APUSH semester exam review

81. Southern Farmers Alliance

The Farmers Alliance was a movement amongst farmers that flourished in the 1880s. One of the goals of the organization was to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers after the American Civil War. The Alliance was designed to promote higher commodity prices through collective action by groups of individual farmers.

56. Destruction of the Knights of Labor

The Knights of Labor were caught in the anti-labor backlash after the Haymarket affair. Their numbers drastically fell in a few short years.

42. Upper Northwest/ Wheat production-

The New England arrivals to the Northwest were very much into market-oriented agriculture. They planted the land with grain and became one of the world's greatest wheat-producing regions.

51. Income tax: N vs S -

The North enacted the 1st income tax in US History in 1861 to help pay for the war. Overall, it was successful when paired with the sale of war bonds. The South passed laws on income after the major inflation as they added more notes into circulation. These taxes angered the people and was too late to fix the economic crisis.

49. North's method of financing the war -

The North raise 66% of revenue by selling war bonds, 21% by taxes, and 13% from treasury notes (the Legal Tender Act). They enacted new taxes in 1861 (including the 1st income tax in US History) and authorized the sale of war bonds. The North suffered inflation, but not as bad as the South. This was due to the greater strength and diversity of the North, along with wiser federal legislation.

56. 13th Amendment, 1865 -

The Rep won all of the state elections which endorsed the administrations emancipation policy. Apr 8, 1864: Senate passed the 13th Amendment to abolish slavery; but Dem in the House blocked the required 2/3 majority there. The amendment passed after Lincoln's reelection in 1864. It became part of the Constitution Dec 6, 1865. However, the fate of slavery depended on the outcome of the war.

16. Era of Good Feelings

"An Era of Partyless Politics that resulted from the collapse of the Federalists"

26. Missouri

"bushwhackers" and "jayhawkers"- In Missouri, Confederate "bushwhackers" and Unionist "jayhawkers" fought using guerilla warfare. Both sides used hit-and-run raids, arson, ambush, and murder, turning large areas of the state into no-man's-land.

FOUR COERCIVE ACTS, 1774

(1) Boston Port Act: closed Boston's port until they paid for tea (2) New Quartering Act: quarter soldiers among civilians (3) Administration of Justice Act: british soldiers/officers to be tried in england courts (4) Massachusetts government Act: made massachusetts a royal colony Quebec Act- roman catholicism official religion of quebec; gov't with no representative assembly; extended boundary to ohio river

30. new roles for women/women's colleges

(in the kitchen) Women increasingly worked outside the home as nurses, teachers, or in offices. Some of them became editors, literary agents, and journalists. In the Midwest and West public universities began to admit women. There were fewer colleges that did this in the East, but several women's colleges were established.

Quebec act, 1774

- act passed having to do with Quebec, it expanded the boundaries, allowed Catholic faith, and put in place the English common law

73William pitt/ new directions of war

- pitt became britains new war minister, he said that authoritarian force was not the way to go, set aside 200 pounds and said the colonies could have the pounds depending on how well they did in the war

"intolerable acts"

- the colonists referred to the coercive acts as intolerable acts because they hate these new acts

30. Jailing of Republican editors

14 Republicans were arrested under the Sedition Acts who wrote things in a newspaper against the government.

12. Mormon trek/ Utah

1847; Mormon exodus to a new Zion in the Great Salt Lake's basin; left New York originally because of persecution; settled in various other states before leaving for Utah; Joseph Smith's murder (over the issue of polygamy) sparked the mass migration under the leadership of Brigham Young (On July 24, 1847, he found "the right place," where they would settle)

3. New York campaign-

19,000 American soldiers versus over 30,000 British and Hessian soldiers; Washington sent half of his inferior force to Long Island to wait for a frontal attack; Hessians feinted a frontal attack, destroying American forces from the left and rear; Americans retreated to Manhattan and the British took NYC; September 21- much of NYC destroyed by a fire probably set by Americans; October- Howes drove Washington out of Manhattan and Westchester

40. Battle of Buena Vista

2 day battle led by Taylor who killed a lot of men, the Mexican army retreated

53. Roanoke Island -

2 expeditions by Sir Walter Ralegh. 1st - 1585 - large expedition to Roanoke Island. Settlers planted no crops, so relied on Indians for food during a time of drought. June 1586 Settlers killed local chief Wingina, who wanted to resettle his people. Supply ships were late - colonists sailed back to England with Sir Francis Drake. Supply ships came later to find no one there - left a garrison there that disappeared. 2nd - 1587 - included women (intent of permanent colony). Governor John White went back to England for supplies, came back late because of assault of Spanish Armada on England (1588), returned 1590 - everyone gone. .

1. Crevecoeur

A French soldier who settled in America and, through the guise of a fictional farmer, wrote stories detailing the agrarian republic of America. (Essentially how farming was important.)

14. Buffalo Bill's Wild West show

A United States soldier, bison hunter, and showman, Buffalo Bill performed cowboy themed shows throughout the world.

13. CSA / Montgomery, AL, 1861

A convention was held in Montgomery, AL in 1861 to draw up a government and a constitution for the confederacy.

44. "American system of manufactures"

A crucial development by American inventors was the invention of interchangeable parts. They were less elegant and durable than products made by skilled craftsmen, but were also less expensive and more widely available to the "middling classes".

66. David Farragut; New Orleans, 1862

A daring action on April 24, 1862, Union Naval Commander David Farragut led his fleet upriver past the forts, scattering the Confederate fleet and fending off fire rafts. He lost four ships, but the rest won through and compelled the surrender of New Orleans with nine-inch naval guns trained on its streets. Fifteen thousand Union soldiers marched in and occupied the city and its hinterland.

1. Democracy in America

A french visitor named Alexis de Tocqueville visited young America and wrote a book describing what he saw about democracy and its flaws and potential, which somewhat accurately describes today's democracy.

24. Iroquois Five Nations

A group of 5 indian nations that agreed not to fight with each other or the young colony in New York, as of 1677.

76. Creeks/ Red Sticks

A group of Creeks in the south, led by prophets called Red Sticks, were willing to join Tecumseh. The Red Sticks chased settlers from much of Tennessee. They attacked George Mims's (a trader) house and killed 247 men, women, and children. This was called the Massacre at Fort Mims. The Red Sticks were eventually killed by Andrew Jackson and his militia.

55. Haymarket Affair, 1886

A group of anarchists split from the Socialist Labor Party and joined a strike at Haymarket Square. As the crowd began to disperse, police arrived and after a bomb was accidentally thrown into the middle of the police, they opened fire on the crowd, killing 10 and wounding 50.

70. War Hawks, 1811-1812

A group of talented young congressmen took control of Congress, nearly all of the were Republicans from the South or the West: Richard M. Johnson and Henry Clay of Kentucky, John C. Calhoun and William Lowndes of South Carolina, George M. Troup of Georgia, Peter B. Porter from the Niagara district of New York, and others. They were called War Hawks and these ardent nationalists wanted to declare war on England to protect U.S. rights.

13. Middle Class Movement:

A growing middle class became more prominant and powerful during this time. They engaged in distinct styles of consumption the separated them from the Antebellum style of life.

17. Citizen Genet Affair

A minister to the United States, Genet wanted Americans to join him against England and Spain without Washingtons help. This ended when the French Recolution started.

99. Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

A principal formal document based on the Declaration of Independence. Issued by the Seneca Falls Convention, they denounced "the repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman," which were mainly political surrounding the central issue about the right to vote.

35. "Intellectual blockade" vs abolition:Christians.

A radical northern minority was agitating for the immediate abolition of slavery. As a result, Southerners form an "intellectual blockade" against outside publications and ideas and with a moral and religious defense of slavery. They used to bible to legitimize slavery. Most common religious argument was that slavery had given millions of heathen Africans the priceless opportunity to become

16. expansion of economic activity

A rapid rate of population growth and the rising volume of imports and exports allowed for the economy of Colonial America to boom. The country was exporting more than they were importing, which means that the country as a whole was getting richer.

66. Native American Party, 1844 (Nativists)

A sociopolitical policy, especially in the United States in the 19th century, favoring the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants

58. headright system

A system set in Virginia in which a colonist received 50 acres of land for every person he paid to be brought to America, including himself.

10. Chisholm Trail

A trail used to bring Long horns to Abeline.

27. John c. Calhoun, SC

A war hawk from South Carolina, Calhoun defended slavery in every way possible.

41. "wise and frugal" government

A wise and frugal government, which shall leave men free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned - this is the sum of good government.

59. 3rd pair of compromises -

Abolishes the slave trade in D.C. but would guarantee the continued existence of slavery there unless both Maryland and VA consented to abolition.

88. Against "scientific" racism

Abolitionists assumed God created all men as members of the human family. (Both blacks and whites.) The rejected the "scientific" racism, that blacks were a different species. Some still viewed blacks in condescending ways, however.

54. Postal Campaign, 1835:

Abolitionists flooded the mail with antislavery tracts that practically insulted southerners. Them and most northerners felt that the letters were incendiary.

68. covenant theology

According to the Puritans, God made two covenants with humans. One says that all descendants of Adam are damned because of his disobeying of the law of God, and the other covenant says God will save certain chosen people and the others will be damned.

5. Two Years Before the Mast, Dana

Accounts describing the bounteous resources and benign climates of those wondrous regions in the west tempted settlers. Richard Henry Dana's Two Years before the Mast (1840), the story of his experience in the cowhide and tallow trade between California and Boston, alerted thousands of Americans to this new Eden on the Pacific.

57. 1st pair of compromises -

Admits CA as a free state, but would organize the rest of the Mex cession w/out restrictions against slavery.

41. Battle of Mexico City

After 5 months, Scott made it to Mexico City where he led several hand to hand combat battles and won

53. Burr/Hamilton duel, 1804

After Aaron Burr failed to become President in 1801, he lost ties with northern Federalists. This led to a duel in which Aaron Burr killed Alexander Hamilton. Burr ended up heading west.

24. Adams/ Onis Treaty, 1819

After Jackson's raids into Spanish Florida, Adams negotiated this treaty which gave Florida to the US and extended the Spanish-American border west of the Mississippi, giving the US claims to the Pacific Coast in the Northwest. Southern border pacified.

40. Homestead Act, Morrill Land-Grant College Act, Pacific RR Act

All 3 laws were passed in 1862. The Homestead Act granted a farmer 160 acres of western land virtually for free if he lived on the land for 5 years and improved it (built a well, tilled the land, built a house, etc.). The Morrill Land-Grant College Act gave each state thousands of acres to build state colleges that taught "agricultural and mechanical arts". The Pacific Railroad Act granted land and loans to railroad companies to encourage the building of a transcontinental railroad from Omaha to Sacramento.

49. Pickering / Chase / Randolph

All three were high ranking Federalists. They were impeached by John Marshall and other supreme court members. This represented a shift in power from Federalists to Jeffersonian Democrats.

10. American Party, 1854/ "Know Nothings"

Although the Republicans hoped to pick up all the remnants of the old party. They were quite mistaken however. One person said that his district "was infected with knownothingism." The name stuck to this mysterious party that arose and even won in landslide elections in Massachusetts and Delaware, and received as much as 40% of the vote in Pennsylvania and the other states.

76. Southern Filibustering Expeditions/Cuba

America wanted to buy Cuba from Spain but Spain said they would rather see Cuba sink then be sold. Cuba had over 400,000 slaves, more than any state except for Virginia. We then tried a revolution by going on many filibustering expeditions

3. world market for agriculture

American farmers would often grow and eat their own crops, selling what was surplus to outside markets. Eventually, demand for these American crops became very high, resulting in profit for the US.

64. Carnegie and Frick; Pinkertons

Andrew Carnegie placed industrialist Henry Clay Frick in charge of his company's operations in 1881. Frick resolved to break the union at Homestead.Carnegie was publicly in favor of labor unions. He condemned the use of strikebreakers and told associates that no steel mill was worth a single drop of blood. But Carnegie agreed with Frick's desire to break the union and "reorganize the whole affair, and . . . exact good reasons for employing every man. Far too many men required by Amalgamated rules." Carnegie ordered the Homestead plant to manufacture large amounts of inventory so the plant could weather a strike. He also drafted a notice (which Frick never released) withdrawing recognition of the union.

66. Slaughter of Black captives/ Nathan B. Forrest, 1864-

April 12, 1864; scores of black (and some white) POWs slaughtered; carrying out the Confederate proclomation that they would put black POWs and their officers to death for raising a slave insurrection

34. Confederate draft, 1862

April 1862, Confederate gov. enacted a draft making all white men ages 18-35 liable to conscription. A drafted man could hire a substitute, but only the upper class could afford substitutes. Poor ppl cried out against the injustice making poor ppl fight the rich ppls' war; claimed it was "a rich man's war and a poor man's fight".

33. Richmond bread riots, 1863

April 2, 1863, 1,000 white women and boys broke into shops to take food and other goods. Dispersed by the militia under Davis' command. Afterwards, the Confederate gov. released emergency food stocks to civilians and families were aided by state and country govs. Better crops in 1863 helped reduce shortages, but problems persisted.

32. Treaty of 1846

As Americans had only settled Oregon up to the 46th parallel, Polk compromised with the British. Instead of demanding rights to the entire Oregon Territory, Polk agreed to a treaty splitting Oregon between Britain and the US at the 49th parallel.

31. barrios

As CA's Mexican Americans were forced off their land they were concentrated in segregated urban barrios.

17. city slums

As more people flocked to cities for better working opportunities, living conditions were split up by social class. The poorest people were crammed into slums that barely accommodated them. The buildings often had no heat or plumbing. Disease was a prevalent concern, but fires were a serious threat as well because these buildings were made of wood and built very close together.

18. Tejano alliance

At first the American settlers had little contact with the Mexican tejanos. After political events the government tried to consolidate control. The Americans and the tejanos formed an alliance to protest any further loss of autonomy in their province.

35. British use of loyalists

At first, British look on loyalist military potential with disdain, but as they grew desperate for men after 1778, loyalists join British forces. 19,000 men joined loyalist militia units; they served longer terms than continentals (partly b/c they had no home to go back to) and by 1780, twice as many loyalists were fighting than patriots.

32. use of African Americans in the military

At outset of war, neither side expected to use blacks. Eventually, North recruited 180,000 black soldiers and 10,000 black sailors, total of about 2.1 million blacks. South only used blacks at very end of war; used 850,000 blacks.

cooperation vs autonomy

Autonomy would be a self-sufficient plantation that produced and sold their own goods. A cooperation would be a community that pitches in together to help each other

51. "Tarelton's Quarter":

Banastre Tarleton and Patrick Ferguson took control of Clinton's angry, well-trained loyalists. Caught the 350 remaining Continentals at the Waxhaws near NC border May 29 - killed them all.

6. barbed wire, 1874

Barbed wire was the first wire technology capable of restraining cattle. Wire fences were cheaper and easier to erect than their alternatives. When wire fences became widely available in the United States in the late 19th century, they made it affordable to fence much larger areas than before. They made intensive animal raising practical on a much larger scale.

43. Frontier racism -

Became more vicious then ever, Indian neutrality almost impossible. Backcountry settlers refused to accept the neutrals on their own terms. Indian warriors (especially young men) believed whites created by Great Spirit. Indians & blacksseparate ppl, need to remain apart.

41. Chicago, the "Queen City" -

Became the terminus for 15 rail lines and its population grew by 375 percent. In Illinois two companies contributed to the rapid growth of agriculture. The McCormick reaper works at Chicago and the John Deere steel plow works at Moline.

52. National Banking Act, 1863 / national currency -

Before the war, the principle form of $ had been notes issued by state chartered banks. When Jackson destroyed the 2nd BUS, the number and values of bank notes ^. Most were worthless or discounted. The National Banking Act (1863) resulted from the desire of Whiggish Republicans to resurrect the centralized banking system and currency, and to finance the war. Under the act, Union chartered national banks could issue bank notes up to 90% of the value of the US bonds they held. It created a market for the bonds and a uniform national currency.

84. William Lloyd Garrison /The Liberator, 1831

Began radical abolitionism in 1831 when he published the first issue of the Liberator. He condemned slavery as a national sin and demanded immediate emancipation.

65. American Dream

Belief that people can come to America to work hard and achieve upward social mobility

47. Free Masons

Benjamin Franklin founded the first Masonic lodge in North America in 1730. As a radical thought movement that emerged from the Reformation, Freemasonry was the first widespread and well-connected organization to espouse religious toleration and liberty—principles that the fraternity helped spread through the American colonies.

51. Black leadership in the south

Black leaders were educated and free and some of them were among the best educated men of their time

20. British support of the Indians

Britain began to give help to the Indians in the NW close to their forts in Canada

24. Sumner/Brooks Affair, 1856

Brooks was upset with the things that Sumner was saying. Instead of doing something like challenging sumner to a duel, brooks went into the senate chamber and started beating sumner with his cane.

71. Don Carlos Buell/ Henry Halleck

Buell's troops reinforced Grant's troops at the Battle of Shiloh, allowing them to counterattack the next morning and drive the Confederates back to Corith; Halleck was the top-ranking Union general in the West, who oversaw the combined armies of both Grant and Buell

72. Anthony Burns; Boston

Burns was a fugitive slave from Virginia living in Boston. When he was found by federal marshals, abolitionists came in from all over into Boston to try and free this man. They attacked the federal courthouse and killed a deputy. When Burns was being taken back to Virginia thousands of people lined the streets with upside down flags symbolising the loss of liberty.

62. secession threats

Calhoun said unless northerners returned fugitive slaves in good faith and unless they consented the expansion of slavery and accepted a constitutional amendment which protected slavery, southern states would not be able to remain in the union

62. Calvert/Lord Baltimore

Calvert and his son created Maryland based on their social and religious views. King James made Calvert into Lord Baltimore and made him into the "lord proprietor" of the company

36. Roger B. Taney court

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney of Maryland; used the Dred Scott case as an opportunity to settle the question of slavery in the territories; committed to "southern life and values," stopping "northern aggression," and taking power away from the Republicans; Taney's decision in the Dred Scott case was denounced by Republicans as a "gross perversion" of the U.S. Constitution

60. fugitive slave law -

Clay called for a strong national fugitive slave law in his last proposal. The Constitution had required that a slave who escaped into a free state must be returned to his/her owner, but failed to specify how it should be done. However, as antislavery movement went on, some officials became uncooperative. They would sometimes capture free blacks and pass them off as slaves. The law was sponsored by James Mason, protecting the rights of the South. It created federal commissioners who could issue warrants for arrests of fugitives and whether the slaveholder's proof was valid. They could call on federal marshals to catch fugitives and the marshals could ask any citizen for help. Overall, the law favored slavery.

60. Clay's scheme /Bank War

Clay planned to oppose Jackson in the presidential election later in 1832 and, knowing that Jackson hated the bank, hoped to provoke the hot-tempered Jackson into a response Clay and his friends could use against Jackson in the election.

63. Election of 1832

Clay's supporters tried to distribute Jackson's Bank Veto Message as anti-Jackson propaganda but had an opposite effect than anticipated. A majority of the voters shared Jackson's attachment to a society of virtuous, independent producers and to pristine republican government.Jackson won reelection by a landslide.

63. Election of 1892; Grover Cleveland again-

Cleveland won the presidency by the largest margin any victorious candidate had won by in 20 years; the president was again a Democrat; this maintained the new found revival of Democratic power in the executive (and legislative) branch; however, economic and social issues brewed beneath the surface, foreboding serious problems for the incumbent president

4. pooling /grain elevators

Companies formed "pools" by which they divided traffic and fixed their rates. Grain elevators, many of which were owned by railroad companies, came under attack for cheating farmers by rigging the classification of their grain.

57. non-exportation

Delegates were going to adopt non-exportation if Britain did not redress colonial grievances by September 1775, which was a much more radical tactic than just non-importation because it contained the implicit threat of repudiating debts to British merchants, which were normally paid off with colonial exports.

84. Populist Party / James Weaver

Did not like the gold standard or national banks. James weaver was a presidential nominee for the populist party.

39. "blueprint for modern America"

During the Civil War, Congress was able to pass Republican laws that were opposed by Southern delegates. These laws provided the "blueprint for modern America"- development of the West, state colleges, and a national transportation system.

24. changing patterns of drinking/"alcoholic republic"

During the nineteenth -century America was known for it's drinking abilities.

11. electricity/ electric dynamo:

Electricity was an enormous step for American society. Accordng to Murrin, it also changed urban peoples relationships to physical space.

47. Force Bill, 1833 -

Empowered Jackson to personally lead a federal army into SC.

44. new forms of women's work; women's sphere

Even such traditional women's work as dairying, vegetable gardening, and poultry raising became men's work once they became cash-producing specialties. Child-rearing became more intensive, individualized, and mother-centered. Now that things such as cloth, flour, butter, and eggs were readily available, women were expected to make pies and other fancy desserts, and to keep clothing looking nice and fresh. Women spent more time sewing, washing, and ironing. The expectation of the family's and home's presentation to look nice and polished increased.

34. Southern textile industry -

Expanded rapidly during 1880s. Along piedmont from VA to AL, new cotton mills and company towns for their workers. 1880: S had only 5% of the country's textile-producing capacity. 1900 - 23% (almost surpass New Eng).

34. Market revolution-

Exports to foreign nations continued to grow, but they represented a smaller proportion of market activity because of a significant growth in self-sustaining domestic markets; before 1815, exports constituted 15% of the total national product, but by 1830, they were only 6% of it; more a regional than inter-regional revolution

46. Farmer's Almanac

Farm newspapers urged farmers to keep careful records of the amount of fertilizer used, labor costs, and per-acre yields, and discouraged them from relying on the old system of neighboring. The Farmer's Almanac of 1833 warned New England farmers: "If you love fun, frolic, and waste and slovenliness more than economy and profit, then make a husking."

39. New England cash crops/deforestation

Farmers in the Northeast and Northwest began to stop producing mixed crops, and began to produce one major crop heading for distant markets. They started to buy things that their predecessors had grown or made. They began participating in the new market economy. As Northern farmers began to turn towards raising livestock rather than farming, they needed more pasture land. They could sell cut wood for a significant one time profit. This resulted in massive deforestation.

4. Northern Middle Class Evangelism/ Revivals

Finney said that people would make this world better or worse depending on the choices that they make, either good or bad, he said God did not choose what is going to happen but you do

37. Trail of Tears

Four-thousand Indians died while walking to Oklahoma because of disease, starvation, and white abuse

94. George Fox, Society of Friends

Fox founded the Society of Friends or the Quakers. They were founded during England's civil wars. After the Restoration they faced harsh persecution in England which led them to seek refuge in America. They mostly went to the Delaware valley. They had a family-based migration.

39. Phase 3

General-in-Chief Winfield Scott led a campaign against Mexico City, he got some of Taylors men

61. Jay Cooke

Had huge banking firm that took over the Northern Pacific (a second transcontinental railroad). Used every kind of loan he could to finance this new railroad, but it eventually collasped. He was the first to go bankrupt, but after him the rest started dropping like flies.

7. Henry Halleck's orders to Grant

Halleck told Grant to handle the union prisoners "without gloves, and take their property for public use."

75. Uncle Tom's Cabin, Stowe 1852

Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a lot of abolitionist articles that were later combined into the book we now know as Uncle Tom's Cabin

37. Aaron Burr

He arranged a truce in New York between Republican factions led by Clinton and Livingston families and chose candidates for the state legislatures who were both locally respected and committed to Jefferson.

3.Benjamin Butler: "Contraband of war"

He considered slaves as contraband of war instead of people. This way the north could take them as property that they won from the South and the slaves would be in some ways, liberated.

72. John C. Calhoun

He was also a War Hawk and was instrumental in taking the nation to war, he concluded that "The mad ambition, the lust of power, and commercial avarice of Great Britain have left to neutral nations an alternative only between the base surrender of their rights, and a manly vindication of them."

61. Edward Bellamy; Looking Backward

He was an American author and socialist, most famous for his Utopian novel, Looking Backward, set in the year 2000. It involved

59. Anaconda Plan/ Winfield Scott

His strategy was to take control of the Mississippi and have a naval blockade; he wanted the surround the south. He thought then that the South would come to terms and end the war with less bloodshed. He held on to the idea that many Southerners were eager to be won back by the Union.The Northern press made fun of his plan, calling it the Anaconda Plan.

60. Pueblo Revolt/ Popé :

Horrible circumstances made Pueblo Indians dissent from Christianity and were executed and whipped by the Spanish missionaries; Popé, a medicine man who was whipped for his beliefs gathered the most successful Native American uprising in history; plundered and killed Spaniards in New Mexico

75. Hutchinson/Antinomianism-

Hutchinson said that most ministers ignored the covenant of grace when they were preaching, leading people to hell; claimed direct contact from God (Antinomian heresy); fled to Narragansett Bay in 1638 and founded Newport and Portsmouth, which joined with Providence to form Rhode Island

23. Negative Growth/ New England

Immigrants started settling in places like New York or New Jersey rather than in New England. The people of New England started dying from diseases that they had left back in England, for example Small pox.

42. Edmund Andros

In 1686, sent by King James to take over a new gov. called the Dominion of England. Governed with an appointive council and a superior court. Imposed religious toleration, enforcer of the Navigation Acts. Overthrown by the Boston militia in 1689 when they found out that William had overthrown James.

10. ⅗ Rule impacts

In 1790 the South won the presidential votes because the ⅗ compromise gave them more votes from the slaves towards Thomas Jefferson. Also the electoral votes from the slaves gave them control over the houses.

4. division of labor

In post revolution era America, farm labor was done almost entirely by men. While women did work the fields, it was very rare, and eventually frowned upon. Many tools were invented specifically for men to use, such as the plough and the long-handled Scythe.

percentage of slave ownership

In the 1830s, almost 300,000 slaves were transported to southern states

2. Indian reservations

In the 1840s, the U.S. government decided to create a "permanent Indian frontier" at about the 95th meridian (roughly the western borders of Iowa, Missouri and Arkansas), but because of whit emigrants already setting in that area and settlers pressing against the borders of Indian territory, in little more than a decade the idea of "one big reservation" in the West would give way to the policy of forcing Indians onto small reservations. The government "negotiated" with Indian chiefs for vast cessions of land in return for annuity payment, but soon many Indians perished unable to break out of the reservations to reclaim their land.

6. Mixed agriculture

Instead of raising a single cash crop and risking something going wrong, farmers would grow a variety of animals and plants. Also called "safety first" farming.

impact of interstate slave trade / professional slave traders

Interstate trade was a major source of income for many masters. Teen slaves went for the most money. Many slave masters said that they wanted to try to keep the families together, but professional traders clearly did not care at all. They didnt mind separating slaves

20. Irish / Germans / Scots

Irish- The british were always outnumbered in America by other Europeans. The Irish, Germans, and Scots were all pushed out of Europe by the English and came to America

61. Iroquois/ Algonquin Wars:

Iroquois continued to be the dominant tribe in the Great Lake area of the New French frontier; dominated the Algonquin tribe; French traders provided the Algonquin with the resources needed to destroy the Iroquois

56. 13th Amendment, 1865

It abolished slavery. Passed on April 8, 1864 by the Senate, but the Democrats in the House blocked the ⅔ majority needed. Not until after Lincoln's reelection in 1864 would the House pass the amendment which became part of the Constitution on Dec 6, 1865.

65. Amalgamated Association / "sit-down"

It was an American labor union formed in 1876 and which represented iron and steel workers

11. Missouri Compromise

It was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30' north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. Prior to the agreement, the House of Representatives had refused to accept this compromise and a conference committee was appointed.

18. suburbs/ middle class:

It was thought that the middle class could not live among the rich, and would not live among the poor, so suburban cities that were not in the country, but not in the city began to form. They were detached houses with lawns.

71. federal surplus

Jackson removed deposits from the banks because he was anticipating a federal surplus that would have made the Bank of the U.S. significantly stronger, had it actually received them; this surplus came in large part from the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832; Jackson's administration was frugal and, therefore, did not consume much of the federal revenue; in 1833, the U.S. was actually able to pay off its national debt; passed the Deposit Act of 1836 to use up some of the surplus

34. Indian Removal Act

Jackson removed the Indians to land west of the Mississippi and congress made this into an act which got rid of all of the eastern Indians

32. rotation in office

Jackson wanted to put in this policy that allowed any honest intelligent citizen to be in office. He replaced one-tenth of the appointees that were in office and replaced them with more friends and political allies.

38. Jacksons reaction to John Marshall who was in office for way too long

Jackson was thus established as someone who did not follow the rule of law but instead made his own decisions based on circumstances. Jackson remained committed to state sovereignty instead of federal authority.

38. Ogelthorpe

James Ogelthorpe led a group of distinguished trustees, including members of both houses of Parliament, who set themselves up as a nonprofit corporation and announced that they would give land away, not sell it. The trustees obtained a 20-year charter from Parliament in 1732, raised money from Anglican friends, and launched the colony on land claimed by both Spain and Britain. The trustees recruited foreign Protestants, a small number of Moravian Brethren, and French Huguenots and interviewed many prospective settlers to distinguish the worthy poor from the unworthy.

45. Glorious Revolution

James's queen was going to have a Catholic baby boy= Catholic dynasty. Whigs and Tories got together and called in William of Orange and his wife, Mary (daughter of James). When William arrived, most of the army sided with him, James fled. William and Mary appointed joint sovereigns. Made toleration acts for Protestants, not Catholics.

46. repeal of direct tax and alien and sedition acts

Jefferson pressured Congress to abolish the direct tax of 1798 and to repeal the Alien and Sedition Acts, which were still in operation. To emphasize his opposition to the acts, Jefferson personally pardoned the ten victims of those laws who were still in prison.

26. Massachusetts Constitution

John Adams drafted the constitution. The constitution was drafted at the convention and then ratified by the people. Both houses would be elected annually and the representatives would be chosen by town and the senators by counties. The governor was elected by the people and have veto that could be overcome by 2/3 of both houses. All free males could vote. IT is the world's oldest written constitution and other states used it as a model.

41. Standard Oil Trust, 1879

John D Rockefeller monopolized the oil refining business with his monster company, the Standard Oil Trust. He either bought out or ruined his competitors and obtained rebated on railroad shipments of oil to create his monopoly.

28. Election of 1828

John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson; This was a shift towards modern american politics. This marked the end of the Jeffersonian Democracy and the beginning of Jacksonian Democracy.

56. Cash crop / tobacco -

John Rolfe helped Jamestown build a cash crop. 1613 - imported tobacco from West Indies. Brought a good price in England.

10. Presidential pardons

Johnson issued many pardons to ex-Confederates and restoring them all their old political rights

62. Sherman, Hood/ Georgia, 1864-

Johnston was replaced by John Bell Hood at Peachtree Creek (near Atlanta); Sherman and Hood fought near there; Hood's 15,000 men lost to Sherman's 6,000; Hood was forced to retreat to defend Atlanta from Sherman's siege

22. The Book of Mormon,1827

Joseph Smith said that in 1827, the Angel Moroni appeared to him and led him to golden plates that translated into The Book of Mormon. It told of a light-skinned people, descendants of the Hebrews, who had sailed to North America long before Columbus. They had had an epic, violent history, a covenanted relationship with God, and had been visited by Jesus following his crucifixion and resurrection.

66. Benedict Arnold/Quebec-

June 1775, marched through Maine to Quebec with 1,000 men; joined by Montgomery in December; Arnold was wounded in the siege of Quebec; proclaimed a hero

59. Lynn Shoe strike, 1860 -

Labor Unions started again after the panic. Workers fought to bring wages back to prepanic levels. Feb 1860shoemakers at Lynn, Mass, began the largest strike in US history up to that time. Eventually involved 20,000 workers in the New England shoe industry. 1850s- many national unions became organized, but less than 1% of labor force was unionized in 1860.

35. "lintheads" / Southern labor -

Labor force almost entirely white, drawn from farm families on piedmont. 40% were women. 25% were children 16yrs old or younger. Called "lintheads" by wealthier whites. They labored long hours for wages 1/2 of those in New Eng mills. Cheap laborS. mill owners had a competitive advantage.

44. Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890

Large companies operating across state lines could only be controlled by federal legislation. Reformers, wishing to bring back fair competition and outlaw monopolies, pushed Congress to pass the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, which stated that trusts were illegal. Though it seemed tough on trusts, the law was ineffectual b/c there were no firm definitions of "trust" or "restraint of trade". From 1890-3, 7/8 cases brought against the US gov by companies were lost to the companies.

51. Southern Whig Supporters

Large, city-like communities in the south were Whigs. An example would be the Plantations, because they had the large farm, and then smaller farmers working underneath.

38. splitting the Democratic party, 1858 -

Lecompton debate split the Democratic party because some northern Democrats defected and helped defeat Lecompton. This would lead to enmity between southerners and Douglas. It also assured the election of a Republican president.

Cornplanter

Led a minority of Shawnees. Them, along with a minority of Delawares, led by White Eyes and Killbuck, pursued friendly relations with Americans. Provided intelligence and served as wilderness guides. Refused to fight other Indians, did their best to preserve peace along frontier. Murdered in 1777.

58. Samuel Gompers / American Federation of Labor (AFL) philosophy -

Led the AFL. He was an immigrant cigar-maker. The AFL accepted capitalism and the wage system, and worked for better conditions, higher wages, shorter hours, and occupational safety w/in the system.

10. Rural Republicanism/ individualism

Like Jefferson's yeoman citizen ideal. An independent farmer, living equally with his neighbors. That about sums it up.

73. Freeport Doctrine

Lincoln asked Douglas how he supported Dred-Scot decision; Douglas said that even though the Court had legalized slavery in the territories, the enforcement of that right depended on the people who lived there

12. Lincoln's call to militia, 1862

Lincoln called for 300,000 new militia members for a three year volunteer army. In July congress passed a militia act giving the president greater powers to mobilize the state militias

77. Lincoln's assassination, April 14, 1865

Lincoln was attending a comedy at Ford's Theatre and John Wilkes Booth broke into Lincoln's box and shot him. (He was never actually assassinated though according to both Powerpoints that talked about him)

22. Lincoln's strategy

Lincoln was faced with a dilemma regarding the Fort Sumter situation: the regiments at the fort needed supplies; if Lincoln sent in supplies by force, it would be taken as an act of war from the Confederacy and strengthen their cause; if Lincoln withdrew the troops from Ft. Sumter, it would make the Confederacy legitimate and would lead to the permanent dissolution of the US. Lincoln's solution: Lincoln sent in unarmed supply ships. If Davis decided to attack, he would be the one provoking war, and if he didn't attack, the US would still have control of Ft. Sumter.

9. long horns / open range

Long horns were brought into Texas and for years grew in population. They had open range to roam around and do whatever they wanted to. Somebody decided to take them north to Abeline to stop a shortage of beef because of the Civil War. This caused several railroads to be built into Texas.

46. Tariff of 1832 -

Lowered the rates on many items but still affirmed the principles of protectionalism. Jackson wanted to isolate the nullifiers from southerners who hated the tariff. Helped lead the whites of SC and GA to intensify their distrust of outside authority & the wish to govern their own neighborhoods.

