APUSH Unit 2 - Chapter 2: Transplantations and Borderlands

What were the first three Navigation Acts?

- 1660: Closed the colonies to all trade except that carried in English ships. Also required colonists to export goods to only English possessions. - 1663: all goods being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England on the way making it possible for England to tax them - 1673: in response to colonials sailing to foreign ports, this law imposed duties on coastal trade among the English colonies

What caused the Pequot War?

- Conflict broke out between the English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and the Pequot Indians of the region in 1637 - They competed over trade with the Dutch in New Netherland and friction over land. - English settlers allied with the the Mohegan (rivals of the Pequots) and Narragansett Indians - The Pequot tribe was nearly wiped out and those who survived were captured and sold as slaves.

Compare similarities AND differences of the Northern and Southern Carolinas.

- Northern Carolina were backwoods farmers and survived on subsistence agriculture with no African slaves for a significant period of time. - The south Carolina fertile land and good harbor in Charles Town, providing them with a prosperous economy and aristocratic society

How was Georgia transformed as a royal colony?

- Oglethorpe grew frustrated at Georgia's failure to grow as a colony and suffered military disappointments (1740 assault on the Spanish outpost at St. Augustine, Florida). - James lost his grip and the trustees removed landholding limitations, bans on slavery, and prohibition of rum before returning the colony to the King

What impact did Spanish settlement have on California natives?

- Spanish began to colonize California once other Europeans (English merchants and French and Russian trappers) began to establish a presence in the region. - Spanish settlement in California began in the 1760s. - The settlements had a devastating effect on the native population which became ridden with disease. - The spanish were persistent in creating a prosperous agricultural economy (which enlisted native labor) and converting the remaining natives to Catholicism.

How were the Spanish Southwest colonies different from the English colonies?

- The Spanish colonies were committed not to displacing the native populations, but enlisting them instead. They wanted to convert them to Christianity, recruit them as agricultural workers, and cultivate them as trading partners. - The Spanish didn't consider natives equals but at least they did not see them as obstacles, like the English settlers along the Atlantic sea border did.

What led to hostilities between the Spanish and the English in the Southeast?

- The Spanish wanted to expand their empire even further north but the founding of Jamestown in 1607 made them fearful. They believed the English colonies could threaten their colonies in Florida and Georgia, so they built forts in both regions as defense against the increasing English presence. - In 1668, English pirates frequently harassed the Spanish settlements and encouraged the Indians in Florida to go against the Spanish missions. In response, the Spanish offered Natives freedom if they converted to Catholicism. - By the 18th century, the fighting drove the Spanish settlers out of Florida. A century later, the English acquired Florida after the Seven Year War.

What were the advantages and disadvantages of growing sugar cane?

- There was a growing economy for sugar in Europe and a growing economy for rum in markets abroad. - planters' devoted almost all land to sugarcane - the desire for more land for sugarcane resulted in cut down forests and destroyed natural habitats of many animals which reduced the land available for growing food - Sugar was a labor intensive crop and the population was too small to supply a proper workforce so they imported African slaves. - Africans soon heavily outnumbered white settlers making the whites fearful of slave revolts.

Describe the characteristics of these proprietary colonies which were established after the Stuart Restoration

- They used a headright system to collect profits. - The charter of the colony guaranteed religious freedom to everyone who would worship as a Christian, political freedom, and laws were said to be decided through a representative assembly. These were established to attract settlers from existing colonies.

What caused King Philip's War?

- War between the New England Settlers and native Wampanoags tribe beginning in 1675 - The natives, armed with guns, terrorized a string of Massachusetts towns for 3 years, ultimately destroying 20 towns and killing over 1000 settlers. - In 1676, the white settlers fought back and gradually gained power. They received aid from the Mohawks tribe (Wampanoags rivals) and soldiers from the praying indians - The Mohawk ambushed the Wampanoags leader, Metacomet, and killed him which collapsed the tribe's alliances. - Europeans were now able to crush the Wompanoags.

What changed in New England due to the "Glorious Revolution"?

- colonists abolished the Dominion of New England and restored separate colonial governments - in 1691, they combined Massachusetts with Plymouth and made it a royal colony where the Crown appointed its governor. - changed the basis for voting from church membership to property ownership.

List the characteristics of the New York Colony

- diverse colony with Dutch, English, Scandinavian, German, French, Africans (were imported as slaves by the Dutch West India Company), and multiple Indian tribes. - diversity in religion as well - had no representative assembly so powers were dispersed among the people (fractious society) - The laws established local governments and religious tolerance - important classes of landowners and natural harbors.

What were some positive and negative characteristics of the relationship between settlers and natives?

- natives provided crucial assistants to settlers as they tried to adapt to the new world - Whites learned from natives about vital food crops (corn, beans, pumpkins, and potatoes) and agricultural techniques such as burning for fertilization and planting beans to replenish and enrich soil. - Natives were also important trading partners to the European immigrants (especially in the fur trade) - Whites traded iron pots, blankets, metal tipped arrows, guns and rifles, and alcohol to the natives. - As whites craved land more and more, tensions between them and the natives grew. - The agrarian economy based on hunting wild animals began to shift to colonists concentrating more on domestic animals (cattle, sheep, hogs, horses).

Society of Friends (Quakers)

- originated in mid 17th century England - religious group in England and America whose members believed all persons possessed the "inner light" or spirit of God; they were early proponents of abolition of slavery and equal rights for women. - Unlike the Puritans, Quakers allowed women positions in church equal to those of men - They had no church government but periodic meetings of representatives from congregations. - During worship sessions members would speak up as the spirit moved them. - They refused to fight in wars making them even more unpopular in England.

List the characteristics of the Georgia colony.

- represented military purposes - limited the size of land holdings (making it easier to defend against Spanish and Indian attack) - excluded Africans, both freed and slaved, as they feared revolts and slaves allying with the Spanish) - prohibited rum (trustee's feared its effect on the natives). - strictly regulated trade with the Indians (to limit possibility of war) - excluded catholics (feared they might cooperate with the catholics in the south Spanish colonies)

Give two examples of how the French treated Native Americans.

- the French were skilled at creating mutually beneficial relationships with the native tribes - welcomed the chance to form close relationships (even marrying within the tribe) - treated the tribal chiefs with respect and directed gifts through them

What made the colony of Pennsylvania unique?

- the best known of all the colonies among people in England because Penn sent out informative and honest advertisements - valuable soil and minerals

Middle Ground

A borderland between European empires and Indian sovereignty where various native peoples and Europeans lived side by side in relative harmony.

Why did many people leave the Massachusetts colony?

As the population grew, more and more people arrived who weren't Puritan and couldn't vote. The newcomers had to either convert to their religious practices or leave, so many left which spread out the settlement throughout out New England.

What was Bacon's Rebellion?

Bacon's Rebellion was an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. Bacon's rebellion was the largest and most powerful insurrection against established authorities in the history of colonies which occurred because of the back and forth raids between the Indian Doeg tribe and the White settlers. Bacon and other landholders were unhappy with the government's response struck out on their own against the Indians. This unauthorized assault on the Indians became a military challenge to the colonial government.

What problems did Bacon's rebellion highlight for the colonists?

Bacon's rebellion was part of the continuing struggle to define the boundary between Indian and white land in Virginia as the whites were unwilling to abide by the Native contracts. It also revealed the power the people had when they joined together against the government.

Describe the sources of 'turbulence' in Virginia.

Because of the rapid growth of the population in Virginia, the attempt to comply with the Indian's proposal was a failure. By 1657 English settlers established three countries on Indian territory which resulted in clashes between the natives and whites.

What happened to the Native population in the Caribbean?

Before the arrival of the Europeans, most of the Caribbean had a sustainable native population, but it was wiped out after the Spanish established their first colony in 1496 and brought over disease.

Describe the establishment of New Hampshire?

Capt. John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, two English proprietors who in 1629 received a grant from the Council for New England and divided the Massachusetts Bay along the Piscataqua River into two separate provinces. New Hampshire became a separate colony in 1679.

What connection did the Caribbean settlements have with North America?

Caribbean settlements were an important part of the Atlantic trading world and a principal source of African slaves for the mainland colonies. Over half the slaves in British North America came from the islands.

When and why was North and South Carolina established into two different colonies?

Carolina was pretty unstable because of the tensions between the two parts of Caroline and the 8 properties were not able to establish order, so in 1719 colonists seized control. Ten years later, the king divided the region into two colonies North and South Carolina.

