APUSH Review with CED Standards

Topic 3.2: The Seven Years' War (The French and Indian War): Explain the causes and effects of the Seven Years' War (the French and Indian War).

>>Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18th century, as the growing population of British colonies expanded into the interior of North America, threatening French-Indian trade networks and American Indian autonomy. >>Britain achieved a major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating the French, but at tremendous expense, setting the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over the colonies. >>After the British victory, imperial officials' attempts to prevent colonists from moving westward generated colonial opposition, while native groups sought to both continue trading with Europeans and resist the encroachments of colonists on tribal lands.

Topic 2.7 Colonial Society & Culture part 2 Explain how and why the different goals and interests of European leaders and colonists affected how they viewed themselves and their relationship with Britain.

>>The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self- rule, and trade. >>Colonists' resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self-government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system.

Period 8: Topic 8.1: Contextualizing Period Eight Explain the context for societal change from 1945 to 1980.

As the world is in a series of events like the Korean War: The temporary division between the North (Communist) and South (Democratic), The first proxy war begins (A war fought between groups of smaller countries that each represents the interest of larger powers, and may have help and support from these), Containment (stop the spread of communism), Anti-Communism, The Brown v. Board decision was taken place to legally end public school segregation which overturned in Plessy V. Ferguson.

Period 3: 1754-1800

French and Indian War - Election of Jefferson (Revolution of 1800)

Topic 7.11: Interwar Foreign Policy Explain the similarities and differences in attitudes about the nation's proper role in the world.

In the years following World War I, the United States pursued a unilateral foreign policy that used international investment, peace treaties, and select military intervention to promote a vision of international order, even while maintaining U.S. isolationism. In the 1930s, while many Americans were concerned about the rise of fascism and totalitarianism, most opposed taking military action against the aggression of Nazi Germany and Japan until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor drew the United States into World War II

Period 2: 1607-1754

Jamestown - French and Indian War

Topic 7.14: Postwar Diplomacy Explain the consequences of U.S. involvement in World War II.

The war-ravaged condition of Asia and Europe, and the dominant U.S. role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements, allowed the United States to emerge from the war as the most powerful nation on Earth Became a Superpower: Economics: much of the world is destroyed (Europe/Asia); the United States dominates world economics from the 1940's to the 1970's, most Americans experience a significant increase in standard of living after the Great Depression and War. Diplomacy: The United States became the leading power in the world after relatively low casualties and almost no distraction compared to other allied and Axis powers; the USSR quickly emerges to challenge US superiority. Government Power: o US government financed a safety net in the Great Depression and economic expansion during WWII; most of the reform programs remain in place during and after the war. o US government will continue to finance a war like military buildup after WWII to fight the Cold War which was good for the economy. o US government will pass the GI Bill to offer low interest loans for housing and college to veterans which was good for the economy. Greater involvement in world affairs: o Nuremberg War Trials 1945-46: Allies put Nazi leaders on trial for war crimes o International Monetary Fund 1945: international organization to promote economic cooperation o United Nations (UN) 1945: international peacekeeping organization • Cold War 1945-1991 - a decades long struggle with the Soviet Union for dominant status in the world o US - capitalist, democratic, open society o USSR - socialist, dictatorship, closed society o Truman Doctrine 1947: US sends $400 million in aid to help defend Greece and Turkey from communist influence o Marshall Plan 1948:US gives $12 billion dollars to rebuild Western Europe after WWII to promote trade and stop the growth of communism o North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1949: US joins its first peacetime alliance with the countries of Western Europe and Canada in opposition to the Soviet led Warsaw Pact o Korean War 1950-53: US fights to defend non-communist South Korea from communist North Korea; war is essentially a draw, but it shows the US will fight to defend its interests US no longer isolationist...United Nations Security Council ~ US, UK, France, USSR (Russia), China US is pulled out of the Great Depression Lend-lease, Cash-carry Atomic Bomb

Topic 6.6: The Rise of Industrial Capitalism: Explain the socioeconomic continuities and changes associated with the growth of industrial capitalism from 1865 to 1898.

• Continuities: pro-growth government policies (high tariffs, open immigration, RR subsidies, antilabor, low to no taxes, limited regulation); labor problems (wages, hours, safety, child labor); power of management (lockout, yellow dog contract, government assistance); improved standard of living for many Americans • Changes: new tech (see above); business consolidation (Carnegie & steel - vertical monopoly/integration, Morgan & banks - interlocking directorate, Rockefeller & oil - trust); marketing & advertising, greater foreign trade; unionization and labor conflict (Knights of Labor 1880s, American Federation of Labor/AFL 1886, big strikes - Haymarket Riot 1886, Homestead Strike 1892, Pullman Strike 1894- all fail).

Topic 6.14: Continuity and Change Period 6: Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1865 to 1898.

• Changes: industrialization & type of work, business organization, labor conflict, urbanization, New Immigration, government regulation?, new technology • Continuities: racial discrimination & conflict, South farms, immigration in general, nativism, regionalization, transportation networks, destruction of Native Americans, changes due to technology.

Topic 5.6: Failure of Compromise: Explain the political causes of the Civil War.

• Compromise of 1850 doesn't work very well; neither side was happy • Congress passes Kansas Nebraska Act 1854 (Stephen Douglas; popular sovereignty in Kansas & Nebraska territories which were above 36 30 line; cancels Missouri Compromise upsetting many Northerners); people move to Kansas to vote resulting in Bleeding Kansas; when Kansas votes they pass the LeCompton Constitution which protected slavery no matter how people voted • Republican Party 1854 is born in aftermath of K-N Act to stop the spread of slavery in the territories; they replace the Whigs; the Second Party system (Democrats v. Whigs) is over; Republicans are a sectional party (North only); Know Nothings are a small third party for a bit in 1850s - all of this reduces the likelihood of compromise . • Caning of Charles Sumner (N) by Preston Brooks (S) 1856 . • Dred Scott v. Sandford 1857: Supreme Court rules that slaves are property, not citizens, therefore they can be taken into any territory; many in the North do not accept the decision.

Topic 6.4: The "New South": Explain how various factors contributed to continuity and change in the "New South" from 1877 to 1898.

• Continuities: agriculture (sharecropping, tenant farming, & cotton), racism (KKK, violence) o Middle: new ways the South was racist 1870s/80s/90s - segregation/Jim Crow & Plessy v. Ferguson 1896, voting restrictions: literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses • Changes: emerging civil rights movement: Wells (anti-lynching writer 1892), Washington (gradual changes, Tuskegee Institute 1882, Atlanta Compromise Speech 1895), DuBois (immediate changes, NAACP 1909); ideas of the New South (industrialization - was limited)

Topic 4.12: African Americans in the Early Republic: Explain the continuities and changes in the experience of African Americans from 1800 to 1848.