74. Lyman Beecher/ Charles Finney/ Theodore Weld

Lyman Beecher wrote the manifesto of the American Temperance Society. In a revival at Rochester Charles Finney made total abstinence a condition of conversion. Other churches followed suit. Theodore Weld gave a lecture on temperance and following that some grocers rolled their stock of whiskey out on the sidewalk and smashed the barrels. Others threw their liquor into the Erie Canal or sold it off at cost.

49. Atlanta Exposition Speech, 1895

Made by Booker T. Washington at the Atlanta Exposition celebrating Southern industry and progress. He pleaded with industrialist to hire black workers, not immigrants. He wanted "friendship of the races" but in his speech basically accepted segregation as a temporary step in return for white support of black progress.

23. changing patterns of family/marriage

Many People got married so that they could be able to survive in the Industrial Revolution. The modern family had to use their kids into child labor so that they were able to survive and thrive throughout the industrial Rev.

evangelical Christianity and revivals

Many Slaves embraced christianity and made it there own religion. When they were taken south they would take there beliefs with them. More and more free blacks started attending meetings and became preachers.

28. James Birney / Liberty Party

Many northern antislavery Whigs voted for Birney after Clay switched to supporting the annexation of Texas. Birney was a member of the Liberty Party, which opposed the annexation of any more slave territory. Birney probably took enough votes from Clay to give Polk the victory in New York and the electoral college.

6.Harvard College

Massachusetts founded Harvard College in 1636 so they would have formal schooling in their colony.

86. Wendell Phillips, Thomas Higginson, Theodore Parker

Members of the AAS who were Unitarians who opposed slavery as an affront to both humanity and rationality.

53. Act of Union

Merged England and Scottish parliaments and legalized Scottish participation in the tobacco trade

51. Free Soil Party, 1848 -

Met in a convention Aug 1848 that resembled a religious camp meeting more than a political gathering. Adopted a platform against slave states and slave territories, however, they didn't know how it would be done. They nominated Van Buren for president w/ Charles Francis Adams as his running mate. This campaign was marked by the futile efforts of both major parties to bury the slave issue. They caused the northern Dem and Whigs to take on antislavery stances.

20. Alamo, 1836 /Golidad, 1836

Mexican General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana led the Mexican army that captured the Alamo in San Antonio and killed all of its defenders. They also slaughtered another force at Goliad.

36. Phase 1

Mexican soldiers outnumbered but Americans were better, Zachary Taylor became a hero because of his victories on the Rio Grande

67. failure of the Canadian invasion-

Montgomery and Arnold laid siege on the city during a blizzard on December 31 with 900 men; nearly ½ of them were killed, wounded, or captured; Montgomery died and Arnold was wounded

33. Advantages of the North

More ppl (22.5 mill compared to South's 9 mill; also, 3.7 mill in South were slaves while Union only had 300,000). Economically superior: 9/10 of country's industrial capital and registered shipping; 4/5 bank capital; ¾ railroad mileage, rolling stock, and taxable wealth.

36. American Tobacco Co./James Duke -

Most tobacco workers black. Duke installed cigarette-making machines at Durham in 1885 - transformed tobacco industry. 1890: created the American Tobacco Co. Controlled 90% of market with Duke at the head.

35. marginal link to market economy

Most white farmers relied on the production of their households and neighbors, and they remained marginal to the market economy.

20. urban museums:

Museums est. during this time were the Metropolitan, Natural history, field, and fine arts museums. Many museums, such as the Metropolitan, said they catered to the "laborous" people. They were hypocrites, though, and had extremely strict rules on behavior and kicked someone out because he was wearing overalls. The newly wealthy liked to donate to museums because it would boost their social status.

35. Peace Treaty of 1800

Negotiated by Adams against the wishes of his party. Adams gave in to demands that Americans had been willing to go to war for. For example : pay Doing this seriously damaged the federalist party.

7. Neighborly Cooperation

Neighbors got along and helped each other out because it was hard to be self sufficient.

15. Yeoman of the cities

New England farmers on thin, worn-out soil can't compete with farmers in rich Northwest. Instead, New England farmers switch to raising livestock to sell meat and other animal products to growing factories and cities in the Northeast. When switch to livestock specialization, NE farmers reduced amount of land allocated for crops to devote more land for pastureland and concentrated on farming less land more intensely and productively. Economic disparities between the planters and farmers in the plantation belt continued to widen, but the farmers remained tied to the cotton economy and its economic and social imperatives.

33. public schools

New Southern constitutions mandated statewide public schools for whites and blacks. Though they could be segregated, schools for blacks was still a major step forward.

9. Tallmadge Amendments, 1819

New York congressman James Tallmadge Jr. proposed two amendments to the Missouri statehood bill. The first would bar additional slaves from being brought into Missouri (16 percent of Missouri's people were already slaves). The second would emancipate Missouri slaves born after admission when they reached their 25th birthday.

59. Nicholas Biddle /BUS

Nicholas Biddle was "the Bank's brilliant, aristocratic president," encouraged by senator Henry Clay and Daniel Webster to apply for recharter in 1832.

63. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

On July 21, the attacking Federals forded Bull Run and hit the rebels on the left flank, driving them back. The Federals seemed to be on the verge of victory, but a Virginia brigade commanded by Thomas J. Jackson stood "like a stone wall," earning Jackson the nickname he carried there after.

26. Pottawatomie Creek / John Brown-

On the night of May 24, 1856, John Brown and his company of Free State volunteers murdered five men settled along the Pottawatomie Creek in southeastern Kansas. The victims were prominently associated with the pro-slavery Law and Order Party, but were not themselves slave owners.

23. Northern army of liberation

Once the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect, the northern army became an army of liberation. The Union soldiers were now fighting to enforce the proclamation and free the slaves, even though many soldiers did not want to fight to free the slaves.

39. Failure of the Georgia Experiment

Ordinary farmers did poorly; they could not support a family on 50 acres of the sandy soil around Savannah, and because the trustees envisioned every landowner as a soldier, women could not inherit land, nor could landowners sell their plots. Settlers were unable to grow what they were intended to and started smuggling in alcohol and insisted that the colony would not survive without slaves. By the mid-1740s, enough people had died or left to reduce the population by more than half, and by 1752, it had dropped below the 2,800 who had first settled the colony. Between 1750 and 1752, the trustees dropped their ban on alcohol, allowed the importation of slaves, summoned an elective assembly (but only to consult, not legislate), and finally surrendered their charter to Parliament.

83. New Model Army

Parliament's army, disbanded after the Resoration. Its soldiers became full-time professionals, not a part-time militia.

57. Robert Morris / Bank of North America -

Philadelphia merchant. 1st secretary of finance, helped organize the Bank of North America (America's 1st), and made certain the army was clothed and well fed, but still not paid.

27. Polk's platform, 1844

Polk stood for the annexation of Texas and the acquisition of Oregon up to the Alaskan border (54 40'). Westerners supported the acquisition of Oregon as a free state to balance annexation of Texas as a slave state.

18. Postmillenialism/ Premillenialism

Postmillenialists believed that Christ's Second Coming would occur at the end of 1,000 years of social perfection brought about by the missionary conversion of the world. Premillenialists believed that that God would end the world in his own time

71. Southern view of criminals

Prison stressed punishment and profits. They wanted vengeance for the crime that had been committed. Some prisons leased the labor of the prisoners.

68. Pullman Strike, 1894

Pullman laid of one third of his workers and cut the wage of the others by 30% however they did not lower the cost of living in the company city which resulted in the workers turning to the American Railway Union.

7. Munn v. Illinois, 1877

Railroads challenged the Granger laws in court and eight challenges made their way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which in Munn v. Illinois (1877) ruled that states could regulate businesses clothed with a "public interest" - railroads and other common carriers, millers, innkeepers, and the like.

44. civil service exams

Reformers wanted to separate the bureaucracy from the government by making civil servants take an intense civil service exam

32. Wide Awake Clubs: "free soil, free speech, free men"

Republican clubs that marched in torch-light parades shouting "Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Men, Frémont!"; a moral cause against slavery

74. John Sherman Crisis / House of Reps

Republican speaker of the house; had signed endorsement of The Impending Crisis of the South; freaked all the South out so Sherman withdrew

13. Suspension of the writ of habeus corpus

Riots occured against Lincoln's call to arms and the president decided to suspend this writ in order to control these. The writ itself is what garuntees a fair and speedy trial. It was stated that in times of rebellion, this could be revoked.

74. Williams/ Rhode Island -

Roger Williams banished from Bay colony; founded Providence; relig tolerance and rights of Native Americans; combined with portsmouth into Rhode Island

50. Samuel Slater / Pawtucket, Rl, 1790

Samuel Slater was one of people who defied the law and made their way to North America and built the first Arkweight spinning mill in America at Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1790.

55. Union foreign policy / Seward and Adams -

Sec of State Seward and Minister to Eng Charles Francis Adams made up the Union foreign policy team. Seward issued blunt warnings against recognizing the Confederacy. Adams softened them with diplomacy. Other nations wouldn't recognize the Confederation until it won its independence.

23. Rush/Bagot Treaty, 1817

Secretary of State John Q. Adams pacified the American-Canadian border by pacifying the Great Lakes, restoring American fishing rights off the coast of Canada, and extending the US-Canadian border west to the Rocky Mts.

16. Crittenden Compromise, 1861

Senator Crittenden of Kentucky created a compromise that would pretty much guarantee perpetual slavery and no way for the federal government to be involved in stopping it. It also called for compensation for slave holders who had had their slaves runaway and not be found.

12. Thomas Proviso

Senator Jesse Thomas of Illinois then proposed the so-called Thomas Proviso: If the north would admit Missouri as a slave state, the South would agree to outlaw slavery above a line extending from the southern border of Missouri to Spanish territory.

47. Treaty of Washington

Settled the Alabama Claims which wanted money from Britain for destroying Confederate ships

75. fall of Richmond, 1865

Sheridan's cavalry and an infantry corps smashed the right flank of Lee's line and forced Lee to abandon both Petersburg and Richmond. The Confederate government fled its capital and its army set fire to all the military stores it could not carry. The fires spread and destroyed more of Richmond than the Northern troops had destroyed of Atlanta or Columbia.

18. land redistribution question / "40 acres and a mule"

Sherman had set aside thousands of acres that were to be given to freed slaves and a the surplus of mules was also to be given to the freed slaves.

31. 54 40' or fight / Oregon

Since 1818, Americans and British had jointly occupied Oregon. In his inaugural address, Polk claimed that Oregon was America's right. Westerners demanded the fulfillment of this promise to acquire all of Oregon. "54 40' or fight!" was their slogan, as they demanded the entire Oregon Territory up to the 54th parallel (the Alaskan border).

Africa evangelicals: Methodist and Baptist

Slaves would also mix Christianity with there west african practices which usually resulted in rather strange rituals. slaves took the word of the bible and interpreted it differently then their masters. Many slaves used the bible to say that they were not made by God to be slaves and that in heaven all would be rectified.

39.colonial status of the south

Southern cities continued to be few and to perform the colonial functions of 18th century seaports.

17. Spanish intervention

Spain wanted to avenge old defeats by Britain. They joined France in the war against Britain and hoped to retake Gibraltar and stabilize Spain's North American borders. They overran British west Florida and Britain ceded East Florida so Spain for the first time held all the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico.

58. Country faction

Stood for liberty. Against the standing armies and attacked the financial revolution. Wanted an early peace with France, tried to ban Parliament members from being in the House of Commons.

9. Sugar Act, 1764

Taxed Madeira wine, coffee. This was the beginning of the war against smugglers led by Grenville.

18. power of colonial assemblies

Technically they had the power to decide the taxes and budget of their economy, but because they were a colony, others usually decided these things for them. Basically they had little to no power because the British did whatever they wanted to.

53. Terrance Powderly/ radical views

Terrance Powderly was the leader of the Knights of labor. Powderly had a anti-strike policy because they were often counter productive. He had a radical vision in which worker's cooperatives would own the means of production.

57. American Federation of Labor, 1886

The AFL was an asociation of unions organized by trade or craft. Most members were skilled workers, which allowed the AFL to prosper.

46. American schooling /"adaptative versatility"

The British also attribute America's industrial success to the American educational system. He says British men are trained too strictly and dont think up new ways to do things, unlike Americans who always are thinking of ways to improve their work.

81. Fort McHenry/ Baltimore -

The British attacked Baltimore, but couldn't defeat the garrison at the harbor of Fort McHenry. The battle inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The Star-Spangled Banner" which was chosen as the national anthem.

19. Impressments of seamen

The British captured some of Americas seamen for their navy to get back at the British sailors who switched sides

54. King Cotton diplomacy / failures -

The Confederacy inadvertently contributed to the blockade's success when it adopted King Cotton diplomacy. Cotton was important to Eng diplomacy and 3/4 of their supply came from the South. The South believed that if that supply was cut off, the Eng economy would collapse. So they thought that Eng would recognize South's independence and use their navy to break the blockade. So the South held onto their own crops, but Eng was able to grow their own. This hurt the South. This also was against the South's foreign policy, to persuade the Eng and French governments to refuse to recognize the blockade. The foreign policy also failed to win diplomatic recognition by other nations.

49. pluralism / prosperity of New Netherland

The Dutch settlers in New Netherland were ethnically and religiously diverse, making up the first North American pluralistic society. The New Netherland government appealed to Protestants, supported by the Orangist monarchy, while accepting religious toleration to benefit their trade. After setting off a war with the Algonquian nations in 1643, the population dropped to 700 in 1647. Stuyvesant, the new governor brought in in 1647, made peace, strengthened town governments, and strengthened the Dutch Reform Church. Under his rule, the population increased to 6,000 by 1664 and many immigrants were part of healthy, reproductive families.

22. Exceptions to emancipation

The Emancipation Proclamation exempted all slave states that were not in rebellion (still in the Union or occupied by Union forces). Lincoln only had the power to confiscate enemy property, so he could not interfere with slavery in states who weren't "enemies" (in rebellion).

3. Second Bank of the United States

The Second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816, five years after the First Bank of the United States lost its own charter. The Second Bank of the United States was initially headquartered in Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia the same as the First Bank, and had branches throughout the nation.

54. Socialist Labor Party

The Socialist Labor Party was prominent in Chicago. It won 14% of the vote and 5 members of the Illinois legislature. It fell into pieces after the depression recovered.

66. failures of the Turner thesis

The Turner thesis is largely discredited as failing to explain the experiences of the great majority of people throughout most of American history who lived and worked in older cities and towns or on farms or plantations hundreds of miles from any frontier, and whose culture and institutions were molded more by their place of origin than by a frontier. The whole concept of frontier as a line of white settlement beyond which lay empty land has been discredited because other peoples had lived on that land for millennia. The Turner thesis also ignored the environmental consequences of the westward movement.

73. Land Invasion of Canada, 1812

The War Hawks assumed that no naval force could rival that of the British, so they instead prepared to attack Canada. Reasons: 1) It seemed the most logical place to damage the British. 2) From bases in Canada the British armed the Indians of the Northwest. 3) Canada was valuable because after France had blocked Britain's plantation colonies in the West Indies, Canada began to fill the gap. America planned on holding Canada hostage while demanding Britain to back down on other issues/

42. Whig opposition to war

The Whigs wanted to keep the land we had and improve over time, they did not want Mexico and California

5. competence

The ability to provide food and common comforts for their family while also achieving long term security and being able to pass the farm down to their sons.

15. Pro-British

The federalists chose to be pro-Britian because they believed America was just an improved version of Britain and did not like the French

98. Seneca Falls Convention, NY, 1848

The first Women's Rights Convention, it was almost entirely composed of white female abolitionist, the only male delegate was the black abolitionist Frederick Douglass. They based their demands for equality not only on legal and moral arguments but also on the spirit of republican institutions.

2. Life Expectancy Differences

The life expectancy of the south was much lower than the life expectancy of the north. In the north men often died in their 60's, while in the south it was more common to die in your mid 40's.

41. "Era of Good Stealing" -

The name they gave to the postwar decade full of corruption. During war, the expansion of government contracts and the bureaucracy had created new opportunities for scammers. After the war came a relaxation of tensions and standards. There was rapid post-war economic growth and increase in RR construction, which encouraged greed and get-rich-quick schemes.

11. Irish and German Immigrants of he 1840's

The pressure of a growing population that Germany couldn't support and the repetition of potato famines in Ireland pushed people out of those countries and to the US.

2.Main Union War Aim, 1861

The union had to attack the south to win the war. They're plan was to split the south at the Mississippi River.

43. Top 4 leading industries in 1850s

The value of exports and imports increased by 200%, mined coal tonnage by 270%, banking capital, industrial capital, and industrial output by approx. 100%, farmland value by 100%, and cotton, wheat, and corn harvests by 70%. Railroads were also taking off as an industry.

67. ecological destruction and reforms

The virtual destruction of the bison, the hunting almost to extinction of other forms of wildlife, the ravaging of virgin forests by indiscriminate logging, and the plowing of semi-arid grasslands on the plains drastically changed the ecological balnce in the West. These ecological changes stored up trouble for the future in the form of soil erosion, dust bowls, and diminished biodiversity.

52. "Africanization"

There was a myth that the southern governments were going to be filled with blacks even though they only held 15% of offices

50. Republican party in the South

There was much Republican instability in the south even though they were able to pass the 15th amendment. Most of the southern supporters were poor, illiterate, and landless.

9. Lack of Specie

There wasn't enough specie to go around so people used French and Spanish coins. Most Farmer people used the "changing system" where they just remembered what they owed. They also used the barter system, described in number 8. yaaaaa.

81. "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too"

This was a nickname for Harrison and his VP, John Tyler, who, /when Harrison died, eventually became president.

75. election crisis, 1876

Tilden won four states in the North and all former slave states but Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida; Only needed one of those three states to win (Hayes needed all three to win); it initially looked like Tilden won Louisiana and Florida, but the results were sketchy because of rampant voter fraud and bulldozing; officially, Hayes won all three states; Democrats didn't accept these results; they used their power in the House to create a special electoral commission, which announced its results in the Compromise of 1877

24. near extinction of buffalo; impacts

To deprive the Indians of physical and spiritual sustenance, Sheridan/Sherman encourage extermination of buffalo herds. Professional hunters slaughter buffalo by the millions, and in 1883 the buffalo became nearly extinct. This ended traditional Indian culture and most Indians gave up and came into the reservations.

25. Townshend program/Revenue Act, 1767 -

Townshend program was a series of acts and doings that angered the colonists and set them up for a conflict with Britain. The new Revenue Act imposed new duties on certain imports (see page 169) that the colonists could only buy legally from Britain.

46. Sources of Labor unrest -

US had the highest rate of industrial accidents caused by the drive for greater speed & productivity on railroads and in factories. This led many families into poverty. No workmen's compensation. Factory workers had less say in factory dealings: Machines took jobs and managers decided on procedures instead of the workers. Many specialized crafts could now be performed by anyone. Workers ended up selling their product, not their labor. Most worked for others rather than themselvestheir battle for independence led to unrests.

59. neutrals right to trade-

US resumed role as neutral food supplier at the urging of both Britain and France; between 1803 and 1807, US exports rose from $66.5 million to $102.2 million

72. Victories in the Western campaign

Union forces continued to triumph in the western theater; the combined armies of Grant and Buell, commanded by Halleck, virtually wiped out the Confederate fleet at Memphis; the Union decisively won at the Battle of Pea Ridge; other such victories gave the North the impression that the war was nearly over

18. Political Party Machine / Democratic Party

Van Buren asserted that Parties were necessary to keep order and stability in the country. Together with a few other politicians Van Buren organized the Democratic party and established a two-party system.

22. Virginia Constitution

Virginia was the first state to adopt a permanent republican constitution. Made the legislature supreme and it would choose the governor, the governor's council, and all judges above justice of the peace. The governor had no veto or patronage. The lower house had annual elections while the upper house served for 4 years.

21. Journeymen Wage Earners

Wage Earners are people who work for their pay. this was very important for the Industrial Revolution, so that there were blue collar workers that would run the factories.

22. Montgomery's Ward and Sears, Roebuck—

Ward had worked at Marshall Field's firm in Chicago; Ward created a mail-order business that reached out to rural consumers; he expanded to a 72 page catalogue that listed almost a thousand items in a variety of departments; Montgomery Ward and Sears, Roebuck used the railways to deliver the goods

97. Pennsylvania/ William Penn, 1681

William Penn's father was great friends with the king and he granted William a charter after his father died; wanted his colony to be a refuge for quakers, enact liberal ideas in gov't and generate income for himself

62. Hudson valley revolt

Yankees refused to pay rent to the manor lords of the Hudson valley so they started a revolt that was subdued with difficulty by the manor owners.

30. non-consumption British goods -

a bunch of towns agreed not to consume British goods. Pennsylvania wanted to wait to see what parliament would do.

4. Federal slave code

a code passed by Lincoln and the Federal government regarding slavery

77. Demonetization of silver / Crime of '73

a conspiracy to destroy silver, the peoples' money, in favor of gold, the bankers' money

72. federal government monetary policies / deflation

a decrease in the general price level of goods and services. Deflation occurs when the inflation rate falls below 0%

21. Mad Anthony Wayne

a general who Washington send to defeat the NW tribes powered by Britain. The major successful battle occurred at Fallen Timbers.

20. thirty years war

a giant war between most European countries. Protestant countries vs. Catholic countries. It was ended by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Catholicism declined after the war.

42. holding companies

a holding company owns part of another company's stock. It allows the owner to own a number of different companies. Andrew Carnegie used this technique in building his monopoly in steel. For example, if he controlled a company that mined iron and copper, a company that ran steamboats, and a factory where steel was processed, he would own everything he'd otherwise have to pay for. That type of "vertical monopoly" is achieved using holding companies to organize all the different firms owned.

37. American System-

a market-driven economy that would supersede sectionalism and unify the United States; until about 1840, not accomplished by the market revolution, which had great impacts within regions but not so much between them; the North and Mid-Atlantic were on their way to becoming an integrated society, but unlike what Henry Clay had hoped for with the American System, the South was being left out

66. Hinton R. Helper

a spokesperson for non-slave holders in the south who wrote a book, The Impending Crisis of the South, which blamed slavery for all of the south's problems

33. war of attrition

after French alliance, war is a test of which side would exhaust its resources or lose the will to fight first.

80. power transfer from South to North/ triumph of free labor capitalism

before the Civil War 2/3 of the government was controlled by Southern slaveholders. After the Civil War the North gained control politically.

30. Metcom (King Philip)

called King Phillip by the English. He was sachem of the Wampanoags and the son of Massassoit (celebrated first thanksgiving with Pilgrims). Remarked if he became a "praying sachem, I shall be a poor weak one, and easily trod upon."

85. Omaha Platform / election of 1892

called for unlimited coinage of silver 16 to 1; creation of subtreasury programs; direct election of senators; laws to protect labor unions; won 9 percent of popular vote and 22 electoral votes

58. clerks/ white collar labor

clerks were young men who hoped to rise in the world and many did. They formed a white-collar class. This class included a large amount of people.

4. Coercion vs Volunteerism

coercion made the reforms happen right away rather than the volunteering of everybody to help with the reforms

17. Santee Sioux, 1862

confined on reservations across Mississippi; 1862, late annuity payments threaten starvation, and the Sioux seek to reclaim ancestral hunting grounds. A robbery and murder of 5 white settlers provokes a mass war against whites in which 500 Minnesota whites were killed. When the Sioux uprising was finally stopped by state militias, many Indians were convicted of murder and sentenced to death. Though Lincoln pardoned a huge number of convicted Sioux, 38 were hanged on Dec 26, 1862. Also, the gov. evicted the remaining Sioux to the Dakota Territory.

74. Yamasee war

conflict between the South Carolina colonists and the local Indian tribes. Many Indian tribes attacked the colonists

15. New England Confederation

created by colonists in 1643, a defensive alliance which united the 4 colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven

19. Texas Republic, 1836

delegates from Texas met at a village called Washingtn and declared Texas an independent republic and adopted a constitution based on the US model. It took them less than 7 months to win and consolodate their independence.

30. Democratic party platform, 1856

democrats were for slavery. They wanted Kansas to be a slave state.

23. Sherman/Sheridan's tactics

drive off Indians by burning their crops and villages. Responsible for rounding up Indians and forcing them to move onto reservations.

plantation elite / white gentility

elite set of farmers that owned plantations in the South.

42. Exposition and Protest, 1828

essay published anonymously by Calhoun. Argued that the Const. was a compact between sovereign states; therefore, states should have ultimate power of deciding the constitutionality of federal laws. State conventions should have authority to nullify any federal law within state borders. Echoed Va and Ky resolutions of 1799; anticipate secessionist arguments of 1861.

45. Pendleton Act

established the modern structure of civil service

58. Whig support of internal improvements/ Seward

favored direct action by state governments. They assumed a connection between market society and moral progress. Ultimately, a vote for internal improvements was a vote for moral progress.

57. Court faction

favored policies that strengthened its war-making capabilities. Defended the army buildup and the financial revolution.

13. Quartering Act, 1765

gave authority for soldiers to stay in private homes while on the march or away from their barracks. Before act was created, colonies were required to give soldiers specific supplies, such as candles and beer and house them in public buildings.

barter economy

goods are exchanged for goods, as opposed to money. Seen throughout the southern upcountry.

19. separation of powers; bicameral legislature

government would be divided into three branches. Executive with veto, legislature, and a judicial independent of the other two. Two houses would be able to expose the failings of the other.

26. Covenant Chain of Peace

governor of New York Edmund Andros and the Iroquois Five Nations agreed to this pact to make New York the easternmost link in what the English called the Covenant Chain of Peace. It was a defensive advantage for a lightly populated colony. New York avoided conflict while others were drawn into Indian wars.

75. John Brown/ Harper's Ferry revolt scheme, 1859

had disappeared from Public eye but had plans; planned to capture federal arsenal at Harper's ferry, arm slaves with the muskets he seized there. and move southward along the Appalachian Mountains attracting more slaves to his army until slavery was destroyed; plan failed; Brown was hung

14. Archbishop Hughes, NY

he attacked abolitionists and noted that the Catholic groups had grown three times faster than the protestants

77. Franklin Pierce

he was nominated for president by the Democrats, he was from the north but had southern principles and he said that his main goal was to annex Cuba if he got elected to presidency

68. "underground railroad"

helped slaves get out of being chased by slave hunters; assisted by Northern whites

28. American printing centers-

in the 17th century few Americans owned books (except in New England because Puritans placed importance on reading the Bible for yourself). Only Massachusetts had printing press in Cambridge for the Harvard College. William Bradford was printer in Philadelphia but he moved to New York. Boston had a newspaper published by John Campbell. Two more papers opened there. Philadelphia and New York each had a newspaper. Also Charleston and Williamsburg had newspapers. Mostly published European news. Rarely published local news because everyone already knew it.

9. Black Republicans

in the south few people could tell the difference between Lincoln and Seward, they claimed that they were all just 'Black Republican" abolitionists

57. new middle class

included wholesale and retail merchants, small manufacturers, lawyers, salesmen, auctioneers, clerks, bookkeepers, and accountants.

15. external vs internal taxes

internal taxes were taxes that were imposed on land, people, retail items, or legal documents and newspapers. Most colonists thought that only their elective assemblies had the power to impose internal taxes. External taxes were taxes based on oceanic trade, such as port duties. Some colonists thought of them more as a means of regulating trade than as taxes for revenue

23. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, 1830-

is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saints movement, a Christian primitivist movement started by Joseph Smith during the American Second Great Awakening.

16. activities of the Freedman's Bureau

issue food rations, encouraged blacks to sign free labour contracts, caused the creation of share wages.

4. Nathaniel Greene-

lame Rhode Island Quaker who saved his men in New Jersey by abandoning Fort Lee

69. role of the Continental Congress-

like a government; royal powers (parliamentary powers held by individual colonies); no taxes or trade regulation (although encouraged nonimportation); no laws; controlled the Continental Army; printed paper money; diplomatic relations with Indians; decided which colonies' governments were legitimate; operated the postal service; basically, everything that the Crown used to do

30. Impact of Eerie Canal/ NY corridor

massive profits, especially for NY cuz all trade from great lakes area went thru NY. NY corridor of Eerie Canal in western NY settled largely by country ppl, became great grain-growing region

5. George Washington-

moved the Continental Army from Boston to New York City; moved half of his army to Long Island; driven out of Manhattan and Westchester by the Howe brothers

7. gold/silver/copper rushes

mthey were many different areas around the United States that involved these metals and mining for them. It turned over huge profit and was very poipular during the 19th century

61. McKinley Tariff, 1890-

named after Ohio Congressman William McKinley; raised duties to almost 50%, an insanely high amount; this was the highest tariff since the 1828 Tariff of Abominations; it taxed a wide range of products

55. scalawags in the south

native born whites who were in the Southern Republican Party from North Carolina and Virginia

78. reaction of South to John Brown's situation

northern sympathy enraged southerners and weakened the frayed threads of the Union

39. railroad building N/W link -

number of railroads in operation quintupled and construction provided employment for many immigrants and spurred growth in industries that produced, rails, rolling stock, and other railroad equipment. Most railroad construction took place in the Old Northwest.

56. Goal of KKK

one minor goal was to control the black population. Their major goal was to destroy the Republican party by terrorizing its voters and killing its leaders.

1. Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, 1863

outlined the path by which each Southern state could rejoin the Union

83. "subtreasuries"

people got mad when Andrew Jackson started his pet banks. They made laws to prevent this. These laws said that federal money could only be placed in the treasury or a subtreasury.

76. Greenback Party / "Free silver"

platform called for issuance of more U.S. treasury notes; the ratio of gold to silver made silver become greatly undervalued

22. Staple Act (1663)

products had to land in england before they could be taken to any of the colonies

59. Lee, Grant/ Battle of the Wilderness, 1864-

rant decided to go on the offensive and headed to Virginia by crossing the Rapidan River. There Lee attacked his troops in very thick shrubbery, so all off the soldiers were very confused and frenzied. 18000 union soldiers died/wounded, 12000 confederates. South counted it as a victory for them because they halted Grant's offensive.

75. Mid-Atlantic Loyalists

resistance to independence came mostly from mid-Atlantic colonies, from New York through Maryland. These colonies were still loyal too Britain. All of them had to be overthrown along with the royal (or proprietary) governments.

63. Webster's speech

seventh of March speech; reply to Calhoun and appeal to North for a compromise; "I wish to speak to day ...as an American."; believed that God helped those who helped themselves, many of Webster's former antislavery admirers repudiated his leadership—especially because he also endorsed a fugitive slave law

74. Hessian mercenaries

soldiers bought from Hesse and other north German states. They were bought by Lord George Germain who was the newly appointed secretary of state for the American colonies and thus the war minister. They were bought to be sent to America and the colonists disliked this.

27. Robert Fulton's Clermont, 1807

steamboat upriver trip from new york city to albany

56. Strict vs. loose construction

strict constructionism is the belief that the government has no powers beyond those specified in the Constitution. Jefferson was a believer of strict construction. Loose constructionism is the belief that the government can take reasonable actions that the constitution does not specifically forbid. Hamilton was a believer of loose construction.

70. Battle of Shiloh, 1862

surprise attack of Union soldiers by Albert Sidney Johnston and his men in Tennessee near a church named Shiloh; Union army, under Ulysses S. Grant, held their ground and ultimately forced the Confederates to retreat; terrible losses on both sides-- over 23,000 casualties; Johnston died during the battle

9. Oregon fever

swept the Mississippi Valley from 1842 to 1843; thousands of farm families sold their land and made the 2,000 mile trek from Missouri to Oregon (or California); passed through lands claimed by three countries (U.S., Mexico, and Britain) to get there

African slave trade-

the African slave trade was set to end in 1808 but continued on a sort of black market level after that

16. Parochial Schools, 1852

the Church began to build parochial schools because they claimed that the public schools were purveying socialism, deism, atheism, and pantheism.

65. Prisoner exchanges/ POW issues, 1864-

the Democrats' platform condemned Lincoln's "shameful disregard" of prisoners of war in Confederate prison camps; this became one of the most bitter issues of the war (mainly in Northern politics); 1862- Union and Confederate troops signed a cartel for the exchange of prisoners captured in battle; this worked well for a year, rendering large prison camps unnecessary; once the Union army organized regiments made up of ex-slaves, the Confederacy announced that they would put captured POWs to death

65. Louisbourg/New Orleans

the French began to get concerned because of their recent losses and rebuilt Louisbourg. They also rebuilt Fort Ticonderoga to protect Crown Point

76. Election of 1836 /Van Buren

the Whigs ran three candidates to try and split the votes so Van Buren couldn't win, but it didn't work.

19. millenniumism

the belief that Jesus will come back after the world ends and rule it for 1,000 years.

commercialized farms

the commercialization of the northern family farm created a rural demand for credit, banking facilities, farm tools, clothing, and other consumer goods and services, spurring a revolution in commerce, finance, and industry

46. Plessy vs Ferguson

the supreme court allowed Jim Crow laws to happen as long as facilities were the same as each other- which they never were

43. spoils system abuses

the system staffed the bureaucracy with with under-qualified people who worked more for their party than for the government

2. Railway expansion

there was a boom in this because of the Homestead Act which provided large loans and subsidies to two railroad companies

9. American Renaissance of the 1850's

this included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, Susan Warner, and many other authors of this new era in America

22. Free State Party

this party completely disagreed with what happened in kansas and refused to follow any law that came out of that legislature. They elected their own legislature and governor in the state of kansas to rival the other one.

King's College-

today called Columbia University; located in New York City; Samuel Johnson, a noted moral philosopher, became the first president of King's College in the 1750s

48. British North America Act

united Canadian colonies into Dominion of Canada

23. Final secession

upper South- when Lincoln issued a call for troops, the 8 slave states still in the Union rejected his call. 4 of the states (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina) seceded and joined the Confederacy.

3. The Great American Desert

used in the 19th century to describe the western part of the Great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains in North America.

56. Hard Money Democrats

wanted to eliminate paper currency altogether, and almost all Democrats demanded a high ratio of specie reserves to banknotes as a guard against inflation.

war refugees

war creates tons of refugees: 20,000 former slaves flee to Jamaica, Nova Scotia, London, or British colony in Sierra Leone, West Africa; 60-70 thousand colonists move to other parts of the British empire. War created 30 refugees for every 1,000 ppl, as compared to 5 refugees per 1,000 in French&Indian War.

37. Election of 1868

was a referendum on the Reconstruction policy; Democrats run on platform against Reconstruction acts. Democratic Presidential candidate , Horatio Seymour, runs against Grant. Klu Klux Klan tries to suppress Republican voters in South by terrorizing them. Grant still wins by an overwhelming majority in electoral college (only gets majority of popular vote w/ black votes).

24. John Tyler and annexation

when Harrison died Tyler became president. He broke with the Whig party and decided to annex Texas. He appointed Calhoun to secretary of state so he could negotiate a treaty of annexation.

