APUSH period 6

Alexandria Giannini

16 year old white girl who transformed the land of north phoenix by being the swaggiest and most fairest of them all 👑💁

Purpose of Dawes act

Attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men.

Share cropping

By the early 1870s, the system known as sharecropping had come to dominate agriculture across the cotton-planting South. Under this system, black families would rent small plots of land, or shares, to work themselves; in return, they would give a portion of their crop to the landowner at the end of the year. While sharecropping gave African Americans autonomy in their daily work and social lives, and freed them from the gang-labor system that had dominated during the slavery era, it often resulted in sharecroppers owing more to the landowner (for the use of tools and other supplies, for example) than they were able to repay. Some blacks managed to acquire enough money to move from sharecropping to renting or owning land by the end of the 1860s, but many more went into debt or were forced by poverty or the threat of violence to sign unfair and exploitative sharecropping or labor contracts that left them little hope of improving their situation.

New immigrants

Came from southern and Eastern Europe with countries with little history of democratic government, where people had grown accustomed to harsh living conditions. They settled in housing settlements in the cities.

Labor unions

Factory workers went on strike complaining about their low wages and wanted social and economic reform, including codes for safety and health better wages and hours. The knights of labor was blamed for a bombing incident and lost public support but the american federation of labor was founded.

Populists

Farmers alliance called populists called for nationalizing railroads, telephones, and telegraphs instituting a graduated income tax and creating a new federal sub treasury- a scheme to provide farmers with loans for crops stored in government- owned warehouses. Populists also wanted the free and unlimited coinage of silver.

What groups opposed railroad powers/ monopolies?

Farmers opposed railroads and protested against them because they ran farmers into bankruptcy

Us government policy toward American Indians in the West

Federal government tried to appease the Indians by signing treaties with them. Government grouped the plain Indians into smaller plots of land; mainly the great Sioux reservation in Dakota territory,and the Indian territory in Oklahoma.

The grange movement

First objective was the enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities. Raised their goals from individual self improvement of the farmers collective troubles, they established cooperatively store owned stored for consumers and cooperatively owned grain and warehouse for producers. Some granges entered politics and made the grange laws which held the idea of public control, of private business for general welfare. The granges influence faded after courts had reversed their laws.

Brooker T. Washington

He was the leader of black education and his approach to solving the nations racial problems was "accommodationist" because it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy, avoiding the issue of social equality, believed one should make himself useful in order to go against white supremacy

Settlement houses

Jane Adams establish Hull house which condemned war as well as poverty, offered instruction in English, counseling to help immigrants deal with American big city life,child care services for working mothers, and cultural activities for neighborhood residents

Nativism and Immigration

Nativists worried that the original Anglo- Saxon population would so. Be outnumbered and out voted. Nativists considered eastern and Southern European immigrants inferior to themselves, they blamed immigrants for the dreadful conditions of urban government, and unionists attacked the immigrants for their willingness to work for small wages.

Plessy v. Ferguson

On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy sat in the section of a railroad car that was for 'whites only.' As he expected, he was arrested after he refused to move. Judge John Howard Ferguson of Louisiana ruled against Plessy's argument that making him sit in a separate part of the train violated his constitutional rights. Plessy then took his case to the Supreme Court.Plessy's lawyer argued that Louisiana's Separate Car Act violated the 13th and 14th Amendments to the Constitution. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery. The 14th Amendment grants citizenship rights to anyone born in the United States. It also says that no laws should be made to take away the rights of U.S. citizens. The Supreme Court disagreed with Plessy's lawyer. Plessy v. Ferguson allowed 'separate but equal,' also known as segregation, to become law in the United States. After this, Jim Crow laws, which were a system of laws meant to discriminate against African Americans, spread across the U.S

Urban reform

Protests evangelist proclaimed a gospel of kindness and forgiveness contributing to adapting the old time religion To the facts of city life. Over 150 religious denominations in the untied states.

Social Darwinism

Published in 1859 by Charles Darwin, on the origin of species stated that human had slowly evolved from lower forms of life. The theory of evolution cast serious doubt on the idea of religion. conservation stood firmly In their beliefs in god and religion, while modernists flatly refused to accept the bible in its entirety.

Goals of railroads

Railroads stimulated the industrialization of the country in the post civil war years. It created an economic domestic market for American raw materials and manufactured goods and also stimulated immigration

Jim Crow laws

The Jim Crow laws were racial segregation laws enacted after the Reconstruction period in Southern United States. Jim Crow laws mandated the segregation of public schools, public places and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. The U.S. military was also segregated, as were federal workplaces, initiated in 1913 under President Woodrow Wilson, the first Southern president since 1856. His administration practiced overt racial discrimination in hiring, requiring candidates to submit photos. Generally, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

How did the government support the expansion of railroads?

The Supreme Court ruled in the wasbash case that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce which would have helped with railroad monopoly. Congress passed the interstate commerce act which prohibited pools and rebates, required railroads to publish their rates openly, forbade unfair discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for a short trip than for a longer one over the same line. It created the interstate commerce commission to administer and enforce the new legislation.

Mechanization of farming

The good soil of the west was becoming poor, and floods added to the problem of erosion. A series of droughts forced many people to abandon their farms and towns. Farmers were forced to sell their low priced products in an unprotected world market, while buying high priced manufactured goods in a tariff protected home market. Farmers were also controlled by corporations and processors.

Gospel of wealth

The wealth proclaimed that they were justified by God to have so much wealth, they claim God gave them their money or they were a product of natural selection plutocracy, government controlled by the wealthy, took control of the constitution. the clause that gave Congress sole jurisdiction over the interstate commerce was a bonus for the monopolists, they use their lawyers to thwart control by state legislators. Large trusts also sought safely behind the 14th amendment arguing that corporations were actually legal "people"

How did farmers rely on the government?

They relied on the government. Because the lack of currency in circulation forced the price of crops to go down. Thousands of farms had mortgages with the mortgage rates raising ever higher.

How did immigrants receive support once in America?

They were offered instruction in English, counseling to help immigrants deal with American big-city life, housing, jobs, schools, and hospitals.

Carnegie

Used vertical integration to gain his monopoly. He owned all aspects of the process from resources to final production and distribution dominating the steel industry.

Reasons for conflict between American Indians and white American settlers.

White settlers took their land, killed them, spread diseases to the Indians, and reduced the buffalo population through hunting. They also forced them to change their lives and cultures and become apart of the white men.

W.E.B Dubois

disagreed with Booker T. Washinton; earned a Ph. D. at Harvard (the first "blackish"(a minority) to do so); demanded complete equality for blacks, both socially and economically; helped found the NAACP; demanded that the talented tenth of the black community be given full as well as immediate access to the mainstream of American life; died as a self-exile in Africa

Chinese exclusion act

formally Immigration Act of 1882, U.S. federal law that was the first and only major federal legislation to explicitly suspend immigration for a specific nationality. The basic exclusion law prohibited Chinese labourers—defined as "both skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining"—from entering the country. Subsequent amendments to the law prevented Chinese labourers who had left the United States from returning. The passage of the act represented the outcome of years of racial hostility and anti-immigrant agitation by white Americans, set the precedent for later restrictions against immigration of other nationalities, and started a new era in which the United States changed from a country that welcomed almost all immigrants to a gatekeeping one.

Impact on political machines

political entities controlled by a boss that wielded enormous influence over the government of urban cities. Very corrupt, controlled tax rates, gave tax breaks to their allies and controlled prices and business, etc. Stole millions from taxpayers using fraud and overinflation Did minor philanthropy to boost their public image Gave money to support businesses, immigrants, and the poor in return for their votes.

Social gospel movement

where the church take on social issues; science of society and that socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity