A.P.U.S.H Review

Social Security Act

Guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Black Panthers

Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, they believed that racism was an inherent part of the U.S. capitalist society and were militant, self-styled revolutionaries for Black Power.

Office of War Information

established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort.

Wealth Tax Act

raised taxes on nations wealthiest people and livied an "excess profits" tax on wealthy corps.

Bao Dai

ruler who was unable to exercise any of his powers without the support of French regime. Became premier of independent vietnam: ngo din diem outmaneuvered bao dai

Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

Cuban Revolution

(1958) A political revolution that removed the United States supported Fugencio Batista from power. The revolution was led by Fidel Castro who became the new leader of Cuba as a communist dictator.

Public Works Administration

(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.

Good neighbor policy

- US would be less blatant in its dominion of Latin America- economic control, not military

German Aggression

1. withdraw from league of nations/ end reparation payments. 2. beginning of german rearmament. 3. reoccupy rhineland. 4. rome-berlin axis formed - alliance between italy and germany. 5. annexation of austria. 6. munich conference/annexation of sudetenland.

Selective Training and Service Act

1940 law requiring all males aged 21 to 36 to register for military service

War Labor Disputes Act

1943; In response to labor unrest in WWII this act made it a criminal offense to provoke strikes in industries working on government contracts or plants needed for the war effort.

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam who asked the Americans for help in a revolution but was denied because he was communist; used guerrilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Brown v Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

tet offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Tennessee Valley Authority

A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs. However, it had many harmful environmental side effects.

Formosa resolution

A bill enacted by the U.S. Congress on January 29, 1955 that established an American commitment to defend Formosa (Taiwan). As a matter of American foreign policy, President Dwight D. Eisenhower promised to protect "territories in the West Pacific under the jurisdiction of the Republic of China" (e.g. Taiwan) against invasion by the People's Republic of China.[1] The legislation provided the President with the power to intervene if the island was attacked. The legislation was prompted, in part, by attacks on the islands of Kinmen and Matsu in the Taiwan Straits by the Chinese People's Liberation Army in 1954. Both islands had been held by the Chinese Nationalists government of the Republic of China led by Chiang Kai-shek, which then also controlled the island of Taiwan. Following the enactment of the Formosa Resolution, the People's Republic of China and the United States successfully negotiated an agreement to stop the bombing of the islands in the Taiwan Straits. This peaceful result ended the First Taiwan Strait Crisis.

NSC-68

A document that pushed for a large build up of the U.S military. It allowed the U.S to quickly build up its military for the Korean conflict.

Federal Housing administration

A federal agency established in 1943 to increase home ownership by providing an insurance program to safeguard the lender against the risk of nonpayment.

National Industrial Recovery Act

A law enacted in 1933 to establish codes of fair practice for industries and to promote industrial growth, created the NRA

Smith v Allwright

A supreme court case in 1944 that ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries.

Malcom X

African-American civil rights leader who encouraged violent responses to racial discrimination

US intervention in Guatemala

After Guatemalan president Jacobo Arbenz confiscated the United Fruit Company's lands in 1951, the CIA began a plot to overthrow him. In 1954 he was overthrown and a US regime was put in place

lend-lease act

Allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

National Labor Relations Board

An independent federal agency vested with the power to safeguard employees' rights to organize and to determine whether to have unions as their bargaining representative. The agency also acts to prevent and remedy unfair labor practices committed by private sector employers and unions.

Operation Rolling Thunder

Bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to weaken enemy's ability and will to fight

Congress of Racial Equality

CORE was a civil rights organization. They were famous for freedom rides which drew attention to Southern barbarity, leading to the passing of civil rights legislation.

manhattan project

Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

Works Progress Administration

Congress created this in 1935 as an agency that gave jobs to people who needed them. They worked on bridges, roads, and buildings. They spent 11 billion dollars and gave almost 9 million people jobs. It was one of the New Deal Agencies.

Internal Security/McCarran act

Congress's response to communist activity which required Communism related organizations to register with the gov't. They had to identify their mail and literature as communistic also. Communists couldn't work in defense and no communist could enter the country. Gov't could also put communist citizens and aliens in concentration-like camps when national emergencies occurred.

National War Labor Board

Created in 1942 by Roosevelt to settle labor disputes

fidel castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew US-supported Batista in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba

John Foster Dulles

Eisenhower's Sec. of State; harsh anti-Communist; called for more radical measures to roll back communism where it had already spread (containment too cautious)

Yalta conference

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

truman doctrine

First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

Government agency that was a part of the New Deal. It allocated $500 million to relieve cities and states to help with the unemployment problem.

Office of Price Administration

Government agency which successful combatted inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and introducing rationing programs during World War II.

Indian Reorganization Act

Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Korean Civil War

In June 1950, North Korea invaded the South in an attempt to reunify Korea, Kim II Sung planned a quick victory because he had approval and promise to send Chinese troops from Stalin. The US rushed troops from Japan to South Korea and obtained United Nations backing. During the first months of the war, the unprepared American and South Korean forces were driven southward to a small "Prussian perimeter" on Korea's southeastern rim. The UN forces in Korea were half American and 2/5ths Korean; the rest were contingents from Britain, Australia, Turkey, and twelve other nations.

