measures of both wealth and societal participation, owning property, paying taxes, publishing newspapers and, in some Northern states, voting - When the end of slavery came, the distinction between former free coloreds and former slaves persisted in some societies

Hartford Convention (1814)

Connecticut - delegates from the New England states met in connecticut, to discuss their grievances. - were frustrated with the ongoing War of 1812 - appeared treasonous to many Americans -Those who favored secession at this convention were outnumbered by a comparatively moderate majority - It reasserted the right of nullification and proposed seven amendments to the Constitution, . amendments protected New England from the growing influence of the South and the West. - marked the end of the Federalists - because the convention appeared treasonous, the Democratic-Republican candidate crushed the Federalist candidate in the next presidential election

strict interpretation

Federalist era- present United States of America -believed in by Thomas Jefferson - believed people should follow exactly what was stated and allowed in the Constitution -opposite of loose interpretation (believed in by the Federalists) -key to the platform of the Democratic Republicans -generally leads to smaller government -the interpretation of the Constitution is considered with every significant conflict in the US. Those who favor strict interpretation would like the issue to be resolved with exact words in the Constitution, following the intent of the Founding Fathers as closely as possible. It opposes loose interpretation, where solutions are proposed that are harder to trace directly to the words of the Constitution

Battle of New Orleans

Jan. 8, 1815 - Jan. 18, 1815 New Orleans - between British troops led by General Edward Pakenham and American forces led by General Andrew Jackson A British attempt to seize part of Louisiana. Happened several weeks after the Treaty of Ghent, which was not enacted yet because both sides needed to ratify it. American forces were made up of militia and pirates under Andrew Jackson. They "decisively" defeated British regulars, who had served in the Napoleonic Wars. British losses were approximately 700 killed and 1,400 wounded - American losses amounted to only eight killed and 13 wounded The victory had no impact on the outcome of the war, but it was a major confidence builder for the American military. -Andrew Jackson's role in the win boosted his popularity and helped him secure the presidency. - the final major battle of the War of 1812 - decisive American victory

Chesapeake- Leopard affair

June 22, 1807 Virginia -the American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters - in response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake - An incident that happened on June 22, 1807.a US frigate was boarded by a British ship, the Leopard. The British seized four alleged deserter. This is the most famous example of impressment, in which the British seized American sailors and forced them to serve on British ships. Impressment - was one of the major factors leading to the War of 1812. -because of this incident, the US expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology - this affair enflamed patriotic passions and spurred calls for the protection of American sovereignty in neutral waters

Marbury v. Madison

March 2, 1801 America - a landmark United States Supreme Court case - began when an obscure Federalist, William Marbury, was designated as a justice of the peace in the District of Columbia. Marbury and several others were appointed to government posts created by Congress in the last days of John Adams's presidency, but these last-minute appointments were never fully finalized. The disgruntled appointees invoked an act of Congress and sued for their jobs in the Supreme Court. - formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review Secretary of state refused to hand over commission to Marbury. He appealed to the supreme Court for an order directing Madison to perform his official duty. In its historic ruling, the Court found that Marbury had a right to his commission but that the Court had no authority to order Madison to deliver it. -gave the judicial branch much more power than it had originally received in the Constitution -the decision reflected the change between Adam's Federalist presidency and Thomas Jefferson's upcoming Democratic-Republican Presidency

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

March 27, 1814 Mississippi Territory (now Alabama) - battle between the Americans and the Red Stick Indians - United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War - Fought during the War of 1812 - The tribe was forced to relinquish more than 23 million acres of their homeland and move farther west -increased Andrew Jackson's popularity and helped him secure the presidency- made him a legend -Resource rich lands taken from the tribes in Georgia and Alabama were quickly opened to white settlers. The area rapidly became a prime source of cotton, the engine of the Southern economy, and helped to revive the flagging

specialization

Northern United States of America -when people, businesses, regions and/or nations concentrate on goods and services that they can produce better than anyone else - occurred in industry, commerce, and farming - entire cities could specialize in specific goods (ex. Rochester became a milling center) - a much more profitable system -led to much more leisure time as a society because life was not dominated by a crop schedule -allowed art and other forms of expression to flourish, as well as innovation to expand -helped the American dream take root

Battle of Tippecanoe

Nov. 7, 1811 Lafayette, Indiana -the American forces were led by William Henry Harrison - William Henry Harrison helped the United States forces win the battle -two hour battle- the natives were forced to leave their village, the gathering spot of their confederacy. It was destroyed -some believe the battle was a draw -served as a catalyst for the War of 1812. The Americans fighting the Indians were infuriated when they saw their British weaponry. The British support lent to the Indians was a convincing factor in deciding to fight the British in 1812 -greatly improved the safety for white settlements in the Indiana territory -discredited "the Prophet" as a leader

Battle of the Thames River

Oct. 5, 1813 Chatham, Ontario in Upper Canada -also known as the Battle of Moraviantown - General William Henry Harrison won a decisive victory over the British here, in a battle that also resulted in the death of Tecumseh. -the redcoats were overtaken by General Harrison and his army after they had withdrawn from Fort Malden. - enabled the United States to consolidate its control over the Northwest - helped bring William Henry Harrison the presidency- status as a war hero automatically qualified him for the presidency. Many presidents of the day won their votes and support through their military feats. -this battle ended the Indian confederacy headed up by the Prophet

Battle of Lake Erie

September 10, 1813 Lake Erie -9 small, out-gunned vessels from the US Navy defeated and captured 6 vessels of Great Britain's Royal Navy -biggest naval battle of the war of 1812 -U.S. forces led by Oliver Hazard Perry -ensured American control of the lake and allowed Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation -morale-builder - turning point in the war -the first unqualified defeat of a British naval squadron in history

