APUSH Unit 4

Florida Purchase Treaty 1819

Also called the Adams-Onis Treaty. Spain ceded Florida, as well as Spanish claims to Oregon in exchange for America's abandonment of claims to Texas.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements. Wanted a consolidated economy and industrial/commercial development and were cautious when it came to westward expansion. Called themselves Whigs after the English political party that worked to limited the power of the king. Derisively called Jackson "King Andrew."

Biddle Fights Back

Biddle, President of the Bank of the United States, called in loans and raised interest rates knowing that knowing it would cause financial strain. Biddle blamed the crisis on Jackson, and Jackson blamed it on Biddle in a very personal battle. The Bank died in 1836.

Achievements of Educational Reform

By Civil War, the U.S. had one of the highest literacy rates in the world.

Finney's Doctrine of Personal Regeneration

Finney led religious revival that concentrated largely on women because that is where he had his most success. His followers were generally prosperous and they thought of reform as a mandate for social change.

Transcendentalists

Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms.

Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)

It was an unplanned series of speeches in the Senate, during which Robert Hayne of South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, and Daniel Webster expressed the concept of the United States as one nation. Hayne was coached by Calhoun. The debate cemented the image of Daniel Webster, as a legendary defender of Constitution and Union. Webster ended his speech with, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!"

The Taney Court

Jackson appointed Roger B. Taney as chief justice in 1835 when Marshall died. Taney worked to undo some of the power Marshall had attained for the courts.

Jackson Weakens National Bank

Jackson decided to remove the government's deposits from the Bank of the United States. When his Secretary of the Treasury refused to do it, