APUSH Period 4

Henry Clay

A "Great Compromiser' who was a senator of Kentucky, speaker of the House of Representatives, and Secretary of State under John Quincy Adams. He was known for his contradictory position on race and slavery. Biography.com

Daniel Webster

A Massachusetts statesman that led the opposition to Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party. Webster advocated for industry, banking, and modernization. He was also a diplomat, negotiating the Webster-Ashburton treaty with Great Britain. He worked with Henry Clay and John Calhoun. A unified nation was important to him.

Erie Canal (1825-)

A canal created through the Great Lakes in order to open up faster trade from New York to more Western settlements. Not only was it a cost effective plan but it grew New York's trade industry greatly and opened up the frontier. Considered one of the greatest works of civil engineering in North America, the Erie Canal cut transportation costs in the Northern frontier by about 95%, as well as allowing remote areas to be settled.

Tammany Hall

A democratic political organization founded in 1786. In the 18th century, Tammany Hall was a center for Democratic-Republican Party discussions. It was supported and taken part in by many Irish immigrants. Later, the society was led by William "Boss" Tweed, showing the corruption such an organization could have.

Denmark Vesey

A former slave who planned a slave rebellion in 1822. Vesey's plans were discovered before the uprising could begin. Vesey was executed, making him a martyr for his cause, widely admired by abolitionists and Frederic Douglass.

Embargo Act

A general embargo on British trade enacted by Congress (Jefferson was in office) in the wake of Impressment, the Chesapeake Affair, and the Orders In Council; all indicators of a lack of British respect for the US. This is a great example of the POL theme, as it was a desire for validation and respect as a country that drove the US to enact this embargo-despite it's harrowing effects on the economy.

War Hawks

A group of young Democratic-Republicans who supported a declaration of war with Britain in the 1810s. The war hawks were angered by British impressment and various economic policies (Orders in Council). As members of the House (at the same time as Henry Clay was a member of the House), they were able to convince Congress of the need for war.

Nativism

A political position that claims superiority of established inhabitants of a country over immigrants or newcomers. This was present in the Alien and Sedition Acts previously passed in 1798 by John Adams, but more so in the anti-immigration groups like the Know-Nothings in the 1850s.

Protective tariff

A tax intended to increase the imports and protected a country's industries from foreign competition. Dictionary.cambridge.org

Nonintercourse Act

Act that lifted all embargos on American shipping except for those to/from England and France in an attempt to damage the aforementioned nation's economies. It was mostly ineffective, and played into the road up to the War of 1812 (Historical Causation).

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

After facing defeats in Haiti, and what would be the fall of Napoleon to the British, France decided to sell its vast territory in America to the US for quick cash and to relinquish responsibility. Thomas Jefferson made the purchase in 1803 for under $12 million dollars, obtaining the huge frontier for cultivation by settlers. Aside from this being an enormous and incredibly cheap acquisition for the young United States the Louisiana Purchase was also significant because it was the first time prolific Democratic-Republican, Thomas Jefferson, used implied powers to pass legislation.

Peggy Eaton Affair (1829)

After her husband died Margaret "Peggy" O'Neale married John Eaton in an amount of time the women of Washington thought was scandalous. In response they formed a campaign against her, isolating her and her husband in politics. Jackson spent far too much of his time trying to defend the couple in part because he experienced a similar issue with his "polyamorous" wife. A rift was formed in Washington between supporters of the two parties, one assuming Peggy was controlling things behind the scenes, and the other being too scared of Jackson. In the end many members of the cabinet resigned and Jackson went on to play Han Solo in the Political Wars.

Trail of Tears (1831-1838)

After the Forced Removal Act of 1830 was passed as per the name thousands of Native Americans were forcefully removed from the frontier East of the Mississippi. The Trail of Tears refers to the trails during the removal of the Choctaw Nation, which was riddled with disease and starvation. The Trail of Tears is a direct effect of Jackson's ability to overlook human rights in the spirit of Western settling. Instead of allowing most tribes to assimilate (although some did) forced removal was employed to expedite the process of US expansion which became a normal tactic for future settling.