• Continuities: unique African American culture; southern support of slavery and racism (John Calhoun, George Fitzhugh); state's rights arguments v. federal power; failed slave resistance (Denmark Vessey 1822, Nat Turner 1831); political debate over the future of slavery (Missouri 1820 and Mexican Cession 1848) • Changes: emergence of resistance from former slaves (Sojourner Truth, 1826, David Walker 1829, Frederick Douglass 1840s/50s); expansion of slavery into Texas/MO; emergence of northern abolition movement, Grimke Sisters support for abolition

Laizzez-faire

• Critics of Gilded Age: agrarians (Grangers 1880s, Populists 1890s), utopians, socialists (Debs), Social Gospel (Protestant churches) • Role of educated women: Anthony, Stanton (NAWSA 1890), Willard (WCTU 1883), Addams & Hull House 1889.

Topic 6.9: Responses to Immigration in the Gilded Age: Explain the various responses to immigration in the period over time.

• Debates over assimilation/Americanization - immigrants balance between their native culture (neighborhoods, language, foods, religion) & American culture (children) • Social Darwinism • Political Machines (Tammany Hall, Boss Tweed - NYC) • Jane Addams & Hull House 1889

Topic 5.7: Election of 1860 & Secession: Describe the effects of Lincoln's election.

• Election of 1860: Lincoln (Republican: stop the spread of slavery), Douglas (N. Democrat: popular sovereignty), Breckenridge (S. Democrat: protect slavery), Bell (Constitutional Union: compromise) - no national party left, Lincoln wins election with no southern votes by winning all of the North and West. • South begins to secede after this election (SC was first) arguing their rights were threatened and they had lost too much power; sitting president Buchanan does nothing during lame duck period, Lincoln take oath of office 1861 with the Deep South having seceded; Lincoln states he will not threaten slavery where it exists; Upper South doesn't secede until war begins at Fort Sumter in April 1861; some border states with slaves remain in the union.

Topic 5.12: Comparison in Period 5: Compare the relative significance of the effects of the Civil War on American values

• Ends slavery (13th Amendment), but sharecropping doesn't offer much change • Expands citizenship (Dred Scott cancelled by 14th Amendment), but changes go away quickly (segregation, Plessy) • Expands some voting rights (15th Amendment), but women weren't included (Anthony) and changes go away quickly (voting restrictions, violence) • Begins the long struggle for equal rights (Gettysburg, Reconstruction) although limited effectiveness in that era

Topic 5.5: Sectional Conflict: Regional Differences: Explain the effects of immigration from various parts of the world on American culture from 1844 to 1877.

• Immigrants continue to arrive from Ireland & Germany; immigrants work cheap, were often Catholic, often lived in ethnic neighborhoods, and impacted politics through political machines. • Native born citizens resented immigrants (nativism) and formed the Know Nothing Party in the 1850s to oppose immigration (particularly Catholicism & political power) . • Chinese immigration increased in the West Coast; Chinese worked cheap, lived in ethnic enclaves, and had different language & customs; they experienced harsh nativism on the West Coast culminating in the Chinese Exclusion Act 1882.

Topic 6.8: Immigration and Migration in the Gilded Age: Explain how cultural and economic factors affected migration patterns over time.

• Internal migrations: westward movement (farming, ranching, mining); urbanization (jobs, new tech, new culture, problems) • International migration: New Immigration (S & E Europe 1880-1920 - Poles, Slavs, Italians, Russians; push factors - getting away from political & religious persecution, pull factors - jobs & freedoms), Asian Immigration (Chinese, nativism, Chinese Exclusion Act 1882), immigrants shape cities (neighborhoods, political machines, labor)

Topic 8.2: The Cold War from 1945 to 1980 Explain the continuities and changes in Cold War policies from 1945 to 1980.

Continuities:Preservation of ideologies by the Soviet Union and the United States. The principal beliefs of Communism and Capitalism were the core reasons that were taken by these two countries. The Soviet wanted to make the whole world red (meaning they wanted to take the whole world for themselves), with the saying "better red than dead" behind every action. Countries like Vietnam, North Korea, and China were made communist, with the continued drive for American democracy and capitalism into the U.S foreign affairs just to stop one thing that was against their own beliefs, including their involvement in Vietnam and Korea. Cultural Changes: -Cultural changes in American and Soviet society changed massively during the Cold War. Anti-Communism/capital propaganda became very popular at this time. Posters and Billboards popped up everywhere. Even the movie industry was hired by the government to have propaganda added into their movie scripts, having everyday viewers susceptible to the propaganda. This increase in propaganda led to an increase in nationalism and patriotism but also led to an unfortunate turn when it led to an increase of communist suspicion in America. This led to the Red Scare where major Hollywood stars were accused and blacklisted for the possibility of them being communist. Political Changes: After World War 2, the U.S and the Soviet Union were complete opposites of course. In Europe, decolonization of European countries and the withdrawal of the Axis powers left a vacuum of power in Europe and other place around the globe, and the Soviet's occupied much of Eastern Europe and wanted to keep these territories occupied to create a buffer zone for protection against any future invasions. The U.S was unwilling to commit military forces to these territories so much of Eastern Europe fell under Soviet control for the next half of the decade. However, since the devastation's the Soviet Union was left with after WWII, they did not want to risk war with the U.S, and left Western Europe to fall under American influence. Due to this, the U.S joined NATO with western European allies, and the Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact with Eastern European allies. This caused tensions between the two powers, and also mutual fears of large scale warfare from breaking out like WWII. The U.S adopted a containment policy to contain the soviet's and communism and prevent it from spreading throughout other territories. This resulted in American military intervention throughout the entire world like in Korea and Vietnam. They even supported brutal dictators of countries just as long as that country didn't turn the dreadful color red. Economic Changes:Obviously, the Soviet and American Economic ideologies differed greatly, with the U.S having a free trade market economy and the USSR having flat out communism. During this time, the U.S thought it was their patriotic duty to purchase goods and help the economy, making the U.S economy the most dominant in the world. Due to this economic superiority of the U.S, they raised their military spending during the Reagan Era. The Soviet's tried to match this American military spending, but couldn't handle it and later had their economy fall.

Period 4: 1800-1848

New Republic to Manifest Destiny

Helpful Dates

1492: Columbus' first voyage to the Americas. 1607: The founding of Jamestown. The 1630s: The Puritan "great migration" to New England. 1676: Bacon's Rebellion, and King Philip's War was also happening. 1730s: 1st Great Awakening. 1756-1763: French and Indian War 1776: The Declaration of Independence. 1789: Constitution ratified-George Washington became the first POTUS. 1830s: 2nd Second Great Awakening. 1861-1865: The Civil War. 1877: End of Reconstruction. 1890-1920 Progressive Era ~1929-1939 Great Depression. 1945: The end of World War II. 1991: The end of the Cold War.

Topic 8.7 America as a World Power Explain the various military and diplomatic responses to international developments over time.

>>Cold War competition extended to Latin America, where the United States supported non-Communist regimes that had varying levels of commitment to democracy. >>Americans debated the merits of a large nuclear arsenal and the military-industrial complex. >>Postwar decolonization and the emergence of powerful nationalist movements in Africa and the Middle East led both sides in the Cold War to seek allies among new nations, many of which remained nonaligned.

Topic 2.6: Slavery in the British Colonies: Explain the causes and effects of slavery in the various British colonial regions.

>>All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities had significant minorities of enslaved people, and the merging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southern Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies. >>As Chattel Slavery became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibits interracial relationships ad defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity. >>Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing nature of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion.

Topic 2.4: Transatlantic Trade: Explain the causes and effects of transatlantic trade over time.

>>An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor. >>Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts. >>The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of Imperial policies.

Topic 1.1: Contextualizing Period One: Explain the context for European encounters in the Americas from 1491 - 1607.

>>As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. -Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure. >>Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. -European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies. -The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes. -In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power.

Topic 1.7: Causation in Period 1: Explain the effects of the development of transatlantic voyages from 1491 to 1607.

>>As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. -Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure. >>Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. -European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies. -The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes. -In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power.

Topic 3.13: Continuity and Change in Period 3: Explain how the American independence movement affected society from 1754 to 1800.

>>British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War. -The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the Seven Years' War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians. -The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain. >>The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. -The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century. -After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. -New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues. >>Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations. -In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending. -In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending.

Topic 3.1: Contextualizing Period Three: Explain the context in which America gained independence and developed a sense of national identity.

>>British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War. -The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the Seven Years' War.(the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians. -The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain. >>The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. -The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century. -After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. -New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues. >>Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations. -In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending. -The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests.

Topic 4.8: Jackson & Federal Power: Explain the causes and effects of continuing policy debates about the role of the federal government from 1800 to 1848.

>>By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose—the Democrats, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay—that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements. >>Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations.

Topic 3.8: The Constitutional Convention and Debates over Ratification: Explain the differing ideological positions on the structure and function of the federal government.

>>Delegates from the states participated in the Constitutional Convention and through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution. >>The Constitutional Convention compromised over the representation of slave states in Congress and the role of the federal government in regulating both slavery and the slave trade, allowing the prohibition of the international slave trade after 1808. >>In the debate over ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principles were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). Federalists ensured the ratification of the Constitution by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government.

Topic 3.9: The Constitution: Explain the continuities and changes in the structure and functions of government with the ratification of the Constitution.

>>Delegates from the states participated in the Constitutional Convention that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches.

Topic 3.5: The American Revolution: Explain how various factors contributed to the American victory in the Revolution.

>>Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as well as Great Britain's apparently overwhelming military and financial advantages, the Patriot cause succeeded because of the actions of colonial militias and the Continental Army, George Washington's military leadership, the colonists' ideological commitment and resilience, and assistance sent by European allies.

Topic 3.6: The Influence of Revolutionary Ideals: Explain the various ways the American Revolution affected society.

>>During and after the American Revolution, an increased awareness of inequalities in society motivated some individuals and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and national governments. >>In response to women's participation in the American Revolution, Enlightenment ideas, and women's appeals for expanded roles, an ideal of "republican motherhood" gained popularity. It called on women to teach republican values within the family and granted women a new importance in American political culture. >>The American Revolution and the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence reverberated in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future independence movements.

Topic 3.10 Shaping a New Republic Explain how and why political ideas, institutions, and party systems developed and changed in the new republic.

>>During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into practice. >>Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties— most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic- Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. >>George Washington's Farewell Address encouraged national unity, as he cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances.

Topic 3.4: Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution:Explain how and why colonial attitudes about government and the individual changed in the years leading up to the American Revolution.

>>Enlightenment ideas and philosophy inspired many American political thinkers to emphasize individual talent over hereditary privilege, while religion strengthened Americans' view of themselves as a people blessed with liberty. >>The colonists' belief in the superiority of republican forms of government based on the natural rights of the people found expression in Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence. The ideas in these documents resonated throughout American history, shaping Americans' understanding of the ideals on which the nation was based.

Topic 4.5: Market Revolution: Industrialization: Explain the causes and effects of the innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce over time.

>>Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producers and consumers came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized. -Market Revolution early 1800s to 1850s: businesses begin to produce goods in a more organized manner and sell them to consumers who are earning money by selling labor -long change that takes place over 100 years (textiles in NE, cotton from S, food from MW) >>Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods. -Factory System (Slater 1793) -cotton gin (Whitney 1793) -steam engines -interchangeable parts (Whitney 1798), -telegraph (Morse) -agriculture (Deere steel plow 1837, McCormick reaper 1831) >>Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence. Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than they linked regions in the South. -Erie Canal 1825 in NY, national road 1811, railroads in 1850s; -National Bank, Tariffs (1816, 1828, 1833), >>Increasing Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries promoted the development of national and international commercial ties.

Topic 1.3: European Exploration in the Americas: Explain the causes of exploration and conquest of the New World by various European nations.

>>European nations' efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity. -Treaty of Tordesillas Pope resolved tension between Catholic Portugal and Catholic Spain: -East of the line everything to Portugal and West of the line everything to Spain.

Topic 3.12: Movement in the Early Republic Part 2: Explain the continuities and changes in regional attitudes about slavery as it expanded from 1754 to 1800.

>>The expansion of slavery in the deep South and adjacent western lands and rising antislavery sentiment began to create distinctive regional attitudes toward slavery. -New England colonies had banned slavery by 1800

2.8 Topic 2.8 Comparison: Compare the effects of the development of colonial society in the various regions of North America.

>>Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. -Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. -In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. -Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. >>The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. -Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. -Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies.

Topic 2.1: Contextualizing Period Two: Explain the context for the colonization of North America from 1607 to 1754.

>>Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. -Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. -In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic,cultural, and demographic factors. -Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. >>The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. -Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. -Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies.

Topic 7.1: Contextualizing Period Seven: Explain the context in which America grew into its roles as a world power.

>>Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic system. -The United States continued its transition from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial economy led by large companies. -In the Progressive Era of the early 20th century, Progressives responded to political corruption, economic instability, and social concerns by calling for greater government action and other political and social measures. -During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and social upheavals of the Great Depression by transforming the U.S. into a limited welfare state, redefining the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism. >>Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture, while significant changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns. -Popular culture grew in influence in U.S. society, even as debates increased over the effects of culture on public values, morals, and American national identity. -Economic pressures, global events, and political developments caused sharp variations in the numbers, sources, and experiences of both international and internal migrants. >>Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power while renewing domestic debates over the nation's proper role in the world. -In the late 19th century and early 20th century, new U.S. territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific accompanied heightened public debates over America's role in the world. -World War I and its aftermath intensified ongoing debates about the nation's role in the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests. -U.S. participation in World War II transformed American society, while the victory of the United States and its allies over the Axis powers vaulted the U.S. into a position of global, political, and military leadership

Topic 4.2: The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson: Explain the causes and effects of policy debates in the early republic.