Define Maryland as a proprietary colony

Cecilius offered that he and his heirs were to hold the land as absolute lords and would acknowledge the sovereignty of the king by paying the crown annual fees allowing him to self-govern the land.

Stuart Restoration

Charles I and his multiple open challenges to parliament launched the English Civil war. The conflict was between the Cavaliers (supporters of the king) and the Roundhounds (Puritan forces of parliament) and lasted 7 years. In 1649, the Roundhounds defeated the Cavaliers, captured King Charles I and beheaded him. Oliver Cromwell ruled for the next 9 years, died, and King Charles II (King Charles I's son) claimed the throne

Describe the rivalry between English and the Dutch?

Charles II granted his brother the territory between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers; however, it was already claimed by the Dutch. The English did not like the Dutch presents because they were a wedge between the northern and southern English colonies which provided smugglers an opportunity to break English law. In 1664 an English fleet commanded by Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam and won with a surrender by their governor Peter Stuyvesant. The Dutch briefly reconquered Amsterdam but lost it in 1674.

Give example of New Englanders changing attitudes towards Native Americans

Colonists began expanding their territory which caused conflicts between them and the natives. These clashes made Puritans believe the natives were savages. Some wanted to convert them to christianity in order to "civilize" them.

Why did the English government pass the Navigation Act?

Colonists found it more profitable to trade with the foreign Spanish, French, or Dutch and a trade developed between the English colonies and non-English markets. London began passing laws to regulate this colonial trade. In 1650/1651, Parliament passed laws keeping Dutch ships out of England colonies.

What new colonies were formed and why?

Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Maine, and Maryland were created for all the different religious communities in New England

How did mercantilism work as envisioned by the British?

England excluded foreigners from its colonial trade because, according to mercantilism, any wealth coming in for another nation could only come at England's expense; the British government sought to monopolize trade relations with its colonies. Colonies would provide a marker for English's goods, increasing the nation's wealth. The mercantile system benefited the colonies by providing them with a ready market for the material they produced and a place to purchase goods they did not produce.

What were the outcome of the Pequot War and King Philip's war

English settlers were victorious in both wars

What change occurred in the relationship between Europeans and Native Americans in the middle grounds?

Europeans created a peace with the tribes lasting several decades but after 1776, the British and American presence in the region grew and the balance of power between the Europeans and natives shifted to an abundance of power for the Europeans. This was because the newer settlers had trouble adapting to the complex rituals of gift giving and meditation that earlier migrants developed and by the early 19th century the "middle ground" collapsed. Now, the Indians were subjugated and eventually removed.

Why were the Spanish threatened by the French?

In 1680, French explorers traveled down the Mississippi Valley, the Spanish didn't want the French to expand further west, so they started establishing forts, missions, and settlements in Texas.

What did the Charter of Liberties establish?

In 1690's some people began to resist the absolute power of the proprietor and challenged Penn. Pressure grew and in 1701 Penn agreed to the Charter of Liberties which established a representative assembly (greatly limited the authority of the proprietor) and permitted the "lower counties" of the colony to establish their own representative assembly. The three counties did so in 1703 becoming a separate colony, Delaware (with the same governor as Pennsylvania).

What is the significance of the House of Burgesses?

It was the first meeting of an elected legislature within what was to become the United States.

What was the Glorious Revolution? Who replaces James II in the Glorious Revolution?

James II (catholic) made many powerful enemies and his restoration of Catholicism raised fears among Protestants. James II craved power and tried to control Parliament and make himself an absolute monarch. By 1688, the opposition of the king was so strong that Parliament forced James II off the throne (he didn't resist because he didn't want to be killed like his father, Charles I). Mary II (his daughter) and her husband William (both Protestant) replaced him and reigned together. This became known as the Glorious Revolution.

For what reasons did James Oglethorpe found the Georgia colony?

James Oglethorpe founded the Georgia colony with a group of unpaid trustees. He was driven by economic success, but mostly by military and philanthropic motives. They wanted to erect a military barrier against the Spanish lands.

How was New Jersey founded?

James extended south of the Hudson to the Delaware valley and gave a portion of the area to 2 proprietors, Sir Berkely and Sir Carteret, which they called New Jersey. However, in 1702 they went back to the crown because of political squabbling and economic loss.

What makes John Winthrop's group of migrants historically significant?

John Winthrop carried the single largest migration of its kind in the seventeenth century with 17 ships and 1,000 people (mostly families) along with the charter.