Market Revolution (1793-1909)

After the War of 1812 the US was transformed by the innovations made in the Industrial Revolution and those made by local inventors. Trains, cotton, wheat, exporting, settling, John Deere all came out of the Market Revolution. The Market Revolution is significant for three major innovations: better wages, increased social mobility, and economic opportunity. Women began to join the workforce, as well as massive amounts of immigrants as the US became a haven for opportunity. The South slowly became segregated from the North as their markets changed focus. And the railroads along with canals and steamboats revolutionized the country's ability to transport goods and people.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Agreement between the United States and Great Britain regarding the elimination of British fleets from the Great Lakes with the exception of small patrol vessels. History.state.gov

Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)

Although not the first time Nullification was an issue for the Federal government, in this case the entirety of South Carolina was at stake as they threatened succession. It began when the Tariff of 1828 was passed and Andrew Jackson did not weaken it when he became president. In response South Carolina passed the Ordinance of Nullification which allowed them to nullify laws in their state if they were unconstitutional.The Crisis was averted when Jackson passed the Compromise Tariff of 1833, but not without threatening SC with the Force Bill. By the end of the Crisis it was not clear whether state nullification would be possible in the future, although it is clear that it will most likely be met with force by the federal government. In the long run the Nullification Crisis would be used to argue on either side of the debate as it was unclear who actually won, SC or Jackson.

Robert Fulton

American engineer who designed the first successful submarine and helped make the successful steamboat a reality. Fulton started out as a painter, but later proved to be a worthy inventor. He met Robert Livingston in 1801, and together, they made Fulton's vision for an efficient steamboat a reality. Fulton used this steamboat to begin commercial steamboat trips.

Nat Turner

An African-American slave that led a slave rebellion in 1831. The slave rebellion resulted in 60 white deaths. The state of Virginia retaliated by hanging Turner and killing African-Americans. New laws restricting slaves' and free blacks' rights to education and assembly were instituted.

Common Man

Andrew Jackson realized he needed to appeal more to the "common man" while running for president in the election of 1824. He had already earned his respect as a war hero, so he needed to become like the people he would soon represent. This is comparative to

National Road (1811)

Built by the federal government, the National Road was the first improved highway in the US. It connected the Potomac and Ohio Rivers, and crossed through 4 states. This highway was mainly used by settlers heading West and was the first of its kind, being named "The Historic National Road, and All-American Road" in 2002.

Macon's Bill no. 2

Bill that passed in response to/clarification of the Nonintercourse Act; it established that IF Great Britain or France were to agree to respect the US, the US would support that nation. Played into the respect dispute seen over the Chesapeake Affair, Impressment, and the Orders In Council. Occured after the failure of the Embargo Act.

Impressment

British recruitment of (unwilling) merchants and sailors into the royal navy-included American, and thus was an act of disrespect towards the US. Paired with the Chesapeake Affair and the Orders In Council, this was a cause of the Embargo act that hugely and negatively impacted the US economy.

Roger Taney

Fifth chief justice of the Supreme Court. Worked on the Dred Scott decision. Husband of Anne Key (Francis Scott Key's sister), Roger Taney was the first Roman Catholic Supreme Court justice in a country of nativists. As a Democrat fighting against the Bank of the United States, his position as chief justice was opposed by Clay, Calhoun, and Webster. As a devout Catholic, Taney saw slavery as evil, and hence argued in the Dred Scott case that African Americans were entitled to freedom and citizenship.

Cotton Gin (1793)

Created by American inventor Eli Whitney, the cotton gin was the first mechanical machine to separate cotton seeds from the collected cotton, and quickly grew the cotton industry in the US. Due to the growing demand for cotton after the cotton gin's creation workers to farm the cotton also had to increase which grew the slave population in the US immensely. In fact the cotton gin is credited two significant historical changes: revolutionizing the cotton industry, and greatly increasing the slave trade in the US. This also means the machine played a large part in the Civil War.

