APUSH test 1763-1823

"As its preamble promised, the Constitution would 'ensure domestic tranquility' by allowing the federal government to field an army powerful enough to suppress rebellions like those that had flared up in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and other states. Even more important, the Constitution would 'establish justice' by preventing the state assemblies from adopting relief measures that screened their citizens from either their Continental taxes or their private debts. Excoriating [harshly criticizing] the legislatures for collecting too little money from taxpayers, the bondholders and their sympathizers noted with approval that the Constitution would take the business of collecting federal taxes away from the states and place it firmly in the hands of a powerful new national government." Woody Holton, historian, "From the Labours of Others': The War Bonds Controversy and the Origins of the Constitution in New England," William and Mary Quarterly, 2004 13. Which of the following most directly resulted from concerns over the increased power of the federal government in the late 1700s? (A) Rebellions over the right to tax goods, such as the Whiskey Rebellion (B) Slave uprisings, such as Nat Turner's Rebellion (C) Revolts over requirements to pay taxes in hard currency, such as Shays' Rebellion D) Conflicts over access to land. such as Bacon's Rebellion

A

"Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that. having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, We have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. Thomas Jetterson, first inaugural address, 1801 1. The excerpt best reflects which of the following? (A) Conflicts over how the Constitution should be implemented and interpreted (B) Fear that the United States would be overtaken by a foreign power (C) Disagreement over the consequences of the French Revolution for the United States (D) Secessionist pressures coming from slaveholders in the South

A

"Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that. having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, We have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. Thomas Jetterson, first inaugural address, 1801 3. In highlighting "the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated," Jefferson was referring most directly to (A) passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which were designed to suppress criticism of the government (B) Great Britain's efforts to deny colonists their political rights in the years before the American Revolution (C) the use of government force to put down popular uprisings like Shays' Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion (D) restrictive anti-American Indian policies that conflicted with the nation's professed political ideals

A

"Mr. Jay's treaty [which reestablished trade and diplomatic relations between the United States and Great Britain following the Revolutionary War] has at length been made public. So general a burst of dissatisfaction never before appeared against any transaction. Those who understand the particular articles of it, condemn these articles. Those who do not understand them minutely, condemn it generally as wearing a hostile face to France. This last is the most numerous class, comprehending the whole body of the people, who have taken a greater interest in this transaction than they were ever known to do in any other. It has in my opinion completely demolished the monarchical party here." Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Monroe, September 6, 1795 Which of the following was a reason the United States government believed it necessary to negotiate a treaty with Great Britain following the American Revolution? (A) British activities and landholdings in North America were an impediment to western settlement and peace along the frontier. (B) Northerners hoped that Britain's antislavery position would pressure southern states to abolish slavery. (C) The Washington administration wanted to improve relations to encourage France to sell the Louisiana Territory. (D) The government wanted to mediate a better relationship between France and Britain to help bring peace to the European continent.

A

"That a British and American legislature, for regulating the administration of the general affairs of America, be proposed and established in America, including all the said colonies; within, and under which government, each colony shall retain its present constitution, and powers of regulating and governing its own internal police, in all cases whatsoever. "That the said government be administered by a President General, to be appointed by the King and a Grand Council, to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several colonies, in their respective assemblies, once in every three years. Joseph Galloway, "A Plan of a Proposed Union Between Great Britain and the Colonies," proposal debated by the First Continental Congress, 1774 7. The key concern that Galloway's plan was designed to address was the (A) lack of American representation in the British Parliament (B) demand for back pay for veterans of the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) (C) complaint about high tariffs imposed on colonial merchants for exports to Great Britain (D) continuing security threat posed by the French in Canada

A

"The expansion of the South [from 1800 to 1850] across the Appalachians and the Mississippi River to the fringes of the high plains was one of the great American folk wanderings. Motivated by the longing for fresh and cheap land, ... Southerners completed their occupation of a region as large as western Europe. Despite the variety of the land, the settlers of the Southwest had certain broad similarities. They might be farmers large or small, but most farmed or lived by serving the needs of farmers. Not all owned or ever would own slaves, but most accepted slavery as a mode of holding and creating wealth." Albert E. Cowdrey, historian, This Land, This South: An Environmental History, 1983 18. Which of the following was the most significant impact of the South's expansion described in the excerpt? (A) Conflict over the future of slavery (B) Growth of a national railroad network (C) Fewer social differences among White settlers (D) Greater opportunities for free African Americans

A

"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that ... they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement whatever. "[E]very principle from which America has acted in the course of their unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration and cause an act of the legislature to be passed whereby they may be restored to the enjoyments of that which is the natural right of all men." Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives for the State of Massachusetts, January 1777 10. Which of the following most likely helped to prompt the petition in the excerpt? (A) American colonists' declaration of independence from Britain (B) British promises of land for service in the American Revolution (C) The passage of the Stamp Act, a tax imposed on the American colonies by the British Parliament D) The proliferation of religious revivals in the eighteenth century, commonly referred to as the Great Awakening

A

"We are reduced to the alternative of choosing an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by force. "We fight not for glory or for conquest. We exhibit to mankind the remarkable spectacle of a people attacked by unprovoked enemies, without any imputation or even suspicion of offense. They boast of their privileges and civilization, and yet proffer no milder conditions than servitude or death. "In our own native land, in defense of the freedom , and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of it-for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the honest industry of our forefathers and ourselves, against violence actually offered, we have taken up arms." Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, July 1775 11. Which of the following most immediately built on the ideas expressed in the excerpt? (A) The publication of the pamphlet Common Sense (B) The drafting of the United States Constitution (C) The issuing of George Washington's Farewell Address (D) The writing of The Federalist papers

A

"We are reduced to the alternative of choosing an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by force. "We fight not for glory or for conquest. We exhibit to mankind the remarkable spectacle of a people attacked by unprovoked enemies, without any imputation or even suspicion of offense. They boast of their privileges and civilization, and yet proffer no milder conditions than servitude or death. "In our own native land, in defense of the freedom , and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of it-for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the honest industry of our forefathers and ourselves, against violence actually offered, we have taken up arms." Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, July 1775 9. The British Crown's response to actions like those in the excerpt was to (A) declare the American colonies to be in open rebellion (B) agree to meet with colonial representatives (C) adopt a new form of imperial government (D) appoint a new prime minister

A

"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775. in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington." John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815 18. Which of the following is the most likely reason why Adams dates the beginning of the American Revolution to the 1760s? (A) Renewed efforts by Great Britain to consolidate imperial control over the colonies (B) The forging of American Indian political alliances with European powers (C) Increased involvement of colonial merchants in the Atlantic economy (D) The expansion of the colonial population into the interior of the continent

A

"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775. in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington." John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815 19. Which of the following factors most directly contradicted Adams' theory about the Revolution? (A) The existence of considerable Loyalist opposition to the Patriot cause (B) The existence of significant social and economic divisions within the colonies (C) The importance of colonial military victories in bringing about independence (D) The importance of support from European allies in defeating the British

A

"Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerably follows that whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others. Here too is the design and end of government, Freedom and Security." Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 "[Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776 11. The excerpts were written in response to the (A) British government's attempt to assert greater control over the North American colonies (B) British government's failure to protect colonists from attacks by American Indians (C) colonial governments' failures to implement mercantilist policies (D) colonial governments' attempts to extend political rights to new groups

A

"[History and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. .. The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns." George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796 32. Which of the following groups most strongly opposed Washington's point of view in the address? (A) Democratic-Republicans (B) New England merchants (C) Southern plantation owners (D) Federalists

