APUSH Test 1
What was Bacon's Rebellion, and how did it further ingratiate slavery in the colonies?
Bacon's rebellion was an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. Indentured servants (freemen) were growing bitter towards the fact the William Berkeley monopolized trade with the Native Americans, and grew outraged over the fact that after a rather brutal attack on a colony, Berkeley still refused to do anything. In response, Bacon along with other settlers, rebelled against Berkeley, and set fire to Jamestown. After this rather troublesome event, landowners who had previously employed indentures servants now began looking for other means (slaves).
How did interactions between Europeans and Native Americans spark conflict within the populations?
Beaver Wars (1640-1701)- Iroquois Confederacy trade fur with the Dutch. Algonquian speaking(Huron) tribes traded fur with the French. This trade lead to the Indians having firearms. The Iroquois wanted to expand their fur trading, but Huron (mostly) were in the way. This sparked the Beaver wars. Old conflicts within Native groups gained tension.
Why did some colonists want to start their new government system after they left England? (What were the factors that led to the use of self governing institutions in the colonies)
Colonists who fled England to come to the New World decided to create their own government because they agreed that in order to live so far away from their mother country, they needed a way to govern themselves. The variation of government in the colonies gave more power to the people and developed into a different type of government than England. This is mainly due to the England not paying much attention to the society that the colonists had settled into. The earliest example of the colonists government was the Mayflower Compact which outlined rules that all colonists must follow. Town meetings were also important to the colonial government because it gave male landowners a chance to have influence in their government.
Who were Hernando Cortez and Francisco Pizarro and how did they obtain wealth from the land to develop systems based on controlling native populations? ↔
Cortez and Pizarro were conquistadores, who were seeking to acquire gold and power from the New World. By conquering the native american empires, the conquistadores were able to gain power, wealth and land, later leading to the expansion of the Spanish colonial society. The survivors of the conquered native lands were converted to Christianity.
How did English colonies create social mobility, improved living conditions, religious freedom, and economic prosperity by focusing on agriculture, using the land taken from the Native Americans?
English Colonies, such as Jamestown, came to the New World to look for gold; however, they had no luck. So the colonies created economic prosperity using John Rolfe's idea of growing tobacco into a cash crop, in turn, seizing land from the nearby Natives to increase their yields. The colonist of Jamestown were not after religious freedom, but other English colonies, like Maryland, where after religious freedom from the Church of England.
How did the French and Dutch colonists rely on the Native Americans for economic support and diplomatic relationships?
Few French and Dutch colonists settled in the new world. They used their land in the new world as trading outposts. The city of Quebec was a major transatlantic trading hub especially for fur trade. Eventually, the colonists traded with the natives, and they began to form good relationships with them. The few colonists who settled in the New World, intermarried with the native peoples. Intermarriage allowed the colonists to combine family connections, and expand their trading abilities. The colonists' relationships with the natives helped them to get used to the New World and become comfortable with the American Indian diplomatic protocol. Intermarriage also helped the two different groups of people establish good relationships. Samuel de Champlain, a french explorer, had a very good relationship with the Huron indians. The Hurons went with him on his dangerous voyage to Canada, where they founded the city of Quebec. During the next summer, Champlain and other French people who had good relationships with the Indians, helped the Hurons attack the Iroquois, but they lost. Champlain was hurt in battle and had to stay with the Hurons all winter.
Explain why the American Indians resisted to the colonizing efforts of the Spanish during the Pueblo revolt. What impacts did the Pueblo Revolt have?
The American Indians had resisted to the Spanish Colonization efforts because the effects that the Spanish would have on the Indians. The Spanish Colonization would lead to the American Indians all having to convert to Christianity, as well as having to pay tribute to popular Spanish individuals. The Pueblo revolt had major impacts on the Spanish. The Revolt lead to Christian churches being destroyed due to the fact that the Spanish wanted them to convert to Christianity. During the revolt, the American Indians had killed somewhere around 400 people, which included children, men, and women.
How were the Middle Colonies able to support themselves economically in the New World? What was the Middle Colonies perspective on religious tolerance?
The Middle Colonies economy relied on growing and trading cereal crops like wheat, oats, barley, and corn. The Middle Colonies allowed for a lot more religious diversity and tolerance unlike the other colonies. For example the Quakers of Pennsylvania, who believed in religious freedom for everyone in the colony. Another example is the New York colony, which focused on commerce and didn't focus on what religion a person was.
How did the New England colonies achieve a thriving mixed economy?
The New England colonies achieved a thriving mixed economy by commerce and agriculture. The New England towns close to the water based their living off of trades in shipbuilding, fur, fish, and lumber. Even though, the rocky soil in the New England colonies was not the best for planting, they still planted pumpkins, corn, wheat, and squash. It was harder for the New England colonies to farm because of the short growing seasons, so they mainly depended on the trade.
What was the Spanish's most successful system of converting the Natives to Christianity, leading to the combination of many cultures?
The Spanish's most successful system to convert the natives was the encomienda system. The Encomienda system enabled the spanish to have more control over the natives and keep track of the slaves. Both Native American and African slaves worked in mines and on plantations, leading to the creation of a mixed society. This also helped the Spanish convert the natives to Christianity because they had more power over the Indians compared to their failed attempts to convert the Indians when they had less control.
How did the plantation economies in the southernmost Atlantic coast develop and incorporate slavery as the labor system?
The southernmost atlantic colonies developed on a plantation system using cash crops. For example, rice in Georgia and sugar in Barbados.To succeed in this they relied on the institution of slavery based on the Barbados slave codes. The overwhelming number of slaves eventually developed their own culture and some religious autonomy such as ring-shout and different spiritual rituals. The independence worried the slave owners and lead to the development of the Barbados slave codes which limited slave´s independence and denied fundamental rights.
What were the impacts of the excessive tobacco cultivation?
Tobacco was a huge monetary success for the colonies who grew it. Tobacco was a huge craze, it took over all of the land for growing crops. Tobacco was the only source of an economy the Chesapeake colonies had to depend on. The huge amounts of tobacco lead to a inefficient amount of cultivators. This lead to the use of indentured servants and later African slaves. The over cultivation caused the soil to become exhausted and unusable, this lead to the colonists heading out for more land and getting into conflicts with the natives over land ownership and leading to more Native attacks upon the colonies.
Explain the various aspects that led to the evolution of the Atlantic economy including trade routes, exchange of food, material, and slave labor?
Trade routes, such as the triangular trade route that traveled through Africa, Europe, and the Northern Colonies, allowed goods and services such as tobacco, cotton, sugar, rum, molasses, firearms, wool, glass, and enslaved Africans and native Americans to be imported and exported across the Atlantic.
What was the effect of Native Americans forming alliances with the Europeans?
Trading with the europeans introduced guns to the Natives. The Beaver Wars shows the damage of European and Indian interaction, and the diminishing Indian culture.
How did the conflicts between the British and American Indians break out, and how does King Metacom's (Philip's) War relate to the land, resources, and political boundaries from 1675-1678?
When the New Englanders began to encroach on the native's fertile land, (after Metacom became chief of the Wampanoags after his father Massasoit) Metacom then resisted that encroachment, and tensions rose. (During this time, Indians were still viewed harshly as savages, and therefore the Englishmen grew to distrust them greatly.) This conflict lead to the public hangings of three Wampanoag Indians in 1675, which resulted in a heated tension between the colonists and the natives and ultimately the beginning of Metacom's War. Though due to the fact that the Wampanoags were outnumbered 50,000 to 20,000 by 1670, they struggled to gain allies to fight the firearm-equipped colonists, who even teamed up with the Wampanoags rivals, the Iroquois to gain the upper hand. This lead to the defeat of the Wampanoags, their battle against the colonists known as some of the Indians last resistances against their forces
What impact did trade have on American Indian communities such as the Catawba tribe?
demographic shifts were caused by prolonged contact between europeans and native americans. This led to widespread disease among native americans, and the Europeans traded alcohol to the native americans which led to alcoholism among the people. This led to aggression and conflict further affecting the population. The Catawba tribe tried to make themselves useful by aiding the settlers. Sustained contact with settlers heavily impacted the Catawba tribe. By the 1750s, the introduction of alcohol was used as a payment for goods. This led to drunkenness and increased brawls and instability within the Catawba community.