Judicial Review

Doctrine under which legislative and/or executive actions are subject to review by the judiciary branch-institutionalized by the Supreme Court ruling in Marbury vs. Madison. Chief Justice Marshall established the judicial branch as an equal power with the executive and legislative branches with this measure.

Panic of 1837

Due to many factors, including Jackson's refusal to renew the BUS's charter, led up to one of the worst economic downturns in early US history. Like many depressions it was proceeded by great economic growth in almost all American industries. A bunch of complicated economic stuff happened, much like the Panic of 1819 and the entire country went into a depression. In the South where raw exports were the main industries the depression hit the worst, forcing many states to default on their bonds, angering international investors who would also feel the economic downturn. Although it was a terrible time for most of the states the economy actually grew during the depression (according to some metrics), and by the 1850s the economy would make a full recovery.

War of 1812

Due to many, many factors the US decided to get in a kerfuffle with Great Britain and the American Indians. It did not go well for anyone, especially the natives (thats how most of APUSH goes). Nobody wins, everyone loses. Although territory rights remain the same the natives lose their confederacy and the frontier is "open" to the US. Canada also thinks its better than we are because of this war, but our national defense budget is larger their GDP.

Thomas Jefferson

Former president and founder of the Democratic-Republican Party. Thomas Jefferson's political party, the Democratic-Republican Party, became the only party in the United States during the Era of Good Feeling. Although he became less invested in government and politics after his presidency, he maintained strong opinions on events such as the Missouri Compromise.

Battle of Tippecanoe (Nov. 1811)

Fought between Tecumseh's Confederacy and US forces led by William Henry Harrison (9th president), the Battle of Tippecanoe was an early success for the American's who wanted to assert themselves in the frontier. Fearful of the insurgents, and without a proper leader, the natives fought erratically and lost Prophetstown, pushing them further West. With Tecumseh forming a stronger confederacy and violence increasing between the Americans and British the Battle of Tippecanoe is seen as a catalyst for the War of 1812. Although the battle was a tactical victory the Americans the town (Prophetstown) was quickly rebuilt and violence in the area only increased after Tecumseh's Confederacy allied themselves with the British.

Tallmadge Amendment

Further prohibited the further introduction of slaves in Missouri, and allowed freedom for those who are age 25 or older. Britannica.com

American System

Henry Clay's three-pronged plan to promote industry-included national banking, a protective tariff, and internal federal improvements (like bettered transportation, canals, etc.). His plan for a protective tariff emulated the Stamp Acts, in that he taxed incoming textiles and highly-used materials like glass and iron. While the aim of his tariff was to promote domestic manufacturing, both the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 and the Stamp Acts taxed the use of everyday items in an effort to control the colonies.

Chesapeake Affair (June 1807)

In June of 1807 the British 4th rate Leopard fired upon the US frigate Chesapeake after its captain, James Barron, refused to be searched for impressments. The Chesapeake was quickly overtaken and 4 men were captured. Early on the affair coerced many to call for war against the British who were becoming belligerent, but the fervor didn't last urging President Jefferson to enact the Embargo of 1807. The early calls for war were of course favorable to Jefferson who was unhappy about the Orders in Council passed earlier that year.

Urbanization

Increase in population in urban areas, people normally migrated from rural areas and moved to more urban areas of town. The United Nations predicted that half of the world's population will consist of residents in urban neighborhoods. Wikipedia.org

Sectionalism

Loyalty of interest to one's own section or region of a country, instead of the whole country. Wikipedia.org

Second Bank of the United States (1817-1838)

Modeled after the First Bank of the United States, created by Hamilton, the Second Bank of the United States was formed in 1819 to regulate public credit, and establish a national currency. The Second Bank of the United States' charter lasted 20 years and was hotly contested during the Bank War by Jackson. In 1838 the Second Bank of the United States was liquidated. While the bank was able to serve its original purpose it made many mistakes having to do with the scrutiny around money lending and state banks. This led to the Bank War that eventually took it down having lasted through 2 economic downturns that were partly its fault.

Hartford Convention (Dec. 1814-Jan. 1815)

Near the end of the War of 1812 when the situation was becoming more dire for Americans the New England Federalists convened in Hartford to speak about their discontent with the Federal government. Considered were the removal of the ⅗ compromise, and requiring ⅔ majorities in Congress, as well as issues with the Louisiana Purchase and Embargo of 1807. Although the convention itself didn't hold much significance its the events that occurred which brought about its end that are significant. Namely the end of the War of 1812 and Andrew Jackson's successes in New Orleans, which marked the end of the Federalist party in the US as the Era of Good Feelings was ushered in.

Gibbons vs. Ogden

New York case that resulted in the expansion of congressional powers, including the regulation of interstate commerce (Commerce Clause). It basically determined that any state law regulating interstate commercial activities could be overruled by Congress. This plays directly into the Work, Exchange, and Technology (WXT) theme, as the exchange of goods now had another loop to go through in order to be validated. ~Wikipedia

Lancaster Turnpike (1795)

One of the first long distance paved roads in America, the Lancaster Turnpike was built by the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike Road Company to connect Lancaster, Pennsylvania and Philadelphia. It was one of the first, and thats cool. Although it did get some use with wagons roads were not cost effective after the invention of railroads so it stayed unused until automobiles hit the market.

Florida Purchase Treaty

Otherwise known as the Transcontinental Treaty, it was an agreement between the US and Spain (1819) that gave the US Florida and set a boundary between the US and what is known as modern-day Mexico. This occurred in response to Jackson's journey into Florida (after the Seminole attack) and the killing of two British officers.

Tariff of 1816

Passed by Congress to protect manufactured U.S. goods from foreign competition. Ohiohistorycentral.org

Tariff of 1828

Passed to protect northern and western agricultural products from foreign competition, however, since tax on foreign goods increased, the cost of living in the South had increased. Also known as the Tariff of Abominations. History.house.gov

Anti-Masonic Party

Political party that opposed Freemasonry, and was the first party to hold a national convention as well as the first to offer voters a platform of political principles. Britannica.com

Panic of 1819

Post-Napoleonic Wars the world saw an economic downturn that affected the US more significant;y due to the excessive issue of paper money by banks. When the paper money couldn't be turned in for gold panic ensued while inflation continued to rise, until state banks began foreclosing on farms creating mass unemployment. Because most Americans were farmers at the time a movement against the BUS formed under the New Republicans and Democratic-Republicans who supported limited government. And thus the Era of Good feelings came to end as many noticed that most did not in fact have good feelings towards the government.

"corrupt bargain"

Refers to the three historical incidents in American history that involve congressional and presidential actions viewed by many Americans as corrupt . One of these events occurred during Period 4; the 1824 Election. No majority was found, and the resolution (in the H.O.R.) resulted in Henry Clay becoming Secretary of State after supporting John Quincy Adams. Clay, the founder of the American System, was seen to have bribed Adams and in turn, lost the respect of many. ~Wikipedia

John C. Calhoun

Secretary of war under President John Tyler who supported states rights and slavery. Biography.com

Indian Removal Act

See American Indian Removal-this is the act that was passed to allow such a move on Jackson's part. Passed in very little regards to the well-being of the natives, judging by the aftermath of the Trail of Tears. The move further supported the US trend of discrimination towards the American Indians.

Tecumseh

Shawnee war chief that united more than two dozen Native American nations against American settlers settling in Indian territory. During the War of 1812, Tecumseh was faced with the task of uniting people of all different cultures and languages into one army. He also had to choose whether or not to create alliances, and with who (the British). He hoped that the unified Native American nations would stop Westward expansion, but he was defeated at the Battle of Thames River in 1813.

Treaty of Ghent

Signed in Ghent, Belgium that ended the War of 1812 between US and Great Britain. Loc.gov

Missouri Compromise

Submitted by Henry Clay, this compromise regulated the legality of slavery in the western territories. In the dispute over slavery's constitutionality, the pro-slavery and anti-slavery territories were further divided, and Jefferson predicted that the controversy over the Compromise Line would split up the union. This would also pave the way for south vs. north disputes over the control of Congress-a prime example of the POL theme, as the power struggle between the two viewpoints really solidifies the division in the union. ~Wikipedia

Fletcher vs. Peck

Supreme Court case that came to be because of a series of land frauds in Georgia-established that a land grant was a valid contract and could not be repealed even if corruption was involved (compared to Marshall's idea that the nullification contract written by South Carolina was weightless). ~Wikipedia

McCulloch vs. Maryland

Supreme Court case that established congressional implied powers, as well as the principle that state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power. The court determined that Congress had the power to create the Second Bank of America under this principle of implied power-an idea originally coined by Jefferson. ~Wikipedia

Marbury vs. Madison

Supreme Court case that formed the basis of Judicial Review by defining the boundary between the Executive and Judicial branches. It resulted from a petition to the Supreme Court (by Marbury) to force James Madison to deliver the documents for his commision. The claim was deemed unconstitutional. ~Wikipedia

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

Supreme Court case that was brought up by the Cherokee Nation on the grounds that Georgia was taking away their rights on land that they owned. The court would not hear the case, claiming that the Cherokee's were their own nation, a prime example of Peopling (PEO), as the case made it very clear that the native people were not to be grouped with the Americans.

Samuel Slater

The "Father of the American Industrial Revolution" or the "Father of the American Factory System". Samuel Slater brought British technology to America when He immigrated in 1779. He made the first American textile mill, later developing tenant farms around his mills in Rhode Island.

Know-Nothing Party

The American political party that opposed the influence of immigrants and Catholicism in America. The Know-Nothing party was meant to be semi secretive group working to end the influence of German and Irish immigrants in America in the 1850s (they were nativists). The thirteenth president, Millard Fillmore, came from this party.

Battle of New Orleans (Dec. 1814-Jan. 1815)

The Battle of New Orleans was the last few battles fought between the British and Americans in the War of 1812. Andrew Jackson led his men against the Royal Navy until January of 1815, when the British forces, realizing continuation would be too costly, withdrew from Louisiana. Although the Battles were fought almost entirely after the Treaty of Ghent was signed in Europe they represented the military strength of the young United States, especially against a force widely considered to be the strongest in the world (if not at the time, soon; Pax Britannica). They also worked to turn Andrew Jackson into a national war hero, eventually assuring him the position of president.

Creek

The Creek or "Muscogee" Indian tribe that build expansive towns in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. The tribe evolved into a confederacy that was the most refined political party north of Mexico. Muscogeenation-nsn.gov

Lowell Mills

The Lowells Mills were a grouping of textile factories along the Merrimack River that combined spinning and weaving of cotton to create an efficient flow of product. One of the first to implement a factory style system, the Lowell Mills were mostly worked by women, and eventually lower paid immigrants after economic depression.

Monroe Doctrine

The US foreign policy regarding European affairs, as well as European presence in the Americas. The purpose of the doctrine was to make it very clear that the US did not want any part in affairs taking place in Europe, and that any effort on Europe's part to intervene in affairs on either of the American continents would be seen as a threat. Another example of the POL theme, as well as the CUL theme, because A) the doctrine was the US' attempt to take control over the Western hemisphere, and B) the separation of the two hemispheres separate both cultures from affecting one another for time to come.

Specialization

The act of pursuing a certain line of study or work; the act of becoming specialized. Dictionary.reference.com

Worcester vs. Georgia

The case in which The Supreme Court acquitted Samuel Worcester, and found that the Georgia law which prohibited non-Native Americans from trespassing onto Native American land was unconstitutional. Georgiaencyclopedia.org

Martin Van Buren

The eighth president of the United States, as well as Jackson's vice president and Secretary of State. Van Buren was instrumental in the creation of the Democratic Party. He was scapegoated for the Panic of 1837, as he had supported Jackson's attack on the Bank of the United States. He was the first president to have been born a US citizen.