A

Thus, fellow citizens, have I pointed out what I thought necessary to be amended in our Federal Constitution. I beg you to call to mind our glorious Declaration of Independence, read it, and compare it with the Federal Constitution; what a degree of apostacy will you not then discover. Therefore, guard against all encroachments upon your liberties so dearly purchased with the costly expense of blood and treasure. A Georgian, Gazette of the State of Georgia, November 15, 1787 The views expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to (A) the addition of the Bill of Rights shortly after the Constitution was adopted (B) a series of rebellions and revolutions in France, Haiti, and Latin America (C) the elimination of the international slave trade (D) the creation of a strong central government

A

"As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the. basis for social improvement. Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products." Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, published in 2007 11. One major change in United States politics from the 1820s to the mid-1850s was the (A) adoption of an antislavery platform by the Whig Party (B) rise of political parties defined largely by regional interests (C) collapse of the Democratic Party in the South (D) decline of competition between parties

B

"As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the. basis for social improvement. Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products." Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, published in 2007 8. Which of the following most directly made possible the ideas described in the excerpt? (A) The emergence of monopolies that dominated entire businesses (B) Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, and interchangeable parts (C) Farmers' creation of local, regional, and national organizations that resisted corporate power (D) The significant influence of organized labor unions

B

"Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that. having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, We have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. Thomas Jetterson, first inaugural address, 1801 2. Which of the following issues of the period was Jefferson most likely concerned with in the excerpt? (A) The growth of slave labor (B) The creation of political parties (C) The expansion of the right to vote (D) The growth of various Protestant religious groups

B

"The Anti-Federalists charged that the authors of the Constitution had failed to put up strong enough barriers to block this inevitably corrupting and tyrannical force. They painted a very black picture indeed of what the national representatives might and probably would do with the unchecked power conferred upon them under the provisions of the new Constitution. . But [the Anti-Federalists] lacked both the faith and the vision to extend their principles nationwide." Cecelia M. Kenyon, historian, "Men of Little Faith: The Anti-Federalists on the Nature of Representative Government," 1955 17. During the constitutional ratification process, Anti-Federalists' concerns, as described in the excerpt, were most directly addressed by an agreement to (A) grant citizenship rights to women and American Indians (B) adopt the Bill of Rights (C) expand the role of the states in foreign affairs (D) allow the states to print money

B

"The expansion of the South [from 1800 to 1850] across the Appalachians and the Mississippi River to the fringes of the high plains was one of the great American folk wanderings. Motivated by the longing for fresh and cheap land, ... Southerners completed their occupation of a region as large as western Europe. Despite the variety of the land, the settlers of the Southwest had certain broad similarities. They might be farmers large or small, but most farmed or lived by serving the needs of farmers. Not all owned or ever would own slaves, but most accepted slavery as a mode of holding and creating wealth." Albert E. Cowdrey, historian, This Land, This South: An Environmental History, 1983 17. Which of the following contributed most directly to the population movement described in the excerpt? (A) The discovery of gold (B) The overcultivation of the soil (C) The growth of industrial manufacturing (D) The decline of the trans-Atlantic trade

B

"We are reduced to the alternative of choosing an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by force. "We fight not for glory or for conquest. We exhibit to mankind the remarkable spectacle of a people attacked by unprovoked enemies, without any imputation or even suspicion of offense. They boast of their privileges and civilization, and yet proffer no milder conditions than servitude or death. "In our own native land, in defense of the freedom , and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of it-for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the honest industry of our forefathers and ourselves, against violence actually offered, we have taken up arms." Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, July 1775 10. Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to challenge the assertion in the excerpt that British attacks on the colonists had been "unprovoked"? (A) The extension of a petition of reconciliation by members of the Second Continental Congress (B) A series of popular boycotts, mob protests and violence against royal officials (C) Efforts by Quakers and Germans in the mid-Atlantic colonies to promote pacifism and remain neutral (D) The outbreak of skirmishes between Patriot and Loyalist forces throughout the southern colonies

B

"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775. in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington." John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815 20. Which of the following aspects of life in the United States in the early nineteenth century most likely influenced Adams' recollection of Revolutionary events? (A) The rapid development of the market revolution (B) The development of a national culture and national identity (C) The growing popularity of the idea of Manifest Destiny (D) The rapid growth of a mass democracy

B

Thus, fellow citizens, have I pointed out what I thought necessary to be amended in our Federal Constitution. I beg you to call to mind our glorious Declaration of Independence, read it, and compare it with the Federal Constitution; what a degree of apostacy will you not then discover. Therefore, guard against all encroachments upon your liberties so dearly purchased with the costly expense of blood and treasure. A Georgian, Gazette of the State of Georgia, November 15, 1787 The opinion expressed in the excerpt would most likely have been held by (A) an advocate of republican motherhood (B) an Anti-Federalist (C) a Loyalist (D) an abolitionist

B

Thus, fellow citizens, have I pointed out what I thought necessary to be amended in our Federal Constitution. I beg you to call to mind our glorious Declaration of Independence, read it, and compare it with the Federal Constitution; what a degree of apostacy will you not then discover. Therefore, guard against all encroachments upon your liberties so dearly purchased with the costly expense of blood and treasure. A Georgian, Gazette of the State of Georgia, November 15, 1787 Which of the following factors contributed most directly to the views expressed in the excerpt? (A) The limitations placed on the federal government by the Articles of Confederation (B) The fear of excessive centralized authority (C) The efforts made to increase economic growth in the new nation (D) The desire to settle new territory controlled by American Indians

B

"As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the. basis for social improvement. Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products." Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, published in 2007 10. The ideas described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following? (A) A decline in the internal slave trade (B) Large-scale European immigration to the South (C) More Americans producing goods for national markets (D) Business leaders consolidating corporations into trusts and holding companies

C

"As its preamble promised, the Constitution would 'ensure domestic tranquility' by allowing the federal government to field an army powerful enough to suppress rebellions like those that had flared up in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and other states. Even more important, the Constitution would 'establish justice' by preventing the state assemblies from adopting relief measures that screened their citizens from either their Continental taxes or their private debts. Excoriating [harshly criticizing] the legislatures for collecting too little money from taxpayers, the bondholders and their sympathizers noted with approval that the Constitution would take the business of collecting federal taxes away from the states and place it firmly in the hands of a powerful new national government." Woody Holton, historian, "From the Labours of Others': The War Bonds Controversy and the Origins of the Constitution in New England," William and Mary Quarterly, 2004 14. Which of the following issues did the framers of the United States Constitution most directly address? (A) The domestic slave trade (B) The establishment of a national bank (C) The strengthening of central government powers (D) Property qualifications required for voting

C

"Mr. Jay's treaty [which reestablished trade and diplomatic relations between the United States and Great Britain following the Revolutionary War] has at length been made public. So general a burst of dissatisfaction never before appeared against any transaction. Those who understand the particular articles of it, condemn these articles. Those who do not understand them minutely, condemn it generally as wearing a hostile face to France. This last is the most numerous class, comprehending the whole body of the people, who have taken a greater interest in this transaction than they were ever known to do in any other. It has in my opinion completely demolished the monarchical party here." Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Monroe, September 6, 1795 Thomas Jefferson's reaction to the Jay Treaty as expressed in the letter was most directly a reflection of ongoing debates in the United States over (A) economic policy (B) expansion to the west (C) the impact of the French Revolution (D) the return of a monarchy

C

"That a British and American legislature, for regulating the administration of the general affairs of America, be proposed and established in America, including all the said colonies; within, and under which government, each colony shall retain its present constitution, and powers of regulating and governing its own internal police, in all cases whatsoever. "That the said government be administered by a President General, to be appointed by the King and a Grand Council, to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several colonies, in their respective assemblies, once in every three years. Joseph Galloway, "A Plan of a Proposed Union Between Great Britain and the Colonies," proposal debated by the First Continental Congress, 1774 6. The excerpt most strongly suggests that in 1774 which of the following was correct? (A) The American colonists were united in their desire for independence from Great Britain. B) The American colonists felt the need to unite against the threat from American Indians. (C) Some members of the First Continental Congress sought a compromise between submission to British authority and independence. D) Some members of the First Continental Congress thought it would be relatively easy to unity the colonies and win independence from Great Britain.