What political changes occurred in Maryland and other colonies?

Many people assumed that the Catholic Lord Baltimore had opposed William and Mary so John Coode (an old opponent) started a new revolt in 1689 driving out Lord Balitmore's officials. The people chose a committee to run the government and petitioned the Crown for a charter as a royal colony. William and Mary agreed in 1691 and the colonial assembly established the Church of England as their official religion, forbidding catholics to hold public office, vote, or practice their religion in public.

Describe the establishment of Rhode Island

Minister Roger Williams, a Separatist who said Massachusetts church should abandon all allegiance to the Church of England, founded Rhode Island. He called for a complete separation of church and state but was banished by the colonial government. William then bought a tract of land, obtained a charter, and Rhode Island was created, as a state in which all religions would be safe to worship.

Describe the Theocratic Society created in Massachusetts.

Ministers had no formal political power but they exerted great influence on church members who were the only people who could vote and hold office. In return, the government protects the ministers, taxed the members and nonmembers alike to support the church, and enforced the law requiring attendance at services. Theocracy was a society in which the line between the church and state was blended.

How many English immigrated to the Caribbean and Bermuda?

More than half the English migrants to the New World settled on these islands

How did New Jersey differ from New York?

New Jersey (like NY) had ethnic and religious diversity, but it differed to NY in the sense that it was mostly small farmers and had no harbors or important cities.

What incentives were used to ensure the success of Jamestown?

One incentive was their discovery of tobacco which was the first profitable crop in the new colony for settlers. The governor began to permit the private ownership and cultivation of land. Landowners would repay the company with part-time work and contributions of grain to its storehouses.

Why was Pennsylvania able to prosper?

Pennsylavnia prospered from the outset (even though its proprietors did not) because of Penn's effective recruitment of emigrants, thoughtful planning, and the region's mild climate and fertile soil.

What was the relationship like between the colonists and Native Americans in Pennsylvania?

Pennsylvania had no major conflicts with the natives. Penn worked to respect the natives and their culture and recognized the Indians' claim to their land. The Indians recognized Penn as an honest white man.

Why did the Separatists (Pilgrims) want to come to British America?

Separatists faced imprisonment and execution in England for defying the Church of England. They were in search of freedom to worship as they wished.

Explain the relationship these Separatists had with the Native Americans.

Separatists had a very distinct relationship with the natives than the early English settlers because the natives, struck by disease, were significantly weaker than the settlers so the Natives knew they had to get along. The natives played a key role in the survival and growth of their new colonies as the natives taught them how to gather seafood, cultivate corn, and hunt local animals.

What problems did English settlers cause?

Settlers settled deeper into their interior, clearing their forests, seizing their land, drove away wildlife (food for the tribes), and destroying native crops by allowing their livestock to run wild. The most significant problem was the disease the English settlers brought which devastated the natives and drove some to alcoholism and others to christianity.

What was Sir William Berkeley's ideology about westward expansion?

Sir William Berkeley opened up the western of Virginia by sending explorers across the Blue Ridge Mountains. He organized the force that put down the Indian uprising and in return, the Indians gave a large area of land to the English under the conditions that the whites would not settle on the land west of their line.

How is the Congregational Church in Massachusetts different from the Anglican Church in England?

The Congressional Churches has "complete liberty to stand alone" which was different than Anglican Churches which were highly structured. Each congregation chose its own minister and regulated its own affairs.

Fundamental Constitutions for Carolina

The Earl of Shaftesbury wanted a well organized community so he and John Lock created the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina in 1669 which distributed land and social order.

What change did Jamestown undergo to encourage migration?

The London Company (now named the Virginia Company) obtained charter enlarging its territory and allowing it to offer stock in the company to planters who were willing to migrate at their own expense. It provided free passage to Virginia for poorer people who would agree to serve the company for seven years.

What was the Mayflower Compact? What was its purpose?

The Mayflower compact was signed by 41 male passengers to set up a legal basis for settlement in Plymouth (area outside the London Companies territory). The Mayflower compact established a civil government and proclaimed allegiance to the king.

How was the Massachusetts Bay Company able to get Puritans out of England and to New England?

The Puritans obtained a grant of land in New England with a Charter from Charles I (who didn't know they were Puritan because he hated them) and they created the Massachusetts Bay Company. To establish the economy they bought supplies from a fishing company. They saw this as an opportunity for business and creating a haven for themselves.

What farming techniques did the colonists learn from Native Americans?

The colonists learned the value of corn and the advantage of growing beans alongside the corn to enrich the soil.

How did the Jamestown colony survive?

The colony survived solely because the neighboring Indians teaching the colonists how to live in their neighboring land. The natives introduced their agricultural technologies which were better adapted to Virginia, taught them the strategies for hunting and farming, and taught them how to build canoes.

What was the impact of the tobacco economy on the colony?

The demand for tobacco was soaring and the Jamestown planter Rolfe produced crops of high quality and found ready buyers in England. Tobacco quickly spread up and down the James. Its profitability, uncertainty, and land and labor demands transformed society and the economy. Tobacco required lots of land which allowed English farmers to establish plantations deeper in the interior into natives territory.

Explain the significance of the Powhatan regarding the success of Jamestown.

The expansion of Jamestown was able to proceed only because of suppression of the Powhatan who resisted the expanding English presence.

What is the "headright" system and what is its purpose?

The headright system was a campaign set up by the Virginia Company to attract settlers and make the colony profitable. Headrights were fifty-acre grants of land. Those who have already lived in the colony received 100 acres and each new settler received a headright (50 acres). This encouraged families to migrate together because they would receive more acres.

What were the backcountry grievances?

The new western landowners fought with leaders of the east tidewater region about policies toward the natives. The backcountry settlements were in danger of attacks from Indians because of their settlements on native lands (reserved to Natives by the treaty).

What problems did the early English colonists encounter in Virginia?

The site they chose to establish their Jamestown colony was low and swampy making the colonists vulnerable to local diseases, especially malaria. They focused less on growing food and building communities than on futile search for gold. Community building was also impossible because they brought no women with them.

Explain what happened during the "starving time."

The winter was severe and referred to as the "starving time." Settlers were barricaded within a small palisade because natives realized that the colonists were a threat to their civilization and stopped them from moving farther inland. This barricade rendered them unable to hunt or cultivate food. They would turn to whatever food they could find, even dead men.

Why was the Caribbean society so unstable?

There were many tropical diseases to which they had no immunity to and the harsh climate was enough to kill.

What were the results of the Stuart Restoration?

This reclamation resulted in the resumption of colonization in America. Charles II issued charters for 4 new colonies: Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

Describe the establishment of Connecticut

Thomas Hooker established the town of Hartford in Connecticut and soon their colonial government adopted a constitution known as the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. In 1622, a royal charter combined Hartford with New Haven to create the colony of Connecticut.

What did the Glorious Revolution allow?

allowed colonies to revive their representative assemblies and legitimize the idea that they had some rights within the empire and the government should consider their views

How did the colonists benefit from the Navigation Acts?

encouraged colonists to create a significant shipbuilding industry. The English supported the development of American goods they needed (silk, lumber) because the English wanted to import as many goods as possible from their own colony instead of other colonies.

Why was Pennsylvania founded?

founded in hopes of finding a home for the people who disagreed with the Protestant (especially Quakers)

Maryland's Toleration Act of 1649

guaranteed freedom of worship to Christians including Catholics who were often persecuted in Protestant Europe

Powhatan Uprising of 1622

hundreds of Powhatan warriors descended upon English colonists in Virginia, burning settlements and plantations along the James River in an attempt to stop English expansion, ultimately unsuccessful, resulted in Virginia Company surrendering its charter to the Crown

John Eliot

missionary who translated the Bible into the language of the Massachusetts Indians (Algonquian)

Describe Spain's Northern colonies.

spanish northern colonies (Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California) attracted religious minorities, Catholic missionaries, independent ranchers fleeing imperial authority, and Spanish troops defending the northern flank of the empire but these northern colonies remained weak compared to the south.

What could be expected of the life of a slave in the Caribbean?

the islands enacted a legal code to regulate the relationship between the master and slave, giving whites absolute power and authority over Africans. Masters would even work their slaves to death or murder them.

What problems did Maryland encounter despite its Toleration Act?

the toleration act did not stop the bickering between the Catholics (minority) and Protestants. Politics in Maryland was corrupt for years because of the Catholic (including the proprietor) and protestant tensions. There was frequent violence and a temporary replacement of the proprietary government with a protestant government.