>>In the early 1800s, national political parties continued to debate issues such as the tariff, powers of the federal government, and relations with European powers. -Causes: 1790s political debates (D-Rs v. Feds), the election of Jefferson ("Revolution" of 1800) -Effect: Jefferson/Madison (Democratic-Republicans) reduce taxes, tariffs, and shrink government, less formality in government; in the long run they expand federal power (Louisiana Purchase 1803, Embargo Act of 1807, War of 1812); Federalists switch to support a less powerful federal government by 1810s. >>Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws. -Causes: weak SCOTUS in the 1790s, appointment of Marshall to be Chief Justice -Effects: more powerful SCOTUS under Marshall; Marbury v. Madison 1803 - judicial review, McCullough v. Maryland 1819 - loose interpretation is legal, Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 - federal supremacy in trade >>Following the Louisiana Purchase, the U.S.government sought influence and control over North America through a variety of means, including exploration and diplomatic efforts. -Causes: Jefferson wants access to the Mississippi River and New Orleans; diplomats work out a good deal. -Effects: debates overpower of the president to purchase land (loose); Jefferson switches his views; Lewis and Clark explore; begins Manifest Destiny.

Topic 1.5: Labor, Slavery, and Caste in the Spanish Colonial System: Explain how the growth of the Spanish Empire in North America shaped the development of social and economic structures over time.

>>In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources. >>European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining. >>The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire.

Topic 1.6: Cultural Interactions Between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans: Explain how and why European and Native American perspectives of others developed and changed in the period.

>>In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power. >>Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other. Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other's culture. >>As European encroachments on Native Americans' lands and demands on their labor increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance. >>Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans fostered a debate among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans.

Topic 2.5: Interactions Between American Indians and Europeans: Explain how and why interactions between various European nations and American Indians changed over time.

>>Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other American Indian groups. >>British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom's War (King Philip's War) in New England. >>American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest.

Topic 6.1: Contextualizing Period Six: Explain the historical context for the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.

>>Large-scale industrial production— accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies—generated rapid economic development and business consolidation. -A variety of perspectives on the economy and labor developed during a time of financial panics and downturns. -New systems of production and transportation enabled consolidation within agriculture, which, along with periods of instability, spurred a variety of responses from farmers. >>The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change. -International and internal migration increased urban populations and fostered the growth of a new urban culture. -Larger numbers of migrants moved to the West in search of land and economic opportunity, frequently provoking competition and violent conflict. >>The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies. -New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social order of the Gilded Age. -Dramatic social changes in the period inspired political debates over citizenship, corruption, and the proper relationship between business and government.

Topic 3.7: The Articles of Confederation: Explain how different forms of government developed and changed as a result of the Revolutionary Period.

>>Many new state constitutions placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship. >>The Articles of Confederation unified the newly independent states, creating a central government with limited power. After the Revolution, difficulties over international trade, finances, interstate commerce, foreign relations, and internal unrest led to calls for a stronger central government. >>As settlers moved westward during the 1780s, Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance for admitting new states; the ordinance promoted public education, the protection of private property, and a ban on slavery in the Northwest Territory.

Topic 8.5: Culture after 1945 Explain how mass culture has been maintained or challenged over time

>>Mass culture became increasingly homogeneous in the postwar years, inspiring challenges to conformity by artists, intellectuals, and rebellious youth.

Topic 3.11: Developing an American Identity: Explain the continuities and changes in American culture from 1754 to 1800.

>>New forms of national culture developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations. >>Ideas about national identity increasingly found expression in works of art, literature, and architecture. -Noah Webster created an American English, with different spelling, in his Dictionary and his "blue-backed speller" -Mercy Otis Warren wrote History of the American Revolution -Phyllis Wheatley; first African-American poet -Monticello, D.C. - Roman-style architecture

Topic 4.3: Politics and Regional Interests: Explain how different regional interests affected debates about the role of the federal government in the early republic.

>>Regional interests often trumped national concerns as the basis for many political leaders' positions on slavery and economic policy. -Northeast: developing industries (textiles), support tariffs to protect business, banks to provide capital and immigration to provide labor, lukewarm on internal improvements (fear people will move away) -Midwest: developing commercial farming, lukewarm on tariffs (increases costs), opposes bank (seen as too powerful & causing harm - Panic of 1819), support internal improvements (need to move goods to market) -Southeast/Southwest: developing plantation farming, oppose tariffs (increase costs) and internal improvements (expensive, not a federal power); lukewarm on banks (need capital), demand support for slavery for labor >>Plans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favoring different sections of the country. -American System - proposed by Henry Clay to tie together the American economy -Tariff of 1816 (protective): protects NE industry, makes goods more expensive in MW/SE, law passes o Second Bank of the US (1816-1836): supports NE business w/ capital, opposed by MW because it is seen as the cause of Panic of 1819, law is passed & Jackson kills the Bank -internal Improvements: federal government does not pay for internal improvements so states do (Erie Canal 1825); NE and MW invest in roads/canals, S does not. >>Congressional attempts at political compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise, only temporarily stemmed growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery. • Missouri Compromise 1820 (Clay): first territory to join from Louisiana Purchase, sets precedent (not law) of free/slave states entering in pairs.

Topic 8.6 Early Steps in the Civil Rights Movement (1940s and 1950s) Explain how and why the civil rights movements developed and expanded from 1945 to 1960.

>>Seeking to fulfill Reconstruction-era promises, civil rights activists and political leaders achieved some legal and political successes in ending segregation, although progress toward racial equality was slow. >>The three branches of the federal government used measures including desegregation of the armed services and Brown v. Board of Education (1954) to promote greater racial equality.

Topic 2.2: European Colonization: Explain how and why various European colonies developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754.

>>Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them along with enslaved and free Africans into Spanish colonial society. >>French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other products for export to Europe. >>English colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants as well as other European migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists focused on Agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately.

Topic 4.4: America on the World Stage: Explain how and why American foreign policy developed and expanded over time.

>>Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade. >>The U.S. government sought influence and control over the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine.

Topic 2.3: The Regions of British Colonies: Explain how and why environmental and other factors shaped the development and expansion of various British colonies that developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754.

>>The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco-a labor intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans. >>The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. >>The Middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance. >>The colonies of the Southern Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantations economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy. >>Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were usually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures, in the southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies.

Topic 1.4: Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest: Explain causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effect on Europe and the Americas during the period after 1492.

>>The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism. >>Improvements in maritime technology (sextant, compass, caravel etc.) and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas. >>Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas.

Topic 5.4: The Compromise of 1850: Explain the similarities and differences in how regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period after The Mexican-American War.

>>The Mexican Cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories. -Wilmot Proviso debate 1848 -California Gold Rush brings people to California so it wants to join as a free state 1848-49 >>The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Compromise of 1850. -Whig Party collapses over the issue of slavery -FSL ignored due to bloodhound bill -Dred Scott decision -KS-NE Act

Topic 3.10: Shaping a New Republic: Explain how and why competition intensified conflicts among peoples and nations from 1754 to 1800.

>>The U.S. government forged diplomatic initiatives aimed at dealing with the continued British and Spanish presence in North America, as U.S. settlers migrated beyond the Appalachians and sought free navigation of the Mississippi River. .>>War between France and Britain resulting from the French Revolution presented challenges to the United States over issues of free trade and foreign policy and fostered political disagreement. >>The Spanish, supported by the bonded labor of the local American Indians, expanded their mission settlements into California; these provided opportunities for social mobility among soldiers and led to new cultural blending. >>An ambiguous relationship between the federal government and American Indian tribes contributed to problems regarding treaties and American Indian legal claims relating to the seizure of their lands.

Topic 4.1: Contextualizing Period Four: Explain the context in which the republic developed from 1800 to 1848.

>>The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation's democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them. -The nation's transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties. -While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own. -Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals.• Revolution and early republic (economic, political, diplomatic ) -Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities. >>New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production. -The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects on U.S. society, workers' lives, and gender and family relations. -Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions. >>The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation's foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives. -Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade. -The United States' acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories.

Topic 3.3: Taxation without Representation: Explain how British colonial policies regarding North America led to the Revolutionary War.

>>The imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, as well as new British efforts to collect taxes without direct colonial representation or consent and to assert imperial authority in the colonies, began to unite the colonists against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights. >>Colonial leaders based their calls for resistance to Britain on arguments about the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, local traditions of self-rule, and the ideas of the Enlightenment. >>The effort for American independence was energized by colonial leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, as well as by popular movements that included the political activism of laborers, artisans, and women. >>In the face of economic shortages and the British military occupation of some regions, men and women mobilized in large numbers to provide financial and material support to the Patriot movement.

Topic 2.7: Colonial Society & Culture: Explain how and why the movement of a variety of people and ideas across the Atlantic contributed to the development of American culture over time.

>>The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas. >>The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from intercolonial commercial ties, the emergence of a transatlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism.

Topic 4.10: The Second Great Awakening: Explain the causes of the Second Great Awakening.

>>The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants. • Causes: -founding fathers were not as religious as early settlers (rationalists, deism) -Jacksonian Democracy and the empowerment of common man pushed people to find their religion -Market Revolution transforms people's lives and they return to religion -westward expansion and immigration brings new ideas & church was often the meeting place in frontier -influential preachers like Charles Grandison Finney & Peter Cartwright crossed into "burned over district" of NY

Topic 1.2: Native American Societies Before European Contact: Explain how and why various native populations in the period before European contact interacted with the natural environment in North America.

>>The spread of maize cultivation from present day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies. >>Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles. >>In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard, some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages. >>Societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean.

Topic 3.12: Movement in the Early Republic: Explain how and why migration and immigration to and within North America causes competition and conflict over time.

>>Various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with Europeans, other tribes, and the United States, seeking to limit migration of white settlers and maintain control of tribal lands and natural resources. British alliances with American Indians contributed to tensions between the United States and Britain. >>As increasing numbers of migrants from North America and other parts of the world continued to move westward, frontier cultures that had emerged in the colonial period continued to grow, fueling social, political, and ethnic tensions. >>The expansion of slavery in the deep South and adjacent western lands and rising antislavery sentiment began to create distinctive regional attitudes toward slavery.

Topic 7.12: World War II: Mobilization Explain how and why U.S. participation in World War II transformed American society.

African Americans: "Double V", Selective Service Act, Executive Order 8802 ending discrimination in the workplace, segregated military for AA & then everyone else Mexicans Americans: Bracero Program Japanese Americans: Executive Order 9066 ~ affirmed the action of the government Women: Rosie the Riveter & industry jobs, serve in non-combat military roles, pay is still below men Immigrants: were working in industry jobs, xenophobia decreased towards some groups Native Americans: Code Talkers White Men: Selective Service Act, large volunteers groups to fight in the war THE GREATEST GENERATION

Topic 8.4: Economy after 1945 Explain the causes of economic growth in the years after World War II.

America made it easier for people who had been previously shut out of economic opportunity — women, minority groups, immigrants — to enter the workforce and climb the economic ladder, to make better use of their talents and potential. GI Bill added millions of college educated workers into the workforce

Topic 7.9: The Great Depression Explain the causes of the Great Depression and its effects on the economy.

CAUSES of the GREAT DEPRESSION: Get rich speculation in the stock market, buying on margins, too many loans from banks WITHOUT banking regulations, unregulated credit, bank runs, gold standard, "Black Tuesday", Dust Bowl & farming prices declining, tariffs were failing internationally, industrial farming & machinery EFFECTS on the ECONOMY: 25% unemployment rate, ⅓ of banks in the U.S. failed, foreclosures on homes/farms ~ homelessness increasing (Hoovervilles), international trade declines heavily, deflation, income inequality remains, Creditor nation but were no longer receiving repayments

Topic 7.13: World War II: Military Explain the causes and effects of the victory of the United States and its allies over the Axis powers.

CAUSES: Abundance of resources & war is not on the US front door Pacific Front: Dropping the atomic bomb ended Pacific Front, Island hopping European Front: D-Day, cooperation of allied nations (US, UK, France, USSR) EFFECTS: Solidify the US as a SUPERPOWER & THE COLD WAR, becomes a creditor nation & supplier post-war, MIC formed within the US Pacific Front:US becomes the keeper of Japan, China is liberated & later becomes Communist, Manhattan Project European Front: free elections, United Nations, Soviets expanded ("Iron Curtain"), new medicines, & military technology

Topic 7.7: 1920s: Innovations in Communication & Technology Explain the causes and effects of the innovations in communication and technology in the United States over time.

CAUSES: Europe ravaged by war & therefore heavily relied on Americans, Radio in American homes, Movies ~ news & leisure, "Soft Power", creditor nation for others & Stock Market EFFECTS: Women staying in workforce & shifts from just domestic ~ professional

Topic 7.5: World War I: Military & Diplomacy Explain the causes and consequences of U.S. involvement in World War I.