C

"The Anti-Federalists charged that the authors of the Constitution had failed to put up strong enough barriers to block this inevitably corrupting and tyrannical force. They painted a very black picture indeed of what the national representatives might and probably would do with the unchecked power conferred upon them under the provisions of the new Constitution. . But [the Anti-Federalists] lacked both the faith and the vision to extend their principles nationwide." Cecelia M. Kenyon, historian, "Men of Little Faith: The Anti-Federalists on the Nature of Representative Government," 1955 15. The Anti-Federalists' view of government power during the 1780s, as described in the excerpt, is best reflected by which of the following? (A) Debates about the incorporation of new territories into the United States (B) The expansion of women's political roles as a result of the ideas of republican motherhood (C) The existence of many state constitutions that limited executive authority (D) The shift from emphasizing inherited wealth and status to emphasizing individual merit

C

"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that ... they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement whatever. "[E]very principle from which America has acted in the course of their unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration and cause an act of the legislature to be passed whereby they may be restored to the enjoyments of that which is the natural right of all men." Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives for the State of Massachusetts, January 1777 9. Which of the following developments from the 1800s emerged from ideas most similar to those expressed in the excerpt? (A) Campaigns by moral reformers to promote temperance (B) Efforts by American Indians to achieve political sovereignty through treaties with the United States government (C) The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (D) The passage of legislation by southern states intended to nullify federal laws

C

"We are reduced to the alternative of choosing an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by force. "We fight not for glory or for conquest. We exhibit to mankind the remarkable spectacle of a people attacked by unprovoked enemies, without any imputation or even suspicion of offense. They boast of their privileges and civilization, and yet proffer no milder conditions than servitude or death. "In our own native land, in defense of the freedom , and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of it-for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the honest industry of our forefathers and ourselves, against violence actually offered, we have taken up arms." Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, July 1775 8. The issuing of the declaration in the excerpt best serves as evidence of the (A) Patriot inclusion of abolitionism as a goal of the resistance (B) desire of the majority of colonists to launch offensive attacks against the British (C) efforts of colonists to protect their rights as English subjects (D) colonial demand for complete independence from Britain

C

"Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerably follows that whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others. Here too is the design and end of government, Freedom and Security." Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 "[Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776 13. The principles expressed by Paine and Jefferson best account for which of the following features of the United States during and immediately after the American Revolution? (A) The development of factions and nascent political parties (B) The rapid expansion of frontier settlements (C) The relatively limited powers of the Articles of Confederation D) The growth of conflict between wealthy elites and poor farmers and laborers

C

"[George] Washington's gratitude was genuine . . . but the fact remains that the members of the association, who had embarked on a very unfeminine enterprise, were ultimately deflected into a traditional domestic role... Ironically and symbolically, the Philadelphia women of 1780, who had tried to establish an unprecedented nationwide female organization, ended up as what one amused historian has termed 'General Washington' Sewing Circle.' "Male Revolutionary leaders too regarded women's efforts with wry condescension. .. The women, on the other hand,.. could reflect proudly that "whilst our friends were exposed to the hardships and dangers of the fields of war for our protection, we were exerting at home our little labours to administer to their comfort and alleviate their toil." Mary Beth Norton, historian, "The Philadelphia Ladies Association, American Heritage, 1980 4. Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to support the argument in the excerpt? (A) A record of deeds and land titles held by widows during the American Revolution (B) Statistics showing the changes in average family size before and after the Revolution (C) Correspondence between husbands and wives involved in Revolutionary politics (D) Studies comparing the literacy rates for men and women during the Revolutionary era