Nativists

US history-1800s U.S. - a large number of native-born Americans that were alarmed by the influx of immigrants - they feared that the newcomers would take their jobs and also weaken the Anglo-American culture - were Protestants who distrusted the Roman Catholicism practiced by the Irish and many of the Germans - formed a secret antiforeign society called the Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner - nominated candidates for office as the American party, or Know-Nothing party - opposition to immigrants led to sporadic rioting in the big cities - faded in importance as North and South divided over slavery in the years immediately before the Civil War -are an example of opposition to the American dream that exists even today. Even though America is known as the "land of opportunity," there have been nativists who disapprove of new people and their influence from the early days of the country -one of the first times a negative response to immigrants was voiced

"Quids"

around 1808 United States of America - an extreme states' rights group of Jeffersonian Republicans led by John Randolph of Virginia - tried to deprive Madison of the Democratic-Republican presidential nomination in 1808 because they believed that Thomas Jefferson and James Madison had become nationalists. -believed governments always menaced popular liberty -said Jefferson's foreign domestic policies sacrificed virtue for pragmatism -a political party who accused Aaron Burr of abandoning Republican principles -started to introduce strife between parties and showed that disagreement between parties and ideals was inevitable

Sectionalism

early 1860 between Northern and Southern states - undue concern with local interests or petty distinctions at the expense of general well-being - in relation to national politics, it is loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole - at this time the different sections where the North and the South - the north was primarily industrial and the south was primarily agricultural - restricts interest to a narrow sphere -Sectionalism was very strong between the South and the North. The drastic difference between their beliefs and politics by region eventually led to the nation's most urgent crisis: the Civil War. Its beginning can be traced back to geographic sectionalism. -very divisive way of organizing beliefs

Lowell System&textile mills

early 19th c. New England - a labor and production model - used water powered textile mills - mainly employed young unmarried women who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. - invented by Francis Cabot Lowell -in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process -part of the American industrialization -encouraged immigration, especially among the demographic of young, single women -some urbanization -made production more efficient -innovation appreciated and encouraged

sectionalism

early 19th c. United States of America - a devotion to the interests of one geographic region over the interests of the country as a whole - undue concern with local interests or petty distinctions at the expense of general well-being - at this time the different sections were the North and the South - the north was primarily industrial and the south was primarily agricultural - restricts interest to a narrow sphere -Sectionalism was very strong between the South and the North. The drastic difference between their beliefs and politics by region eventually led to the nation's most urgent crisis: the Civil War. Its beginning can be traced back to geographic sectionalism. -very divisive way of organizing beliefs

market revolution

early 19th c. United States of America -a drastic change in the manual labor system originating in south (soon moved to the north) and later spread to the entire world. - prompted by the construction of new roads and canals that connected distant communities for the first time - the north started to have a more powerful economy that was starting to challenge the economies of some mid sized European cities - traditional commerce became outdated with the transportation and industrial revolution

Northeast

early 19th c. consisted of New England and the Middle Atlantic States - built many canals because the rivers of the Northeast did not make it very far inland - the United States' industrial zone -a high economic growth rate based on commercial farming and industrial innovation -most populous, high birthrate and immigration -grew rapidly - the United States' main source of industry -where the nation's greatest thinkers resided -attracted many immigrants from the Old world because all the innovation and industry provided a decent number of jobs -close economic ties between the Northeast and Northwest were developed and made these areas production strongholds. -birthplace for new ideas -helped give America its reputation for being a place for innovators.

hillbillies

early 19th c. American South -poor southern farmer without slaves - lived on land that was once rich with nutrients, but the nutrients had now drained out -poor and supported slavery because is was "american" they thought if you had slaves you were rich - display how messed up the hierarchy in the South was - suffered the most from Southern aristocracy - didn't have a lot of self respect

Battle of Lake Champlain

ended Sept. 11, 1814 Lake Champlain - also known as the Battle of Plattsburgh - A British army and naval force converged on the lakeside town of Plattsbugh, which was defended by American troops and an American naval squadron. The British squadron attacked shortly after dawn September 11, but was defeated after a hard fight. The British then abandoned the attack by land against The American defenses and retreated to Canada, stating that even if Plattsburgh was captured, it could not be supplied without control of the lake. - ended the final invasion of the northern states of the United States -The battle took place shortly before the signing of the Treaty or Ghent which ended the war. The American victory denied the British negotiators at Ghent leverage to demand any territorial claims against the United States.

American Party

mid 1800s United States - developed from the order of the Star Spangled Banner and was made up of nativists - this party was organized due to its secretiveness and in 1865 nominated the ex-president Fillmore - These super-patriots were anti-foreign and anti-Catholic and adopted the slogan "Americans must rule America!" -Despite great numbers in elective office, the American Party were largely unsuccessful in passing significant legislation -marks one of the first times a negative response to US immigration became significant to politics. Even in 2016, immigration policy is important in deciding candidates for office. -Previous to the American party, no strong voice for anti-immigration was heard in politics (it was never part of a platform)

Creek nation

post colonial era - current era Southeastern United States - an American Indian people originally from the southeastern United States, also known by their original name Muscogee.. Modern Muscogees live primarily in Oklahoma, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. One of the Five Civilized Tribes - was a mix of Indian tribes found east of the Mississippi River. - Important British ally that had power in the South, specifically Georgia - without them the war would possibly have been shorter - General Andrew Jackson ended their power - were inspired by the influential words of the Prophet and called to arms by him