78. Hierarchy based on sex and race

white argument of "natural" differences; God gave these groups different emotional, mental, and physical abilities; females and nonwhites more sinful than white men; this hierarchy seldom questioned in public-- accepted as an unfortunate fact of life

27. race riots

white mobs, including former Confederate soldiers, killed 80 blacks (some of them Union soldiers) in Memphis and New Orleans. Riots help prove the Republican's point that federal force is needed to protect freedmen.

77. ⅗ Compromise

⅗ of all the slaves would be counted toward your population

12. range reforms, 1890s

Thousands of cattle and cowboys died during a freeze. This caused the remaining cowboys to stop open range grazing and start providing hay for their cattle.

78. Whig successes in 1838 elections

Whigs scored gains in the midterm elections of 1838. They won control of New York. They blamed the depression on Jackson's policies. Called Van Buren "Martin Van Ruin".

91. Democratic paternalism vs Whig domesticity /differing masculine styles

Whigs valued a reformed masculinity. Democrats made heroes of men whose flamboyant, rakish lives directly challenged Whig domesticity. Democrats admired Jackson for allegedly steal his wife from another man; Whigs denounced him.

10. "necessary and proper" or elastic clause

This is a clause in the Constitution which stated that Congress is allowed to do what is necessary and proper" to perform its duties. It was used as an excuse to expand federal power.

19. education efforts

After war, 2000 Northern teachers went all over the South to train black teachers to staff mission schools and later schools established by Reconstruction state governments. After 1870, the missionary societies focused more on making higher education available to African Americans. Many traditionally black colleges in South today were founded by the societies efforts. These helped decrease the illiteracy rate of Southern blacks from 70 percent in 1880 to 48 percent in 1900.

70. Slave Catchers

Agents sent to recapture escaped slaves. it didnt matter how long it had been since they escaped slave catchers still took them and brought them back to the plantation.

64. Ohio Company/George Washington

Aggressive Virginians created the Ohio Company which settled the Ohio Valley. They hired George Washington as a surveyor for them.

26. failure of Adam's domestic policies

All of Adams domestic policies were pretty much a slap in the face to the Jacksonians. Most of these policies were wasteful and useless. They alienated southerners.

7. "stuck up aristocrats" vs yeoman whites

Andrew Johnson gave this name to the planters who had no empathy for the Southern Yeoman

22. Declaratory Act, 1766

said britain can impose laws in colonies

56. Henry Clay / Compromise of 1850 -

After being involved in politics for so long, Clay was the most respected and still the most magnetic figure in the Senate. Hoped to unite the North & South in a compromise. Jan 29, 1850presented 8 proposals to the Senate. Grouped the 1st 6 into pairs, each pair offering one concession to the North and one to the South. The public process in the formation of the compromise included many speeches (by Calhoun, Webster, and Seward). The proposals were bunched together in a single bill, which was a wrong tactic. Representatives and senators would vote against the bill b/c of the parts they didn't like. Clay fled the heat and Stephen A. Douglas stepped in, reversing Clay's tactics. He submitted each part separately, gaining support for each. Taylor died so Millard Fillmore became the new president and he supported the compromise. It was finally passed as a final settlement of all sectional problems.

47. Logistical efforts N vs S:

After moving from the railheads or supply bases, armies depended on animal-powered transport. Depending on conditions, Union armies required 1 horse or mule for every 2 or 3 men. Confederate armies, operating mostly in friendly territory closer to their bases, needed fewer. The The logistical problems offset the industrial supremacy of the North, but as the war continued, the North's economy became more prepared and the Union army became the best-supplied army in history at that time. The South began to create war industries, producing food and weapons, but they had trouble replacing damaged railroads. Therefore, supplies couldn't reach the soldiers. The North economy grew stronger while the South's became weaker.

29. African American writers

After the Columbian Exposition in Chicago African American writers expressed outrage with crusader Ida B. Wells in a pamphlet called "The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World's Columbian Exposition".

28. Quasi-war with France

After the XYZ affair, America had a few battles with French in the Carribean which America won due to their British gunpowder and supplies.

37. the burning of the White City

After the fair was over, no one knew what to do with the huge, temporary buildings. Small fires destroyed the decorations on the small buildings and homeless ppl moved in. On July 5, 1894, a huge fire destroyed the big buildings.

67. Western secessionist movements

After the war whenever a citizen was unhappy because congress could not meet their immediate needs they tried to leave and head west. Out in the west neither congress nor eastern governments were really able to regulate what went on or to give support.

24. Pinckney Treaty

Americas treaty with Spain that gave America the right to trade with New Orleans and sail along the Mississippi

7. Amherst/Bouquet

Amherst ordered Henry Bouquet to use smallpox infested blankets to kill off the Native Americans who had captured Fort Pitt.

21. slave families / slave marriages

Among few priviledges that were given to some slaves was the right to have a family. Some slave owners allowed marriages and families on their plantation because it made things more peaceful and it made the masters feel good about themselves. The children of these families typically got to live with both of their parents.

50. Charleston Invasion:

An English plan to have Clinton's army in New York invade South Carolina and take Charleston where a bunch of loyalists would create an army to take the countryside. From there the army would split into two parts, one would stay in Charleston and the other would take the Coast of New Jersey. They ended up taking Charleston which surrenered on May 12 with a lot of prisoners.

40. Lords of Trade

An abbreviation of the Lords Committee of Trade and Plantations, it was an agency created in 1675 which was a permanent committee of the Privy Council. They enforced the Navigation Acts and administered the colonies.

51. conditions in mill towns/child labor

As Slater's business grew he advertised for widows with children, Slader's use of children from these families prompted respectable farmers and craftsmen to pull their children out of Slater's growing complex of mills, more poor families arrived to take their places. The workplace was closely supervised and drinking and other troublesome practices were forbidden in the villages, fathers and sons worked either on tented farms or as laborers at the mills. Factory towns using the Waltham System were different from the early Rhode Island mills in two ways: (1) they were heavily capitalized and as fully mechanized as possible; they turned raw cotton into finished cloth with little need for skilled workers; and (2) their workers were young, single women recruited from the farms of northern England - farms that were switching to livestock raising, and thus had little need for the labor of daughters.

38. gap between the rich and the poor

As a handful of crafty entrepreneurs made immense fortunes for themselves, they exploited the workers, who got poorer. Even though average per capita income rose, this did not equate into higher living standards for all. Many unskilled and semiskilled workers barely made enough to support themselves, and families were often supported by 2-3 wage-earners.

21. Henry Clay/ corrupt bargain

As the election of 1824 did not have a clear winner, Congress had to vote on which candidate would be President, Adams or Jackson. Jackson thought he would obviously be chosen because he had the majority of votes. However, Henry Clay, who could influence many representatives as Speaker of the House, made a corrupt bargain with Adams: he would support Adams and get him elected if Adams appointed him secretary of state, the office that traditionally leads to the presidency. Though Jackson refused to be part of this bargain, Adams accepted, was voted into the Presidency, and appointed Clay secretary of state. When the public learned of the scandal, it ruined Clay's reputation and the Adams administration.

19. reputable mechanics

As the republican virtue started to fade, artisans started to be replaced by cheaper labor and undercut by subcontracted "slop work" performed by semiskilled rural outworkers.

45. British Dissent to War: abdicating.

As the war dragged on, the British public grew increasingly dissatisfied with the war. The economy was disrupted by privateers and taxes and national debt climbed drastically. People felt that it would be better to concede independence to the colonies than to fight a long war of attrition to conquer them back. Lord North almost resigned, and the king came close to

10. standard time zones, 1883

Before the post-Civil War boom in railroads, there was no such thing as "standard" time: instead, many localities and cities kept their own time, derived from the sun's meridian in each locality. In 1883, a consortium of railroad companies agreed to standardize North American time with the creation of four different time zones - much as they exist today - in which all clocks would be set to exactly the same time.

11. Disparity in Standards of Living -

Between 1790 and 1810, over half the households in central Massachusetts, an old and relatively prosperous area, owned only one or two candlesticks, suggesting that one of the great disparities between wealthy families and their less affluent neighbors was that the wealthy could light their house at night. Another disparity was in the outward appearance of houses. The better-off families painted their houses white as a token of pristine republicanism, but their bright houses stood apart from the weathered grey-brown clapboard siding of their neighbors in stark and unrepublican contrast.

71. Sherman Booth case / US Supreme Court action

Booth had led a raid and freed a fugitive from custody. He was convicted in federal court but the case was appealed in the Wisconsin Supreme court and he was freed and the Fugitive slave law was declared unconstitutional. The Supreme court then overturned this decision and sent booth back to prison.

38. Richard Allen and Absalom Jones / Philadelphia, 1794:

Both Richard Allen and Absalom Jones were black preachers who rebelled against segregated seating in St. George's Methodist Church and, in 1794, founded two separate black congregations. The African Methodist Episcopal Church grew from Allen's church, and established itself as a national denomination in 1816.

71. election of 1876

Both major parties gave their presidential nominations to governors who had earned reform reputations in their states: Democrat Samuel J. Tilden of New York and Republican Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio.

55. Louisiana Purchase, 1803

By 1801, about 500,000 Americans lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, and Republicans saw westward expansion as the best hope for the survival of the United States. To serve that purpose, the West needed ready access to markets that emptied into the Gulf of Mexico at New Orleans. At the time, France owned New Orleans. Napoleon Bonaparte wanted to start a French empire in America. However, problems occured, like a slave revolt in Hispanola, and Napoleon couldn't get his empire started. He ended up selling New Orleans as well as the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States for $15 million. The purchase doubled the size of the United States.

57. opposition to Davis in the South-

By 1863, many Southerners had begun to feel hostile towards Pres. Davis. An anti-Davis faction began to surface in the election of 1863.

68. Southern recruitment of Black troops, 1865

By Feburary 1865, Southern armies were desperate for manpower, and slaves constituted the only remaining reserve. Supported by Lee's powerful influence, Davis pressed the Confederate Congress to enact a bill for recruitment of black soldiers.

37. "bounty jumpers" and hired substitutes

By allowing districts to gather their own volunteers to fill their quotas, the drafting process was open to a lot of abuse. "Bounty jumpers" enlisted and deserted as soon as they got their money, then enlisted again under a different name. Union law also permitted hiring substitutes but regulated the price to keep it from skyrocketing as it had in the Confederacy.

32. Evangelicals and slavery / patriarchy

By the 1860s, 88% of Southern church members were evangelical, and ppl of every station of life (frontier yeomen, planters, slaves) embraced evangelicalism. Camp meetings were became more limited, restrained, and respectable, and often were a social event as much as a religious one. Southern churches defined communities, and most social connections were made through the church. Religious southerners all believed in the sovereignty and absolute rightness of G-d and bought into the system of fixed social status and patriarchy.

25. burning of Lawrence, KS

Captain William Quantrill led nearly 400 men from Missouri into Lawrence, Kansas. They burned the town and killed many Kansans (people from Kansas).

46. Calvary Raiders vs. supply lines: -

Cavalry riders and guerrillas cut telegraph wires, burn ed railroad bridges, and tore up the tracks. Confederate cavalry became skillful at sundering the supply lines of invading Union armies, thereby neutralizing forces many times larger than their own. The more deeply the Union armies penetrated into the South, the more men they had to detach to guard bridges, depots, and supply dumps.

38. Tories

Charles's courtiers were called Tories, which was a term for Irish Catholic bandits who murdered Protestant landlords. As of 1681, Tories were a Court party. They favored the legitimate succession, a standing army with adequate revenues to maintain it, the Anglican Church without toleration for Protestant dissenters or Catholics, and a powerful monarchy.

48. John Marshall

Cheif Justice of the USA from 1801- 1835. He was a leader of the Federalist party. Many of his rulings help to strengthen the central government.

56. gag rule in congress, 1836-44:

Congress basically set aside the antislavery bills sent to them by tabling them, or saying that they received them but not doing anything with them.

67. Non-Intercourse Act, 1809

Congress passed this act which retained the ban on trade with Britain and France but reopened trade with other nations. It also gave President Madison the power to reopen trade with either Britain or France once they had agreed to respect American rights. Neither complied, and the Non-Intercourse Act proved nearly as ineffective as the embargo.

49. cotton exports

Cotton prices and production both doubled between 1845 and 1855. Southern crops provided three-fifths of all U.S. exports, with cotton alone supplying more than half.

67. Jacob Coxey / Coxey's Army, 1894

Coxey had the idea of sending a group of unemployed workers to washington to demand that congress put them back to work. This group of workers was know as "Coxey's Army" and caused many other groups to follow in there footsteps.

53. Polk's compromise -

Dec 1848, Polk recommended the extension of the Missouri Compromise 36°30' line to the Pacific.

49. "Yankee" Cultural Imperialism

Democratic churchgoers rejected Whig moral legislation as anti-republican.

29. scalawags and carpetbaggers

Democrats called Southern white Republicans "scalawags" ad Northern settlers "carpetbaggers".

31. Articles of Confederation/ John Dickinson

Dickinson rejects representation according to population in favor of state equality. Small states would not consent to a constitution granting bigger states the advantage, and if they were not appeased they would defect to British control, ruining any potential union. Congress' powers did not extend to levying taxes or controlling trade; to get money, it had to print its own or requisition it from states, according to their free population. Congress also did not have any control over western land claims, and states were given all powers not reserved to Congress, ensuring their sovereignty. Submitted to states 1777; ratified by all 13 states in 1781.

54. "mixed and balanced" constitution

English liberty would always be there because each part of government put the public good ahead of its own interests

58. Conciliatory Proposition

Gage introduce his own Conciliatory Proposition after ordering troops to Concord to destroy the arms there and arrest John Hancock and Samuel Adams. Parliament pledged that it would tax no colony that met its share of the cost of imperial defense and paid proper salaries to its royal officials, but Britain would use force against delinquent colonies.

57. Charles Giteau; assassination of Garfield

Garfield took office. He was approached by Charles Guiteau at the railroad station in Washington and was shot. Guiteau had been a government clerk and supporter of the Stalwarts.

73. Margaret Garner Case

Garner had escaped with her husband and four children from kentucky to ohio. She decided that she would rather have her whole family dead than go back into slavery, so when the federal marshals came she took a kitchen knife and tried to kill her whole family. She managed to cut her daughters throat before she was overpowered. Once she and her family got back to kentucky they were sold down the river to mississippi. On the steam boat ride to mississippi there was a steam boat accident and her son drowned.

74. Failure of the militia

General William Hull led a group of poorly armed militiamen and volunteers in to Canada from a base in Detroit. Hull eventually surrendered his army of 2000 to the smaller British army. He was later court-martialed for cowardice. Another attempt to take Canada came from the East. The regular US Army got a toehold at Queenston Heights, but when the British began preparing for a counterattack, the militiamen refused to reinforce the regulars. The British came in and slaughtered the regulars. This proved that Jefferson's confidence in the militia could not be extended to the invasion of other countries.

69. "city upon a hill"/ Winthrop" -

Governor John Winthrop preached to his fellow passengers on the Arbella as they sailed to New England in 1630 a sermon entitle "A Model of Christian Charity." Part of that sermon, "A City upon a Hill," is the most famous part of any sermon by a New Englander in the 17th Century. The passage not only represents the Puritan sense of mission, but also gives a warning about the consequences of failure.

61. William Shirley's campaign

Governor Shirley wanted to save a unit from the capital of Nova Scotia which was being attacked by France. When he arrived the French withdrew. Shirley planned an attack on Louisbourg and got together a small fleet of ships. It worked and the French withdrew, but after that everything went wrong as the Yankee's lost a large amount of soldiers.

29. Eerie Canal/ De Witt Clinton, 1817

Governor convinced NY to build canal linking hudson to lake eerie, linking northwest and NY.

33. William Berkeley

Governor of Virginia; happy when New England was at war with Metacom because he felt that the Puritans deserved it for how they behaved during England's civil wars; tried to avoid war with the Indians in Virginia; preferred a defensive strategy of building forts, maintaining friendly relations with other tribes, and restricting the fur trade to a select few (this strategy was unpopular); authority threatened as Virginia divided into supporters of Berkeley or of Bacon; regained control of Virginia after Bacon's death; died in England in 1677

11. Johnson County range war

Grangers and small ranchers in Wyoming defeated the hired guns of the Stock growers' Association, which represented the larger ranchers.

40. Jefferson's Program

He wanted the country to be unified and insisted that every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. He wanted both parties to work together and create a great country

94. Female moral reform vs sexual double standard

Housewives saw themselves as missionaries to their families, influencing the moral choices their children and husbands made. More females fought for moral reform, against the sexual double standard, and assumed the power to define what was respectable and what was not. They emphasized on the purity of females, the purity of the children and male self-control.

12. % of Population in Farming; in Cities -

In 1790, the first federal census found that 94 percent of Americans were living on farm and in rural villages. The remaining 6 percent lived in 24 towns with a population more than 2,500.

57. Napoleon's New Empire dreams

In 1800, Spain secretly ceded the Louisiana Territory to France. Napoleon Bonaparte had plans for a new French empire in America with the sugar island of Hispanola at its center, and with mainland colonies feeding the islands. However, the empire couldn't start. The slaves of Saint-Domingue on Hispanola had revolted and defeated the French attempts to regain control of the island. At the same time, another war between France and Britain seemed imminent. As a result, Napoleon decided to bail out of America.

85. American Anti-Slavery Society

In 1833, Garrison and other abolitionists formed the American Anti-Slavery Society.

51. DeBow's Review, 1846

In 1846, James D. B. De Bow had founded in New Orleans a periodical eventually known as De Bow's Review. Proclaiming on its cover that "Commerce is King," the Review set out to make this slogan a southern reality.

73. "bulldozing"

In 1876, bulldozing was the term to describe Democratic techniques of intimidation. To bulldoze black voters meant to trample them down or keep them away from the poles.

14. Philadelphia Exposition:

In 1876, this was a fair celebrating Americas advancements in technology and industry. Things were put on display such as the telephone, Kodak cameras, and generators.

22. Jackson's "memorandums"/ virtuous republic

In Jackson's memorandums, he set against the designs of that power the classic republican safeguard: a virtuous citizenry. Unlike most of his forebears, he believed that government should follow the will of popular majorities. An aroused public was the republic's best hope.

62. Ft. Ticonderoga/ Crown Point

In May 1775, Vermont and Massachusetts militia took Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain. They also took Crown Point.

92. New Jersey/ Carteret and Berkeley

In New Jersey the settlers had the right to elect an assembly. Many settlers came to New Jersey instead of New York. Eventually was split into East(Carteret) and West (Berkeley). The West was sold to the Quakers and the East was bought later.

55. swing states

In New York, Ohio, and Indiana the parties were closely balanced. Those three states represented 74 electoral votes. Nominees for president and vice president were usually from these states.

39. Indian response

In beginning, most tribes try to stay neutral. By end of war, nearly all Indians side with British because they see that Americans will keep encroaching on their land, while a British victory might stop the flood of Western settlement.

41. changing role of women -

In factories and farms, women replaced men who were off to war. More women in teaching profession and civil service (gov't, ie US Patent Office). The expansion of gov't bureaucracies and male clerks going to war gave openings to women. After war: private businesses hire women as clerks, bookkeepers, typewriters, and telephone operators. Most '?{-impact in Medicine: War prompted soldier's aid societies, hospital societies, and other forms of support where women took leading roles. They helped and prodded the medical branches to provide better care for the sick and wounded soldiers.

73. Hood /Tennessee, 1865

Instead of chasing Sherman, Hood invaded Tennessee with the hope of recovering that state for the Confederacy, a disastrous campaign that virtually destroyed his army. The Confederates attacked part of the Union force at Franklin and the slaughter claimed no fewer thatn 12 Confederate generals and 54 regimental commanders as casualties. Instead of retreating, Hood moved on to Nashville were Thomas launched an attack that almost wiped out the Army of Tennessee, its remnants retreated to Mississippi where Hood later resigned.

6. Darthmouth College v. Woodward/ John Marshall

It can require no argument to prove that the circumstances of this case constitute a contract. An application is made to the Crown for a charter to incorporate a religious and literary institution. In the application it is stated that large contributions have been made for the object, which will be conferred on the corporation as soon as it shall be created. The charter is granted, and on its faith the property is conveyed. Surely in this transaction every ingredient of a complete and legitimate contract is to be found.

62. Collective Nationalism / social gospel

It is a political ideology that involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms, i.e. a nation. In the 'modernist' image of the nation, it is nationalism that creates national identity. There are various definitions for what constitutes a nation, however, which leads to several different strands of nationalism. It can be a belief that citizenship in a state should be limited to one ethnic, cultural, religious, or identity group, or that multinationality in a single state should necessarily comprise the right to express and exercise national identity even by minorities.

46. James II / William of Orange

James II, a Catholic, ruled England after Protestant King Charles, who had no male heirs. Although he granted religious toleration, he tried to put many Catholics in high office positions, which angered the English. When he had a son who would clearly be raised Catholic too, the English invited William of Orange, his son-in-law and a Protestant from the Netherlands, to England. The army sided with William, so James fled and William took control.

6. Lincoln's assassination

Killed by John Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theater during a play. Booth thought he would be a hero in the South, but it made the road to rejoining the Union much harder for the South.

72. George III's reaction-

King George III replied to the Olive Branch Petition with a form proclamation of rebellion of August 23. This refusal strengthened colonial radicals.

23. Lecompton vs Lawrence, KS

Lecompton was home of the pro-slavery legislature in Kansas and was recognized by the Democratic Senate and President Pierce while Lawrence was the home of the anti-slavery legislature in Kansas and was recognized by the Republican House of Representatives.

42. Cornplanter -

Led a minority of Shawnees. Them, along with a minority of Delawares, led by White Eyes and Killbuck, pursued friendly relations w/ Americans. Provided intelligence and served as wilderness guides. Refused to fight other Indians, did their best to preserve peace along frontier. Murdered in 1777.

79. Lee's invasion of Maryland

Lee marched across Potomac. He decided to invade Maryland.

38. Canadian settlement

Many colonists flee to Canada during war. 35,000 refugees settle in Nova Scotia (western part becomes New Brunswick, 1780s). 6 to 10,000 flee to Quebec, 1791 become province of Upper Canada (Ontario). George III grants generous land policy for an oath of allegiance to British Crown which attracted thousands of American immigrants in the 1780s and 1790s. By War of 1812, 4/5 Canadians in Upper Canada are American-born, and they support Britain in that war.

Canadian settlement

Many colonists flee to Canada during war. George III grants generous land policy for an oath of allegiance to British Crown which attracted thousands of American immigrants in the 1780s and 1790s. By War of 1812, 4/5 Canadians in Upper Canada are American-born, and they support Britain in that war.

62. McDowell vs Joe Johnston

McDowell was a union army field commander who believed his raw, 90-day Union militia were not ready to fight a real battle. They got no father than Bull Run. A small Confederate army under General Joseph E. Johnston had give a Union force the slip and had traveled to Manassas by rail to reinforce Beauregard, how was was deployed to defend a key rail junction at Manasses and met with McDowell at Bull Run, a sluggish stream 25 miles southwest of Washington.

61. State-supported Churches

New England had the congregational Churches established by law; they had strongly supported the revolution and were less vulnerable to attack; the salaries of church officials were pain out of public taxes;

83. Treason of New England -

New Englanders disliked Republican trade policies and voted against going to war. They seldom met the quotas for militiamen and some Federalist leaders encouraged resistance to the war. They also traded freely with England during the war.

96. West New Jersey, 1674-

New Jersey split and Sir George Carteret claimed the East and Lord Berkeley claimed the West. Berkeley sold it to some Quakers. Social and religious diversity grew and the system broke down as non-Quakers refused to cooperate and Quaker rule collapsed (the Crown took over the colony).

14. Middling classes

New, bought & sold a growing range of consumer goods. This was a growing class of wholesale & retail merchants, master craftsmen (turned into manufacturers), lawyers, salesmen, auctioneers, clerks, bookkeepers, accountants (took control of paperwork for new market society). At the head of middle class- wholesale merchants of seaports who bought imports and sold them in smaller lots to storekeepers from the interior. (Most on Pearl Street, NYC). Next level- processors of farm products (meat-packers & flour millers), large merchants & real estate dealers in new cities of interior. Next level- specialized retail merchants who dealt in books, furniture, crockery, or some other consumer goods. Master craftsmen (who became manufacturers). Bottom level - clerks (many were young men, & some moved in society; white collar society)

29. copperhead attacks, 1863

Northern morale and support of the war was down and Lincoln's reputation reached a low point. The Copperhead faction of the Democrats put out the message that the war was a failure and should be abandoned. Democrats won control of the Indiana and Illinois legislatures in the preceding fall elections and called for an armistice and a peace conference. They also called for the withdrawal of the "evil" Emancipation Proclamation.

34. Boston Massacre (1770):

On a Monday, a crowd started throwing snowballs and rocks at a lone sentinel guarding the customs house. He yelled for help and a corporal and 7 soldiers responded. Captain Preston ordered the soldiers to drive the attackers slowly back with fixed bayonets. The colonists taunted the soldiers and dared them to shoot. One soldier slipped and discharged his weapon into the air as he fell. The others then fired into the crowd, killing 5 and wounding 6. Crispus Attucks officially became the first black killed in armed conflict with the British. This became the colonial equivalent of Massacre of St. George's Field and marked the failure of Britain's first attempt at military coercion.

59. attack on Concord, 1775

On the night of April 18-19, about 700 grenadiers and light infantry started marching towards Concord. Paul Revere, a Boston silversmith, rode towards concord shouting "The redcoats are coming!". As the British approached Lexington Green, they were met by about 70 minutemen. Someone fired the first shot and began the Battle of Lexington. Afterwards the British army marched towards Concord. A relief force met the Lexington Yankee survivors and together they drove the British from Concord Bridge.

62. Republican economic issues

Republicans blamed the Tariff of 1857 for causing the Panic and gained seats in the Philadelphia congressional elections, thus allowing them to pass 3 measures

21. Sam Houston /Battle of San Jacinto, 1836

Sam Houston's army, aided by volunteers from southern US states, defeated a larger Mexican force at the San Jacinto River. They captrued Santa Anna and made him sign a treaty granting Texas its independence. Santa Anna later rescinded the treaty when he was free.

11. Sewards advice to Lincoln

Seward advised Lincoln to delay the proclamation until it can be supported by military success, Otherwise it would look like a cry for help on the edge of retreating

37. Whigs

Shaftesbury's followers were called Whigs, which was the name of an obscure sect of Scottish religious extremists who favored the assassination of both Charles and James. The Whigs were a Country opposition that stood for the exclusion of James from the throne, a decentralized militia rather than a standing army, toleration of Protestant dissenters but not of Catholics, and an active role in government for a Reformed Parliament.

74. Increase in Abolitionism

Slave catchers were everywhere which made them everyones problem. this brought slavery closer to home and made it an issue that you could no longer really ignore and as a result there was a rise in anti-southern sentiments in the north as well as an increase in abolitionists.

reason for lack of slave rebellions

Slaves believed that the world was headed towards the apocolypse and that soon enough they would be free and that a rebellion was just unnecessary. They also believed that God would end slavery and that their role was to just trust in him.

40. Tariff of Abominations, 1828

Southerners gave this nickname to Jackson's protective tariff b/c it hurt the South (see above) and demonstrated the power that other sections over the country had over the South. Following South Carolina's lead, southern state legislatures denounced the tariff, in VA's words, as "unconstitutional, unwise, unjust, unequal, and oppressive".

32. Southern economy by 1863

Southerners had high spirits and morale but their economy was suffering. It was increasingly difficult for the South to produce guns and food as the Union blockade tightened, slaves escaped to Union lines, Union forces occupied prime farmland, railroads deteriorated, and shipping priority was given to army shipments over food for civilians. Also, a drought came on in Summer 1862 and prices rise much faster than wages. Even the middle class suffered from famine, and poor people were the worst off.

45. Walker Tariff, 1844 -

Sponsored by Robert J Walker of Mississippi, Polk's secretary of the treasury. Its rates were reduced in 1846, which annoyed Democrats from Penn's industrial districts. This was one of the factors that led to the split of northern Democrats & their own president.

31. Canal boom (especially Ohio and Pennsylvania)-

Started after other states saw how successful the Erie Canal had been; boom lasted 20 years; before the Erie Canal, less than 100 miles of canal in he US; after 1840. 3,300 miles (mostly in the NE and NW); Ohio built ambitious canal systems that linked remote areas to the Great Lakes and the Erie Canal; In 1835, Pennsylvania completed a canal from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh

17. Martin Van Buren, NY

Stated that political parties were both "inevitable and good". Believed in debate between parties and their candidates and that The Era of Good Feelings had turned public attention away from politics which allowed for insiders to manipulate the system to their liking.

32. Western Land Claims

States with fixed borders pressured states with boundaries stretching to the Mississippi or Ohio Valleys to surrender their claims to Congress. Maryland, for instance, would not ratify the Articles until Virginia consented to cede its land claims north of the Ohio valley to Congress.

16. Stephan Austin, Texas, 1822

Stephan Austin, a Missouri businessman, secured a land grant from Mexico to settle 300 families from the U.S. They pledged to become Roman Catholics and Mexican citizens. Many immigrants remained Protestants and Americans. They also brought in slaves in defiance of Mexican efforts to ban slavery.

37. Phase 2

Stephen Kearny led forces in New Mexico and occupied Santa Fe without firing a shot, then he linked up with Taylor, then he went to California

53. Union blockade -

The Confederacy needed to import large quantities of material from abroad to sustain its war effort. April 19, 1861To shut off these imports and the exports of cotton that paid for them, Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of Southern ports. At first, the blockade was more of a policy than a reality because the navy had only a few ships to enforce it and the Southern coastline was long. The Union called in all their ships to be a part of the blockade, but it was stretched thin and ineffective.

63. Homestead Steel Strike, 1892 / "lockout"

The Homestead Strike was an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6, 1892. It was one of the most serious disputes in U.S. labor history. The dispute occurred at the Homestead Steel Works in the town of Homestead, Pennsylvania, between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (the AA) and the Carnegie Steel Company. The final result was a major defeat for the union and a setback for efforts to unionize steelworkers.

58. American System /Whigs

The Whigs introduced the American System in order to solvenational issues, such as economic development and territorial expansion and also the two persistent problems regarding the ever expanding rift between slave and free states. The Whigs proposed that the national government should subsidize roads and canals, foster industry with protective tarrifs, and maintain a nation bank to control credit and currency. The Whigs believed the American System would result in a peaceful, prosperous and truly national market society.

82. log cabin and hard cider campaign /mudslinging

The Whigs used many different tactics to win the presidential race. They exemplified the fact that Harrison was born in a log cabin. (This made him seem closer to the people.) They distributed buttons and hats to potential voters. They also called Van Buren, "Martin Van Ruin", saying that he was a foreign wine drinking aristocrat. They gave hard cider (alcohol) to potential voters and got them drunk. Then they voted for Harrison.

20. Nonimportation

The colonies wouldn't trade with English merchants in order to boycott taxes. The merchants would complain to the parliament and eventually the taxes would be repealed.

71. victory in Boston

The colonists besieged Boston and after two months Gage finally declared that all settlers bearing arms, and those who aided them, were rebels and traitors. He promised to pardon anyone who returned to his allegiance. Besiegers escalated the struggle two days later. They fortified the high ground on Breed's Hill (next to Bunker Hill). Settlers shot more than 1,000 of their attackers. This made them think they were a match for Britain's professional soldiers.

39. Anglo-Dutch Wars

The first of three Anglo-Dutch conflicts between 1652 and 1654. Cromwell, a militant Protestant, preferred to fight Catholic Spain rather than the Netherlands and sent Parliament home and made peace after two years of the English navy dealing heavy blows to the Dutch. The second occurred during 1665 to 1667 and the third from 1672 to 1674. In both the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch Wars, Berkeley had built costly forts to protect the colony from the Dutch Navy, but Dutch warships simply sailed around them and mauled the tobacco fleet. The result of which cause colonists to denounce the building of any more forts and demand an offensive campaign, instead of Berkeley's defensive strategies, waged by unpaid volunteer, who would take their rewards by plundering and enslaving Indians.

83. two party system, 1840

The followers of Jackson became the Democrats and greatly resembled the Jeffersonian Republicans. The followers of Clay became the Whigs and resembled the old Federalists.

48. feminization of teaching

The improvement in education coincided with the feminization of the teaching profession. By the 1850, nearly ¾ of the public school teachers in New England were women. They worked for lower salaries than men did.

44. Jefferson's new tone in Washington

The inauguration of Thomas Jefferson as the nation's third president marked a turning point in American politics. For the next two dozen years, Republican leadership guided the nation through peace and war. While the Federalists faded as a political force.

19. Nativism in the South

The increased number of killings in the south coincided with elections and the arrival of many immigrants which shows their feelings of natvism

43. American Colonization Society, 1817 / Liberia:

The largest organization that addressed itself to problems of slavery and race, the American Colonization Society envisioned sending freed blacks (but not slaves) "back" to Africa. The Society held its first meeting at the end of 1816 in the chamber of the House of Representatives. They did not see slavery as the problem, but black freedom and said African Americans would exercise freedom and learn Christian and republican ways only if exported to Liberia.

27. Sovereignty with people

The people voted on and ratified the constitution. The people were the source of all legitimate authority.

68. Non-slave holders in the south

The people who had to join together and use their votes to overthrow slavery for good to stop the south from collapsing

13. Undemocratic Wealth -

The slums were evidence that money created by commerce was being distributed in undemocratic ways. Per capita wealth in New York rose 60 percent between 1790 and 1825, but the wealthiest 4 percent of the population owned over half of that wealth. The wages of skilled and unskilled labor rose in these years, but the increase in seasonal and temporary employment, together with the recurring interruptions of foreign commerce, cut deeply into the security and prosperity of ordinary women and men.

60. sectional impact of the Panic of 1857

The south largely escaped the depression; South began to boast of the region's economic superiority and labor systems and said they rescued the Northerners; Northerners blamed South for causing depression

44. National Women's Suffrage Association / Stanton and Anthony -

The war also helped the women's rights movement. The National Women's Suffrage Association was founded in 1869 (4 yrs after the war) by Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B Anthony. This movement gained momentum that make it a force in American life b/c of the work of women in the Civil War.

15. urbanization by 1900:

The years up until 1900 were full of incredible advancements in technology and industry. These contributed to the urbanization of the US. Also many people lived in cities, more that ever before.

92. Whig desire to perfect the world

Their hopes for the perfection of the world hinged more on the character of individuals than on the role of institutions. Calvinism taught that humans must submit to godly authority because they were innately selfish and subject to animal appetites. Whigs defined original sin as a tendency toward selfishness and sin that could be fought off with God's help, through prayer and personal discipline. They hoped to perfect the world by filling it with godly, self-governing individuals.

48. Molly Maguires:

This was a secret Irish-American organization composed mostly of coal miners in Pennsylvania. The Mollies did typical union things, but the exploiting aristocracy took a particularly hard stance against them and trumped up charges to jail many of them.

38. Revolution of 1800

This was just another name for the "Election of 1800" because the election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party in the First Party System

72. Queen Annes war

This was the second war in the series of French and Indian wars. It was fought up and down the coastline including Newfoundland and some major parts in Canada. This was the French vs. English in a war to see who can control the continent. It ended in the treaty of Utrecht.

22. Alexis de Tocqueville

Tocqueville was among the deputies who gathered at the 10th arrondissement of Paris in an attempt to resist the coup and have Napoleon III judged for "high treason," as he had violated the constitutional limit on terms of office.

29. West Virginia, 1863

Virginians who lived west of the Shenandoah were more closely linked to Ohio and Pennsylvania economy than that of Virginia. The region consisted of mountains, small farms, and few slaves. The delegates and residents of this area were anti-secession; they seceded from Virginia, which seceded, and created their own state, West Virginia, which was admitted to the Union in 1863.

38. North/ West links

Western farmers supplied fast growing cities with food, while these cities, such as Cincinnati and Pittsburgh, supplied the farmers with manufactured goods.

9. ICC problems

What the Interstates Commerce Act meant by "reasonable and just" is unclear, and the law created the Interstate Commerce Commission to define the requirement on a case-by-case basis, but because the ICC had minimal enforcement powers, federal courts frequently refused to issue the orders the ICC requested.

66. French and Indian War

When France and Britan began to interfere with America this much, it became called the French and Indian War. For France this was disasterous because they just taught indians the war strategies of Europe. For the British, this meant that the colonists were not doing a good enough job for the king so that sparked a conflict between the generals and the colonists.

31. impeachment of Johnson, 1868

When Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act, the House impeached Johnson on February 24. However, moderate Republicans were wary of setting a standard of impeachment that could upset the balance of power, and Johnson used bribery. The Senate fell one vote short of impeachment.

63. Republican wife/ Republican mother

Women were gaining power since their husbands had been away at war and they had taken on many responsibilities; marriage was also becoming more and more equal; children's personalities were no longer crushed; more women were learning how to read and write; encouraged patriotism in sons and diligence in their husbands

52. California gold rush, 1849 -

Workers building a sawmill on the American River near Sacramento found flecks of gold in the riverbed. Word spread, reaching the east in Aug 1848. The news was greeted with skepticism, but in Dec Polk announced that the news was true. 2 days later, a tea caddy arrived in Washington with 320 oz of pure gold from CA, erasing all doubts. in 1849, 100,000 gold seekers planned to go to CA, 80,000 made it there. Many came from overseas. This led to the need for political organization in CA.

Eli Whitney / cotton gin-

a Connecticut Yankee who created a cotton "gin" to make it easier and more productive to slaves, it combed the seeds from the fiber with metal pins fitted into the rollers

61. indentured servants

Young men who agreed to work for a term of years in exchange for the cost of passage, plus room and board during their years of service, and modest freedom dues when their terms expired. They usually had terms of 4-5 years.

82. Ocala Platform, 1890 / 5 goals

a platform adopted by the People's party. google doesn't know the 5 goals and I don't have my book with me. I'll try to do it tomorrow.

22. Whiskey Rebellion

a response from Pennsylvania citizens about the excise tax on whiskey. 12,000 soldiers were sent to stop the 6,000 whiskey rebels and they were halted.

17. Order of the Star Spangled Banner

a secret fraternal society that limited membership to native born protestants. The Order supported temperance and opposed tax support for parochial schools.

34. Slidell mission to Mexico

a special envoy that was sent to Mexico to offer $30 million for both Mexico and California

43. Trust

a trust described large corporations that controlled a substantial share of any given market. For example, Rockefeller, with his Standard Oil Trust, controlled the entire oil refining industry.

79. Half Way Covenant, 1662-

allowed those whose ancestors had been fully converted Puritans but whose one parents had not yet been converted to be baptized; used to keep church membership

8. Peace Democrat's goal

they urged on armistice and peace negotiations to patch together some kind of Union

38. John Fremont

an American explorer who led the "bear-flag revolt" in California and prepared for the conquest of California

16. Confederate alliance

an alliance of Native American tribes against movement onto small reservations.

18. humanism

an approach in study, philosophy, or practice that focuses on human values and concerns.

15. Temperance (Maine)

they went into politics in the early 1850s and tried to put prohibition into effect in many different states

15. Camp meeting revivals

an outdoor revival often lasting for days; a principal means of spreading evangelical Christianity in the United States. Methodists and Baptists grew from small, half-organized sects into the great popular denominations they have been ever since

64. social mobility

an essential part of the free labor ideology because it said free workers who worked hard could move up in the social ladder- Lincoln did this and it got him to be President

29. John C. Fremont / "the Pathfinder"

an explorer paid by the government to explore the Oregon trail.

60. urban working class/ "sweated" trade -

an urban working class formed because many crafts divided their processes into skilled and unskilled labor and for the unskilled part they hired many workers and paid them lower wages. The "sweated" trade was usually women who worked for low wages doing the part of the work that was unskilled.

7. changing role of women to English model

anglicizing tendency. They received a dowry. if the husband died first the women was entitled to dower rights.

79. questions answered by the Civil War

answered whether the republican experiment would survive as one nation and whether it would continue to exist as the largest slaveholding country in the world. It also decided the question of whether states were allowed to secede.

25. Tennessee ratification of 14th Amendment

any state that ratified the 14th Amend. would be declared "reconstructed" and would its senators and legislators would regian their seats in Congress. Tennessee ratified the Amendment, but no other ex-Confederate states did after Johnson told them to reject the amendment.

French alliance problems

as the french revolution began, the Americans became confused if they were still alligned with the government of France even though the government is different than the one they made an alliance with

81. Shifting racial stereotypes

before, whites viewed blacks as ignorant, drunken thieves who made loyal self-sacrificing servants; later, viewed them as treacherous, shrewd, and dishonest, as opposed to merely careless

47. Dutch West India Co. / slave trade

chartered in 1621 and given jurisdiction over the African slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America. The company was Calvinistic and supported the Dutch Orangist monarchy. It took over Portuguese slave-trading posts in West Africa and dominated Angola and rich sugar-producing parts of Brazil until the 1640s, when they were taken back by the Portuguese.

christianity's impact on revolts

christianity made revolts seem unnecessary to some. To others it gave a reason to fight. but for the most part it prevented revolts, and slave masters knew that and would use it to their advantage

84. Hartford Convention, 1814 -

convention called by Federalists where they proposed amendments to the Constitution. They wanted the three-fifths clause and the electoral college stricken from the Constitution. They wanted to deny naturalized citizens the tight to hold office because they were often strongly Republican. They wanted to make it difficult for new states who were often Republican to enter the Union. They also wanted a 2/3 majority of both houses for a declaration of war.

69. Civil Rights cases, 1883

the Court declared unconstitutional a civil rights law passed by Congress in 1875. That law, enacted on the eve of the Democratic takeover of the House elected in 1874, was a crowning achievement of Reconstruction. It banned racial discrimination in all forms of public transportation and public accommodations

65. Economic impacts of the embargo-

from 1807 to 1808, exports dropped from $108 million to $22 million; Northeast hurt the most; Federalists called the embargo a "Chinese" solution to the problem

78. John Wilkes Booth/ conspiracy

from Maryland and he hated what had happened to the South. He shouted "Sic semper tyrannis" ("Thus always to tyrants")

58. Stono Rebellion - 1739 -

governor of Spanish Florida offered liberty to any slaves from the British colonies who could make their way to Florida. This manifesto, and rumors about Mose, touched off the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina, the most violent slave revolt in the history of the 13 colonies. On Sunday morning, September 9, 1739, 20 slaves attacked a store at Stono, killed the owner, seized weapons, and moved on to assault other houses and to attract new recruits. Heading towards Florida, they killed about 25 settlers that day and nearly captured Lieutenant Governor William Bull. None of the rebels reached Florida, but South Carolina was vulnerable in any dispute with Spain.

38. U.S. Grant, Republican

greatest authority and prestige in country; opposed Johnson and his Reconstruction policy. Unfortunately, no political experience and poor judgment led him to appoint corrupt advisors.

10. Lincoln's Decision on Emancipation

he said that it was "a military necessity, absolutely essential to the preservation of the Union."

9. Frederick Douglass / black suffrage

he was a slave that became free and fought for black suffrage throughout his life. He didn't want the whites to lead blacks to a life of oppresion

36. Bacon's Rebellion

ignored Berkeley's orders and marched his frontiersmen south and reached a village of friendly Occaneechees who offered shelter and told them where to find a Susquehannock camp and offered to help attack it. The Occaneechees surprised and defeated the Susquehannocks and returned to celebrate with Bacon. Bacon massacred them and seized their furs and prisoners. Bacon was elected to the assembly. Bacon slipped away to Henrico and marched on Jamestown and forced Berkeley to commission him as general of volunteers and compelled the legislature to authorize another expedition against Indians. Went to Jamestown and made the planters swear an oath to him and he ordered confiscation of the estates of Berkeley's major supporters. Settlers fought one another and the royal government collapsed under the strain.

12. primogeniture

where a landowner was obliged to leave all of his land to his eldest surviving son

68. Auburn, 1819 and Sing Sing, 1825

in New York these prisons were established. In the Auburn system the prisoners slept in solitary cells and marched in military formation to meals and workshops. They were forbidden to speak to one another at any time. The rule of silence was believed to encourage both discipline and contemplation. They were designed to reform criminals and reduce expenses. The workshop products were sold to the outside. Whigs favored rehabilitation while the Democrats favored profit-making workshops. Robert Wiltse was named by the Democrats to run Sing Sing and used harsh punishments and made the prison pay for itself. William Seward, a Whig, was elected governor of New York and fixed the prison system to emphasize rehabilitation. Democrats regained control and quickly made the prison profitable again.

52: Cornwallis/Camden:

in control of 8,300 men in SC after Clinton. Conquered Carolinas. Congress sent Horatio Gates to oppose him. Battle at Camden on Aug 16. Poorly armed American militia fled after 1st Eng charge. Gates went to Congress and admitted defeat. Left SC to loyalists and went towards NC. Split force after King's Mt. Lost to Greene.

65. White Leagues/ Rifle Clubs-

in the unreconstructed states, Democrats revived paramilitary organizations; these included White Leagues in Louisiana, Rifle Clubs in Mississippi, and Red Shirts in South Carolina; whereas the KKK operated covertly, these groups operated openly

8. Gibbons v. Odgens

it was a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. The case was argued by some of America's most admired and capable attorneys at the time. Exiled Irish patriot Thomas Addis Emmet and Thomas J. Oakley argued for Ogden, while William Wirt and Daniel Webster argued for Gibbons.

12. Impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin

it was the most powerful anti-slavery tract during the antebellum years

69. three bonds to the slave system

kinship, economic interest, and race are the three reasons why the south could not give up slavery

42. lynching and race riots

lynchings rose to an all time high and racist propaganda was at an all time low- whites wanted blacks to just keep their place in societ. Anti-black riots broke out in North Carolina and Atlanta

48. Booker T. Washington

made a famous speech at the Atlanta Exposition that talked about equality and friendship of the race

87. William Jennings Bryan / Cross of Gold

made a very great speech about Gold was like putting Jesus on the cross; made him a presidential candidate; endorsed free silver and idea of an income tax

65. George Washington-

made commanding general of the Continental Army on June 15, 1775; insisted that soldiers behave obediently

Manumission in Chesapeake-

manumitting, or releasing from slavery, was common in the Chesapeake because slaves and their owners would sometimes form intimate bonds, often times sexual bonds

34. Chicago World's Fair, 1893

middle-class fair organizes to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Columbus's discovery of the New World. It was massive and very expensive. The fair was made up of 2 sections; the White City and the Midway Plaisance. The White City was a model middle-class city and housed exhibits of modern appliances and goods. The Midway Plaisance was a collection of amusements, including exotic animals and a the first ferris wheel.

8. environmental impacts

mining hurt the enviroment in many ways. It created slides that flooded rivers and polluted them and it also ruined farms with muddy waste that destroyed crops and hurt their cattle

34. Klu Klux Klan

night-riding white terrorist organization; first appeared during elections on state constitutions. Used violence to deter voters from ratifying progressive constitutions.

31. James Buchanan

presidential candidate for the Democratic party; had spent 30 years in office, so he had plenty of experience; also served as minister to Great Britain during the Kansas-Nebraska controversy; wasn't unpopular in the North, as Pierce and Douglas, the other potential candidates, were, giving him an advantage

1. Democratic convention, 1860; Charleston

one of the crucial events in the lead-up to the American Civil War. Following a fragmented official Democratic National Convention that was adjourned in deadlock, two more presidential nominating conventions took place: a resumed official convention, which nominated Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois

62. Pensions for Union Vets; 1890 Congress-

one part of Harrison's platform during the presidential campaigns was a promise to give more generous pensions for Union war veterans; this would have reduced the surplus in the budget, which had been increasing throughout the 1880s; Harrison pushed through legislation that nearly doubled pensions; the pensions plus the McKinley Tariff ended up costing Republicans in the Congressional election-- Democrats won a majority in the House of 147 (Republicans had only had a majority of 6 before) and a majority in the Senate of 6

26. "fiat" money/ New England

paper money backed not by silver or gold, but only by the government's promise to accept it in payment of taxes. Depreciated steadily especially with New England's troubled economy.

82. Emancipation in the North

prior to 1820, slavery really wasn't considered a major moral issue; most people accepted it as a result of human depravity and God's unknown plans; emancipation in the north came about quietly and was received by the south as a condemnation of their slavery

25. Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 1881

prominent Easter reformer; book sums up denunciation of anti-Indian violence and exploitation. Romanticized and humanized Indians. Most reformers believed Indians should be forced to give up their nomadic culture and settle down to become civilized.

74. Specie Circular, 1836

provision added to the Deposit Act by Jackson and it provided that speculators could buy large parcels of public land only with silver and gold coins. Settlers could buy land with banknotes.

79. 2 objectives of Reconstruction gained

reincorporation of former Confederate states into the Union and a transition for slavery to freedom in the South

33. Enlightenment beliefs/improvement of society-

rejected a wrathful God; held the use of reason as very important; quest for knowledge and improvement of society; values of the Enlightenment were exemplified by Benjamin Franklin

57. Mose / Francisco Menendez - 1738 -

remarkable African in charge, took the name Francisco Menendez at baptism. took charge of Mose in 1738 and made the first community of free blacks in what is now the United States. Mose was a magnet for Carolina slaves.

47. Judiciary Act of 1801 / "midnight judges"

represented an effort to solve an issue in the US Supreme Court during the early 19th century. There was concern, beginning in 1789, about the system that required the justices of the Supreme Court to "ride circuit" and reiterate decisions made in the appellate level courts. The Supreme Court justices had often voiced concern and suggested that the judges of the Supreme and circuit courts be divided.

9. "Copperheads"

republicans gave this nickname to to the Peace Democrats

28. Republican party platform, 1856

republicans were anti-slavery advocates, didn't want slavery in the western territories

16. Stamp Act, 1765

required that revenue stamps be placed on most printed paper in the colonies, including all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, and advertisements. It was the firs direct tax paid by the colonists.

56. "Boston Brahmins"

richest in Boston who often carried on as importers and exporters and took control of banks and insurance companies. They often made a lot in real estate. They were an urban and responsible cluster of families in Boston. Sometimes invested in manufacturing ventures.

34. lack of diversification in the south-North:

rural demand for credit, banking facilities, farm tools, clothing, and other consumer goods fueled a revolution in commerce, finance, and industry; South: remained a poor market for manufactured goods

72. Lincoln/ Douglas debates, 1858

series of 7 debates between Lincoln and Douglas; Lincold had been elected to oppose Douglas; Douglas was reelected but Lincoln was ultimate victor by rising out of political obscurity

5. Proclamation of 1763

set up governments in Canada, Fl and other conquered colonies, it honored wartime commitments to the western Indians

26. James K. Polk / "dark horse"

southerner (from Tennessee), nominated Democratic candidate in the 1845 election, ousted Van Buren. Southerners related to him and trusted him as one of their own b/c he was a large slaveholder and supported the annexation of Texas and states' rights. Staunch Jacksonian, served as Speaker of the House during Jackson's administration. First "dark horse" candidate (was not a contender before the convention).

29. Constitutional Convention in Boston, 1779

special convention met to draft the MA constitution. John Adams drafted a constitution as the starting point. MA constitution began with a bill of rights and created a bicameral legislature where both houses were elected annually; House of Reps chosen by towns (apportioned by population) and Senators chosen by counties (according to property values). Governor elected by the people, and given veto power that could be overridden by 2/3 majority in both houses. All free adult males allowed to vote on constitution. MA const. ratified by towns in 1780. It was the model for all other state constitutions.

75. pros and cons of sound money

strengthened dollar; placed government credit on firm footing, and helped create a financial structure for the remarkable economic growth that tripled GNP during the last quarter of the 19th century; restraints on money supply hurt rural economy in South and West; hurt debtors; worsened two major depressions of the era

paternalism of slavery

the belief that slaves would be better off with the slaveowners than without, despite the fact that slaveowners held the slaves against their will

67. "lords of the lash"

the evil people according to Helper who were the slavemasters and the masters of the people who did not support slavery in the south

1. Earl of Bute

the king's tutor and personal advisor, John Stuart. He feared that the Seven Years War would bankrupt Britain. He also made William Pitt step down from the army which turned out to be a mistake because everyone liked him

1. Literacy Rate/Educated Public

the literacy rate in the pre-industrial US was the among the highest recorded. In 1790 85% of men in New England and 60% in Pennsylvania and the Chesapeake could read and write. The literacy rate for woman was about 25-30% lower.

haiti's revolt / impacts

the revolt in saint Dominique resulted in the creation in the republic of haiti, and feelings of hope and rebellion among slaves in the US

11. Southern reaction to Lincoln-

the south did not receive Lincoln's win well. They did not want him to be president and they said that he was going to liberate all the slaves and that "their kids were going to be slaves of Negroes in ten years.

South's neocolonial dependence-

the south had to hold the colonies on their back because they were the main exporter of products that were important for the rest of the colonies

41. neighboring network-"neighboring".

the southern pioneers of the northwest depended more on their families and neighbors than on distant markets. They insisted on lending tools rather than renting them, thus engaging outsiders in the elaborate network of

64. closing the Frontier, 1890

the superintendent of the U.S. Census made a sober announcement of dramatic import: "Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier of settlement, but at present the unsettled area has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier line ... any longer."

76. "Great Compromise"

there will be proportional representation in one house and state equality in the other

45. Jim Crow Laws

these laws created public segregation in many public facilities and african Americans resisted them

6. Granger laws

these laws established railroad commissions that fixed maximum freight rates and warehouse charges.

11. Sentimental novels/Role of women

these many sentimental novels upheld the new middle class domesticity. They sacralized the middle class home and the trials and triumphs of Christian women

77. Nathan B. Forrest/ John Morgan

they staged repeated raids in which they burned bridges, blew up tunnels, tore-up tracks and captured supply depots and the Union garrisons trying to defend them.

10. Harriet Beecher Stowe/Uncle Tom's Cabin

this book broke the record as the best seller and took it away from Susan Warner's many books

74. Annapolis Convention, 1786

this convention was prompted by James Madison, a former congressman. The Virgina legislature then urged all of the states to participate in this convention to explore ways to improve American trade

2. Novels/The Power of Sympathy

this was a morally ambiguous tale of seduction and betrayal that exposed hypocrisy in male authorities who punished women for their own seductions

Task system

this was a system where the slave owner would assign a task to the slaves in the morning then if they finished early the rest of the day was to themselves. If too many slaves finished early or they didn't finish they would be punished

8. Sarah J. Hale/ Godey's Lady's Book

this was the first magazine for women and talked about food, furniture, and things to do in the kitchen

77. Maine, 1851

went above and beyond other states, which just taxed liquor, by becoming the 1st of 13 states to prohibit the production and sale of liquor before the Civil War (the movement was so overwhelmed by the Civil War that the 18th amendment, which started Prohibition, wasn't passed until 1919)

54. Waltham System

were heavily capitalized and as fully mechanized as possible. They had little need for skilled workers. Used young single women recruited from farms in northern New England. Provided boardinghouses and enforced strict rules of conduct. The women never drank or stayed out late and always went to church.

25. Fur Trade

where it existed there was peace but where there was little or none, there was war.

80. Aspirations/ hopes of the Confederacy, 1862

win Maryland, get Democratic control in Congress, make Lincoln negotiate peace, persuade Britain and France to step in.

28. army morale, 1863

winter 1862-3, morale declined in the Army of the Potomac and desertions rose sharply. Lincoln replaced Burnside with Joe Hooker, or "Fighting Joe", who raised the soldiers' morale.

74.Jackson's Shenandoah campaign, 1862

with only 17,000 men Jackson moved by forced marches so quickly that his infantry earned the nickname "Jackson's foot cavalry". They marched 350 miles in one month and won 4 battles against 3 separate Union armies.

15. French alliance, 1778

with the fall of Philadelphia the Foreign Minister Charles Gravier, comte of Vergennes thought that Congress would give up unless France entered the war. He convinced the French that it was a good risk. Franklin and Vergennes signed two treaties. One granted the Americans generous trading terms with France. The other gave France a perpetual alliance with the United Stares, recognized the independence of America, agreed to fight until Britain conceded independence and disavowed all territorial ambitions to North America. This treaty made London very nervous.

73. inflationary boom

worried Jackson and many members of his administration. Inflationary boom is usually caused by rapid growth of commerce, credit, roads, canals, new farms, and the other manifestations of the Market Revolution.

31. Cato's Letters-

written by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, who used "Cato" as a pen name; angry writings against corruption and religious bigotry; immensely popular in colonial America; reprinted in the New England Courant

38. northern middlemen-

"Most valuable class in any community is the middle class"-Walt Whitman. New kinds of proprietors made in the market revolution: City and county merchants, Master craftsmen, manufacturers, Market-oriented farmers. Many were New Englanders. Yankee Protestantism: the foundation of American middle-class culture. This led to a mother led family life.

51. Puritans: Separatists and Non-Separatists -

"Puritans" (a.k.a. Non-Separatists) were Protestants in England that demanded a more complete reformation after Elizabeth the I's. They wanted to loose what was left of Catholicism and to replace the Anglican Book of Common Prayer with sermons and psalms as the main way to worship. They insisted they were loyal to the true Church of England and wanted to keep Calvinist ideals. They will play a major role in English expansion overseas. Separatists (more extreme Protestants) denied that the Church of England was a true church and started an independent congregation. Some will found the small colony of Plymouth.

1. Shift in Republicanism

- Northern and western Whigs demanded that their government actively encourage the transition to a market society. They also demanded moral legislation on issues such as Sabbath observance, temperance, and Bible education in public schools. The Whig party stood for an activist government, economic development (support of the Market Revolution), and moral progress.

Boston tea crisis

- also known as the Boston tea party, colonists overthrew 3 shiploads of taxed tea into the Boston harbor to rebel against the British laws

peace of paris, 1763/ treaty impacts

- ended the war, france surrendered many minor islands and all of north America east of Mississippi except new orleans while Britain surrendered Martinique and guadeloupe

64. "Higher law" Seward

- expressed antislavery position in which came to known as the "higher law" speech; both slavery and compromise were radically wrong; invoked the law of God in whose sight all persons were equal; the country should be considering how to bring slavery to a peaceful end

Edward braddock

- he was in control of 2 regiments of red coats, united with Shirley to take French forts, many American provinces joined in

tea act, 1773

- its objective was to undercut the price of tea smuggled into the untied states in favor of the east India company's tea, it was an act passed by the Parliament of great Britain

abolition movement

- movement to end slave trade and free all slaves, started in 1772 by Somersett's case

75quebec/ montreal

- wolfe conquered quebec and then tried capturing montreal, he was successful and eventually Canada surrendered

39. regiments/ batteries

1 regiment = 10 infantry companies (1 company = 100 men) commanded by a colonel, lieutenant colonel, and a major (all appointed by the governor). 1,000 men per regiment.1 battery = a field artillery unit; 4-6 cannons, horse-drawn vehicles to carry ammunition. Total for a 6-canon battery is 155 men and 72 horses.

27. wards of the nation

1871, Grant ends policy of dealing with separate Indian nations. Instead, the Indians became "wards of the nations"; as such, they were supposed to be civilized and prepared for citizenship on reservations and eventually individual lands (carved out of the reservations, which gave more Indian land to the US of course).

10. California and Oregon Trails

2,000 mile trails from Independence, Missouri or St. Joseph, Missouri; took five to six months to complete the trek; the trail passed through U.S., Mexican, and British territories; they ended up in Mexican territory (California) or in lands claimed by both the U.S. and Britain (Oregon)

27. XYZ Affair

3 American diplomats were sent to France to make a peace treaty with them and 3 unnamed French officials representing the Directory came out and told the Americans they had to pay a bribe of $250,000, loan France $12 million, and apologize for remarks John Adams said about France. America said "no way" and this started a little war.

48. South's method of financing the war:

3 methods of paying for a war: taxation, loans, and treasury notes (paper money). The South was afraid of raising taxes. Their capital was tied up in land and slaves, so little was available for war bonds. The South expected a short war, so their Congress authorized a limited issue of treasury notes, to be redeemable in specie w/in 2 years after the end of the war. More were issued because of their declining value (inflation). They tried to fix this by passing a law that taxed income, consumer purchases, business transactions, and agricultural products (officials could seize 10% of farmer's crops). This was unpopular and left only taxation. But it was too late to fix the economic crisis.

29. Alien and Sedition Acts

4 Acts passed by Adams which made the naturalization period 14 years and deported dangerous foreigners during war-time. Sedition Acts put anyone in jail who spoke against the President or the government.

24. 14th Amendment; Section 1

5- June 13, 1866, 14th Amendment ratified by Congress and sent to states for ratifications. Sec 1) civil rights of blacks as equal citizens. Sec 2) proportional # of congressmen taken away from states if they don't enfranchise blacks. Sec 3) many ex-Confederate's excluded from office. Sec 4) national debt valid, Confederate debt null. Sec 5) Congress has the right to make laws to enforce this amendment.

55. R.G. Shaw, Mass 54th Infantry / Fort Wagner, SC

54th Mass Infantry was the 1st black regiment raised in the North. Colonel R.G. Shaw headed the commanders and came from a prominent New Eng antislavery family. 2 of Fredrick Douglass' sons were in the Infantry. Shaw worked hard to win the right for the regiment to fight. July 18, 1863: Shaw succeeded: The 54th led an assault on Ft Wagner (part of Confed network of defenses protecting Charleston). The attack failed, 50% casualties, including Shaw, but they fought courageously. It was as important to the blacks as Bunker Hill was for the Yankees.

48. "popular sovereignty" / Cass -

A compromise position identified with Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, a contender for the Dem nomination. The concept proposed to let the settlers of each territory decide for themselves whether to permit slavery. It contained a crucial ambiguity: did not specify at what stage the settlers of a territory could decide on slavery. (Northern Demdecision made when legislature became organized. Southerners- No decision until settlers had a state constitution.)

50. economic diversification of the South

A growing number of southerners deplored the fact that the "colonial" economy of the South was so dependent on the export of agricultural products and the import of manufactured goods. In the years of rising sectional tensions around 1850, many southerners began calling for economic independence from the North. James D. B. De Bow declared that southerners must "throw off this humiliating dependence."

42. Rifled guns and Minié ball:

A rifled gun has spiral grooves along the barrel which spin-stabilizes the bullet (conservation of angular momentum...). Minié balls were the cone-shaped bullets that allowed the development of rifled barrels. These innovations increased the accuracy and effective range of the new guns over the old smoothbore muskets.

15. John Jacob Astor

A very rich New York merchant who stated that the BUS had had too much power which made it very unpopular. Comments like this lead to the BUS adopting the nickname "The Monster"

71. Sheridan /Shenandoah Valley

After Early's raid through the valley all the way to Washington in July, Grant put Philip Sheridan in charge of a reinforced Army of the Shenandoah and told him to "go after Early and follow him to the death." Sheridan forced Early to retreat multiple times and Sheridan destroyed the Shenandoah's valley crops and mills. Early led the Confederates and nearly won against the Union until Sheridan turned the battle from a Union defeat into another Confederate rout, resulting in the Battle of Cedar Creek ending Confederate power in the valley.

46. death of Stonewall Jackson -

After the Jackson's first attack on the Union at Chancellorsville, he rode out to scout incase of a night attack but was wounded when he returned because the jittery Confeds thought he was Union cavalry. They won the battle, but Southern celebration was tempered when Jackson died on May 10. He had contracted pneumonia after the amputation of his arm.

14. Depression / BUS "The Monster"

After the Panic of 1819 the economy crashed and employers fell so far in debt that they had to sell their businesses. This resulted in places like Philidelphia having a 75% unemployment rate. None of the people really understood what was happening and placed all of the blame of the Bank of the United States (BUS).

49. new "denominationalism"

After the revival, antirevivalist denominations such as Quakers, Congregationalists, and Anglicans all became less prominent, replaced by Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians. The English Church had more or less collapsed during the Revolution, and the new churches acquired priests from a broader spectrum of the population who did not necessarily have schooling. The new churches were better fitting for the evolving society.

5. Alexander Hamilton/ Federalists

Alexander Hamilton was the epiphany of the Federalists. They were pro a strong central government and wealthy merchants (mostly northeastern) and a few Southern plantation owners, also, they were the ones who joined the political party. Hamilton became Washington's Chief of Treasury and was in charge of assessing and solving the country's national and state debt left from the revolution.

63. Chesapeake incident 1807--

American naval frigade Chesapeake signed on English and American deserters of the British navy; taunted their old officers on the H.M.S. Leopard; Leopard demanded return of the deserters; Americans refused; British fired and killed 3 Americans (18 wounded); British seized 4 deserters and hung 1; set off huge anti-British demonstrations

1. Manifest Destiny /John O'Sullivan

Americans proclaimed that Manifest Destiny was the reason and/or excuse for United States' expansion. John L. O'Sullivan, editor of the Democratic Review, stated in 1846 that "to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty," was a given right by destiny for the United States.

20. Andrew Jackson, 1824 election

Andrew Jackson was considered the wild card of the 1824 election. He was only known as a military hero after his victory at the Battle of New Orleans. However, despite being the wild card, he ended up winning the popular vote. Despite winning the popular vote, he didn't receive enough electoral votes, 32 shy of the plurality demanded by the Constitution. He ended up losing the election to John Quincy Adams.

23. Lone Star Republic /failure of annexation

Andrew Jackson wouldn't annex Texas because he didn't want a war with Mexico. He also didnt want to fight with antislavery northerners. Martin Van Burren handled Texas the same way.

30. loss of lands of Mexican Americans

Anglo-American settlers take Mexican land. Angl-American "squatters" laid claim to the land of the Mexican elite; forced Mexicans to undergo complicated and costly lawsuits to get their land back, and many times they had to sell their land to pay off their debts. Ranchers in southern CA were forced to sell their lands to pay off their debts after devastating droughts in the 1860s which killed the ranching industry.

14. Gates/ Arnold-

Arnold approached Fort Shuyler with an additional 1,000 men, causing the Indians to flee and St. Leger to withdraw to Oswego; when Burgoyne's army was headed towards Albany, they were faced with Gates and his forces, which outnumbered the British 3-1

54. Burr's trial for treason, 1807

As a result of the duel, President Jefferson ordered Burr's arrest. Burr was tried for treason at Richmond with the Chief Justice on the bench. Marshall stopped what he and other Federalists considered Jefferson's attempt to use the charge of treason to silent dissent by limiting the definition of treason to overt acts of war against the United States or to adhering to the republic's foreign enemies. A person charged of treason also had to have two witnesses that saw an overt act of treason. Under these terms Burr was set free. At the same time the United States separated internal dissent from treason.

65. Indian problems / British and Spanish alliances

As a result of their individual problems with the US both Britain and Spain would support the Native Americans if there was a conflict. During the Revolutionary war soldiers had been promised land in exchange for their service and when it came time to deliver the land there was no where to take it from unless you removed the Native Americans. The removal of the Native Americans was a difficult process especially when the Natives were hostile.

2. Henry Clay/ American System

As the election of 1824 did not have a clear winner, Congress had to vote on which candidate would be President, Adams or Jackson. Jackson thought he would obviously be chosen because he had the majority of votes. However, Henry Clay, who could influence many representatives as Speaker of the House, made a corrupt bargain with Adams: he would support Adams and get him elected if Adams appointed him secretary of state, the office that traditionally leads to the presidency. Though Jackson refused to be part of this bargain, Adams accepted, was voted into the Presidency, and appointed Clay secretary of state. When the public learned of the scandal, it ruined Clay's reputation and the Adams administration.

95. Middle class women in North as reformers

As the practice of sexual self-control spread, so did the idea that men were unable to control themselves, which enhanced the idea that women were needed and required in order to keep control. They tried to reform prostitutes, protect children, and campaigned against pornography, obscenity, lewdness, and seduction.

45. Impact of race and gender on voting rights

At first there were some loopholes in laws which would allow women to vote (for example property holding widows) but a law of 1807 abolished property restrictions and gave voting rights to all white men. And the topic of woman suffrage would be brought up again until 1848. The revolutionary constitutions of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine allowed free blacks to vote. In New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Maryland, Tennessee, and North Carolina, blacks were allowed to vote but the right was taken away from them.

35. British use of loyalists

At first, British look on loyalist military potential with disdain, but as they grew desperate for men after 1778, loyalists join British forces. 19,000 men joined loyalist militia units; they served longer terms than continentals (partly because they had no home to go back to) and by 1780, twice as many loyalists were fighting than patriots.

56. average income; North vs South -

Average income in North was about 40% higher than in South. The averaged masked the large divisions b/t rich and poor. The divisions were usually less in North than in South. Large #s of immigrants, day laborers, and single women in northern cities lived in poverty. Worked long hours and earned less than a living wage. Wages and opportunities for workers were greater in the North than in the rest of the world.

60. 1805 Trafalgar and Austerlitz-

Battle of Trafalgar-1805, Royal Navy (under Lord Nelson) destroyed French and Spanish fleets; Battle of Austerlitz- 1805, Napolean's armies decisively beat Austria and Russia, winning effective control of Europe; stalemate (Napoleon controlled Europe, Britain controlled the seas)

97. Legal rights of women expanded

Beginning about 1840, women lobbied state legislatures and won significant changes in the laws governing women's right to property, to the wages of their own labor, and to custody of children in cases of divorce. Fourteen states passed such legislation, culminating in New York's Married Women's Property Act in 1860.

35. Nathaniel Bacon

Berkeley's cousin by marriage with a scandalous past; excluded from Indian trade under Berkeley's new rules; went south in search of Susquehannocks, and instead found friendly Occaneechees who offered to attack them and succeeded in this endeavor; afterwards, Bacon's men massacred the Occaneechees in their sleep; marched on Jamestown and demanded that Berkeley make him general of volunteers; compelled legislature to allow another expedition against Indians; Bacon's Rebellion was the largest rebellion in the American colonies before 1775; had a lot to do with class resentments; went on to massacre and enslave the unresisting Pamunkey Indians; forced wives of Berkeley's supporters to stand directly in the line of fire as he approaches Jamestown, then he set the city on fire; died of dysentery in October

62. Berlin and Milan decrees 1807-

Berlin Decree outlawed all trade with the British isles; Milan Decree was a response to the British's Order in Council (demanded neutral ships be inspected and licensed in Britain) that said any vessel obeying the British decrees was subject to seizure by France

2. economic growth to 1900

Between 1870 and 1890, America's soaring graain production increased three times as fast as the American population. Competition grew causing prices to go down causing the economy to decrease therefore making corruption in America more frequent as people try to earn as much money as possible.

40. Great Awakening (1730-1740)

Between the mid-1730s and the early 1740s, an immense religious revival swept across the Protestant world. This Great Awakening shattered some denominational loyalties in the colonies and enabled the Methodists and the Baptists to surge ahead of all Protestant rivals in the generation after 1780. Within the British Empire, some areas were more intensely affected than others. England, Scotland, Ulster, New England, the mid-Atlantic colonies and for a time South Carolina responded warmly to emotional calls for a spiritual rebirth while Southern Ireland, the West Indies, and the Chesapeake colonies remaind on the margins until Virginia and Maryland were drawn into a later phase of the movement in the 1760s and 1770s.

36. moral issues: N vs S

Both sides fought for nation, flag, and constitution. However, the South had the advantage in morale b/c they were fighting to defend their homeland and their way of life from being taken over by radical abolitionists who would free and equalize their slaves.

52. Bragg, Longstreet

Bragg and Longstreet combined their troops and with a well played trick, trapped a union army in a gap. They held a great advantage and defeated the union army causing most of it to retreat. The union later sent the Confederates into a retreat after they were reinforced.

3. Southern Democrats, John breckenridge, 1860; Baltimore

Breckenridge represented the Southern Democrats in the 1860 election. The division in the Democratic party was the main reason for Abraham Lincoln's election.

85. Treaty of Ghent, 1814 -

Britain and America opened peace talks in the Belgium city of Ghent. The British demanded the right to navigate the Mississippi River, territorial concessions, and the creation of a permanent Indian buffer state that they had promised their Indian allies. The Americans talked about impressment and maritime rights. Eventually both withdrew their demands. The treaty ended with the borders remaining the same. All that it accomplished was ending the war.

67. Albany Congress/Plan of Union

Britain wanted every colony in the north area to attend an Albany congress in order to form a union, and because they were afraid that France would side with the Six Nations.

70. British use of slaves-

British Methodist leader John Wesley attacked slavery; Scottish Adam Smith praised slaves for their "magnanimity" and disliked slaves' masters; many other British rallied against the institution of slavery, along with many colonists, while others still held on to the tradition of slavery

41. British allies / American allies -

British desperate for men, quietly recruit Irish Catholics, Lord North had moderate toleration for English and Scottish Cath → surge of Protestant violence (Gordon riots), Loyalists - Americans that sided w/ England (man power and justification for war on Eng side), Deep South (Carolinas), served long term. South of New England, slaves sided w/ Eng. At 1st, most Native Americans remained neutral, later sided w/ Eng (American victory would threaten their survival on ancestral lands), included Cherokee/ In N.E. - slaves were promised freedom if they fought for colonists. Deep South, Catawbas sided w/ Americans. France

41. British allies / American allies -

British desperate for men, quietly recruit Irish Catholics, Lord North had moderate toleration for English and Scottish Cath. Surge of Protestant violence (Gordon riots), Loyalists - Americans that sided w/ England (man power and justification for war on Eng side), Deep South (Carolinas), served long term. South of New England, slaves sided with English At 1st, most Native Americans remained neutral, later sided with English (American victory would threaten their survival on ancestral lands), included Cherokee. In N.E. slaves were promised freedom if they fought for colonists. Deep South, Catawbas sided with Americans. France

82. Battle of New Orleans/ Jackson -

British shifted their attention to Gulf Coast especially New Orleans. Peace negotiations had begun. They wanted to capture New Orleans as a bargaining chip. They met w force commanded by Andrew Jackson. They fought unaware a peace treaty had already been signed. Britain finally launched a frontal assault where they lost 2,000 while Americans lost 70. This battle made Andrew Jackson a national hero.

66. Population Increases:

By 1700, 250,000 settlers and slaves were living in England's mainland colonies doubling every 25 years; The French grew at that same rate while the Spanish declined

42. Antislavery societies / Lewis Tappan, NY:

By the 1830's, antislavery societies had formed and called not only for immediate and universal emancipation but for equal rights as well. These societies became the main targets of some of the most vicious anti-abolitionist mobs. In July 1834, a New York City mob sacked the house of the white abolitionist merchant Lewis Tappan.

65. Irish and German immigrants / Catholic Schools

By the mid 1840's Irish an German immigrants entered schools by the thousands, and since most immigrant families were poor some children had to earn wages making their attendance at school irregular. Mostly Catholic, this also caused problems inside the schools demanding changes in some textbooks.

35. Link between transportation and trade-

Cheap and quick methods of transportation were critical to a profitable trading market because Americans needed to be able to get their goods from one place to another in a reasonable amount of time at a reasonably low cost

35. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Cherokees wanted to sue Georgia but the supreme court said they could not because they were under the federal government not under Georgia

7. William and Mary College

Chesapeake settlers had no formal schooling til the founding of William and Mary College in 1693.

12. Slave life in upper South

Chesapeake tobacco planters organized their slaves into gangs, supervised them closely, and kept them in the fields all day. To make their plantations more self-sufficient, trained some slaves to be blacksmiths, carpenters, coopers, or other skilled artisans.

58. Pendleton Act, 1883; Chester A. Arthur

Chester A. Arthur was vice president and he became president when Garfield was assassinated. He supported reform and Congress passed the Pendleton Act which established a category of civil service jobs that were filled by competitive examinations. State and local governments began to emulate federal civil service reforms.

59. Mugwumps vs. Blaine, 1884-

Chester Arthur, the incumbent president, wasn't renominated (James Blaine was picked over him as the Republican candidate); Blaine had many enemies, especially the Mugwumps (believed Blaine wasn't qualified to be president because of rumors of shady dealings with railroad lobbyists and others); Mugwumps responded to Blaine's nomination by defecting to the Democratic governor of New York, Grover Cleveland (viewed him as a reformer and a proprietor of "good government"); Cleveland became the first Democratic president in nearly 30 years, winning the election in New York by only 1,149 votes (a 0.1% margin)

22. Sand Creek Massacre, Colo, 1864

Cheyennes on reservation, Sand Creek, in southeast Colorado. Braves return to old hunting grounds, given to US gov by treaty, out of hunger and resentment. Indians raid white settlements, skirmishes erupt into open warfare. Chief Black Kettle returned to the reservation after he thought he had concluded peace with whites. Nov 29, white militia surrounds reservation and kills 200 unsuspecting Indians, half of them women and children.

60. Election of 1888; Tariff issue-

Cleveland made the tariff issue a key focus; he said lower duties would be beneficial to everyone in America because it would reduce the cost of consumer goods for the people; the Republican candidate for the 1888 elections, Benjamin Harrison, promised to protect the protective tariff; Harrison won NY by 0.6%, giving him the election

26. Grant and Sherman / Vicksburg

Confederate control of Vicksburg, a fort on the Mississippi, gave them control of an important stretch of river used to transport goods between eastern and western states. November 1862, Grant marched to Vicksburg from Memphis while Sherman led a his men and a gunboat fleet downriver. Grant was forced to retreat to Memphis when Confederate cavalry raiders destroyed Union rrs and supply despots. Sherman attackd Chickasaw Bluffs and was defeated.

33. "civilized tribes"

Congress wanted the better indian tribes to become farming societies to help the economy. These included Seminoles, Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws.

68. Maysville road veto

Congress wanted to purchase stock in a turnpike that would run from the end of the National Road (in Louisville) all the way to Maysville, Kentucky; Jackson employed the "King Veto," arguing that this action was unconstitutional; he considered it partial legislation for the benefit of one local area; additionally, Jackson, always wanting to lower the national debt, was generally opposed to federal public works

56. congressional reforms in 1781 -

Congress was called, soldiers leaving and civilian violence led to reforms. Stopped printing money, stopped committee system, created separate executive departments of foreign affairs, finance, war, and marine. Requisitioned revenue from states (who then imposed taxes). Tried to reform Articles of Confederation in 1781, RI rejected it, to impose a 5% duty on imports. Reforms barely kept a smaller army in field for the rest of the war, executive departments had large effects (Congress ~ national legislature)

30. Continental Congress

Continental Congress met almost continually during the war and began discussing the American union in the summer of 1776.

58. Yorktown -

Cornwallis, on Clinton's orders, withdrew to Yorktown when Washington sent Lafayette after them. Washington planned a trap. Worked closely with French army commander, Jean Baptiste Donatien (comte de Rochambeau). Armies would meet up (Washington, Rochambeau, Lafayette, de Grasse). De Grasse beat off Eng relief force at the Battle of the Capes on Sept 5. Washington cut off all retreat routes and besieged Cornwallis in Yorktown. Cornwallis surrendered entire army. Brought down Eng gov't in March 1782. Lord North resigned.

31. Liberty Riot (1768):

Customs collectors confiscated John Hancock's boat, the Liberty, for smuggling wine on its previous voyage. The waited until it had new cargo so that the informers and customs agents could split larger shares of the cargo. Boston merchants drafted a nonimportation agreement. Two dozen Massachusetts towns agreed to boycott British goods. The biggest boycott was on tea which women drank not rum which men drank. Women saw this as unfair but the reason was that the molasses came from the French West Indies and was made into rum in America so boycotting it would not hurt the British in any way.

32. Violence Against Customs Agents/ Customs Racketeering:

Customs racketeering is where customs agents would seize ships for "breaking the law" when it was actually for personal gain.

18. Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens

Davis became president of the CSA and Stephens was his VP. They were both moderate Secessionists and Davis had served in the US congress for many years and he had attended and graduated West Point.

29. "Boomers" and "Sooners", 1889

Dawes Act opens up reservation land to white settlement; "Boomers" come to reservations and stake claims to nearly 2 million acres in 1 day. Eventually, whites grab up 108 million acres of former reservation land.Loss of communal land was horrible for the Indians; they were used to tribal ownership and viewed farming as women's work. Many Indians coped with the situation by duping government authorities into giving them more rations and land.

52. "King Commerce"

De Bow took the lead in organizing annual commercial conventions that met in various southern cities during the 1850s, and in its early years this movement encouraged southerners to invest in shipping lines, railroads, textile mills ("bring the spindles to the cotton"), and other enterprises. "Give us factories, machine shops, work shops," declared southern proponents of King Commerce, "and we shall be able ere long to asset our rights."

40. DeBow's Review / "King Cotton"

DeBow's Review was a widely circulated magazine of "agricultural, commercial, and industrial progress and resource" in the American South during the upper middle of the 19th century, from 1846 until 1884

69. Eugene V. Debs / American Railway Union

Debs was the leader of the ARU when he was 20 years old and he made it incorporate all railroad workers. They led several organized strikes on multiple railroad companies.

36. Worcester v. Georgia

Declared Georgia's extension of state law over Cherokee land was unconstitutional. This led to the trail of tears because Jackson told Martin van Buren to march the Indians to Oklahoma.

44. Trenches/flanking manoeuvres:

Defending troops would dig in to trenches and hold a defensive line, making massed assaults ineffectual and deadly. Instead, attackers would try to outflank the defensive line and sneak around the side to the back and trap the defenders.

49. Election of 1848 / Zachery Taylor -

Democratic convention nominated Cass for president (to endorse popular sovereignty). However, did not mention popular sovereignty in order to keep party unity, however a split did occur over slavery. The Whigs tried to avoid a similar schism by adopting no platform at all, but the slavery issue did not die. The Conscience Whigs formed (see below) and nominated Zachery Taylor, making the party ridiculous. They were desperate for victory, so they chose a hero from a war that most of them opposed. Taylor was a large slaveholder who owned several plantations in LA and Miss, and that fact was too much for the Conscience Whigs. They left the party and formed a coalition w/ the Liberty Party & antislavery Democrats. Taylor was the strongest in the South and won NY and the election.

63. "Bayonet rule" and corruption scandals-

Democrats and Liberal Republicans used the "bayonet rule" and "carpetbagger corruption" in a campaign against Republicans in the South; many Northerners persuaded to join the Democrats' side; Republican leaders were discredited by well-publicized scandalous transgressions

60. Democratic view of social reform:

Democrats argued that attempts to dictate morality through legislation were both antirepublican and wrong. (Social reforms included: Public schools, ethinicity, religion, and Sunday schools, prisons, asylums)

72. "solid" Democratic South

Democrats entered the campaign as favorites for the first time in two decades, it seemed likely that they would be able to put together an electoral majority from a "solid South" plus New York and two or three other Northern states. To ensure a solid South, they looked to the lessons of the Mississippi Plan.

76. dual governments in Louisiana and South Carolina

Democrats in Louisiana and South Carolina each elected and inaugurated their own separate governors and legislatures; the Republican governors in New Orleans and Columbia had to be protected by federal troops

79. Segregation and discrimination

Democrats mobilized voters with threat of "Negro rule;" burned benches to be used for evangelical meetings with antislavery speakers in the town square, then dug up deceased black man to greet Sunday school students; spread belief of biological determinism

64. McClellan/ Democrats, 1864-

Democrats nominated McClellan as their presidential nominee for the 1864 election; his platform was peace; Southerners were overjoyed and hoped McClellan would win... but he didn't

50. Southern Democrat Supporters

Democrats ran strongest in yeoman neighborhoods with few slaves and relatively little market activity-- upcountry communities that valued household independence and the society of neighbors and that deeply distrusted intrusions from the outside.

86. fusion of Democrats and Populists, 1896

Democrats took up silver dollar as their central issue; saw fusion with Democratic party as key to victory

48. Evangelicals and Democrats

Democrats won the support of hundreds of thousands of evangelical Protestants. This is because they offered protection. At least half of Methodists, Baptists, Disciples of Christ, Old School Presbyterians and members of Reformed churches put their faith in providence and individual piety.

66. Mississippi Plan, 1875--

Democrats' strategy for the election of 1875 in Mississippi; first step was to "persuade" 10-15% of whites who were still Republican to become Democrats via social ostracism, economic pressures, and outright threats; second step was to intimidate black voters, mainly through violence

61. "Bunker Hillism"

Describes the tactic the Yankees used at Breed's/ Bunker Hill. They fortified a hill and waited for the British frontal assault. This was not successful after Breed's Hill, though, because the British got the message not to do that again.

43. Federalist's programs ended by Jefferson

Despite his strict constructionist views, Jefferson did not dismantle important elements of the Federalist program. He saw no need, for example, to abolish the Bank of the United States; it was working well. Nor did Jefferson systematically replace Federalist officeholders with Republicans; rather, he filled vacancies with his supporters as Federalists resigned or died. A number of Federalists even served in his cabinet. In making judicial appointments, however, Jefferson took the upper hand.

28. Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Divides the Southern states into military districts, supervised by the federal army. Sets up elections for constitutional convention delegates in which all men, including blacks and excluding the ex-Confederates barred under the 14th amendment, could vote. A state would only be declared reconstructed when its constitution granted equal civil and political rights to blacks and whites and ratified the 14th Amendment.

69. Dorothea Dix/ moral treatment of the insane

Dorothea Dix was a leading advocate of humane treatment of the insane. She traveled and urged state legislatures to build asylums committed to "moral treatment". The asylums were to be clean and pleasant places, outside the city, and inmates were to be treated humanely. One of her friends was the wife of a powerful Democrat legislator. When her friend was dying she asked her husband to build an asylum. One was built and named Dix Hill.

3. Douglas' motives/ "slave power"

Douglas had ulterative motives, however. Some say he wanted to win the support of the south for his presidential nomination in 1856. However, if he did this, he risked losing the support of the North. Others say that he he wanted a railroad to cross the territory to raise his property values. Still others speculate that he truly believed in Manifest Destiny. Whatever his motives, he failed to recognize the northern opposition to "slave power" and the expansion of slavery. He, himself, didn't care. He wanted people to just be able to decide the matter for themselves.

2. Stephen A. Douglas vs William Yancey

Douglas was from Illinois and believed in popular sovereignty. Yancey was an advocate for the Southern secession

42. Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell / Women's Central Association for Relief -

Dr. Blackwell was the 1st American woman to earn an M.D. (1849). She organized a meeting of 3,000 women in NYC on Apr 29, 1861. They put together the Women's Central Association for Relief. It was the start of the most pwrful voluntary association of the war: US Sanitary Commission.

35. Dred Scott case /decision

Dred Scott, a slave, sued for freedom (since he had spent a long time in the Wisconsin territory, where the Missouri Compromise had outlawed slavery); the Supreme Court declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, claiming that Congress did not have the power to keep slavery out of a territory, since slaves were property, which is protected under the Constitution; the Court decided that, since black men weren't U.S. citizens, the case should not have been accepted in the first place

100. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

Elizabeth Cady Stanton shared her family's interest in the temperance and antislavery movements, and at a convention later discovered that the logic of antislavery applied to women as well as slaves and that a rights reform that was less than universal was badly flawed. A little after the Seneca Falls Convention, Stanton met Susan B. Anthony, another veteran reformer, and the two formed a friendship and collaborated in the fight for women's rights.

21. Proclamation of Sept 22, 1862

Emancipation Proclamation, issued Sept 22 1862; proclaimed that if any state or part of a state was still in rebellion by Jan 1, 1863, the slaves there would be liberated. Confederates didn't heed the Proclamation and no Southern states returned to the Union.

59. Treaty of Paris, 1783 -

Ended the war in Feb. Secret peace negotiations in Paris w/ British opened by John Jay and John Adams. Won Eng recognition of Miss, but w/out New Orleans, recognized validity of prewar transatlantic debts, Congress promised to urge the states to restore confiscated loyalist property. (Vergennes - French foreign minister, treaty made Spain stop demanding France to keep fighting until Gibraltar surrendered.) Made Western Indians upset, lost land to US.

16. Mc Clellen's failures

Even with this paper, Mc Clelen was afraid to strike and waited to long. He alsooutnumbered Lee, but did not believe that he did. He also chose not to pursue Lee after he retreated.

43. U.S. Sanitary Commission / nurses -

Eventually included 7,000 local auxiliaries. It was an essential part of the Union army's medical bureau. Most local volunteers and nurses provided to army hospital were women. Nursing was not a new profession, but it lacked respect as a wartime profession (just above prostitution). Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War changed this perception. 1,000s of middle and upper class women volunteers became nurses and it became a respected profession. Many men did not want women in a war setting, but they later received praise as doing a better job than soldiers who had formally done the job.

51. conflicts between legislature and royal governors / "factions" -

Every royal colony except New York and Georgia already had an assembly with a strong sense of its own privileges when the first royal governor arrived, but the governors in some colonies grew more affection as time passed. Because some of their instructions challenged some existing practices, clashed often occurred and many did not get what they wanted. They won more over the years. Conflicts tended to be legalistic Each side cited technical precedents to justify the governor's prerogatives or the assembly's traditional privileges. Later it often pitted an aggrieved minority against both governor and assembly. → Ideological. Governor accused of corruption, threatening liberties; he denounced opposition as a "faction" / Factionspolitical parties. Condemed by everyone as self-interested and destructive.

51. Navigation Act, 1696

Extended to America the system of vice admiralty courts. These courts gave results quickly and without juries.

34. High Federalists

Extreme federalists. one example is Hamilton. Some considered them to be antirepublican militarists

9. Republican Party, 1854

Factions splintered off the floundering Whigs that were northern and anti-slaves. They had experimented with many names, but settled on one that they thought evoked names of the glorious past and the fight for freedom: Republican. Soon, many of the nominees by anti-Nebraska coalitions were now under the Republican banner. Rejected names were anti-Nebraska, Fusion, People's, and Independent.

31. Battle of Glorietta Pass, 1862

Feb 1861, Southerners try to take west from Union. Succeed in capturing some of New Mexico. March on to Ft Union, near Santa Fe. Colorado miners form Union regiments, march over Rockies, and fight Confederates in the Battle of Glorietta Pass, March 26-28, 1862. Southern wagon destroyed, forced to retreat to Texas. Confederate conquest of West and Southwest fails.

33. Federalist Army and Navy

Federalists wanted a strong army and navy so that they would be respected and also to be ready to fight if things with France got out of hand

78. Federalists vs. Anti

Federalists- federalists supported the constitution while anti-federalists didn't

96. Lydia Maria Child /Sarah Grimke

Females gained a sense of spiritual empowerment, which was emphasised when writer, abolitionist and moral reformer Lydia Maria Child proclaimed that after becoming missionaries and forming tract societies, women could no longer return to their former lives. Sarah Grimke, another radical female abolitionist, announced that men and women were created equal and are obligated to be so.

55. George Fitzhugh, Cannibals All and Sociology for the South -

Fitzhugh was a VA farmer-lawyer whose newspaper articles were gathered into 2 books published in 1854 and 1857, Sociology for the South and Cannibals All. He said that free-labor capitalism was a competition where the strong exploited and starved the weak. Slavery was a paternal institution that guaranteed protection of the workers. Making money in order to survive was a stronger drive on free laborers than masters over slaves (work or starve).

48. new colleges from the Awakening

Five new colleges were created, all with different religions: College of NJ (Princeton), Presbyterian, King's College (Columbia), Anglican, Rhode Island College (Brown), Baptist, Queens College (Rutgers), Dutch Reformed, and Dartmouth College, Congregationalist.

53. Francis Cabot Lowell/ Boston Manufacturing Co. -

Francis Cabot Lowell toured English factory districts and made secret drawings of the machines. When he returned home he joined with wealthy friends to form the Boston Manufacturing Company also known as the Boston Associates. First mill was in Waltham, Massachusetts.

23. Freedman's Bill and Civil Rights Bill

Freedman's Bureau bill extended the life of the Freedman's Bureau and expanded its powers. The Civil Rights Bill defined freedppl as citizens with equal legal rights and allowed courts to enforce those equal rights. Congress overrode Johnson's veto.

5.Fremont's order in Missouri

Fremont declared that all slaves in Missouri were free. Lincoln was furious because he feared the border states seceding.

12. Marquis de Lafayette-

Frenchman who volunteered in the Continental Army at Valley Forge; later sent with 1,200 New England and Jew Jersey Continentals as damage control

56. First Continental Congress, 1774

From 1769 to 1774, colonial patriots had looked to John Wilkes in London for leadership but they began relying on themselves at the First Continental Congress. Congress began to act as a central government for the United Colonies.

49. Treason of West Point:

General Clinton planned with Benedict Arnold to surrender West Point to the English which would open up the Hudson River to English Navy. In September, Andre (Clinton's Agent) was caught and hanged, Arnold escaped and became an English General.

41. Generals/"Political" generals:

Generals were appointed by the president. Some of these generals had little military merit; they were instead appointed for political reasons (e.g. to curry favor with particular regions). They tended to be incompetent, and either learned or were weeded out.

45. Creation of West Point, 1802

George Washington first proposed a military academy in 1783, but critics opposed this relatively new idea of a special school to train army officers as too European. They deemed it incompatible with democratic institutions, fearing the creation of a military aristocracy. Finally, two decades after Washington's first proposal, on 16 March 1802, the United States Military Academy officially opened. It stood on a commanding bluff overlooking the Hudson River at West Point, New York, 50 miles north of Manhattan.

58. KKK Act, 1871

Gov. made two acts before this act prohibiting interference with voting rights. They said depriving a person of their political rights was a felony. The third act was commonly called the KKK Act and gave the pres the right to suspend habeas corpus to send federal troops to supress armed resistance to federal law.

26. Peace Policy and Reconstruction of Indians / Grant

Grant announced his peace policy towards Indians in his 1869 inaugural address. Plans for the civilization and ultimate citizenship of Indians. Civilization - acceptance of white culture, English language, Christianity, allegiance to US.

60. Spotsylvania/ trench warfare

Grant didn't admit defeat in the battle of the Wilderness, instead he kept moving on to Spotsylvania. The Confederates fought from trenches and log breastworks they had constructed over night. A stalemate was achieved. North: 18000 dead/wounded, South: 12000 again

61. Grant/ Petersburg, 1864

Grant moved to Petersburg (20 miles south of Richmond. If they took that city, the Confederates could not hold Richmond.) after this and was cut off again by Lee's troops. The North lost another 11000 men. Such high casualties caused Grant to settle down for a siege along the Petersburg -Richmond front that would last 9 months.

51. Grant/ Vicksburg, 1863

Grant tried to scatter Confederate troops across Mississippi and cut supply lines before turning to Vicksburg. There he trapped Confederate troops in Vicksburg between his army and his ironclads on the river. He laid siege to the city and it surrendered on July 4.

39. Grant scandals / Credit Mobilier

Grant was too trusting and appointed many of his military friends and his wife's relatives to jobs they were not qualified for. This led to a lot of government corruption and scandal. However, many scandals, like Tammany Hall and Standard Oil, weren't Grant's fault. One of the most famous scandals was about Congress and the Credit Mobilier, a construction company for the Union Pacific RR. The company received loans and land grants from the government; when some congressmen bought stock in the company, they expected lax congressional supervision. Basically, the company could manipulate congressmen financially.

16. Seaport commerce -

Grew steadily during 1700s, handled imports from Europe and farm exports from America. War b/t Eng and France (1793-1814) on, young ppl grew up knowing that father would be unable to help them & they had to make their own way in world. Decline of parental power - seen in the changing patterns of courtship and marriage. In Countryside: young men knew they wont inherit family farm & young women knew that their father would be able to provide only a small dowry. Fathers have less control over marriage choices (no longer just a transfer of property). Young ppl now made marriage choices based on affection and personal attraction instead of property or parental pressure. Now united individuals (not families). Youth independence - pregnancies outside of marriage.

78. Battle of Thames/ End of Tecumseh

Harrison caught up with a force of British and Indians at the Thames River. The Americans won, and in the course of the battle Richard M. Johnson, a War Hawk congressman, killed Tecumseh. Soldiers brought back pieces of his hair and skin as proof.

19. William R. Hearst

He owned the New York Journal and was very wealthy. In his house he collected art from around the world. His house was called Hearst Castle because it was so huge and grand.

79. William Walker, Nicaragua, 1854-1860

He was the most remarkable of the filibusteros, he proclaimed himself president of Nicaragua and re-instituted slavery there. he instituted slavery and then gained support from the south but was overthrown by disease and the Central American Armies trying to overthrow him. He was welcomed into Louisiana as a hero.

48. Compromise Tariff of 1833:

Henry Clay's compromise tariff gradually lowered the tariff and isolated the southern nullifiers. It allowed protectionism and allowed the northern manufacturers to adjust to the lower rates.

41. Race riots in Philadelphia; 1834 and 1849

In 1834, at a street carnival, a major race riot broke out between working-class whites and blacks. Over the next few nights, whites wrecked a black-owned tavern, broke into black households to terrorize families and steal their property, attacked whites who lived with, socialized with, or operated businesses catering to blacks, and wrecked two African churches. In 1849, sporadic racial violence wracked Philadelphia throughout the 1830s and 1840s, reaching its height in 1849. That summer, a gang of Irish immigrants calling themselves "the Killers" attacked the California House, a black-owned tavern and gambling hall. The black patrons had anticipated the attack and had armed themselves. In the melee, five Killers were shot. The Killers set fire to the California House which spread to nearby houses. The riot finally ended when the city sent in four companies of militia.

89. Postal campaign, 1835

In 1835, the society launched its Postal Campaign. They flooded the nations postal system with abolitionist tracts that most southerners and northerners found to be "incendiary".

61. Jackson's veto of the BUS, 1832

In Jackson's Bank Veto Message,Jackson described the Bank's intentions and bias towards the wealthy people of the nation while also producing inequality and special privileges leading to opportunities for power abuse. While it seemed very vicious and heated, many agreed with Jackson's on a society of virtuous, independent producers and to pristine republican government.

70. Northwest Ordinance of 1787

In July 1787, Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance. It allowed the creation of from 3-5 states, to be admitted to the Union as full equals of the original 13 states. For the states, Congress would appoint a governor and council to rule until the population reached 5,000. At that point, the settlers could elect an assembly that would pass laws. When population reached 60,000, the settlers could adopt their own constitution and petition Congress for statehood.

77. Commodore Perry on Lake Erie, 1813

In Sept. 1813, Commodore Perry cornered and destroyed the British fleet at Put-in-Bay. Control of Lake Erie allowed the US to cut off supplies to the British in the Northwest. A US army under General Henry Harrison retook the area and continued on into Canada.

8. Barter System

In a barter system, you trade goods without using money. It's the good ol' "I'll give you a chicken for your corn" scenario.

Indian response

In beginning, most tribes try to stay neutral. By end of war, nearly all Indians side with British b/c they see that Americans will keep encroaching on their land, while a British victory might stop the flood of Western settlement.

52. "country" principles -

In most southern colonies, the Country principles of the British opposition became the common assumptions of public life, acceptable to both governor and assembly, typically after a failed attempt to impose Court alternative. "politics of harmony" governors accomplish more through persuasion than through patronage, assemblies responded by showing their appreciation. Factions disappeared, allowing the governor and the assembly to pursue the "common good" in an atmosphere free of rancor or corruption.

90. rice plantations/ African slavery

In the 1690's they learned how to grow rice in South Carolina. The knowledge of rice growing was acquired from African slaves. After the Indian slave trade collapsed in 1715 rice became the major export of South Carolina and they had to bring in more and more African slaves.

37. Founding of Georgia (1732)

In the 1730s, Anglican humanitarianism and the Enlightenment belief in the possibility of social improvement converged in Britain to provide support for the founding of Georgia, named for King George II. The sponsors of this project hoped to create a society that could make productive use of England's "worthy" poor, (but not the lazy or criminal poor). They were determined to produce silk and wine, products that no other British colony had yet succeeded in making profitable, and they intended to shield South Carolina's slave society from Spanish Florida by populating Georgia with disciplined, armed free men. They prohibited hard liquor as well as slavery.

12. anti-Catholicism/ Nativism

In the 1830's, serious anti-catholic literature was circulating and this fear was rooted deep in the US because of its origins. It feared the pope and the Roman Catholic Church. Nativism was a recurrence of nationalism and hostility toward immigrants. It had died down, but recurred with the influx of immigrants in the 1840s.

4. Horace Greeley /"go West"

In the 1840s, Horace Greeley urged, "Go west, young man." In Unprecedented numbers, people went towards the West, driven in part by the depression of 1837-43 that prompted thousands to search for cheap land and better opportunity.

53. "King Cotton"

In the later 1850s, the drive for economic diversification in the South lost steam. King Cotton reasserted its primacy over King Commerce as cotton output and prices continued to rise, suffusing the South in a glow of prosperity. "Our Cotton is the most wonderful talisman on earth," declared a planter. In a speech that became famous, James Hammond of South Carolina told his fellow senators in 1858 that "the slaveholding South is now the controlling power of the world....No power on earth dares to make war on cotton. Cotton is King."

74. Hamburg massacre

In the village of Hamburg, South Carolina, the most notorious incident of bulldozing occurred. A battle between a black militia unit and 200 Red Shirts resulted in the capture of several militiamen, five of who were shot "while attempting to escape."

84. voter turnout, 1840

In this election about 78% of eligible voters showed up to vote. This was a very good turnout. 53% of the votes went to Harrison, making him president. He swept most of the electoral votes in the North, South, and West. This election established the Whigs as a national party.

86. Carolinas/ Fundamental Constitutions

Incredibly complex, John Locke helped write. To complex to sustain: England had three supreme courts, Carolina would have eight.Granted religious toleration, but if you didn't join a church, you would lose your citizenship. Accepted slavery. Proprietors could never win approval for the document.

30. Indian alliances / battle for the West

Indians split and form alliances w/ both Confederacy and Union. Indians of 5 Civilized Tribes, more prosperous, many mixed-blood and slaveholders, sided w. Confederacy. Union Indians, aided by black and white Union regiments in Kentucky and Missouri, won control of the region (Indian Territory, present-day Oklahoma).

67. Ulysses S. Grant /strengths

It was because Ulysses S. Grant knew failure that he was willing to take risks, unlike McClellan, and Grant was the unlikely hero of the victories won by the combined efforts of the army and fleets of river gunboats on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers.

75. Old Republic vs money power

Jackson talked about it in his farewell address. He also warned against banks, paper money, and speculation.

91. New York/ aristocracy

James (duke of York) got a charter from his brother the king for the New York Colony.New Netherland surrendered without resistance. They allowed the Dutch to stay if they wanted. James decided to govern without an elective assembly. This policy upset the English settlers.

66. smuggling

Jefferson tried to suspend trade with Europe to keep American ships out of harm's way and to hurt Britain,but Britain found other markets and other sources of food. They encouraged the smuggling of American goods in Canada, and American merchantmen who had been at sea when the embargo went into effect stayed away from their home ports and functioned as part of the British merchant marine. A loophole in the Embargo Act allowed U.S. ships to leave port in order to pick up American property stranded in other countries. Almost 6,000 ships set sail under that excuse and hundreds of others, plying the coastal trade, were "blown off course" and found themselves thrust into international commerce.

64. Embargo/ "peaceful coercion" 1807-

Jefferson used trade as a "peaceful coercion," suspending trade with Europe to keep American ships safe; Embargo Act passed December 22, 1807; did not work because British found other markets and food sources; American goods smuggled to Canada; loophole- US ships allowed to leave port to pick up stranded American property; Napoleon captured US ships saying they must be British ships in disguise

strict constructionism

Jefferson was a strict constructionist which meant that he believed government had no powers other than those that were outlined in the constitution

86. future of Jefferson's republic -

Jefferson was satisfied that he had defended liberty against the Federalists. The direct taxes were repealed. Attempts to ally the United States with Great Britain had ended. His vision of farmer-citizens would fail because Britain and France would disrupt America's export economy when they wanted.

47. Jeffersonian view vs Federalist view

Jeffersonians held that the United States must always remain rural. Some Federalist argued that Americans, in order to retain their independence, must produce their own manufactured necessities.

27. William Quantrill, Bill Andersen, the James brothers and the Cole brothers

Jesse and Jake James and Cole and Jim younger were famous postwar outlaws; they rode with rebel guerilla chieftains William Quantrill and "Bloody Bill"Andersen.