C

"[History and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. .. The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns." George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796 30. The concerns expressed by Washington were a response to the (A) debate over the proper treatment of American Indian tribes in the trans-Appalachian West (B) dispute over the possibility of annexing Canada from Great Britain (C) controversy regarding support for the revolutionary government of France (D) conflict with Great Britain over the treatment of American Loyalists

C

"[History and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. .. The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns." George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796 31. The ideas expressed in Washington's address most strongly influenced which United States foreign policy decision in the twentieth century? (A) The establishment of the United Nations in 1945 (B) The formation of the NATO alliance between the United States and Western Europe in 1949 (C) The refusal to join the League of Nations in 1919 (D) The oil embargo against Japan in 1941

C

"As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the. basis for social improvement. Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products." Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, published in 2007 9. Based on the excerpt, which of the following groups would have been most likely to oppose Henry Clay's ideas? (A) Abolitionists (B) Antebellum reformers (C) Members of the Whig Party (D) Members of the Democratic Party

D

"As its preamble promised, the Constitution would 'ensure domestic tranquility' by allowing the federal government to field an army powerful enough to suppress rebellions like those that had flared up in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and other states. Even more important, the Constitution would 'establish justice' by preventing the state assemblies from adopting relief measures that screened their citizens from either their Continental taxes or their private debts. Excoriating [harshly criticizing] the legislatures for collecting too little money from taxpayers, the bondholders and their sympathizers noted with approval that the Constitution would take the business of collecting federal taxes away from the states and place it firmly in the hands of a powerful new national government." Woody Holton, historian, "From the Labours of Others': The War Bonds Controversy and the Origins of the Constitution in New England," William and Mary Quarterly, 2004 12. Which of the following historical events in the 1790s most directly followed from the developments described in the excerpt? (A) Trade and manufacturing increased United States productivity and helped the federal government pay off its bonds more quickly. (B) George Washington's neutrality allowed the United States to trade with France. Britain, and Spain simultaneously and pay down the debt. (C) The federal government granted French merchants a monopoly on the sale of American tobacco to pay debts from the American Revolution. (D) The federal government established a new economic policy in part by assuming states' debts from the American Revolution.

D

"Mr. Jay's treaty [which reestablished trade and diplomatic relations between the United States and Great Britain following the Revolutionary War] has at length been made public. So general a burst of dissatisfaction never before appeared against any transaction. Those who understand the particular articles of it, condemn these articles. Those who do not understand them minutely, condemn it generally as wearing a hostile face to France. This last is the most numerous class, comprehending the whole body of the people, who have taken a greater interest in this transaction than they were ever known to do in any other. It has in my opinion completely demolished the monarchical party here." Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Monroe, September 6, 1795 Which of the following was an important consequence of the debate over the Jay Treaty? (A) The United States adopted a policy of isolationism. (B) Sectional tensions between the West and the South increased. (C) Federalists introduced legislation in Congress to establish a constitutional monarchy on the British model. (D) Strong disagreements over policy promoted the development of political parties.

D

"The Anti-Federalists charged that the authors of the Constitution had failed to put up strong enough barriers to block this inevitably corrupting and tyrannical force. They painted a very black picture indeed of what the national representatives might and probably would do with the unchecked power conferred upon them under the provisions of the new Constitution. . But [the Anti-Federalists] lacked both the faith and the vision to extend their principles nationwide." Cecelia M. Kenyon, historian, "Men of Little Faith: The Anti-Federalists on the Nature of Representative Government," 1955 16. By the 1790s the ideas of the Anti-Federalists contributed most directly to the (A) imposition of a protective tariff (B) abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade (C) continued use of property qualifications for voting in most states (D) resistance of western farmers to federal oversight