Revolution (election) of 1828

The election of 1828 between Andrew Jackson and John Adams was quickly taken over by the people's man and democrat Jackson with Vice President John C. Calhoun. This marked the end of the Era of Good Feelings and brought in Jacksonian Democracy. For 8 years more Jackson would dominate the government in what some call modern American politics as the two parties system was starting to form.

James Monroe

The fifth president of the United States. Monroe's Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, drafted the Monroe Doctrine to guide American foreign policy. He also bought Florida from Spain, securing the United States border. Under Monroe, the Treaty of 1818 was ratified, creating friendlier trade relations with Great Britain.

John Marshall

The fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Starting as the leader of the Federalist party in Virginia, Marshall became the Secretary of State to John Adams for a short period of time. He later became a Supreme Court justice and had a notable impact on the legal system. Through his work on the Marbury vs. Madison case, Marshall established that Supreme Court was and independent branch and had the power to decide whether or not something was constitutional.

Eli Whitney

The inventor who invented the cotton gin. The cotton gin lowered the price of cotton dramatically, raising its demand and hence allowing large-scale plantation agriculture to take place.

Battle of New Orleans

The last major battle of the War of 1812, taking place at the end of 1814. General Andrew Jackson and his army prevented the British army from invading New Orleans. The Treaty of Ghent followed, returning the world to its antebellum state and ending the fighting.

Francis Scott Key

The lawyer and poet that wrote the Star Spangled Banner. While in British custody, Key witnessed the Battle at Fort McHenry during the War of 1812. Although the poem was not established as the national anthem until 1931, It became a popular patriotic song.

William Henry Harrison

The ninth president of the United States and the oldest until Ronald Reagan. Before being elected president, Harrison served as the first territorial congressional delegate for the Northwest Territory. He served as a general in the War of 1812, then later was a part of the Senate. He was president for a month before dying, his death leaving behind a short constitutional crisis.

Workingmen's Party

The party founded by William Heighton in 1828. The Workingmen's Party was the first political party focused on lobor. The party established the first labor newspaper and supported public education, universal male suffrage, and shorter working hours. They attacked Whigs and Democrats.

Peculiar institution

The practice or institution of keeping slaves, also a euphemism for slavery. Marriam.webster.com

Spoils System

The practice when a political party wins an election, the government is given jobs to voters who achieved victory as a reward. Princeton.edu

American Indian Removal

The president negotiated with Indian tribes in the South for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their homelands. Resulted in the Trail of Tears, a mass exodus of American Indians from their original lands in which hundreds died and the rest were treated cruelly. Example of the ENV theme, as the United States coveted the land the Indians were previously inhabiting, and with force, obtained it for the growth of the nation.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh president of the United States, responsible for the Tariff of 1828. Jackson started out as a young lawyer in Tennessee, later becoming a war hero after defeating the British at the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. He became the 7th president, enacting the Tariff of 1828 to protect trade in the north. This led to the Nullification Crisis.

Era of Good Feelings

The term often used to describe the time period of James Monroe's term in office. The federalist party had recently been disbanded(one party politics), and there was high morale in the wake of the War of 1812 (nationalist spirit and unity). The era saw huge industrial improvements like the steamboat and the Erie Canal, as well as economic prosperity and short-term depression (Panic of 1819). ~www.ushistory.com

Treaty of 1818

Treaty between Britain and US that established the boundary the US and Canadian territories at the 49th parallel. In addition, the treaty protected fishing rights along Newfoundland, and provided for joint control over the Oregon territory. Jamesmonroemuseum.umw.edu

Stephen Decatur

US naval officer and Commodore who was known for his many victories in the early 19th century. Wikepedia.org

Aaron Burr

Vice-president under Thomas Jefferson and shot Alexander Hamilton in a duel after he heard rumors spread about him during his run for New York governor. In 1807, he was charged with conspiracy for leading a military charge against Spanish territory but was acquitted and was revoked his entire indictment.

Specie Circular

an executive order passed by Andrew Jackson in 1836 that enforced payment for purchasing public land was to be paid in gold or silver. Britannica.com