Emergency Relief Appropriation Act

Initially, this 1935 act earmarked 4.8 billion dollars for the creation of government assistance programs. It replaced FERA and created the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which was also run by Harry L Hopkins. While being an extremely wasteful program in its decade of existence, it built many of America's roads

Manchurian crisis

Japan wanted some of China's natural resources and space. in 1932 Japan annexed an area in Manchuria after an alleged attack by the Chinese in 1931. League of Nations did nothing

bataan death march

Japanese forced about 60,000 of americans and Philippines to march 100 miles with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way

Suez crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

Election of 1964

LBJ beats Senator Goldwater who voted against the civil rights act and was a conservative republican. Johnson wins despite losing both the Dixiecrats and the Mississippi Freedom Democrats

Free Speech Movement

Led by Mario Savio it protested on behalf of students rights. It spread to colleges throughought the country discussing unpopular faculty tenure decisions, dress codes, dormitory regulations, and appearances by Johnson administration officials.

national security act

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

Nuremberg Laws

Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books.

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

War on Poverty

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

Kennedy

President of the US from 1961 to 1963 who endorsed containment

GI bill

Provided for college or vocational training for returning WWII veterans as well as one year of unemployment compensation. Also provided for loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses.

McCarthy

Senator who accused hundreds of American citizens as having communist ties, part of the Red Scare of the 1950's

Gulf of Tonkin resolution

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

berlin blockade

The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.

long telegram

The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war.

Jiang Jieshi

The opposing person to Mao, who was in charge of the Nationalist Party. He dominated southwestern China, however in 1949, Mao got complete control of China. This person and his people fled to Taiwan, where the USA helped them set up a nationalist government

Frederick W. Taylor

The original "efficiency expert" who, in the book The Principles of Scientific Management from 1911, preached the gospel of efficient management of production time and costs, the proper routing and scheduling of work, standardization of tools and equipment, and the like.

Civil Rights act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

Emergency Banking Relief Bill

This bill provided federal authority to reopen solvent banks and reorganize the rest, and authority federal money to shore up private banks

Arab-Israeli conflict

This conflict has been going on for years. It started when both the Jewish and Arab Palestinians wanted Palestine for their own. Eventually the Jews got control of Palestine, but there has been a number of wars and terrorist attacks between these two. This conflict continues today.

mao zedong

This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.

First Hundred Days

This term refers to March 4 to June 16, 1933. During this period of dramatic legislative productivity, FDR laid out the programs that constituted the New Deal. Today, presidents are often measured by their actions in the same period of time

National Recovery Administration

This was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933 to supervise industry—the act also created the Public works Administration to create jobs. It was not very successful.

Fair Deal

Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased minimum wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

battle of midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

potsdam declaration

Ultimatum from the Potsdam Conference that was issued by the United States, Great Britain and China to Japan offering that country the choice between unconditional surrender and total annihilation.

Bonus Army

Unemployed World War I veterans who came to Washington in the spring of 1932 to demand the immediate payment of the bonus congress had voted them in 1922. The veterans were forcibly removed from Anacostia Flats by federal troops under the command of Douglas MacArthur.

Rosa parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947)

Pearl harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

chinese civil war

War between communist Mao Zse Tong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Was signed on August 27, 1928 by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other states. The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defence.

Yalu River

Where MacArthur drives communists back to the river that borders China, China declares that if the US bombs its connections to Korea, it will join the war. MacArthur goes ahead and bombs it anyway.

Taft-Hartley act

a 1947 law giving the president power to halt major strikes by seeking a court injunction and permitting states to forbid requirements in labor contracts that force workers to join a union. Truman tried to strike it down but Congress overrode his veto

Geneva accords

a 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

containment

a U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

Freedom Summer

a campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi, which up to that time had almost totally excluded black voters. The project was organized by the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), a coalition of four established civil rights organizations: the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), with SNCC playing the lead role.

American Liberty League

a conservative anti-New Deal organization; members included Alfred Smith, John W. Davis, and the Du Pont family. It criticized the "dictatorial" policies of Roosevelt and what it perceived to be his attacks on the free enterprise system.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

a law enacted in 1933 to raise crop prices by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of their land unplanted, thus lowering production. Declared unconstitutional in 1936, very popular

Second New Deal

a new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs; also known as the Second Hundred Days.

marshall plan

a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.

iron curtain

a political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Freedom Rides

a series of political protests against segregation by CORE, who rode buses together through the American South in 1961

Andrew Carnegie

a steel giant that got where he was by vertical integration. He pioneered vertical integration as a way to run a corporation, and was an anti-trust advocate as well as a philanthropist, "gospel of wealth"

Berlin Wall

a wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Gulf of Tonkin incident

an alleged attack by N. Vietnamese Navy on US destroyers which led Pres. Johnson to order a direct bombing attack on North Vietnam

Cuban Missile Crisis

an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.

Washington Naval Conference

called by Harding in 1921 when naval race between US, Britain, and Japan was a danger, they pledged to reduce battleships but failed to prevent war, US and Japan recognized each others territory in the Pacific

Young Americans for Freedom

conservative new right; youth organization critical of liberal public policy, gvt. economic involvement, changes in social mores, and containment foreign policy

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Franklin D. Roosevelt

often referred to by his initials FDR, was the thirty-second President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war.

eisenhower doctrine

policy of the US that it would defend the middle east against attack by any communist country

Eisenhower

president who pledged aid to countries who took stances against communism in 1957, decided to involve america in war

National labor Relations/Wagner Act

protects the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands, created the NLRB.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

these reversed the high protective tariffs, amending tariff laws providing that countries established similar laws in return

Bureau of Indian Affairs

to manage Indian removal to western lands, Congress approved the creation of a new government agency

Flint Sit-down strike

work stoppage in which workers refuse to leave a factory, Dec 30 1936-Feb 11 1937, considered the most important strike in American labor history- a battlefield in Flint that changed the face of America