D

"The expansion of the South [from 1800 to 1850] across the Appalachians and the Mississippi River to the fringes of the high plains was one of the great American folk wanderings. Motivated by the longing for fresh and cheap land, ... Southerners completed their occupation of a region as large as western Europe. Despite the variety of the land, the settlers of the Southwest had certain broad similarities. They might be farmers large or small, but most farmed or lived by serving the needs of farmers. Not all owned or ever would own slaves, but most accepted slavery as a mode of holding and creating wealth." Albert E. Cowdrey, historian, This Land, This South: An Environmental History, 1983 19. The economic growth of the South relied primarily on the export of goods to which of the following? (A) East Asia (B) The Midwest (C) The West (D) Europe

D

"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that ... they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement whatever. "[E]very principle from which America has acted in the course of their unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration and cause an act of the legislature to be passed whereby they may be restored to the enjoyments of that which is the natural right of all men." Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives for the State of Massachusetts, January 1777 8. The ideas expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following? (A) The extension of voting rights to African Americans in the North B) The end of the trans-Atlantic slave trade (C) The mass migration of African Americans from the South to the North (D) The adoption of plans for gradual emancipation in the North

D

"Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerably follows that whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others. Here too is the design and end of government, Freedom and Security." Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 "[Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776 12. The ideas about government expressed by Paine and Jefferson are most consistent with which of the following? (A) The concept of hereditary rights and privileges (B) The belief in Manifest Destiny (C) The principle of religious freedom (D) The ideas of the Enlightenment

D

"[George] Washington's gratitude was genuine . . . but the fact remains that the members of the association, who had embarked on a very unfeminine enterprise, were ultimately deflected into a traditional domestic role... Ironically and symbolically, the Philadelphia women of 1780, who had tried to establish an unprecedented nationwide female organization, ended up as what one amused historian has termed 'General Washington' Sewing Circle.' "Male Revolutionary leaders too regarded women's efforts with wry condescension. .. The women, on the other hand,.. could reflect proudly that "whilst our friends were exposed to the hardships and dangers of the fields of war for our protection, we were exerting at home our little labours to administer to their comfort and alleviate their toil." Mary Beth Norton, historian, "The Philadelphia Ladies Association, American Heritage, 1980 3. The women described in the excerpt would have most typically engaged in which of the following activities during the Revolutionary era? (A) Writing plays in support of independence (B) Campaigning for the right to vote as a wartime measure (C) Joining militias so that they could fight on the front lines of battle (D) Producing goods for the Patriot cause

D

"[George] Washington's gratitude was genuine . . . but the fact remains that the members of the association, who had embarked on a very unfeminine enterprise, were ultimately deflected into a traditional domestic role... Ironically and symbolically, the Philadelphia women of 1780, who had tried to establish an unprecedented nationwide female organization, ended up as what one amused historian has termed 'General Washington' Sewing Circle.' "Male Revolutionary leaders too regarded women's efforts with wry condescension. .. The women, on the other hand,.. could reflect proudly that "whilst our friends were exposed to the hardships and dangers of the fields of war for our protection, we were exerting at home our little labours to administer to their comfort and alleviate their toil." Mary Beth Norton, historian, "The Philadelphia Ladies Association, American Heritage, 1980 5. During and immediately after the Revolutionary era, which of the following resulted most directly from the efforts of women such as those described in the excerpt? (A) The extension of voting rights to women nationwide (B) The reform of laws regarding women's property ownership (C) The creation of a national network of abolitionist societies (D) The ideal that women would teach republican values

D

"[History and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. .. The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns." George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796 33. Most historians would argue that the recommendations of Washington's address ceased to have a significant influence on United States foreign policy as a result of (A) westward expansion in the nineteenth century (B) support for Cuban revolutionaries in the Spanish-American War (C) Woodrow Wilson's support for international democratic principles during the First World War (D) involvement in the Second World War

D