CAUSES: MAIN (Assassination spark for the powder keg); for the U.S....sinking of the Lusitania, unrestricted submarine warfare, Zimmerman telegram, alliance with the British...Bolshevik Revolution (spread of democracy) EFFECTS: Total War (redirect majority of resources to the war effort ~ mass production of war materials), government censorship of media to direct "their" message, an attempted return to isolationism, Patriotism can be seen through rationing & conservation of materials

Topic 7.6: World War I: Home Front Explain the causes and effects of international and internal migration patterns over time.

CAUSES: US was a main supplier of goods, food, & fuel for the domestic economy & international trade; new jobs for US citizens for the war effort; war torn countries EFFECTS: Great Migration (African Americans) & women take the "traditional" male jobs, increase in international immigrants & refugees, increased propaganda to support patriotism, increased government control over citizens & First Amendment rights, increased Nationalism & anti-German sentiment; Schenck v. United States,

Topic 7.2: Imperialism: Debates: Explain the similarities and differences in attitudes about the nation's proper role in the world.

COMPARISON ~ Imperialists vs. Anti-Imperialists • Arguments for imperialism: economic gain, world power, missionary spirit, naval power, safety valve, yellow journalism. • Arguments against imperialism: expensive, will drag America into world affairs/wars, hypocritical for America to own colonies, problems to fix at home.

Topic 7.4: The Progressives Compare the goals and effects of the Progressive reform movement.

Goals: -Control big monopolies while providing the opportunity for the growth of the middle class. -protecting consumer/labor rights -give citizens more control over government & politics - PEOPLE are the focus for equality & opportunity (women, AA, children, immigrants). o have the government regulate American capitalism (trusts, labor conditions) o have the government improve social conditions (cities, inequality, social issues) o make American society more democratic and efficient Effects: - Progressive Amendments (16(1913) :Gave the federal government the power to collect income tax. , 17(1913): Established that senators would be directly elected., 18:Prohibition of alcohol., 19) Ratified women giving them the right to vote.; Government regulations (Dept. of Labor, FDA, laws protecting workers, etc.), people hold & participate in government more often, environmental reform with government regulations!

Topic 7.15: Comparison in Period 7 Compare the relative significance of the major events of the first half of the 20th century in shaping American identity.

Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic system. The United States continued its transition from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial economy led by large companies. In the Progressive Era of the early 20th century, Progressives responded to political corruption, economic instability, and social concerns by calling for greater government action and other political and social measures. During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and social upheavals of the Great Depression by transforming the U.S. into a limited welfare state, redefining the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism

Topic 6.3: Westward Expansion: Social and Cultural Development: Explain the causes and effects of the settlement of the West from 1877 to 1898.

Improvements in mechanization helped agricultural production increase substantially and contributed to declines in food prices.Following the Civil War, government subsidies for transportation and communication systems helped open new markets in North America.The building of transcontinental railroads, the discovery of mineral resources, and government policies promoted economic growth and created new communities and centers of commercial activity. In hopes of achieving ideals of self-sufficiency and independence, migrants moved to both rural and boomtown areas of the West for opportunities, such as building the railroads, mining, farming, and ranching.As migrant populations increased in number and the American bison population was decimated, competition for land and resources in the West among white settlers, Native Americans, and Mexican Americans led to an increase in violent conflict.The U.S. government violated treaties with Native Americans and responded to resistance with military force, eventually confining Native Americans to reservations and denying tribal sovereignty.Many Native Americans preserved their cultures and tribal identities despite government policies promoting assimilation, and they attempted to develop self-sustaining economic practices.

Topic 7.10: The New Deal Explain how the Great Depression and the New Deal impacted American political, social, and economical life over time.

Political: Less corruption in local & state governments, working class & manufacturing needs became part of political platforms, growth of the executive branch Social: AA shift towards the Democratic party, crime & suicide rates, malnutrition increases, embarrassment from the need for government handouts (particularly the middle class), single mothers struggling Economic: Unemployment is high & job creation was mainly at the government level, over qualification for jobs that were being offered o Hoover: failure to respond - self-reliance and rugged individualism, Hawley Smoot Tariff 1930, Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) 1932, Bonus Army 1932, Election of 1932 o FDR: New Deal 1933-1938, relief, recovery, reform, fireside chats, Eleanor Roosevelt Emergency Banking Act, Federal Emergency Relief Act, WPA, PWA, CCC, TVA, NRA, FDIC, SEC, FHA, Social Security Act, Wagner Act

Period 1: 1491-1607

Pre-Columbian exploration - Settlement of Jamestown

Period 7: 1890-1945

Progressive Era to end of WW2

Topic 8.3: The Red Scare Explain the causes and effects of the Red Scare after World War II.

Second Red Scare: happened due to a fear of communist espionage. In the midst of the Berlin Blockade, a Soviet Eastern Europe and both the Korean and Chinese Civil War, people were very afraid of the threat of communism. The fact that a couple of American government officials, some with high ranks, confessed that they used to spy for the Soviet Union, did not help either.

Period 6: 1865-1898

The end of the Civil War to The Spanish American War

Period 5: 1844-1877

Westward expansion to End of Reconstruction

Topic 4.11: An Age of Reform:Explain how and why various reform movements developed and expanded from 1800 to 1848.

• 2nd GA inspires people to try to fix problems in society; changes brought by Market Revolution and mass immigration also inspire reform• -Utopian experiments (perfect society): Brook Farm 1841, Oneida 1848• -Self-Improvement Organizations: American Temperance Society 1826 ; Mann & schools 1840s, Dix & treatment of mentally ill 1840s• -Abolition movement: o Gradual emancipation in the North after Revolutionary Era; NW Ordinance 1787, end of international slave trade 1808, Missouri Compromise 1820 Abolitionists in North: American Colonization Society 1817, William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator 1831), American Anti-Slavery Society 1833 -Women's Rights: Republican Motherhood, cult of domesticity, Seneca Falls Convention 1848: Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Declaration of Rights & Sentiments, reaction.

Topic 7.3: The Spanish-American War Explain the effects of the Spanish-American War.

• American becomes a world power: o Cuba: Teller & Platt Amendments o Philippines: Revolution & War 1899-1902 o Puerto Rico o Guam • America decides to finally add Hawaii 1898 • America gets into China (Open Door) 1899 • America seeks to control Caribbean (Panama 1904 & Roosevelt Corollary 1904) • World's Policeman role A debate between Imperialists and Anti Imperialists takes place

Topic 6.13: Politics in the Gilded Age: Explain the similarities and differences between the political parties during the Gilded Age.

• Both parties generally favored big business with some minor disagreements over tariff levels and currency policy; big business was able to influence/control? government, political machines dominated state & local governments. • Grangers form Populist Party in 1890s; 1892 Omaha Platform (free & unlimited coinage of silver to ease debt, government regulation of RRs, political reforms, 8 hour day), lose in 1892 but do OK; 1896 Democrats adopt Populists & run William Jennings Bryan ("Cross of Gold"), loses to McKinley (R); many Populist ideas are later adopted.

Topic 5.3: The Mexican-American War: Explain the causes and effects of the Mexican-American War.

• Causes: ideas of Manifest Destiny; election of James K Polk 1844 (promises Texas, Oregon, California); failed attempts to purchase California; instigation of war 1846 (Spot Resolutions). • Effects: addition of Mexican Cession through Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848; US takes land from Native Americans and Mexicans (despite Mexican citizens being promised land/citizenship in treaty); debates over the expansion of slavery into the territories: failed Wilmot Proviso 1848 (no slavery in Mexican Cession: passes House, not Senate, riles up South), Compromise of 1850.

Topic 6.2: Westward Expansion: Economic Development: Explain the causes and effects of settlement of the West from 1877 to 1898.

• Causes: improvements in farming made farming easier (mechanization, plows, reapers), transcontinental railroad network, government policy (Telegraph Act 1860, Homestead Act 1862, Pacific Railway Act 1862, Indian Wars 1870s-80s, Dawes Act 1887), urbanization (cities need food), American idea of new beginnings (Exodusters), immigration (Chinese, Irish, other groups) desire for wealth (farming/homesteaders, miners - gold, silver, coal, iron ore, oil, ranchers) • Effects: conflict w/ Native Americans for land and cultural control (bison destruction, Wars: Battle of Wounded Knee 1890, reservations, Dawes Act 1887, Carlisle School 1879), removal of Mexican Americans from land (Californios), boomtowns (Denver, Omaha), nativism (Chinese Exclusion Act 1882) farmers struggle and organize (overproduction of crops causes prices to go down, power of RRs & big business, Granger Movement 1870s/80s, Wabash v. Illinois 1886, Interstate Commerce Act 1887, Populist movement 1890s), economic expansion (RRs, farming, ranching, mining), urbanization (enough food for cities)

Topic 5.2: Manifest Destiny: Explain the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877.

• Causes: precedence: Desire for natural resources and economic opportunities; ideas of Manifest Destiny & God given rights; ideas of cultural superiority over Native Americans & Mexicans; desire to expand trade to Asia; chance for safety valve and escape problems for many immigrants and former slaves • Effects: addition of Texas 1845 (Mexico owned Texas & invited Americans to settle 1820s, Texas War 1836 , Texan independence because US wouldn't add it as a slave state 1836-1845, annexation 1845); addition of Oregon 1846 (54 40 of fight, Treaty w/ England); Asia: Treaty of Wanghia 1844, Treaty of Kanagawa 1853; Mexican American War 1846-1848 (see below); Gadsden Purchase 1853 (RR); Alaska Purchase Treaty 1867

Topic 4.7: Expanding Democracy: Explain the causes and effects of the expansion of participatory democracy from 1800 to 1848.

• Causes: prior to 1820s most states let rich(owned land)/white/men vote, after the Louisiana Purchase 1820 and western expansion most states remove the property requirement for voting in the 1820s • Effects: widespread political participation and the growth of the modern political system, rebirth of the two party system; popular campaigning, political machines, spoils system o Second Party System 1830s: Democrats (drop the Republican) - party of the people led by Jackson, anti-bank, anti-tariff, anti-internal improvements, popular in S & MW Whigs (opposed to King Andrew I) - party led by Clay

Topic 7.8: 1920s: Cultural & Political Controversies Explain the causes and effects of international and internal migration patterns over time.

• International: New Immigration 1880-1920 o Causes: Push from Elsewhere- lack of economic opportunity, political turmoil & religious persecution in Europe, Asia, Latin America; Pull to America: jobs, political & religious freedom o Effect: cheap labor, economic expansion, labor conflict, urbanization, westward migration, nativism (Red Scare 1919, New KKK 1920s, Sacco & Vanzetti 1920), Progressive Reform, Immigration Law of 1921 (3%/1910 Census), Immigration Law of 1924 (2%/1890 Census) • International: Mexican Immigration late 1800s to present o Causes: Asian immigration was restricted in late 1800s/early 1900s, economic booms (WWI, 1920, WWII) o Effect: cheap labor, economic expansion, nativism & racial conflict (deportations in Depression, Zoot Suit Riots in WWII 1943) • Internal: Urbanization o Causes: jobs in cities, cultural attractions, cheap housing o Effects: cheap labor, economic expansion, labor conflict, tenements, Progressive Reform, new cultural attractions • Internal: Great Migration 1910s-1960s o Causes: Push from South - violence, racism, segregation, voting restrictions; Pull to North: jobs during WWI and 1920s booms o Effects: new job opportunities, Harlem Renaissance 1920s (Ellington, Hughes, Armstrong), city segregation & redlining, New KKK, violence (Red Summer 1919) • Internal: Dust Bowl Migration 1930s o Causes: Great Depression & Dust Bowl 1930s, loss of ability to farm make money o Effects: millions move west, mainly to California, resentment • Internal: Westward Migration o Causes: farming jobs, Homestead Act, American spirit, Great Migration, World War II factories in western cities, nice weather o Effects: Dust Bowl, development of western cities (Los Angeles, Seattle)

Topic 6.12: Controversies over the Role of Government in the Gilded Age: Explain the continuities and changes in the role of the government in the U.S. economy.

• Laissez faire policy high tariffs, open immigration, RR subsidies, low to no taxes, no social welfare) • Emergence of regulation (Granger Laws by states to regulate RRs 1870s, Wabash v. Illinois 1886, Interstate Commerce Act 1887, Sherman Antitrust Act 1890, EC Knight v. US 1895) • Involvement in labor strikes (Homestead 1894, Pullman 1894, In Re Debs 1895)

Topic 5.9: Government Policies During the Civil War: Explain how Lincoln's leadership during the Civil War impacted American ideals over the course of the war.

• Lincoln's goals evolve over the course of the war: First: restore the Union (didn't want to offend border states & have them secede); Second: free some slaves to weaken the Southern war machine (Confiscation Acts 1861 - army could free slaves); Emancipation Proclamation 1862 effective 1863 - all slaves in states still in rebellion were free (made the war about slavery & also kept Europeans from intervening to protect slavery); Third - "new birth of freedom" at the Gettysburg Address 1863; fulfill the ideas of the founders for all people. • African Americans served in the military during the war to help the North defeat the South. -Suspension of Habeas Corpus -Supervised elections

Topic 4.14: Causation in Period Four: Explain the extent to which politics, economics, and foreign policy promoted the development of American identity from 1800 to 1848.

• National/American identity or regional identity? • Politics: First & Second Party Systems (could be either), Missouri compromise (regional), nullification (regional), bank (regional) • Economics: Market Revolution (could be either), tariffs (regional) • Foreign Policy: War of 1812 (national), westward expansion (either), Monroe Doctrine (national), Indian Removal (national).

Topic 4.9: The Development of an American Culture: Explain how and why a new national culture developed from 1800 to 1848.

• New National Culture: mixture of American ideals, European influences, and regionalism • Liberalism (free/open society) & Romanticism (emotion) influence literature (Edgard Allen Poe - The Raven 1845), art (Hudson River School 1820s - natural; scenes), philosophy (transcendentalists 1820s/30s: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau & the idea that truth transcends the observable world/ human perfectibility), architecture (Greek Revival - US Capitol 1790s building: columns and dome).

Topic 6.5: Technological Innovation: Explain the effects of technological advances in the development of the United States over time.

• New Tech 1860 - 1905: Bessemer Steel 1855, refrigerated train car 1850s, internal combustion engine 1876, typewriter 1874, dynamite 1867, electric motor 1870, telephone 1876, phonograph 1887, light bulb 1880s, radio 1890s, X-ray 1895, motion picture 1880s, airplane 1903) • Access to new resources: iron ore (steel), lumber (building), oil (kerosene, gasoline), gold, silver, coal, more food (ranching, farming) • Continuities: market revolution &, mass production methods, growing transportation network (RRs), demand for cheap labor • Changes: industrialization (goods for other business - i.e. steel), new business organizations: trusts & monopolies, better communication, national and global economy grow

Topic 4.6: Market Revolution: Society & Culture: Explain how and why innovation in technology, agriculture, and commerce affected various segments of American society over time.

• Old Immigration (1830s-1880): Irish (Cause: famine, jobs, political freedom/Effects: cheap labor for economic expansion, settle in East Coast cities, political power via political machines, nativism, anti-Catholic feelings), German (Cause: jobs, political freedom/Effects: farmers in Midwest, economic expansion, political power via political machines, nativism) • Increase in living standards for some (middle class managers/professionals, wealthy factory owners), but a large population of struggling workers • Growth of factories & wage pay with less reliance on self-subsistence • Development of separate spheres for family (separate from work) and women ("supposed" to be home to run household - Cult of Domesticity; many women worked in factories though - Lowell Mills) • Growth of national markets and interdependence; growth of international trade with Europe (cotton).

Topic 5.1: Contextualizing Period Five: Explain the context in which the sectional conflict emerged from 1844 to 1877.

• Political developments (transition from Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans to Jackson Era: Democrats v. Whigs) Pre-1844 • Market Revolution Pre-1844 • Second Great Awakening Pre-1844 • Territorial Expansion/Manifest Destiny (1844-1848): Louisiana Purchase 1803, Florida Purchase 1819 • Breakdown of Nation (1850s): Manifest Destiny is contest, acquiring land in West caused division; Missouri Compromise 1820

Topic 5.11: Failure of Reconstruction: Explain how and why Reconstruction resulted in continuity and change in regional and national understanding of what it meant to be American.

• Sharecropping 1860s to mid 1900s - former slaves were given a plot of land and "shared" a portion of their crops as rent; new version of farming that tied former slaves to land, often for generations, very similar to slavery • Segregation/Jim Crow Laws 1880s- African Americans were forced to use separate facilities o Civil Rights Cases 1883 - legalized segregation in private facilities o Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 - legalized segregation in public facilities "separate but equal" • Voting Restrictions 1880s/90s : poll tax (pay to vote), literacy test (take a test to vote), grandfather clause (if your grandfather voted you didn't have to pay the poll tax or take literacy test, didn't apply to former slaves), violence • Violence: KKK, White League, lynching • Politics: emergence of Democratic Solid South 1880s/90s - one party rule in South until after WWII, often enforced with violence

Topic 6.10: Development of the Middle Class: Explain the causes of increased economic opportunity and its effects on society.

• Small growing middle class (educated professionals, factory managers, clerical workers); might own their own homes and have time for leisure activities • Gospel of Wealth - philanthropy (Carnegie & libraries)

Topic 4.13: The Society of the South in the Early Republic: Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of the South from 1800 to 1848.

• Southern society: domination by a few large plantation owners (economics, politics, society), most southerners did not own any slaves •Geographic conditions and new technology made cotton profitable which resulted in the growth of slavery • Slavery expanded into old Southwest: Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas ("black belt") as lands in the Southeast were depleted; getting new land for cotton becomes a focus of southerners

Topic 5.10: Reconstruction: Explain the effects of government policy during Reconstruction on society from 1865 to 1877.

• The federal government gained strength over the states during and after the Civil War (secession is illegal, 13th-15th Amendments, Radical Reconstruction; eventually the federal government tires of Reconstruction and allows southern states to regain power; federal agency to care for slaves (Freedman's Bureau 1865) • Reconstruction Amendments: 13th 1865 - ends slavery; 14th 1868 - citizenship & equal protection under the law; 15th 1870 - black men can vote; radical changes? • Women were not included in the Reconstruction amendments; Susan B. Anthony was arrested for voting in the 1872 election, she argued she was a citizen by the 14th Amendment and could therefore vote, she lost • Conflict between branches: o Presidential Reconstruction 1865-66 (Lincoln - dies 1865, Johnson) planned to go easy on the South as long as slavery ended w/ 13th Amendment 1865, the Union should be restored; South institutes sharecropping and Black Codes while Johnson was in power which was very similar to slavery; Freedman's Bureau 1865 set up to care for former slaves o Congressional/Radical Reconstruction 1866-1877: protect rights of freedmen & punish the South; pass the 14th 1868 & 15th 1870 Amendments, send Army into South 1867 to supervise Reconstruction, impeach President Johnson 1868 for challenging their views, send Army into South to go after KKK 1871 o South resists change (KKK, White League, violence) and eventually the North loses interest • Compromise of 1877: Tilden gets more votes than Hayes in the election of 1876, but three states have disputed results; a commission agrees to let Hayes become president in exchange for removing troops from the South and ending Reconstruction.

Topic 5.8: Military Conflict in the Civil War: Explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War

• Union mobilization (factories produce war materials, RRs transport them, W. farmers produce food, draft soldiers to supply troops - huge population advantage); Confederate mobilization (limited resources due to few factories, RRs, & food farm; limited population made it difficult to replace soldiers). • Opposition in North: border states were sympathetic to South, Lincoln suspended habeas corpus in Maryland illegally to keep RR lines open 1861; NYC faced draft riots in July 1863 as many poor immigrants opposed war; Opposition in South: many southern states resisted the authority of the central government. • War: Confederacy did well early in the war due to tactics and leadership, as the war went along the North promoted better leaders (Grant) and used its material/demographic advantages to overwhelm the South. • Key Battles: Antietam 1862 (inspires Lincoln to issue Emancipation Proclamation 1862 effective 1863), Vicksburg 1863 (North wins Mississippi River), Gettysburg 1863 (North repels South's invasion of North, many Confederates are killed), Sherman's March 1864 (total war), Appomattox Court House 1865 (end of war).