33. Whilkite Movement:

John Wilkes was an outlaw who returned to England and won a seat on Parliament for the county of Middlesex and was immediately jailed. Hundreds of supports gathered and chanted things like "No Wilkes, No King!" They clashed with soldiers who shot into the crowd. This was called the "Massacre of St. George's field." Wilkes was expelled from Parliament and another election was held. He was reelected. This happened 2 more times. Supporters founded "the Society of Gentlemen Supports of the Bill of Rights" and petitioned for a new general election. Wilkites called for a reduction of royal patronage and major reforms of the electoral system and sympathized with the North American protests. The Sons of Liberty likes Wilkes a lot. For the first time, many colonists began to question the British governments.

8. Johnson's plan, 1865

Johnson issued two proclamations. The first provided a blanket amnesty for all but the highest ranking Confederate officials and the second named a provisional governor for North Carolina and directed him to call an election for delegates

21. Johnson's vetoes, 1866

Johnson vetoed the Republican Congress's legislation to protect the rights of blacks (the Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Rights bills). After vetoing the bills, Johnson further widened the schism between himself and the Republican party by making a speech denouncing Republican leaders as traitors who wanted to degrade Southern whites in restoring the Union.

21. Joseph Smith/ paternal authority

Joseph Smith was the founder of the Mormon church. The new church was ruled by an elaborate lay hierarchy of adult males. It started with Joseph Smith, who was called the Patriarch of the Church. Next was his brothers, who were called First and Second Elders. Then it descended through a succession of male authorities that finally reached the fathers of households.

55. Kendall's censorship:

Kendall censored the mail against the law, by looking away as the New York postmaster removed abolitionist materials from the mail.

28. 13 stars on the CSA flag: #12 and #13

Kentucky and Missouri, who formed state government in exile b/c they were controlled by Union troops, were admitted to full representation in the Confederacy in fall 1861.

50. Pickett's Charge

Lee had tried to attack the flanks of a union line at Gettysburg. Finding the flanks strong, he reasoned that the middle of the line must be weak. He ordered George Pickett to charge with 13,000 men. Hardly half of those returned to the Confederate line unwounded.

75. Robert E. Lee/ Army of Northern Virginia/ strengths

Lee took over the Army of Northern Virginia. He was bold, willing to take risks, could almost read the enemy's mind, and he had a charisma that won the devotion of his men.

76. Appomattox, April 9, 1865

Lee's men went westward and Sheridan's cavalry raced ahead and cut them off at Appomattox. Lee met with Grant in the house of Wilmer McLean and negotiated the terms ending the war.

65. George McClellan /Army of the Potomac /failures

Lincoln called General George B. McClellan to Washington to organize the new troops into the Army of the Potomac. the 34 year old, small, energetic, and talented officer had a great aura of destiny who won the nickname "The Young Napoleon." He organized and trained the Army of the Potomac into a large, well-disciplined, and well-equipped fighting force. McClellan took Scott's place as General-in-Chief. Unfortunately George McClellan was a perfectionist and did not like to take risks and consistently overestimated the strength of enemy forces facing him and used these faulty estimates as a reason for inaction until he could increase his own force. Such caution persisted for more than a year until Lincoln removed him from command in November 1862.

6.Lincoln's offer to border states, 1862

Lincoln offered compensated, gradual emancipation to the borders states. He did this so he could free slaves without pissing off slave owners, which may make them secede.

78. John Pope/ 2nd Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

Lincoln reorganized corps near Washington into the Army of Virginia under John Pope. Lincoln ordered him to drive south from Washington with reinforcement from McClellan. Lee took advantage of fighting between McClellan and Pope and attacked Pope. Lee sent Jackson's foot cavalry to destroy supply base at Manassas junction. Then Lee brought his army back together and defeated Pope near Bull Run.

4. Abraham Lincoln's view

Lincoln was an old acquaintance of Douglas'. He declared that while he acknowledged the right to hold slaves, he saw it as morally improper to the blacks, the whites, and the state. He also admitted that he did not know an answer to the problem. While Lincoln believed this, he declared indifference.

39. David Walker, Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth:

Many churches and social organizations took names that proudly called up the blacks' African origins. It was from these black businesses and institutions that black abolitionists-David Walker in Boston, Frederick Douglass in New Bedford and Rochester, the itinerant Sojourner Truth, and many others-would emerge to demand abolition of slavery and equal rights for black citizens.

extended family links / need for slave families

Many farmer liked having slave families because it made things more peaceful. Because slave children would almost defininately be taken from there parents at some point they would treat most of the people in there community as family.

36. Union draft, 1863

March 1863, Congress decreed that all male citizens ages 20-45 must enroll for the draft to counter the loss of approx. 40,000 men resulting from the expiration of 2-year and 9-month army terms. The War Dept. set quotas for every congressional district, and the draft lottery would only be used if volunteers didn't meet the quota in 50 days.

24. McClellan's fate

McClellan was too cautious and slow; after the tie at Antietem, when McClellan could have won but was too timid to push his advantages, Lincoln replaced him with Ambrose Burnside.

73. McClellan's plan to invade Richmond/ Peninsular Campaign, 1862

McClellan, the new Union army commander in the East, insisted on a long period of training for his soldiers before allowing the invasion into Virginia in March 1862 because he was a perfectionist who didn't like the concept of taking risks; a brilliant tactical move by Robert E. Lee stopped the Union army and forced them to retreat to the Potomac, where McClellan was replaced with General John Pope

47. George Meade / Gettysburg, 1863 -

Meade got command of the Army of the Potomac. When Lee heard of this, he ordered his army to reassemble in Gettysburg (agricultural & college town at the middle of many roads). July 1: They clashed in what became the greatest battle in American History. As the battle continued, reinforcements were called in. Confeds fielded more men & broke Union lines; the survivors were pushed back to Cemetery Hill. General Richard Ewell (Jackson's replacement as commander of the Confed 2nd Corps) did not press the attack (he assumed that the Confeds would win). Summary: Lee foolishly wanted to attack, and eventually the North won. Came at the same time as other Northern wins in Mississippi, LA, and Tenn.

50. Legal Tender Act, 1862; "greenbacks" - 1862

Measures taken by Congress who had not raise enough revenue for the rapid military buildup. So in Feb they passed the Legal Tender Act. It authorized the treasury notes the North issued. The notes were called "greenbacks", the origins of the modern paper money in the US. Instead of promising to redeem them in specie (like the South), the North made them "legal tender"- required everyone to accept them as real $ at face value.

27. Minstrel shows / Thomas "Jim Crow" Rice-

Minstraly were the most popular black-face minstrel show. They contained blatant racism, but were the preferred form of entertainment. The first minstrel show was when Thomas Rice blacked his face and "jumped Jim Crow." He was imitating a dance he had seen on the docks, but the satirical pattern for the show was set.

20. "Border Ruffians"

Missourians who came into Kansas to vote to make it a slave state. They cast many illegal ballots.

38. conscription

More than 4/5 of soldiers on both sides were volunteers. The Confederacy passed a conscription law in April 1862 and the North followed suit in March 1863. Even so, most soldiers were volunteers. Patriotic rallies with music and speeches motivated localmen to enlist on both sides.

56. problems with the Indians in New France -

Most Indians traded with Britain (British goods were cheaper). Indians founded "republics" willing to trade with the British. 1712-1713 - French and their Algonquian allies fought a long, intermittent war with the Fox nation. 1729 - French and their Choctaw allies destroyed the Natchez as a distinct people. To stir up hatred between Indians and Africans, French turned over some of the African leaders of the revolt to the Choctaws to be burned alive. Encouraged hostilities between Choctaws and the Chickasaws (could not afford enough gifts to hold an alliance with both nations. Only led to civil war among Choctaws, and France lost influence and prestige.

60. "Forward to Richmond"

Most Northerners thought that the South could only be won over by millitary battle. Virginia seemed to be the most likely place that the battles would occur, especially since Richmond was now the capital of the Confederacy. Newspapers clamored "forward to richmond".

79. Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 1890

Named after its creator, John Sherman, this act required the government to purchase more silver on a monthly basis.

69. Napoleon's Gamble

Napoleon decided to test the Americans and in September 1810, France promised that France would repeal the Berlin and Milan, with vague conditions. Although the proposal was a clear attempt to lead the United States into conflict with Great Britain, Madison saw no choice but to go along with it so he accepted the French promise and proclaimed in November 1810 that the British had three months to follow suit.

22. Thomas Nast / political cartoons

Nast was one of the best political cartoonists in America; 1860s-1870s, drew political cartoons supporting the use of federal power to protect blacks (ex, giving blacks the right to vote).

33. Nat Turner revolt, 1831 / outcome of revolt

Nat Turner's Rebellion was a slave rebellion that took place in Southhampton County, Virginia during August 1831. Led by Nat Turner, rebel slaves killed anywhere from 55-65 white people, the highest number of fatalities caused by slave uprisings in the South. The rebellion was put down within a few days, but Turner survived in hiding for several months afterward.

26. National Road/ Turnpike

National road linked potomac river with ohio river, link west and east through Chesapeake. Lancaster turnpike ran from philadelphia to the ohio river at pittsburg. These had limited effects cuz it was still cheaper and easier to go by water

18. Nativism vs. Northern Whigs

Nativists were beginning to fade away in the mid 1850s because the Whigs and the Republican party took over as the main contenders in the White House

80. Biological determinism /John Van Evrie, NY

New York doctor and Democratic pamphleteer; "it is a palpable and unavoidable fact that Negroes are a different species;" the story of Adam and Eve was about white people

69. Biddle's Panic, 1834

Nicholas Biddle demanded repayment of all of the Bank of the United States' loans before its closing; this undermined the entire credit system and led to a panic over financing; James Polk remarked that "the question is in fact whether we shall have the Republic without the Bank or the Bank without the Republic."

6. Republican Convention, 1860, Chicago

Nominated Abraham Lincoln for President. This was only their second National Convention held.

37. northern capital in the South - 1893

North began to send capital to South (lower wages and no unions). RRs and iron- depended even more on outside capital . 1880- RR construction in S > national average. N capital fueled the growth of iron and steel industry in S. S had less control over economic decisions that affected its welfare.

47. literacy rates /North vs South

North: 95% literate/ 94% could read AND write. South: 80%

49. Fenian raids in Canada

Northeners demanded British cession of Canadian colonies to the United States in order to pay for the raids England did on Confederate ships.

37. Status of freed African Americans in the South/ in the North -

Northern abolition of slavery was a result of revolutionary idealism & the growing belief that slavery was inefficient & unnecessary. By 1804 - every northern state had taken some action, passing laws that called for gradual emancipation. Population of northern free blacks went to cities. Joined by many from Northeast & Upper South. Sizable minority in rapidly expanding cities. NYC 10.5 in 1800, still 8.8 in 1820. Philadelphia 10.3% in 1800, 11.9% in 1820. Blacks in seaport cities took stable, low-paying jobs. Some became successful entrepreneurs or practiced skilled trades. Food vendors in streets & basement shops (oysters were a black monopoly).

68. Land Ordinance pf 1785

Northwest Territory was to be surveyed then divided up. The new land would then be auctioned off.

35. 20 slave rule exemption

October 1862, Confederate gov. changed draft to exempt 1 white man from every plantation with 20 or more slaves. This Twenty Negro Law was prompted by wives of plantation owners who were left to control all their slaves by themselves. Non-slaveholding farm families saw this law as discrimination against themselves.

45. 1st modern war/ use of technology:

Often called the first modern war because of the role played by railroads, steam-powered ships, and the telegraph. Railroads and steamboats transported supplies and soilders w/ speed and efficiency. The telegraph provided instant communication b/t army headquarters and field commanders. But they were vulnerable.

12. Wright Brothers, 1903:

Orville and Wilbur Wright made huge breakthrough advancements in airplanes.

Osborn and wheatley

Osborn set up schools for blacks and set up local religion networks, wheatley wrote many popular poems that depicted the hardships of slaves and supported the patriot cause, both were black women that played important roles in the abolition movement

33. New South/Henry Grady

Other southerners invest in building an industrial South; they encourage Northern investment in Southern railroads and industry and start building towns, cities, and invest in business above politics. Henry Grady, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution, was the leading spokesman for the New South ideology.

71. Henry Clay

Part of the group of ardent nationalists called War Hawks who won control of congress, he was only 34 years old and serving his first term in Congress when he was elected Speaker of the House. He was more vigorous than his predecessors, he controlled debate, packed key committees, worked tirelessly behind the scenes, and imposed order on his fellow congressmen.

68. Macon's Bill #2

Passed in 1810 by Congress, it was a strange piece of legislation that rescinded the ban on trade with France and Britain but also authorized the president to reimpose the Non-Intercourse Act on either belligerent if the other agreed to end its restrictions on U.S. trade.

26. Edwin Forrest vs William Macready / theater riots-

People would riot for all kinds of reasons. Often they didn't like the choice of plays, sometimes they didn't like the choice of music. Sometimes it was an English actor who was attempting to do a play or even enact a part of a play—even a scene from a play—that was not to the liking of the crowd, that the crowd took offense to. So they would start a riot.

64. Normal Schools / women as teachers

Political differences centered less on curriculum and more on organization and the Whig party supported state level centralization and proposed state superintendents and state boards of education,normal schools (state teachers' college), texts chosen at the state level, and uniform school terms. They recruited women as teachers for a cheap source of labor. The women's wages ranged from 40-60 % lower than male coworkers.

29. Texas statehood, 1845 / joint resolution

Pres. Tyler submitted a joint-resolution for the annexation of Texas to Congress. As a joint-resolution, the treaty only needed a majority in both the House and the Senate to be ratified, instead of the 2/3 majority in the Senate usually required to pass a treaty. Congress passed the resolution in March 1845, and Texas became the 15th slaveholding state in December.

54. equal pay issue; combat issues for African American troops -

Pressure from abolitionists and military necessity partially got rid of discrimination. 1864: Congress enacted equal pay. Officers worked for better treatment of their men, and regiments fought for the right to fight as combat soldiers. They fought in the assaults on Port Hudson and for the defense of the Union near Vicksburg.

48. decentralized factory system

Proponents of domestic manufactures argued that Americans could enjoy the benefits of factory production without the troublesome blight of industrial cities. They assured Americans that abundant water power - particularly the fast-running streams of the Northeast - would enable Americans to build their factories in the countryside.

4. Proprietary Government

Proprietary Governments are governments in which the colonist finds land and then the king grants permission for the colonist to own or use the land. This type of government was used mostly South of New England except for royal Virginia.

67. Puritan/non-separatists/Mass Bay

Puritans organized themselves into communities built around the church, which God would protect if they worship. Puritans soon began coming to America when they obtained a charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company.

29. Rachael Donelson scandal

Rachael Donelson was married to Andrew Jackson while she was still married to another man. Although she thought the she had legally divorced him, she had not and was charged for adultery.

40. industrialization of the west -

Rapid expansion of railroads in the Old Northwest laid the base for its industrialization. Industrial output in the free states west of Pennsylvania grew at twice the rate of Northeast industrial output and three times as the rate in the South. The Northwest urban growth rate tripled that of the Northeast and quadrupled that of the South.

55. Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 1842 -

Relieved state officials of any obligation to enforce the return of fugitive slaves who had escaped into free states, declaring that this was a federal responsibility. Southerners therefore demanded a strong national fugitive slave law. It also declared Penn's antikidnapping law unconstitutional.

26. 1866 elections / Johnson's failures

Republicans campaign with the 14th Amendment; Johnson campaigns against it. Johnson formed the National Union Party, made up of mostly Democrats, with a few conservative Republicans and border-state unionists. Ntnl Union Party a failure b/c of Democrats (were against war), race riots, and Johnson himself, who is an embarrassment. Republicans sweep election; 3 to 1 majority in Congress.

33. "Black Republicans"

Republicans in favor of racial equality (although they denied it, saying they only wanted to keep slavery out of the territories to allow white farmers to make a living without competition from black laborers); Republican support from prominent black leaders like Frederick Douglass convinced voters that Republicans were all for equality (Democrats used this as a political tool against them for twenty years)

45. Jackson's toast, 1830 -

Revealed his views at a program celebrating Jefferson's birthday. Calhoun's southern friends dominated the speechmaking, defending the extreme state-right's position. After, Jackson made a toast denouncing everything mentioned by the other speakers, that the "Federal Union must be preserved". This caused controversy because Calhoun had to follow Jackson's toast.

76. Declaration of Independence, 1776 Richard Henry Lee; Thomas Jefferson

Richard Henry Lee's resolution was that the United colonies should be free from Britain and the state of Great Britain should be dissolved. 12 colonies (not New York) unanimously approved the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson. This was the first step to becoming independent.

27. William Rosecrans / Stones River

Rosecrans succeeded Buell as military commander of the Army of the Cumberland (Tennessee). December 26, 1863, Rosecrans attacked Bragg's forces (Confederate army in West) at Stones River. During the first day of fighting the Confederates had success, but the Union forces won by the 3rd day; they forced Bragg's forces to retreat farther south. Heavy casualties on both sides. Only victory for Union in winter 1862-3.

42. Mark Twain, "The Gilded Age" -

Satirized the period of greed and get-rich-quick schemes. Twain wrote the "The Gilded Age" with Charles Warner and the title gave its name to the era.

22. Back-country

Scots-Irish and German settlements up in the western mountains. These settlements were so far from normal society that they had developed there own culture. They had few clergymen or professionals and no news paper. The people living in the Back-country hated Indians and wanted them to be completely wiped out. Easterners who visited these settlements found them frightening and without morals.

58. 2nd pair of compromises -

Settles the Texas boundary dispute in favor of New Mex but would compensate Texas to enable the state to pay off bonds it had sold when it was an independent republic.

50. Yazoo land scandal

Several Georgia governors from 1794-1803 sold large tracts of land at extremely low prices to political insiders. Although the law enabling the sales was overturned by reformers, the land claims were challenged in the courts for years, reaching the Supreme Court.

47. Department of Labor, 1903 -

Several states created departments of labor in response to growing labor political activism. These had little substantive power, but began to gather & report data for the 1st time. These pressures led Congress to create the Bureau of Labor in 1884 (also established Labor Day) and in 1904 it got a cabinet rank.

47. Margaret Fuller -

She learned English and Latin at a very young age. Mixed in w/ the Eng Unitarian Church elites & the Transcendentalist philosophers. Was an essayist and an editor of many Transcendentalist magazines (i.e. The Dial). Urged for more intellectual and professional opportunities for women. 1844, was the 1st woman to become literary editor of the New York Tribune. Went to Italy & fell in love w/ Giovanni Angelo. They joined the fight for a Roman republic, seeking to overthrow the old order. Carried ideals of equality from the New World to the Old. Died in a shipwreck. Her works inspired women & men in America & Europe w/ a vision of emancipation from constrictions of religion, thought, and gender.

72. total war /psychological war

Sherman expressed more bluntly than anyone else the meaning of total war and was ahead of his time in his understanding of psychological warfare. Sherman believed in fighting the people in general and not just the armies by destroying anything that can support the armies while also destroying the will of the people supporting the armies.

69. Sherman /March to the Sea, Georgia, 1864-65

Sherman marched his troops through Georgia burning everything that was not needed to keep his men alive.

70. Election of 1864

Sherman's and Sheridan's victories ensured Lincoln's reelection by a majority of 212 to 21 in the electoral college, soldiers played a notable role in the balloting. Seventy-eight percent of the military vote went to Lincoln - compared with 54 percent of the civilian vote.

74. Sherman/ Columbia, SC

Sherman's soldiers headed north from Savannah. They left even less of Columbia standing than they had in Georgia. Sherman's army pushed into North Carolina and the South talked about the disaster the Union had left behind in South Carolina.

71. King Williams War

Sir William Phips of Massachusetts overtakes Arcadia from the French and then sails up the St. Lawrence to try and overtake Quebec but is forced to retreat with numerous casualties

19. Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, George Custer

Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse lead Sioux warriors; wipe out George Custer and his 225 cavalry men.

52. Rhode Island "family system"

Slater and other mill owners built factory villages in the countryside where they could exert better control over their operation and their workers, this practice became known as the Rhode Island "family system."

83. Global emancipation

Slaves were freed in Mexico, Peru, Chile, and Gran Columbia; Britain outlawed slave trade in the Atlantic in 1808; 1830- they freed slaves in the British Caribbean islands

21. Bogus Legislature / Pro-Slavery

So many pro-slavery people poured in and cast false ballots that resulted in a harsh pro-slavery state. President pierce refused to nullify this election.

5. Lullaby argument

Some also stated that even if slavery was okayed in Kansas, it would not survive there due to the unsuitable climate. Lincoln labelled this the Lullaby Argument.

slave mistresses-

Some masters took slave women as mistresses. To do so with a married woman was frowned upon but sometimes it did happen.

54. "wage slaves" /factory working conditions

Some northern labor leaders did complain that the "slavery" of the wage system gave "bosses" control over the hours, conditions, and compensation of labor. Substantial numbers of recent immigrants, day laborers, and young single women in large northern cities lived on the edge of poverty - or slipped over the edge. Many people earned wages that were barely enough to survive on. The poverty, overcrowding, and disease in the tenement districts of a few large cities - especially New York City - seemed to lend substance to pro-slavery claims that slaves were better off.

32. "Lost cause" myth in South

Some southerners refuse to give up the notion of the glorious, plantation/slave south. They organize societies of original white southern families and commemorate Confederate war heroes. Books also romanticized the pre-War south and depicted plantations as romantic without any of the horrific aspects of slavery.

40. "robber barons"

Sometimes, the millionaires got rich by exploiting others, and were thus called robber barons. Some of these robber-barons included: Vanderbilt, Jay Gould, Fisk, and Huntington in the Railroad business; Rockefeller in Oil; Carnergie and Frick in steel; Duke in tobacco; and JP Morgan in banking.

61. Tariff of 1857/ "slave power"

Southern congressmen had blocked all the measures for a Tariff; northern Republicans blamed the tariff for causing the panic

56. Trent Affair, 1861

Southern envoys John Slidell and James Mason slipped through the North's blockade. They were on their way to Paris and London, respectively, to represent the Confederacy and hopefully bring in the British to their side. Captain Charles Wilkes of th USS San Jacinto stopped the British boat, Trent, and captured Mason and Slidell. The British and Confederates were outraged. The British demanded that they release the two men and make an apology for what they called a "high-handed action". Eventually they cooled down and were satisfied when Lincoln let the men go and said Wilkes had acted "without instructions".

36. lack of technological diversity and internal improvements

Southern state governments spent little time on internal improvements.

2. 10% plan / problems

Southern states only required 10% of votes to rejoin the Union. The congress wanted a much stricter reconstruction plan.

7. Hispanic ranching

Spaniards introduced animals such as horses, cattle, and sheep to the New World (ranches with these animals would become the economic base of Hispanic society in America); Anglo-Americans adopted many of their ranching methods to invade western lands; Spanish words used to describe ranching (bronco, mustang, lasso, rodeo, stampede, canyon, arroyo, and mesa)

15. Lee's invasion of Maryland

Split his army into 5 parts. three above to Union supply lines and two to the SOuth Mountain passes. Unfortunately, he left behind a paper detailing his plans that Mc Clellen found.

36. Stanton and Anthony / NWSA, 1869

Stanton and Anthony were radical suffragists; they opposed the 15th Amendment because it enfranchised black men but still discriminated against women. When a majority of delegates at the American Equal Rights Association (AERA), which worked for both black and woman suffrage, voted to endorse the 15th amend, Stanton and Anthony walked out and formed their own group, the National Woman Suffrage Association.

37. Calvinism / Predestination

Started by John Calvin, principles stated in The Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1836). Adopted by French Huguenots, Dutch Reformed Church, Scottish Presbyterian Church, and (partially) the English Anglican Church. One of Calvinism's central principles is that of Predestination, which is the belief that before the creation of the world, God had already pre-determined who will be saved and who will be damned. Calvinists rejected Catholic beliefs that one must earn salvation through righteous deeds.

55. Jamestown/ conditions

Started by London Company - Death trap- Every summer the James river became contaminated → disease (dysentery, typhoid fever, malaria).Survived because of Captain John Smith - shaky alliance with Powhatan, convinced craftsman to farm. Smith sent back to England because of injury from explosion - settlers became desperate and started Indian War. Lieutenant Governor Thomas Gates and Thomas West, baron de la Warr, saved settlement with more colonists and helped in war.

77. Panic of 1837

Started right as Van Buren took office. The Bank of England was concerned about the flow of British gold to America. They cut off credit to firms that did business in the US. The price of cotton fell sharply. The economy collapsed. New York banks suspended specie payments and other banks followed. Commercial and export sections of the economy suffered the most.

44. nullification -

State conventions could nullify any federal law w/in state borders. I was a dangerous measure and Calhoun attempted to avoid it. Assumed that he would succeed to the presidency and protect southern interests, so he agreed with President Jackson's decisions. Calhoun was wrong; Jackson favored state's rights w/in a perpetual and inviolable Union.

3. Radical Republicans / Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner

Stevens and Sumner were the prime leaders of the Radical Republicans during Reconstruction, who were working to punish the ex-Confederates.

48. JEB Stuart / cavalry -

Stuart's cavalry scared Washington by raiding behind Union lines into Maryland and Penn. This success led to Stuart's calvary being separated from the rest of the army. The cavalry was used as the army's eyes, so Lee could no longer get vital information that way. They became vulnerable.

53. Thomas Sumter / Francis Marion - .

Sumter: general for Congress. Tarleton ambushed Sumter's camp at Fishing Creek. Killed 150 men. / Sumter withdrew for months b/c of wound. Francis Marion (aka Swamp Fox) took his place. Better leader. Worked from remote bases in swamps/low country

34. Advantages of the South

Superior marital qualities: higher proportion of Southerners attended West Point or a military academy or had war experience; more volunteer militias; culture of hunting, riding, and outdoor skills useful in war; South began to prepare for war (muster troops) earlier than North.

68. US v. Reese, 1876-

Supreme Court said, since 14th and 15th Amendments said no "state" shall violate black rights, the federal government couldn't persecute individuals, since individuals are not states

93. Sylvester Graham and John Humphrey Noyes

Sylvester Graham gave up the ministry in 1830 to become a full-time temperance lecturer, later lecturing on the dangers of excess in diet and sex. Such lectures surrounded the idea that both dangers lead to weakness in the body and also reinforce one another. John Humphrey Noyes believed that no meat eating would be allowed in a perfect christian world and, while he did set up a community in Oneida, New York that indulged in plural marriages, he urged sexual self-control.

75. Tecumseh's confederacy

Tecumseh's brother, Tenskwatawa, claimed to have visited Heaven and Hell while he was in a coma and said that God wanted all of the Indians to revert back to their old ways. He joined up with his brother, and together they created an army. Tecumseh got supplies and encouragement from the British in Canada, and planned on visiting tribes in the south and asking them to join his army. His confederacy allied itself with the British in 1812.

3. slavery issue

Territorial acquisitions since 1803 had brought into the republic many slave state with only Iowa joining the ranks of the free states. Both major parties did their best to evade the slavery issue but that could no longer last when the annexation of Texas provoke a war with Mexico in 1846, a war considered by many antislavery northerners an ugly effort to expand slavery.

21. Rockingham/ repeal of stamp act

The American colonists won their first victory over Parliament when the Stamp Act was repealed in early 1766. The boycott of English goods proved to be the decisive factor, as there was no way for Grenville and his party to persuade the rest of Parliament to ignore the pain the American boycott was inflicting on English manufacturers. Still, the repeal came only after another round of long and contentious debates in which William Pitt delivered a historic speech in defense of the Americans

49. Arkwright system

The American textile industry originated in industrial espionage, the key to the mass production of cotton and woolen textiles was a water-powered machine that spun yarn and thread. The machine had been invented and patented by the Englishman Richard Arkwright in 1769, and the British government forbade the machinery or the people who worked with it to leave the country.

55. Bank of England

The Bank the government created to manage its own finances

Federal Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, which limit the power of the U.S. federal government. protect the natural rights of liberty and property including freedoms of religion, speech, a free press, free assembly, and free association, as well as the right to keep and bear arms

45. Samuel Colt /six shooter factories

The British were very impressed with Americans new method of production. They invited Samuel Colt, the inventor of the famous six-shooter revolver, to set up a factory in England stocked with machinery from Connecticut.

17. CSA Constitution

The CSA constitution was created in Montgomery AL, and it had many of the pro-slavery elements of the crittenden proposal/compromise and it also called for a single 6-year term presidency.

31. Camp meeting / Cane Ridge, KY, 1801

The Cane Ridge Revival, held in Kentucky in 1801, was one of the earliest events in the Restoration Movement, a Protestant movement seeking to unify the church after the pattern described in the New Testament. The revival also represents an early example of a camp meeting, a tradition of outdoor services established in the South during the Second Great Awakening, from 1790 to 1830.

65. Five Civilized Tribes of the Southwest:

The Chotaws, Chicksaw, Creek, and Cherokee allies along with the Tejas Indians

1.Main Confederate war aim, 1861

The Confederacy only had to fight a defensive war. If the Union gave up because of lack of money, supplies, or support, the CSA would've won the war.

58. "war of attrition"

The Confederate armies no linger had the strength to invade to the North or to win the war with a knockout blow. They took up the attitude that they would just hold on and defend their land long enough so that the North would run out of steam.

3. Executive Cabinet Post

The Congress made these posts appointed by the President only, not elective. They thought that this would assure a government that the Congress would never gain too much power over the President.

32. Nullification Doctrine

The Constitution is an agreement between the states and that the state governments could nullify federal laws that they deemed unconstitutional.

47. Collapse of the Continental Dollar:

The Continental Congress had been printing paper money to pay for supplies and troops, but eventually rampant inflation led to its collapse in 1779-80. Congress was forced to rely on requisitions from the states, which also did not work well.

53. Government as a dangerous agent vs. Whig belief in government

The Democrats were a bit pessimistic about society, while the Whigs believed that everyone could get along and that the government was a great thing. Democrats believed that the government was something of a necessary evil and that the only way to deal with it was to limit its power.

6. Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854

The Kansas Bill itself marked Nebraska for freedom and Kansas for slavery. In 1854 it cleared the Senate easily, and the House, but not as easily. The Democrats pulled party loyalties and the bill was passed in the house with vote of 113 to 100.

7. death of the Whig party

The Kansas-Nebraska bill killed the Whigs. They had been declining ever since the "betrayal" of Zachary Taylor.

66. Mayflower compact/Bradford/Separatists

The Mayflower compact was an agreement made by the people on the Mayflower (1/3 of which were Separatists) which said they would obey the decisions of the majority. After a brutal winter, William Bradford became governor and was reelected almost every year until he died.

15. polygamy issues, 1852

The Mormons had trouble with the government because Young authorized polygamy. Most men couldn't support more than 1 wife, but about 1/6th of Mormon marriages were polygamous. Conflict broke out between the Mormons and the U.S. Army broke out and Young surrendered his civil authority and made an uneasy peace with the government.

33. New Woman of the 1890s / Gibson

The New Woman of the 1890s, as drawn by artist Charles Gibson in many magazine portraits, was tall, slender, and athletic, as opposed to the earlier middle-class woman who was a plump, round-faced matron with fancy dresses.

44. sectional vote on the proviso -

The North (House) voted for the proviso while the South (Senate) voted against it. This changed the party division from being b/t Whigs and Democrats into a sectional division b/t free and slave states. It was a sign that the 2-party system might not successfully contain the question of slavery expansion.

19. Impact of Antietam/ Northern Democrats

The Northern Democrats were outraged because Lincoln issued a "draft" to rally new troops. They started anitdraft riots in some places. As a result, Lincoln arrested rioters and antiwar activists under the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. Democrats denounced these arrests as unconstitutional violations of civil liberties.

66. Panic of 1893 / stock market crash

The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in 1893. Similar to the Panic of 1873, this panic was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. Compounding market overbuilding and the railroad bubble, was a run on the gold supply (relative to silver), because of the long-established American policy of bimetallism, which used both silver and gold metals at a fixed 16:1 rate for pegging the value of the US Dollar. Until the Great Depression, the Panic of '93 was considered the worst depression the United States had ever experienced.

60. Gen. William Howe/ Breed's Hill

The Rebels fortified the high ground on Breed's Hill next to Bunker Hill. Instead of going the easy route and cutting off the Yankee militia at Charlestown Neck, General Howe decided he wanted to prove that the Americans had no chance against the British army. He launched three frontal attacks on the hills. The Yankees shot more than 1000 attackers and 92 officers.

39. 12th Amendment

The Twelfth Amendment (Amendment XII) to the United States Constitution provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President. Problems with this procedure were demonstrated in the elections of 1796 and 1800. The Twelfth Amendment was proposed by the Congress on December 9, 1803, and was ratified by the requisite number of state legislatures on June 15, 1804.

61. 1st Battle of Bull Run (Mannassas): 1861

The Union attacked the Confederates at Bull Run. It looked like the Union was going to win, but a Virginia brigade led by Thomas Jackson held like a stone wall, giving Jackson the nickname. This gave the south time to bring in reinforcements (who screamed really loud- rebel yell)and win the battle.

43. voluntary compact theory -

The Union was a voluntary compact b/t self-governing states, states were the ultimate judges of the validity of federal law, and states could break the compact if they wished.

58. Iron Clad "rams": Virginia (Merrimac) vs Monitor

The Virginia was a Southern ironclad ship. In 1862, on its first voyage, it sank one ship with its iron ram, and another with its 10 guns. The Monitor, much smaller than the Virginia, had two 11 inch guns and a revolving turret. The top of its deck was just about level with the water, which made it very hard to hit. In the battle of the Merrimac vs the Monitor, it was a draw, but the Merrimac never sailed again. The South never again had a ship as successful as the Merrimac, but the Union , by the end of the war, had made about 58 of them.

54. California / free state, 1849 -

The Whig-controlled House defied Polk's compromise, reaffirmed the Wilmot Proviso, and wanted CA as a free state, abolishing slavery in D.C. This led to fighting in Congress. The South threatened to secede if the Whig measures became law, and the Dem Senate quashed all the bills. Thought that Taylor would think like a southerner, but instead he thought like a nationalist. He was guided by Senator William H. Seward and proposed to admit CA and New Mex immediately as states (skipping territorial stage). This would make them free states b/c Mex law did not include slavery. Oct 1849, CA drafted a constitution excluding slavery and asked to become a state. This upset the balance of free and slave states.

24. Molasses Act of 1733

The Yankees started buying Molasses from France instead of Sugar from the West Indies because it was cheaper. As a result of this hurting the economy of the West Indies, British Parliament placed a high tax on foreign molasses making sugar a more reasonable option. Had this tax been enforced it would have really hurt New Englands trade, however through bribery and smuggling molasses was still purchased.

80. repeal of Silver Purchase Act, 1893 / "gold bugs"

The act was repealed after the panic of 1893 by Grover Cleveland to prevent the depletion of the country's gold supply.

14. "arbitrary arrests"

The arrests made under the suspension of the above writ were called arbitruary arrests by the Peace Democrats.

42. agrarian republic/ yeoman farmer

The basis for this belief was the conviction that farming and agriculture was the only truly beneficial and pure symbiotic relationship between man and nature.

