APUSH Unit 1 & 2 Vocab

Chesapeake Colonies

Term for the colonies of Maryland and Virginia

Jamestown

(1607) The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Pope Rebellion

(1680) Pueblo Indian rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico

Great Awakening

(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). The first cultural movement to unite the Thirteen Colonies. Associated with the democratization of religion.

Zenger Case

(1736) The case that established the precedent that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel; Newspapers are not financially liable for criticism of government if actually true.

House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

New England Confederation

1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Lord Baltimore

1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Stono Uprising

1739: an insurrection of slaves; about 20 slaves met near the Stono River outside Charleston, South Carolina, they stole guns and ammunition, they killed storekeepers, planters, and liberated a number of slaves. When these rebels were captured, they were executed. As a result of the Stono uprising, many colonies passed more restrictive laws to govern the behavior of slaves

Jonathan Edwards

A Congregationalist preacher of the Great Awakening who spoke of the fiery depths of hell.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Plymouth Colony

A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Seperatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691.

Anne Hutchison

A devoted Puritan, started to hold prayer meetings where they discussed sermons and compared ministers. this created a problem for Puritan leaders; in 1637, the General Court called her to trial to answer to charges of heresy, and was banished. Help found Rhode Island after exile.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it.

Reconquista

A long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain. It would largely influence their interactions with Native Americans in the New World.

Mulatto

A person of mixed African and European ancestry

Mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Nathaniel Bacon

A planter who led a rebellion with one thousand other Virginians in 1676; the rebels were mostly frontiersmen forced toward the backcountry in search of fertile land

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

A sermon written by Jonathan Edwards (a puritan pastor) about God being angry and condemning non-Christians to Hell. This sermon also expressed the danger of being a non-believer and going to hell. Furthermore, only God's mercy is keeping the non-believers from their damnation, but God at any time can let the non-believers sink into the fiery pits of Hell.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

King Phillip's War

Also called "Metacom's War", War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags, King Philip lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites.

Sir Edmund Andros

An early colonial English governor in North America, and head of the short-lived Dominion of New England.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Georgia Colony

Colony founded by James Oglethorpe. Its first settlers were debtors and unfortunates( "worthy poor"). Tolerant to Christians but not Catholics. Acted as a buffer between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas.

Royal Colony

Colony paid for and ruled directly by the monarchy.

Middle Colonies

Delaware, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania

Creoles

Descendants of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"

Mercantilism

Economic policy common to many absolute monarchies. Government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country. In particular, it demands a positive balance of trade and desires new sources of gold and silver bullion, thus fueling more colonialism.

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

George Whitefield

English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

Roanoke

Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

Act of Toleration

Guaranteed toleration of all Christians in Maryland but NOT Jews, Muslims, and others. First document of religious freedom in America.

William Berkeley

He was a British colonial governor of Virginia from 1642-52. He showed that he had favorites in his second term which led to the Bacon's rebellion in 1676 ,which he ruthlessly suppressed. He had poor frontier defense.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Bacon's Rebellion

In Virginia. Expose tensions between the former indentured servant, who are poor, and the Genchary, who are rich. Failed but pointed to the danger between the wealthy and the poor and would eventually lead to the colonies breaking away from indenture servants and towards African Chattel Slavery.

Powhatan Tribe

Indian tribe that fought with the Jamestown colonists (Lord de la Warr) over land disputes. Later separated legally. Considered extinct by 1685, due to Disease, Disorganization, and Disposability

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

Proprietorship

Land given by the king to an individual or group to rule their own colony.

Massacre of 1622

March 22, 1622- One third of the Jamestown colony were killed by the Powhatan Indians.

Southern Colonies

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia; very rural with large farms "plantations" with use of slave labor; tobacco, cotton, indigo, and rice were grown with tobacco being the largest cash crop

New Lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening

Squanto

Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.

Old Lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality

Joint Stock Company

Shareholders contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts. -used by colonial explorers to raise money for their expedition

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Colombian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

Middle Passage

The journey made by slave ships from West Africa to North America and the West Indies.

New England Colonies

The term for the colonies of Massachusetts bay, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire

Salutary Neglect

Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the English government did not enforce those trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy.

Town Hall Meetings

[Meetings] in Massachusetts which white, land-owning, male, church members made decisions (example of direct democracy).

Salem Witch Trails

a series of trails that prosecuted people of witchcraft in Massachusetts between 1692 and 1693 and it has come to represent religious extremism and the governments invasion of personal rights.

Bartolome de Las Casas

priest who condemned the ecomienda system by exposing its horrors it worked the king eventually ended the practice in 1542