64. Impact of Bull Run on North /on South

The battle of Manassas, or Bull Run, gave the South confirmation on their belief in their martial superiority after their victory, they had about 800 less casualties than the North, and the South obtained a morale advantage that persisted for two years but the battle bred overconfidence with some in the South believing the war was won.

14. self-governing colonies

The colonies were characterized by 3 different governing styles. The Carolinas and Virginia were royal colonies. Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware were proprietary colonies. The New England colonies were corporate colonies.

60. "land monopoly" / solutions -

The control of land and resources by the few at the expense of the many. Henry George blamed the difference b/t wealth and poverty on this. / His solution was 100% taxation on the unearned gain in the value of land (capital gain, initial price vs current market value). He said these gains were created by the society and therefore belong to the society. It would eliminate the need for other taxes.

72. conversion experience/ "visible saints" -

The conversion experience was deeply ambiguous to a Puritan. Conversion took months, even years to achieve. It began with the discovery that one could not keep God's law and that one deserved damnation, not for an occasional misdeed, but for what one was at one's best - a wretched sinner. It progressed through despair to hope, which always arose from passages of scripture that spoke to that person's condition. A "saint" at last found reason to believe that God had saved him or her. The whole process involved a painful balance between assurance and doubt. A saint was sure of salvation, but never too sure.

47. 3 goals of Northern/Western Democrats

The democrats didn't like theocracy, they just wanted protection and a separation of church and state.

51. Strikes of 1877:

The depression resulting from the above panic led to labor strikes to protest the iniquitous exploitation of the proletariat by the oppressive rich businessmen, especially railroad workers, who stopped the trains nationwide. These strikes were eventually put down by federal and state troops.

3. Charles Finney, 1830/Yankee Calvinism

The earthly social order was necessary because humankind was innately sinful and prone to sinfulness and disorder. Charles Finney preached about how by doing revivals you would go to heaven

14. economy of the South, 1865

The economy of the south was left completely crippled. Without slavery there was no one to work the land, and the plantations had been burnt down. the old plantation owners who had never in their lives had to work, were faced with a dilemma and did not know what to do.

50. political stalemate, 1873-1892

The election of 1880 was the closest popular vote in American history. It was between Winfield Scott Hancock (Democrat) and James A. Garfield (Republican). Garfield won by only 10,000 votes.

51. characteristics of American elections; 1876-92

The elections during this period were the closest bunch in history. The popular vote separated the parties by no more than one percent, except for in 1892. The Democrats most of the time controlled the House, while the Republicans mostly controlled the Senate.

13. Panic of 1819

The first failure of the market economy. Banks had issued paper money that they could not back and when it came time for their borrowers to pay up, they couldn't and "the credit system collapsed".

26. Election of 1796

The first major election where votes were needed. It was Jefferson versus Adams and Adams won and Jefferson became Vice-President.

60. royal colony

The first royal colony was Virginia because the king declared the London Company bankrupt and assumed direct control of Virginia. There was a governor and council appointed by the crown.

8. Winfield Scott, Election of 1852

The floundering Whigs nominated Winfield Scott for president this year.

6. Mexican independence, 1821

The frontier of New Spain had pushed north of the Riod Grande early in the 17th century. By the time Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, some 80,000 Mexicans lived in this region. Three-fourths of them had settled in the Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico and most of the rest in California. Animals introduced into the New World by Spaniards centuries earlier became the economic mainstay of Hispanic society along New Spain's northern frontier.

38. draft riots, NYC, 1863

The gov's allowance of hired substitutes induced poor Northerners to take up the cry of "rich man's war, poor man's fight". Democrats supported and increased class resentment. They opposed conscription in Congress and printed newspapers telling white workers that the draft would force them to fight to emancipate slaves, who would come North and take their jobs. The draft issue sparked many riots in summer 1863 when the draft started. The worst riot was in NYC, July 13-16; thousands of men and women, mostly Irish Americans, attacked draft offices, destroyed buildings, and lynched blacks. Huge areas of the city were destroyed and 100 ppl were killed in the disturbance.

49. Petticoat Wars/ Peggy Eaton Affair:

The marriage of one of Jackson's cabinet members caused a scandal among the wives of the other cabinet members and they refused to include her in social functions. This threatened to tear his cabinet apart.

75. Middle class respectability

The middle class drank less. They didn't buy drinks to win voters to their cause. They didn't offer to guests, buy or sell it, or provide it to their employees. They also encouraged their friends to do the same.

21. The Navigation Acts (1650-1660)

The navigation acts banned importation of foreign asian or african cargo. if the ships were British there were still very specific requirements for the importation of such goods. When the colonies started to violate these rules by trading with the dutch, the British retaliated. However without a permanent English representative in the colonies there was no one to enforce the laws, and trading with foreigners continued.

43. Battlefield infantry tactics:

The new gun technology forced shifts in battle tactics. Rather than massed frontal assaults, which inflicted huge casualties, troops used more skirmish-y tactics, using cover and flanking.

49. Lee's fatal error -

The next day, Union was strong on the defensive. Lee's principle subordinate, James Longstreet, advised against attack. He said to move south, towards Washington, to force the Federals to attack Lee in a strong defensive position. But Lee believed his army invincible, he thought a move to the south would look like a retreat. He wanted to attack. Reluctantly, Longstreet led the attack. Both sides fought w/ fury. The Confeds had many small gains at great costs while the Union held firm. Lee still wanted to attack, so he went for the center flank.

30. Jackson's inauguration "brawl"

The night of the presidential inauguration, there is typically a ceremonial ball. After Jackson's inauguration, he hosted a crazy, drunken party in the White House.

5. Domesticity/ Separate Spheres-

The notion of separate spheres dictated that men, based primarily on their biological makeup (as well as the will of God) deserved power in the public sphere, that of the economy, commerce, politics, etc. whereas women, for similar reasons, were confined to the private sphere—domestic life and all that implied, such as child-rearing, housekeeping, and religious education.

40. Old Northwest settlers

The old settlers used to make their own shoes, cloth, hats, etc. And used to grown their own food. The new generation began buying all of these items from country stores instead of making them themselves.

5. Andrew Johnson, Tennessee

The only Southern Senator not to resign from office when the Confederacy seceded. He was later appointed military governor of occupied Tennessee and eventually became the 17th President.

65. Turner Thesis, 1893

The overall idea was that the Americans dedicated many ideals and opportunities, such as upward mobility and opportunity for liberty and democracy, to the frontier.

58. overspeculation / Panic of 1857 -

The past economic boom caused the US economy to overheat. ( Land prices, railroads that were built did not earn enough to pay for their costs, banks made too many risky loans) Economy crashed in Sept 1857. A banking house failed and a wave of panic spread. Banks suspended specie payments, businesses failed, railroads went bankrupt, construction halted, & factories shut down. Many workers were laid-off, others went on part-time schedules or took wage-cuts. Class conflicts haunted the public. Mobs and riots broke out, but no one was killed (little violence). Charities and public works helped the poor through the winter. The panic inspired a vigorous religious revival. People prayed for forgiveness of greed & materialism (which they believed had caused the panic). Overall, short-lived but intense depression. 1858-59 Began and completed the recovery. Intensified sectional hostility more than class conflict. South largely escaped the depression.

90. Mail censorship and gag rule in Congress

The postal campaign forced Pres. Jackson to allow southern postal workers to censor the mail. They also forced Southern Whigs and Democrats to abridge the right of petition to avoid discussion of slavery in Congress.

3. power of railroads

The power wielded by the railroad companies inevitably aroused hostility. Companies often charges less for long hauls than for short hauls in areas with little or no competition. The rapid proliferation of tracks produced overcapacity in some areas, which led to rate-cutting wars that benefited some shippers at the expense of others - usually large shippers at the expense of small ones.

15. Freedman's Bureau, 1865

The principle agency for overseeing relations between former slaves and owner. Created by Congress in march of 1865.

61. Calhoun/ Clay/ Webster; the Immortal Three

The public face of the goals of Henry Clay as speeches in the Senate; represented the grand Senate triumvirate of the previous generation

16. Pro-French

The republicans were pro-french because they carried on the same revolution that occurred in 1776

15. Right of Revolution

The right to rebel against a government that is threatening ones (or a states) rights and the right to secede as a result.

36. Lawyers and Doctors

The rise of the legal profession helped spread Enlightenment ideas. Before 1700, most colonists despised lawyers as men who took advantage of the misery of others By the 1790s, American lawyers saw themselves as the cultural vanguard of the new republic, some practiced law while doing other things such as writing on the side. Medicine also became an enlightened profession with Philadelphia setting the pace.

79. Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 1814

The spring after the Battle of Thames, Andrew Jackson's Tennessee militia, joined by Choctaw, Creek, and Cherokee allies, and attacked and killed the Red Sticks who had positioned themselves at Horseshoe Bend. These two American victories broke the military power of the Indians.

70. Sherman Anti-Trust injunctions vs labor strikes

The supreme court would use the Sherman Anti-trust act against the labor strikes whenever there was a case.

57. Impact of the Crimean War on US exports -

The war (1854-56) cut off Russian grain from the European market. Therefore, US exports increased to meet the deficiency. As the war ended, US grain exports decreased greatly. It sharply rose interest rates in Eng and France, which were caused by the war. These increases spread to the US financial markets in 1857 and dried up sources of credit. The past economic boom caused the US economy to overheat.

73. King Georges War/ War of Jenkins ear

The war of Jenkins ear named after an incident where a Spanish commander chopped off Robert Jenkins ear and told him to take it to the king sparked the war against the Spanish empire. King georges war was the name given to the operations in north America that were part of the war of Austrian succession.

2. "Bright idea of property"

The way in which Crevecoeur described his ideas of how a farmer derived all of their rights, their social rank, and their powers in the government.

73. American Temperance Society

Their manifesto was Lyman Beecher's Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy of Intemperance. It addressed the churchgoing middle class and warned that alcohol was an addictive drug. Encouraged total abstinence and was focused on the new generation because the old generation would die out.

8. Republican party platform, 1860

Their platform was appealing to many groups in the North, its main goal was to eliminate slavery. They also wanted higher tariffs and a homestead act. This model was a future for the "House Divided" free-labor society

20. Robert Anderson vs Pierre Beauregard

These are the two generals in the fight of Fort Sumter. Anderson for the US, and Beaugaurd for the Confederate. Anderson surrendered, but no casualties were suffered on either side.

87. Charles Finney, Lyman Beecher /Whig evangelicals

These men retained a Puritan inheritance that demanded that God's people legislate the behavior of others. The new evangelicalism centered in the morally accountable individual, and not in coercive institutions.

62. Horace Mann, Henry Barnard, Calvin Stowe:

These three men created the most advanced, expensive, and centralized state school systems. Horace Mann (Massachussetts), Henry Barnard (Connecticut), Calvin Stowe (Ohio).

59. Whig view of social reform:

They believed with God's help they could improve the world by improving individuals within it, they used government to improve individual morality and discipline.

17. American problems with Mexico

They brought in slaves and wouldn't convert to Roman Catholicism. They began to outnumber the Mexicans and the Mexicans tried to stop the immigration.

18. British Orders in the Council

They wanted to seize any American ship trading with France going to the Caribbean

50. Conscience Whigs -

They were antislavery delegates from the Whig party. The Whigs nominated Zachery Taylor for president, but his slaveholding ways was too much for the Conscience Whigs so they left and joined the Liberty Party and antislavery Democrats.

52. Three major reforming pieces of legislation

They were: the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1887, the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890.

16. transportation/ streetcars:

Things such as streetcars changed urban dwellers everyday relaioinship to physical space. The streetcars was a huge industrial innovation.

4. Judiciary Act of 1789

This act created the Supreme court with 6 members. It also implemented 13 district courts and 3 courts of appeal. This dramatized federal power by allowing some cases to surpass the state and be under the jurisdiction of the federal Supreme Court.

28. Racial stereotypes-

This always occur when you mix two races. I can imagine that the blacks are secondary and dumb while the whites are civilized but I couldn't find it in the book

63. The Thinker, A Moral Reader, 1855/Protestant base of public schools:

This book was a textbook that told children to "remember that all the ignorance, degradation, and misery in the world, is the result of indolence and vice." Children were to read from King James Bible and recite acceptable Protestant prayers.

53. Waving the bloody shirt

This is a metaphor for what the Republicans did in their campaigns. They brought up the Civil War as much as possible to get people to remember how bloody the Civil War was and to blame the Democrats.

2. Stephan A. Douglas/ "the little giant"

This is the sponsor of the Senate bill, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories. Because he was short (5'4''), he earned the name little Giant because of his parliamentary skill, demonstrated in his role in the Compromise of 1850. in his opinion, the idea of popular sovereignty an the slavery issue was the keystone of the compromise.

8. Interstates Commerce Act, 1887

This law reflected compromise between the varying viewpoints of shippers, railroads, and other pressure groups. It outlawed pools, discriminatory rates, long-haul versus short-haul differentials, and rebates to favored shippers. It required that freight and passenger rates must be "reasonable and just."

50. Panic of 1873:

This panic/depression was a result of overspeculation and overexpansion (the usual suspects), and a drop in the global silver market.

8. Republicanism vs Monarchy

This refers to the striking similarities to England in Hamilton's plan. He admired the system of England and he used it as his model for his plans. The Republicanism aspect is the desire to not copy England. They wanted to form a completely new system, different from the one they just fought to break away from. They did not want to become a carbon copy of England.

57. Colfax Massacre, 1873

This was a clash between a black militia and some armed whites. Only three whites died, but 100 blacks died, half of them killed after they had surrendered.

59. Election of 1872 / Liberal Republicans

This was a group of Republicans who emerged to challenge Grants reelection. They believed conciliation with Southern whites, not armed intervention was the only wway to acheive peace. They nominated Horace Greely, editor of the New York Tribune, as their candidate. Their slogan was "Anything to beat Grant".

31. Virginia and Kentucky Resolves

This was a republican attempt at fighting the alien and sedition acts. It said that these acts were violating the First Amendment.

49. Greenback-Labor Party:

This was an anti-large corporation, pro-union political party. They opposed the use of force against strikers and advocated a paper currency system (hence the name).

9. National capitol city compromise

This was the compromise reached between the two parties. Hamilton received his bank, but the Republicans succeeded in separating Hamilton's prosperous North from the capital. The capital was moved South to a site on the Pontiac River, and the National Bank was founded. The Republicans ensured there capital would not be another Paris or London, but a place of no importance besides political.

36. Election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson was better organized for this election than 4 years earlier. As a result of his organization he won the election and the Jeffersonians were in power.

73. Thomas Paine, Common Sense

Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense was a gigantic success. It was published in January 1776 and sold more than 100,000 copies. It reached more people than any other colonial tract ever had. Paine was a recant immigrant from England who attacked aristocracy and monarchy. He urged Americans to unite under a simple republican government of they're own.

25. "pro-slavery plot" over Texas

To engage southern interest in the annexation of Texas, the southern press published stories claiming that Britain would use Texas as a foundation to launch an attack on slavery. Annexation became a popular issue in the South, and Calhoun succeeded in negotiating a treaty with the Texans. However, when Calhoun released a letter to the public claiming that one of the main reasons to annex Texas was to protect slavery, northerners were convinced that annexation was a pro-slavery plot. Northern senators voted down the treaty, and the annexation of Texas became the big issue in the upcoming election.

46. Nicholas Trist / Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo, 1848 -

Trist was a diplomat. Polk sent him w/ Scott's army to negotiate the terns of Mexican surrender. He was authorized to pay Mex $15 million for California, New Mex, and a Texas boarder on the Rio Grande in a treaty. Polk later sent for Trist to return to Washington b/c he wanted to send someone else who would fight for more land from Mex. Trist ignored the recall and signed the treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo Feb 2, 1848. It was approved by Polk and the Senate. Half of the opposition was from Dem who wanted more land and half from Whigs who wanted no land. The treaty took 1/2 of Mex and ^ US by 1/4.

25. Marietta and Cincinnati

Two colonies joined together to create the Ohio river and the M & C railroad.

57. Confederate raiders: Alabama and Florida

Two commerce raiders from Liverpool, and England made their way over to the South. They were called the Alabama and the Florida, and they roamed the seas for the next two years sinking Union ships. The Alabama was the most feared, captained by Raphael Semmes. Overall they sank 257 Union merchant vessels and drove at least 700 others to foreign registry. Eventually John Winslow and the USS Kearsarge sank the Alabama.

52. Activist Whig government

U.S. political party. Organized by opponents of Pres. Andrew Jackson whom they called "King Andrew," the party took its name from the British anti-monarchist party. The U.S. Whigs favored a program of national development.

21. Wounded Knee Massacre, SD

US gov alarmed by the frenzy of the Ghost Dance mvmt; send federal troops the Sioux reservation. Shootout between troops and Sioux leaves 25 soldiers and 150 Sioux dead. Wounded Knee symbolizes the death of 19th century Plains Indian culture.

68. Fts. Henry and Donelson (Tennessee campaigns)

Ulysses S. Grant struck south from Illinois in early 1862; he used gunboats and army manuevers to capture Ft. Henry and Ft. Donelson (on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers); these were stunning victories for the North-- 14,000 Confederates were taken as prisoners of war; this opened up Mississippi to attack by the Union

31. military court over civil courts

Valladingham's arrest and trial in a military court brought up questions of civil liberties during war. People questioned the conviction as a violation of free speech and the trial of a civilian in a military court when the civil courts were still operating. Lincoln was embarrassed by Vallandigham's arrest/conviction and changed his sentence to banishment to the Confederacy rather than imprisonment. Vallandigham escaped to Canada, conducted his campaign for governor from there, and lost the election.

39. Thorstein Veblen; The Theory of the Leisure Class, 1899

Veblen, an economist, described the practices of the wealthy class as "conspicuous consumption". They bought paintings from Europe and threw tremendously expensive and lavish parties. The extravagant spending of these ultra-rich was widely publicized and led to the name of the era as the Gilded Age. Their extravagance sharply contrasted with the extreme poverty of the lower class.

New exporters of slaves / domestic slave market-

Virgina, Delaware, and Maryland were the main exporters of slaves

54. Virginia Company/ Plymouth and London -

Virginia Company was chartered by King James I of England in 1606 with authority to colonized North America between the 34th and 45th parallels. 2 headquarters: 1. Plymouth, raised small amount of capital but won control over northern part of grant-> Plymouth Company carried on West Country expansionist traditions of Gilbert and Ralegh. 1607 - planted colony in Sagadahoc (coast of Maine), cold winter, no trading with Abenaki Indians - abandoned site in September 1608. Company ran out of money - gave up. 2. London Company- colonized Chesapeake Bay area. 1607- 3 ships with 100 mean and 4 boys. Set up Jamestown. Expected to find gold/silver, cure for diseases, passageway to Asia.

24. Robert E. Lee

Virginia- from Virginia; one of the most promising officers in the US army; believed the southern states had no right to secede; refused to fight on the Union side and resigned from the army when the VA convention voted to secede; joined the Confederate army.

60. 1st Transcontinental RR, 1869

Was completed on May 1869 at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory. It linked the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific.

79. Independent Treasury or sub-treasury, 1837-1840

Was passed in 1841, but was repealed by the Whigs. The Democrats won the election in 1844 and brought the Independent Treasury System back. The Act of August 1846 said that: the public revenues be held in the treasury building and sub treasuries in various cities, the treasury should pay its own funds and be separate of the banking and financial system of the nation, and all payment by the gov were to be made in species or treasury notes.

62. Panic of 1873

Was started by the fated Northern Pacific railroad. Lasted about five years.

25. Washington farewell address

Washington decided to only take 2 terms as President which established a precedent for future Presidents. One of the most important things he said was for America to stay independent in foreign affairs.

11. Washington/ Valley Forge-

Washington's forces endured a miserable winter at Valley Forge; Frederich Wilhelm baron von Steuben devised a drill manual for Americans based on Prussian standards; Continentals became more soldierly and other European volunteers helped

9. Continental Line-

Washington's new army with stricter discipline and longer enlistment terms (which allowed for a better trained army); a soldier could receive up to 100 lashes (as opposed to 39 before); cash promise for people who enlisted for three years; often consisted of poor men, whereas short-term militia had a more stable economic situation and were more likely to be church members; by 1777, 28,000 men were enlisted and fit for duty

33. sectional breach / Democrats

When Polk agreed to splitting Oregon at the 49th parallel, democratic senators from the Old Northwest felt betrayed. They had supported Texas to the Rio Grande and expected Polk to support Oregon to 54 40'. This dispute caused a sectional breach in the Democratic Party that would continue to grow.

20. Republican Virtue

When final decisions on public matters are made by a monarch, it is the monarch's virtues which influence those decisions. When a broader class of people become the decision-makers, it is then their virtues which characterize the types of decisions made. This form of decision-making is considered superior in determining what best protects the interests of the majority.

"provincial congresses"

When royal governors outside Massachusetts dismissed their assemblies to prevent them from joining the resistance movement, colonists elected provincial congresses, or conventions, to organize resistance. These bodies were much larger than the legal assemblies they displaced, and they mobilized far more people. As the congresses took hold, royal government began to collapse almost everywhere.

63. colonial militia/ Continental Army

When the Second Continental Congress came to power, they decided they wanted to turn the undisciplined men besieging Boston into a Continental army. They made George Washington Commanding General. He insisted officers be treated with respect and instill obedience into their troops.

64. Second Continental Congress, 1775

When they it in May 1775, it inherited the war. It made the Continental Army and put George Washington in charge. It did not tax, regulate trade, or pass laws. It took command of the Continental Army, printed paper money, opened diplomatic relations with the Indians, took over the postal service, and decided which government was legitimate in the colonies- all functions previously done by the crown. Thought of itself as a temporary plural executive for the continent, not a legislature.

61. Function of School Reforms/Democrats vs. Whigs:

Whig evangelicals believed that with God's help they could improve the world by improving the individuals within it, and they enlisted the Whig Party in that campaign. The Whigs used government to improve individual morality and discipline. Democrats argued that attempts to dictate morality through legistlation were both antirepublican and wrong.

54. State Banking: Whig vs. Democratic View

Whigs believed that banks were very useful, providing credit for roads and canals, loans to businessmen and farmers, and banknotes that served as the exchange medium. Democrats, however, believed that most actions of the banks were done purely for the benefit of those running the banks, and that they controlled artificial amounts of money that they didn't really have.

67. Whigs / rehabilitation; Democrats / warehousing

Whigs favored putting deviants into institutions for rehabilitation. The Democrats, although they agreed that states should incarcerate criminals and deviants, regarded attempts at rehabilitation as wrong-headed and expensive. They favored institutions that isolated the insane, warehoused the dependent poor, and punished criminals. Most state systems were a compromise between the two positions.

35. Mr Polks War

Whigs opposed war with Mexico but voted for it or else they would be seen as unpatriotic. They called the war Mr. Polks War.

5. New Transportation visions

Whigs vs Democrats - Launched by the states (b/c democrats in congress blocked federal funded roads & canals) either by taking direct action or by chartering private corps to do the work. Whigs- favored direct action by state gov'ts; assumed connection b/t market society & moral progress: used relationship as basis of their argument for internal improvements. Vote for improvements= vote for moral progress & for individual opportunity w/in prosperous market society. Democrats- 'lukewarm' toward whole idea of internal improvements, convinced that debt, favoritism & corruption would inevitably result from gov't involvement in economy. Supported some improvements, opposed projects that would lead to taxes & state gov'ts in debt.

80. Election of 1840

Whigs vs Jacksonian Democrats. The Whigs were better organized and they had a war hero as their presidential candidate: William Henry "Tippecanoe" Harrison, who killed Tecumseh. The Democratic candidate was Martin Van Buren.

46. 3 goals of Northern Whigs

Whigs wanted an activist government, economic development, and moral progress.

43. farming advances/ technology

While the Southern farmers preferred to stick with the old techniques, the Northern farmers liked to try out new equipment. They used cast-iron plows, grain cradles, horse-powered and treadmill threshers, and hand-cranked fanning mills to clean the grain.

19. Ft. Sumter, South Carolina

While the seceded states took all federal lands, there was still garrisons of the US army posted at those forts. In Charleston, Carolina called for the evacuation of Fort Moultrie, so the army moved to Fort Sumter, less easily attacked. They thought this would calm things down, but it instead lit a fire. An uneasy truce was reached with no one firing, but all aiming their guns. Then General Anderson of Fort Sumter ran out of supplies. Lincoln decided to send him unarmed supplies, thus making the decision for war Davis'. Instead Davis attacked the fort before the supplies got there, forcing the Fort to surrender.

40. Race lines in occupations / discrimination by race:

Whites in the early 19th century began refusing to work alongside blacks, and some of the earliest and most decisive racist assaults came when whites asserted their control over some occupations and relegated blacks to others. They chased blacks out of skilled jobs by pressuring employers to discriminate, and often by outright violence.

51. Marbury v. Madison, 1801

William Marbury was a justice of peace whom Thomas Jefferson eliminated in his first few days in office. Marbury sued Jefferson's secretary of state, James Madison, for his commission. Although Marbury never got his job, Chief Justice John Marshall used the case to lay down the basis for the practice of judicial review.

19. William Miller/ Seventh Day Adventists

William Miller was a Vermont Baptist who, after years of systematic study, concluded that God would destroy the world during the year following March 1843. Miller publicized his predictions in the 1830s, and by the end of the decade, he accumulated thousands of believers, called Millerites. However, after March 1844 came and went, most just quietly returned to their normal churches. A committed remnant, however, kept the faith and founded the Seventh Day Adventist Church.

3. George Grenville

William Pitt's brother-in-law and first lord of the treasury, the king didn't like him

7. William Seward vs Abraham Lincoln

William Steward was attempting to be elected for Republican nominee for the 1860 presidential election. Not many people liked his reputation so they then decided to vote on Abraham Lincoln as their new candidate. he eventually ended up winning

52. The Board of Trade

Williams replacement for the Lords of Trade. The powers of the new board were advisory only and tried to offer advice based on information it collected.

45. "Fighting Joe" Hooker / Chancellorsville, 1863 -

Winter of 1862-3: the Armies of Northern VA and the Potomac stood on opposite sides of the Rappahannock River. As spring came, Union commander Joe Hooker took the offensive (hoped to redeem the disaster at Fredericksburg). Apr 30: Hooker crossed his men several miles upriver & came in on Lee's rear. Lee turned around and confronted Hooker in the dense woods known as the "Wilderness", near Chancellorsville. Union outnumbered Confed 2:1, but Lee took the offensive. May 2: Jackson led 28,000 men on a march through the woods to attack the Union. The Union commanders were negligent, so the attack was a surprise. Jackson's assault crumpled the Union flank, but he was shot by his own men by mistake that night. The next day, Lee continued the attack. 3 more days of fighting - largest casualties in a single battle so far (12,800 Confed; 16,800 Union). Lee drove the Union back. This greatly lowered Union morale.

43. David Wilmot's proviso, 1846 -

With the controversy over bringing slavery to Mex, Penn Democratic Congressman Wilmot offered an amendment to an army appropriations bill, claiming that any newly acquired territory from Mex would not have slavery. It framed the national debate over slavery for the next 15 yrs. It was passed by the House. Northern Whigs and Democrats were for it, while the south was against it (so the Senate defeated the proviso). See below.

45. rise of cleanliness and order

With the market revolution came a sharper distinction between male work that was part of the cash economy and female work that was not so. Old traditional women's work went to men as soon it become cash-producing specialties. At the same time however, new kinds of women's work emerged within households, since farm women no longer had to do things such as manufacturing clothes because of the availability of manufactured cloth, it raised the expectation of families to be more neatly dressed with a wider variety that available previously. Similar expectations demanded greater personal and domestic cleanliness and taste. Also the culture began to demand forms of child-rearing that were more intensive, individualised and mother-centered. Things such as sleeping, bathing and sex more private than in the past.

82. Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector

Within a few years (after 1649), Parliament's most successful general, Oliver Cromwell, takes over and dismisses Parliament. The army names him the "Lord Protector" of England. He tried to make a Parliament of his own and failed. His regime did not continue after his death.

18. yellow fever epidemics

Yellow fever came from the Caribbean by ship. Port cities, thus, were hit the hardest. The disease spread up the Mississippi River system in the 1800s and got to New Orleans, Mobile, Savannah, and Charleston. About 100,000 - 150,000 deaths were caused by the fever. Newer, white, immigrants were more susceptible to it because they hadnt adapted to their environment yet.

17. sharecropping

a black family works a piece of land in and in return is given a share of the crop that they produced.

15. policy of concentration

a policy against the Native Americans in the midwest. They were concentrated onto small reservations to make room for white settlers.

5. Constitutional Union Party, John bell

a political party in the United States created in 1860. It was made up of conservative former Whigs who wanted to avoid disunion over the slavery issue. Nominated John Bell for President in 1860

64. pet banks

a term for state banks that were selected by the U.S. Department of Treasury to receive surplus government funds in 1833. It originated from the idea that Jackson controlled the banks, there were 23 "pet banks" or state banks with US Treasury funds, and that they were chosen because of the banks political standings.

28. African American middle class

a thriving African American middle class developed in African American communities but its existence wasn't acknowledged by the dominant white class.

23. Jay Treaty

a treaty America made with Britain that made Britain remove their NW forces

54. investment in the "New South"

actual northerners who came to the south were very rich and brought money to hopefully pour money into the southern economy

25. advertising and magazines—

advertising firms became important to corporations; they worked with manufacturers to create national marketing campaigns; used clever names for products like "Uneeda Biscuit" and made huge profits (Uneeda Biscuit earned the National Biscuit Company $3 million a year); these advertisements would appear throughout magazines

14. Brigham, Young, Great Salt Lake, 1847

after Smith's martyrdom his successor Brigham Young led a trek to the Great Salt Lake. They built a flourishing community of Zion. They irrigated and Young was leader of the church and he was at one point the governor of the Utah Territory.

80. British offensive, 1814 -

after the British defeated Napoleon they turned their attention towards America. They raided Chesapeake Bay and marched on Washington D.C. where they chased off the army and politicians and burned the capitol building and the president's mansion.

63. "free labor ideology"

all work in a free society was honorable, but slavery degraded manual labor because it was equal to bondage

4.Confiscation Act, 1861

allowed the North to take any property and slaves that helped aid the confederates in war.

65. Roger Taney /Supreme Court

appointed Secretary of the Treasury by Jackson as a replacement for William J. Duane (who was likewise a replacement for Louis McLane); neither of the prior two Secretaries would agree to authorize the withdrawal of government deposits from the state bank to hurry the death of the Bank of the U.S.; Taney helped write Jackson's Bank Veto Message and, once Secretary of the Treasury, he withdrew the deposits; after John Marshall died, Jackson appointed him Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

68. Olive Branch Petition, 1775-

approved by Congress on July 5, 1775; goal was to end the bloodshed; affirmed loyalty to King George III; no mention of rights; sought a "happy and permanent reconciliation"

34. John Tillotson/ Unitarians-

archbishop of Canterbury; preached of a universal spirit and morality rather than dogma; did not believe a merciful God could inflict something as cruel as eternal damnation; his followers, Unitarians, did not believe in hell or the divinity of Jesus; favored broad religious toleration; these ideas became deeply entrenched in the curriculum at Harvard College

84. Charles II, Restoration

army invited him back after Cromwell died. Tried to restore old order. (brought back House of Lords, Church of England under its episcopal form of gov.) English state started persecuting all dissenters of Catholics and Protestants: Presbyterians, Congressionalists, Baptists, and Quakers.

71. decline in farm crop prices / world market crash

as a result of better farming in eastern Europe the US now had competion in the farming market and as a result of this competition the world market took a dip of about 60%.

37. fighting a defensive war

as mention in the previous focus item, the South was fighting to defend its homeland, culture, and racial superiority over slaves.

60. New York City slave uprising 1941

at this time NYC had the biggest concentration of slaves outside of Charleston. Settlers grew nervous when suspicious fires broke out that burned down forts. When Orglethorpes warning reached NYC, one man was hung for being a Spanish spy and a priest. 18 slaves were hung, 13 slaves were burned, and 70 were sent to the West Indies as a result.

33. Transportation revolution-

before, transportation west of the Appalachians was almost completely undeveloped, and transporting goods was so time-consuming and costly that most didn't bother with it; by 1860, most farmers in the North and West were within 20 miles of railroads, canals, or rivers; transport of goods was cheapest on water (steamboats cut prices per ton-mile from 1.3 cents for downriver travel and 5.8 cents for upriver travel to ⅓ of a cent each way); became profitable for NW and W New York farmers to sell wheat on the New York market; travel times in the Northeast reduced to ¼ to 1/11 of what they had been in 1790

13. Deism

belief that God created the universe but did not intervene in its affairs

58. Re-exports/Export boom, 1803-1807

between 1803 and 1807, U.S. exports, mostly foodstuffs and plantation staples, rose from $66.5 million to $102.2 million. Re-exports, goods produced in the British, Spanish, and French islands of the Caribbean, picked up by American vessels, and then reloaded in American ports onto American ships bound for Europe, rose from $13.5 million to $58.4 million.

81. English Civil War, 1642

between the King and Parliament, Parliament wins and becomes the main ruler of the country. In 1649, kills Charles, abolishes House of Lords, and proclaims England a Commonwealth.

24. Blood sports / bachelor culture

blood sports, where animals were pitted against each other and fought to the death, were a very popular form of commercial entertainment in the South. Southerners watched professional prizefights in New Orleans.

25. James "Yankee" Sullivan / boxing and prizefighting

blood sports, where animals were pitted against each other and fought to the death, were a very popular form of commercial entertainment in the South. Southerners watched professional prizefights in New Orleans.

64. Unreconstructed states-

by 1875, the only four states that were still unreconstructed were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, and Louisiana

77. 8 to 7 Compromise

by a partisan vote the electoral commission awarded all of the disputed states to Hayes. Democrats began to filibuster in the House and this threatened to bring anarchy. The Democrats and Republicans began to compromise so they could to get on with economic recovery and development.

39. crop lien system and its problems

came into being because of the shortage of money and credit in the war ravaged south, basically a one crop system

88. William Mc Kinley and Mark Hanna / Republican party

campaigned with specialty of tariff; gave many speeches and denounced Democrats as inflationists; Under skill of Mark Hanna, he waged a "front-porch campaign"

23. Plantation Duty Act (1673)

captains of colonial ships had to deliver all goods to england and if they didnt they would have to pay everything that was owed to england. To enforce this, officers were sent to collect any unpaid "duties".

53. carpetbagger corruption

carpetbaggers were poor northerners who came south and there was a myth that they too were going to invade the government

20. Impact of Antietam/ Lincoln

caused Lincoln to institute a draft law. Northern Democrats protested this and Lincoln arrested any opposer. After the battle, he presented the Emancipation Proclamation.

19. "King Caucus" nominations

congressmen would agree on who to nominate for the Presidency and Vice Presidency from their political party

66. Millard Fillmore

conservative Whig who gave his support to the compromise

18. Battle of Little Big Horn, 1876

continual fighting between American army and Sioux in the northern plains, 1864-1865. 1874-5, gold-seekers invade sacred Black Hills of North Dakota. Provokes battle in Montana Territory on June 25, 1876, between Sioux and whites.

40. Boss Tweed / Tammany Hall

corruption: New York City, "Boss" William Tweed and his Tammany Hall "Ring" may have stolen more money from taxpayers than all of the federal agencies combined.

42. coureur de bois / fur trade

coureur de bois, lit. 'runner of the woods', were unauthorized fur traders. They traveled through hostile Iroquois territory to find Indian trappers. Montreal authorities and crown officials disapproved of the coureurs de bois because they undermined Montreal's status as the center of the fur trade, oversupplied the markets, and traded alcohol in exchange for pelts. The legal fur trade consisted of Indian trappers trading beaver pelts for European goods such as clothing, muskets, and pots.

13. cowboy myth vs reality

cowboys are idealized in movies and lone rangers that heard hundreds of cattle by themselves. In reality, they were employees of larger businesses. Many cowboys were minorities.

28. Age of Steamboats

developed flat bottom steamboats to go on shallow water. Transformed the interior from an isolated frontier to a busy commercial region. Made two way river trade possible. 1810: 60,000 tons produce shipped out. 1840: 500,000 tons shipped out

17. diversification of cash crops

different kinds of cash crops were grown throughout the south. Tobacco, rice, and indigo were the three main cash crops.

72. Deposit Act, 1836

distributed the federal surplus to states; was to be spent on internal improvements (schools, roads, and canals); Jackson demanded a provision that would limit new banks' ability to print banknotes before he would (reluctantly) agree to sign the Deposit Act

78. Body of Liberties, 1641-48-

document that defined Massachusetts's legal system; history's first bill of rights (maybe); far fewer capital offenses now, listed in the order of the Ten Commandments; recognized the liberties of women, children, servants, foreigners, and animals; effort to ban professional lawyers; quick punishment of crime

23. George Mason, Bill of Rights

drafted a declaration of rights that the Virginia delegates passed before approving the constitution because of the idea that people should define their rights before empowering the government. The text affirmed equality (not for slaves) and condemned hereditary privileges and provided for trial by jury and due process. It also gave religious liberty. Many states would copy this bill of rights.

13. English Civil War

during 1640's, both the king and Parliament raised separate armies and went to war. During the civil war, England didn't exercise any power over the colonies. The Indians took advantage of this because during the war, the muskets and gunpowder sent to the colonies got cut off. The Indians gained a powerful advantage over the colonists because of this.

42. economic growth rates, 1844-56 -

economic expansion was greater than the population increase. The number of Americans grew by 44 percent; the value of exports and imports increased by 200 percent; mined coal tonnage by 270 percent; banking capital, industrial capital, and industrial output by about 100 percent; farmland value by 100 percent; and cotton, wheat, and corn harvests by about 70 percent. There was increase of per capita production and income. The gap between the rich and poor was widening. The United States became the second-leading industrial producer behind only Britain.

70. Daniel Webster

encouraged Nicholas Biddle (with Henry Clay) to apply for a recharter for the Bank of the United States in 1832; again with Clay, to reprimand Jackson for destroying the Bank of the United States, Webster led the old National Republican coalition (anti-Jacksonians), transforming it into the new Whig Party

90. elections of 1896 and 1900 / Republican dominance

ended even balance of poltics and gave power to the republican party; Mc Kinley vs. Bryan both times

74. Specie resumption Act, 1875

ended the coinage of silver dollars

67. Entail/ primogeniture

entail- prohibited the landowner from dividing his land, primogeniture- required the landowner to leave his land in the hands of the eldest son

24. Pennsylvania Constitution

established a unicameral assembly and a plural executive of 12 men one of which would preside and be called president. All freemen who paid taxes and their adult sons could vote. Voting was by secret ballot and legislative sessions were open to the public. No one could serve more than four years out of any seven. Bills were to be published before passage for public discussion and at the next session they could be passed into law except in a state of emergency. The Council of Censors met every 7 years to see if the constitution had been violated.

63. Toleration Act, 1649

first colonial statute to grant relig. freedom to all christians

32. Railroads/replacing canals-

followed the canal boom; at first, connected cities to canals and rivers; 1840s- 5,000 miles of railroad track laid, leading to a rail network of 30,000 miles by 1860 with massive links between the East and Northwest; made canals obsolete (New York Central replaced the Erie Canal)

36. Foreign trade shifts-

foreign trade was still growing, but the growth of domestic markets far outstripped it; whereas in 1815, exports to foreign nations made up 15% of the national product, by 1830 they made up only 6% of it

30. Clement Vallandigham, Ohio

foremost Peace Democrat in Ohio, planned or running for governor; demanded an end to war and emancipation efforts. Vallandigham was arrested by the army commander in Ohio and convicted of treason and aiding the enemy by a military court.

27. Kansas civil war, 1856

foreshadowed the American Civil War. Abolitionists and Border Ruffians fought over whether Kansas would become a free or slave state.

76. Washington Temperance Society, 1840

founded 1826 by concerned Protestant ministers; tried to get people to stop drinking altogether; by 1840s, this and other temperance groups had over one million members and it was respectable to drink only cold water in middle-class homes (temperance was mainly popular among the middle-class); Germans and Irish opposed this movement but couldn't do anything about it

Yale College-

founded in 1701 in New Haven, Connecticut in reaction to Harvard's increasing Unitarianism; named after wealthy benefactor Elihu Yale; very Anglican school

5. Patrons of Husbandry; the "Grange"

founded in 1867, was the umbrella organization for many of the cooperatives farmers organized to sell crops and buy supplies.

53. "Black men in Blue" - After these victories, emancipation became a Union war aim. 1861

free blacks were refused when they tried to enlist. Dem said it was a Rep plot to make blacks = whites. If they could become soldiers, then they had the right of emancipation. The North used emancipation to deprive the Confed of black laborers and to use them for the Union. Black recruitment were useful b/c white enlistment was down. New black regiments formed. They were used as labor battalions, supply troops, and garrison forces instead of combat troops. They would be paid less and their officers would be white. They were 2nd-class soldiers.

59. Oglethorpe's expeditions, 1740

general Oglethorpe retaliated against the Spanish by invading Florida, however the Spaniards fought back. When he returned to Georgia, he spread news that Spain was sending blacks into the slave colonies to start slave uprisings.

38. "Pittsburgh of the South"

great grwoth in the south came from Alabama where Birmingham became the Pittsburgh of the south due to industrialization

41. linking west to northeast

growth of Northeastern urban markets for western produce united the north and west. The tariff of 1828 benefited city and commercial food producers and further untied the west & north while hurting the south.

31. spoils system / Swarthout

he gave cabinet positions to his friends, one of whom was Swarthout who ran off with 1.2 million dollars to France

78. Hayes' promises

he promised to rebuild war-destroyed levees and give federal aid to southern transcontinental railroad. He hinted at the appointment of a southerner as postmaster general and signaled an intention to withdraw the troops in Louisiana and South Carolina.

7. McCollouch v. Maryland

he state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. Though the law, by its language, was generally applicable to all banks not chartered in Maryland, the Second Bank of the United States was the only out-of-state bank then existing in Maryland, and the law was recognized in the court's opinion as having specifically targeted the U.S. Bank. The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers, provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution.

13. politics of the immigrants/Democratic Party

immigrants usually sided with the Democratic party because they at least tolerated them when the Whigs did not. The immigrant voters increased over 200% between 1850 and 1855 when the native voters only grew by 14%.

67. US v. Cruikshank, 1876-

important Supreme Court case and one of the first to deal with the application of the Bill of Rights to state governments post 14th Amendment; ruling found the indictments against white militia killers faulty and overruled them, saying that the 1st Amendment "was not intended to limit the powers of the State governments in respect to their own citizens"

25. Townshend Program/ Revenue Act, 1767

imposed new duties in colonial ports on certain imports that the colonies could legally buy from Britain: tea, glass, red and white lead, and painter's colors.

77. reaction of North to John Brown's situation

impressed by Brown's eloquence at his trial and considered him a martyr to freedom

26. newspaper innovations

improvements in lithography and the half-tone process allowed advertising to improve.

30. "yellow back" novels / Ned Buntline-

improvements in printing and paper made books and newspapers cheaper. Cheap newspaper stories started coming out in the 1830s; they were fictional, sensational stories that depicted human nature as demonic and deceptive. "yellow-backs" were cheap, fictional sensation novels, which portrayed crime, gore, sex, and unconventional women in the upper classes. These cheap, sensational novels and newspapers were a big hit with city workers in the North and West. Ned buntline wrote G'hals of New York (1850), in which a murderer remarks, "There isn't no real witue (virtue) and honesty nowhere, 'cept among the perfessional dishonest". In contrast, middle-class novels depicted a benign universe where good was nurtured and evil defeated.

11. Rice planters in South Carolina

in 1690's, planters learned how to grow rice from slaves who cultivated it in West Africa. It quickly became the staple crop of South Carolina. To produce a crop of rice, planters devised the task system: slaves had to complete certain labor assignments each day, after which their time was their own.

71. Depression of 1787/88

in 1784, British merchants brought a lot of exports into American ports, but America couldn't pay for them. Their exports were 750,000 pounds, as opposed to the British exporting goods worth 3.7 million pounds. As a result, the American economy entered into a depression. Private debts became a problem that the states couldn't handle because they had their own war debts.

69. Ohio Land Company

in 1787, Congress was trying to solve the problem of governing the Northwest Territory. During this time, Massachusetts veterans were organizing the Ohio Land Company under Manassah Cutler to obtain a huge land grant from Congress. They received 1.5 million acres from Congress.

14. Separation of church and state

in state after state, post-revolutionary constitutions withdrew government support from religion, and the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution clearly prescribed the separation of church and state

6. Birth Rate Changes

in the 1830s women who entered child birth averaged around 3 babies a piece while ten years earlier it was closer to 5 babies a piece

family reputation and honor

in white South, reputation and the defense of family honor were everything. Boys and girls were taught to act as though everyone were watching them, ready to note any hint of inadequacy

18. Thoughts on Government, John Adams

influenced the men drafting Virginia's constitution, which other states would imitate. Believed in separation of powers and a bicameral legislature and "virtue" he thought America needed a legislature that mirrored its diverse society.

75.Constitutional Convention

it opened in 1787 in Philly and proposed an almost sovereign Parliament for the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

8. "old deluder" act

it was passed in 1647 in Massachusetts by the puritans. It established the first public schools in America to teach children to read the bible and thus defeat Satan who they called old deluder.

80. filibustering in Central America

it was to be attempted to be carried on by Walker a few more times after his first time but after he was killed by a firing squad on September 12, 1860, things died down

17. Itinerant preachers/democratic message

itinerant preachers were ministers who lacked their own parishes and who traveled from place to place. The democratic message was Restorationism

52. Knights of Labor, 1869:

labor union incorporated in 1869. They demanded an eight-hour workday, an end to child and convict labor, and cooperatives. They allowed women and blacks to join (eventually), but were vehemently nativist, especially against Chinese immigrants. Their public image was damaged by the Haymarket Affair, and shortly thereafter, they ceased to exist as a significant organization.

35. Frederick Law Olmstead / city beautiful movement

landscape architect, designed the White City, which included wide, clean streets, parks, and fountains. The city beautiful movement worked for the beautification of cities by cleaning up and organizing cities. The White City represented the ideal city, in the eyes of the city beautiful mvmt.

slave codes

laws that have been passed limit slave rights

65. Douglas's plan

lead forces of compromise; created a majority for each side of the dispute

69. Albert Sidney Johnston

led the Confederate army at Shiloh, Tennessee; there, he surprised Ulysses S. Grant, yet he still ultimately lost the battle to Union soldiers; Grant forced Johnston and his men to retreat once he received reinforcements; died in the Battle of Shiloh; second ranking general (and the highest ranking general on either side to die during the war)

28. Dawes Severalty Act, 1887

legislation calling for the dissolution of Indian tribes as legal entities; instead, Indians were offered citizenship and each family was allotted a portion of farm/grazing land.

61. Essex Decision 1805-

let English ships seize American ships involved in re-export trading with France; in response, Congress passed the Non-Importation Act prohibiting importation of British goods that could be purchased elsewhere

57. Democratic opposition to internal improvements/. Limited liability / Democrats were convinced that debt, favoritism, and corruption would result from government involvement in the economy. They opposed a "partial" legislation that would benefit part of their state at the expense of the rest. They opposed projects that would lead to higher taxes and put state governments into debt. Democrats argued that beneath the Whig plans was a scheme to create special privilege, inequality, debt, and corruption.

liability that protected directors and stockholders of corporations from corporate debts by separating those debts from personal liabilities

50. "Yankees"

lit. 'land pirates', Yankees were Protestant, English settlers from the Chesapeake Bay and New England. When Yankees extended onto Long Island, they were welcomed by Kieft, the governor of New Sweden, and Stuyvesant, the governor of New Netherland. However, in 1664, when England attacked New Netherland, the Yankees sided against the Protestant Dutch.

40. sharecropping and tenancy

made double indebtedness; to the landowner whose land they sharecropped and to the merchant who merchant who furnished them supplies

53. "court" principles - Northern colonies -

many economic interests and ethnic groups to satisfy = political factions. Governors could win support by using patronage to reward some groups and to discipline others. Opposition to governors were important because it kept settlers alert to any infringements on their liberties. Resistance to authority might be the only means to preserve liberty.

11. new delegates to Congress from the South / Congressional reaction

many ex-Confederates became congressmen, state officials, generals, and colonels. If the Confederates didn't win by war they almost won by peace

70. kinship networks of the South

many of non slave holding whites were nephews or in-laws of slaveholders in the South's extensive and tightly knit kinship network; moreover many young ambitious non slave holders hoped to own slaves some day

patriarchal households

men started to become more dominant in the family. Men in cities and towns went off to work. Even farms made a clear distinction between male work that was oriented towards markets and female work that was tied to household maintenance.

corrupt squadron of "paper men"

men who invested the stock of the Bank of the United States, all friends of Hamiltons, which allowed him to have control over government from his spot in the executive branch as Secretary of the Treasury

17. Antietam/ Single Bloodiest Day

more than 23,000 casualties. Theh battle ended in a draw. Even thought Mc Clelen was an awful general, sheer numbers and the SOuth's lack of reinforcements caused t

21. Lincoln's inaugural address

most important inaugural address in history b/c the issues of union or disunion, peace or war, stood on this speech. Lincoln demonstrated firmness in preserving the Union while not trying to provoke war or sound too warlike. Lincoln promised not to interfere with slavery where it existed, but also pledged to "hold, occupy, and possess the property, and places belonging to the government". Lincoln attempted to keep the upper South in the Union while cooling passions in the lower South by appealing to their 85 years of shared American history.

20. Criticism of market society by poorer evangelicals

most of the smaller sects of Christianity had been evangelized by people who had been bypassed or hurt by the Market Revolution. Often their rhetoric turned into criticism of market society. Elias Hicks, a Quaker, listed the following among the mistakes of the early 19th century: railroads, Erie Canal, fancy food and other luxuries, banks and the credit system, the city of Philadelphia, and the study of chemistry. William Miller expressed his hatred of banks, insurance companies, stock-jobbing, chartered monopolies, personal greed, and the city of New York.

36. British policy towards slaves

most slaves south of New England side with the British. During the warm 50,000+ slaves fled their owners, and about 20,000 were evacuated by the British. Fleeing to the British was risky, though; 100s of SC slaves fled to the British in Clinton's invasion, but the British failed to rescue them, and some British also treated slaves as property and resold them. However, most slaves who reached British lines won their freedom. Blacks follow British when they withdraw form the war.

30. disputed southern boundary of Texas

once Texas became a state and was backed by the United States, it claimed more than 3 times the territory Mexico granted it. Texans claimed that their border extended beyond the Nueces R. the Rio Grande. Mexico stopped diplomatic relations with the US. Texas' boundary dispute would lead to 5 years of struggle between the US and Mexico and between political groups over the issue of slavery expansion.

30. Tenure of Office Act, 1867

passed by Congress in 1866 over Johnson's veto; requires Senate approvals for removal of political officers. Johnson violates the law by firing Secretary of war Edwin Stanton, who led the War Dept. in favor of Congressional Reconstruction.

13. Saratoga campaign/ Burgoyne-

poet, playwright, and general; sent to Canada to link his army up with the carrison of New York City; should have gone by sea (campaign didn't really make sense); Burgoyne outnumbered by Americans 3-1; forced to retreat to Saratoga and surrender whole army

89. Differences between Bryan and Mc Kinley

portrayed Bryan as a wild man from the prairie

37. Lecompton Constitution crisis, 1858 -

pro-slavery legislature (elected by fraudulent votes of border ruffians) called for a constitutional convention at Lecompton to prepare Kansas for statehood. Free Soil voters refused to participate and one-fifth of the registered voters elected convention delegates who wrote a constitution making slavery legal. To make it legal they presented 2 constitutions at the referendum. One made slavery legal and the other made it illegal, but said it was okay to keep slaves already there and didn't attempt to stop smuggling. The voting was boycotted and the constitution with slavery was approved. The antislavery party won control of the legislature and submitted a referendum which was boycotted by the pro-slavery. The problem was which constitution to use. Buchanan accepted the first one that allowed slavery.

67. personal liberty laws

prohibited use of state facilities in recapture of fugitive slaves

35. 15th Amendment

prohibits states from denying the right to vote on the basis of color, race, or previous servitude. The remaining 3 unreconstructed Southern states were forced to ratify this amendment. The 15th Amendment ensured universal male suffrage in the border and northern states as well as the Southern states.

2. James Madison/ Bill of Rights

proposed 19 bills of rights. only 10 were accepted

47. convict leasing

provided prisoner chain gangs to private properties (like slavery)

57. House of Burgesses - 1618 -

reform program for Virginia - settlers allowed to elect their own assembly (the House of Burgesses) to meet with governor and his council to make local laws.

25. Ambrose Burnside / Fredericksburg

replaced Mc Clellan in November 1862; imposing man, muttonchop whiskers give him nickname "sideburns". Planned to cross Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg to attack Richmond before the winter came. On December 13, 1862, he attacked Fredericksburg and was defeated, with heavy casualties, by Lee's strong defense.

78. Bland-Allison Act, 1875

required the Treasury to purchase and coin not less than 2 million nor more than 4 million of silver monthly

12. Currency Act, 1764

responded to wartime protests of London merchants against Virginia's paper money. It lost 15% of its value between 1759-1764. The act forbade the colonies to issue any paper money as legal tender

16. Restorationism/Baptists/Methodists

restorationism is the belief that all theological and institutional changes since the end of biblical times were man-made mistakes, and that religious organizations must restore themselves to the purity and simplicity of the church of the Apostles. Baptists and Methodists were the most successful at preaching this doctrine. In 1783, there were 50 Methodist and 400 Baptist churches in the United States. By 1820, both had over 2,700 churches.

59. retail arcades/ separation of manufacturing and retailing

retailing and manufacturing became separate activities. The merchants, salesmen, and clerks worked in offices on downtown business streets. Retail arcades provided consumers with comfortable space in which to shop.

20. Ghost Dance, 1890

revitalization mvmt in Sioux reservation in North Dakota; belief that the Indians' god would destroy the whites and return their land. Gives hope to apathetic, poverty-stricken, sick, alcoholic Indians.

29. Mass audience newspapers / sensationalism

s a type of editorial bias in mass media in which events and topics in news stories and pieces are over-hyped to increase viewership or readership numbers.

27. depreciation problems

set in after the Treaty of Utrecht. Nearly all paper money was to be retired. Massachusetts legislature created four banks to sustain paper currency. Settlers could borrow money using their land as currency and could pay it off over ten years at 5% interest. Currency declined steadily. Governor William Shirley and House Speaker Thomas Hutchinson persuaded legislature to use a grant by Parliament (for money lost by disrupted shipping during war) to convert paper money to silver.

6. Pontiac's rebellion

several Native American tribes joined together in an attempt to drive out British settlers. The Native Americans managed to hold Forts Detroit and Pitt under siege for a long time.

43. disenfranchisement methods

several states removed the right to vote from blacks by literacy or property qualifications

22. General Santa Anna

signed a treaty giving Texas its independence, but he later rescinded it when he was free.

7. New standards of raising children

since mothers were having less children and having them at further intervals they were able to spend more time attending to each child and therefore raising them in a much better manner

85. Restoration Colonies

six new colonies during Restoration Era. Most proprietors were Cavaliers who supported Charles II during his exile, he owed them- gave colonial charters.

25. border states

slave states that border free states divided by outbreak of war (except Delaware, firmly in Union). Leaders of border states talk of neutrality but are denied it when the Confederate and Union troops cross their borders.

1. George Washington / "Mr.President"

sorry I accidentally deleted this, but if you don't know who he is, you shouldn't be in this class.

37. cities in the south

south spent little on internal improvements; a Virginia canal linked places; nor did the South build cities

41. overproduction of cash crops

southern crop reached its peak and output doubled which drove prices to all time lows; southern planters planted as much cash crop as they can to make money

34. Basis of southern Evangelicals "Hebrew theocracy"

southern evangelicals believed in a strict father based hierarchy, based on Abraham from Hebrew Theocracy, that the father headed all things and the women were to assist him.

32. new state constitutions, 1868

spring 1867-1868, Constitutional conventions met in the South; most delegates were Northerners who settled in the South, Southern white Republicans, and blacks. The new constitutions were more progressive than Northern ones; they guaranteed the universal male suffrage (except some ex-Confeds) and mandated statewide public schools for both races. Many also increased the state's responsibility for social welfare.

24. mass production of consumer goods—

standardization of goods made department stores, mail-order houses, and chain stores possible; mass production was already in place in the 1850s with the use of interchangeable parts; fashionable clothes and housewares were mass produced and made cheaply so that the poor could buy things that, previously, only the wealthy could buy; after 1885, the ready-made clothing industry grew 2-3 times faster than all other industries (3rd largest industry by 1915)

32. King Philip's War

started June 1675; settlers killed an Indian who was looting an abandoned house in Swansea, then Indians retaliated by killing John Sassamon, who was supposedly spying on Metacom; the English had expected an easy win, but since the 1630s, Indians had become adept marksmen and had better guns than the settlers; Metacom ambushed the settlers several times, then fled to Connecticut, where he gained more Indian followers; burned 5 towns in 3 months; settlers enlisted praying Indians (Christian converts) to fight for them in the spring; religious strife between Quakers and Puritans, who blamed each other for the war; 1676- settlers won the war

34. Virginia's Indian Wars

started in 1675 when the county militia, who had chased the Doegs into Maryland, came to a fork in the road and split up; one group found and killed some Doegs, but the other killed Susquehannock Indians instead; John Washington was sent to straighten matters out with the Susquehannock, but he besieged one of their forts for six weeks instead and killed the sachems who were sent out to negotiate; the Indians blamed Virginia more than Maryland and killed more than 30 Virginia settlers in January 1676; under Berkeley, settlers enacted a defensive strategy instead of attacking (although this strategy was threatened by Nathaniel Bacon)

25. Monroe Doctrine, 1823

stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with sates in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention.

12. "Black Codes"

states did not let blacks participate in juries, the ballot box, did not allow them to testify in court, banned interracial marriage, and punished blacks much more severely than whites for the same crimes

72. Stay laws/ Shay's Rebellion, 1786

stay laws were laws that delayed or postponed the due date on debts. Shay's Rebellion was an uprising of farmers in western Massachusetts. They objected to high taxes and foreclosures for unpaid debts. The rebellion was suppressed by militia from eastern Massachusetts.

76. Robert E. Lee and J. E. B. Stuart

stormed Brown's engine house and captured him

39. protective tariffs

tariffs levied on foreign imports to encourage the purchase of American-made goods. Protective tariffs helped businessmen and farmers in the north and west. They hurt the South by diminishing cotton exports and increasing the price of manufactured goods.

4. Tariff of 1816

tariffs levied on foreign imports to encourage the purchase of American-made goods. Protective tariffs helped businessmen and farmers in the north and west. They hurt the South by diminishing cotton exports and increasing the price of manufactured goods.

1. David Atchinson

the Missouri Senator declared he would rather let Nebraska "sink in hell" than be declared free soil. He did not want Missouri surrounded on three sides by free soil. Atchinson was a gregarious man who 'inherited' Calhoun's position as as the leader of the southern-rights faction. He tried to raise support for a bill to organize the Nebraska territory in Congress.

13. Joseph Smith/ Nauvoo, IL

the Mormons were driven by persecution to Nauvoo, IL and built a community based on collective economic effort and theocratic discipline. They had problems with the people of Illinois because of Joseph Smith's insistence that God spoke through him, his autocratic suppression of dissent, and his assertion that the Mormons were the only true Christians and would inherit the earth. Smith had a printing press of some dissenting Mormons destroyed because of what they were publishing. He was sent to jail and a mob broke in and killed him.

56. Republican party splits: Mugwumps, Stalwarts, Half-Breeds

the Mugwumps were the reformers. The Stalwarts opposed reform. The Half-Breeds supported halfway reforms.

35. military goals: N vs S

the North had the nearly impossible task of invading, conquering, and occupying the South, destroying the ppl's ability to sustain a war of independence, and destroying Confederate armies. All the South had to do was stand on the defensive and prevent the North from subduing it until northerners were convinced it cost too much.

67. Andersonville, Georgia-

the Northern camp that was "the most notorious hellhole;" 26 acres; no huts or tents; meant to hold 15,000 prisoners, but it held 33,000 in August 1864; more than 100 died per day; 13,000 Union soldiers total died there

95. Quaker beliefs

the Quakers believed God is present in everyone and anyone can become perfect. They were pacificistsr. No sacraments or organized clergy. Had a "weekly meeting" where people spoke if God moved them. People that spoke often = public friends. equality of men and women, nonviolence, resistance to military service, religious authority within the soul, widely persecuted

20. Southern Republican Party

the Republican majority was determined to control the process by which former Confederate states would regain full representation. They refused to admit representatives and senators elected by the former Confederate states. They wanted a radical policy that included the need for stronger federal intervention to define and protect the civil rights of freedpeople.

10. Southern political domination, 1789-1860

the Republican win in 1860 put an end to the 71 years that the South controlled for over ⅔ of the time

72. Southern view on social reform

the South would not accept social reform. They believed in a Bible-based acceptance of status in life. They were also committed to the power and independence of white men who headed families.

45. US v. EC Knight Co., 1895

the Supreme Court crushed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in ruling that manufacturing was not commerce, and therefore could not be restricted by the law.

70. rise of segregation

the Supreme Court ruled that the 14th Amendment applied only to states, not to individuals, several states - all in the North - passed their own civil rights laws in the 1870s and 1880s, but less than 10 percent of the black population resided in those states. The mass of African Americans lived a segregated existence.

52. Judicial review

the Supreme Court's power to rule on the constitutionality of acts of Congress

44. Williams vs. Mississippi

the US supreme court upheld the disenfranchisement clauses because they could not discriminate against blacks

67. King Andrew I /"King Veto"

the Whigs slammed Jackson, calling him King Andrew I; they drew this connection because of Jackson's use of patronage and his arguably excessive use of the presidential veto against congressional legislature (the King Veto)

11. Great American Desert

the arid plains, treacherous mountains, and scorching wastelands that white men considered suitable only for the Indians and the mountain men who trapped beavers (the latter group was quickly disappearing); emigrants had to trek through this forbidding stretch of land to get to Oregon; few settled the land

conditions of slave trade-

the conditions were bad for the slaves and they weren't improving because the slave owners just wanted cheap labor, so they didn't have to feed the slaves, even women were doing work normally only done by men

1. Rates and costs of growth in West

the costs were very high, they also put white farmers above black farmers when distributing land. The land also required tools, transportation to get there which sometimes cost as much as $1,000

cotton belt / short-staple cotton-

the cotton belt expanded after the end of the war in 1815 that stretched from the cotton lands of South Carolina and Georgia all the way to the Mississippi River and beyond

80. one objectives of Reconstruction lost

the enforcement of equal civil and political rights was betrayed by the Compromise of 1877

16. mercantilism-

the government controls foreign trade. Mostly used during times of war. Allowed the government to tax all goods from the colonies. The colonists wanted to be able to sell their staple crops to the Dutch because they paid more, but the British wouldn't allow it.

54. weak presidential candidates

the government was very evenly divided between the parties so neither enacted bold legislatures or took firm stands. Availability rather than the ability or a strong stand on issues became the prime requisite for presidential and vice presidential nominees.

73. "greenbacks" / currency reduction policies

the greenbacks had created dual currency of gold and greenbacks; the Treasury moved dollar to par with gold; national banknotes backed by the bnanks' holding of gov. bonds continued to circulate as money

66. Whig party, 1834

the major opposition to the Jacksonian Democrats; officially called themselves Whigs by 1834; favored an active centralized government; supported the American System (protective tariffs, subsidized transport system, and a national bank)

34. William and Ellen Craft

the most well-known fugitive slaves in America; inspired other slaves and abolitionists to continue fighting for freedom; escaped from slavery and made their way up to Philadelphia while in disguise

13. Public / army reaction to codes

the north saw it as an attempt to reinstate slavery, in another form. So the occupying armies suspended these codes.

36. Modern racism/ new definition of social order: Modern racism

the notion that blacks were a separate and hopelessly inferior order of humankind emerged from developments in the early 19th century. These developments were national independence, distinction between citizens and aliens, re commitment to slavery in the South, and "freed labor" in the North.

17. free trade

the opposite of mercantilism. Crops can be sold to anybody around the world with no restrictions set by the government.

57. Paper economy:

the paper economy was sort of in danger because it encouraged luxury and greed, while also requiring government-granted privileges that created corruption.

25. Radicals vs. Republicans

the radicals (Scots-Irish Presbyterians, German Lutherans, or Calvanists) overthrew the government. They drafted the Pennsylvania constitution. After the constitutionion they the convention that wrote it began to pass laws and the radicals called themselves the constitutionalists. They disenfranchised those who wouldn't support constitution. The Anti-constitutionalists (republicans) were voted into power after war when the disenfranchised regained the right to vote. They created a new constitution.

55. conditions of work with the Waltham system

the women would work there for a few years and then return home. They sent wages to their families. The women themselves imposed strict decorum. They would punish a fellow worker that misbehaved.

70. Southern public education

there was little need for schools. The South had little faith in the government so schools tended to be locally controlled and infused with southern evangelical culture. They had limited curriculums and short school years.

46. Santo Domingo affair

they wanted to annex Santo Domingo and Grant acted wrongly which greater split the Republican Party

4. sodbuster/sod houses

this was a corollary to the log cabin during frontier settlement of Canada and the United States. The prairie lacked standard building materials such as wood or stone; however,sod from thickly-rooted prairie grass was abundant. Prairie grass had a much thicker, tougher root structure than modern landscaping grass.v

78. Ostend Manifesto

this was a document that Pierre Soule created saying that Cuba should belong to America and that they were going to attempt to wrest it from Spain in any justifiable way.

gang system-

this was a system where the slave owners would create "gangs" of slaves and have them do tasks together

12. Secession Theory / South Carolina / lower south-

this was a theory when the constitution was made that implied that states could retain their popular sovereignty and secede when the government tries to be the agent of certain functions of soverignity

31. Kindergarten movement

thousands of American children started going to school earlier than had been advised in previous decades. The number of high schools also grew rapidly, and middle-class girls received more education.

29. Ben Franklin

took charge of the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729. Made it one of the best papers in America. He and some friends founded the Junto to discuss literary and philosophical questions(later became American philosophical society). Was a founder of the first Masonic lodge, the Library Company of Philadelphia, the Union Fire Company, and the Philadelphia Hospital. Invented stove and lightning rod as well as bifocal lenses.

44. Jonathan Edwards

touched off a revival in Connecticut valley towns. His "A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God" explained what a revival was: "an emotional response to God's word that brought sudden conversions to many people".

8. Santa Fe trail/ trade

trade flourished over this trail; the trail stretched from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico, and even farther south; exchanged American manufactured goods for Mexican mules, horses, beaver pelts, and silver

48. patroonships

vast estates under a single landlord established by Dutch settlers, mostly along the Hudson R. Patroonships never thrived because few of the settlers were willing to be peasants.

66. American Failures to honor Treaty of 1783

violated native American land rights. Brutal to the British and the loyalists.

adams-onis treaty, 1819-

was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that gave Florida to the U.S. and set out a boundary between the U.S. and New Spain (now Mexico). It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy

33. Peter Cartwright

was an American Methodist revivalist and politician in Illinois. Born in Amherst County, Virginia, Cartwright was a missionary who helped start the Second Great Awakening and personally baptized twelve thousand converts

5. bonanza farms

were very large farms in the United States performing large-scale operations, mostly growing and harvesting wheat. Bonanza farms were made possible by a number of factors including: the efficient new farming machinery of the 1870s, the cheap abundant land available during that time period, the growth of eastern markets in the U.S., and the completion of most major railroads.

98. "holy experiment"-

what the colony on the bank of the Delaware river was called. William Penn launched it. It was a Quaker colony.

1. Canadian campaign, 1776-

when British forces under the command of Sir Guy Carleton sailed up the St. Lawrence River, Americans were forced to retreat to New York; there, both sides struggled for control over Lake Champlain; ultimately, largely as a result of Benedict Arnold's efforts, the British were forced to return to Canada

14. Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

when France and Britain started fighting again, Washington chose to be neutral because he realized the US was in no condition to fight a war

76. Seven Day's Battle

while McClellan dawdled, Lee sent J.E.B. Stuart to lead a reconnaissance mission to discover weak points. Lee brought Jackson's Army from Shenandoah Valley and they attacked McClellan's right flank. Lee's constantly attacking army of 88,000 drove McClellan's 100,000 to a fortified base on the James River.

71. white supremacy/ "Herrenvolk democracy"

white supremacy was an article of faith in the south; race was an important class distinction; southern legal system, politics and social ideal were based upon the concept of "herrenvolk democracy" (the equality of all who belonged to the "master race")

13. Slave life in lower South

whites who supervised slave gangs in rice fields quickly caught malaria. Because of this many rice planters relocated their houses to higher ground. This meant that the planters didn't supervise the slaves while they were in the fields. However, the slaves were condemned to the boring life of working rice fields. They weren't given the opportunity to train to be a skilled artisan.

59. Henry George

wrote Progress and Poverty. A book on economics. In his travels, he was appalled at the difference between wealth and poverty.

63. Horace Greeley's peace negotiations-

wrote a strong editorial in the New York Tribune calling for action against slavery; called for action against slavery; Lincoln responded with a public letter saying "My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union" whether or not slaves were freed; he later wrote that he, too, longed for peace above all else, so Lincoln sent him to meet with Davis's agents in Canada; negotiations came to nothing; Confederates said Lincoln's conditions prevented peace

yeoman farmers / location

yeoman farmers lived away from the plantations in neighborhoods with few slaves and limited commercial activities. Large numbers of them moved into non-slave territory north of the Ohio River, but most of the stayed in the South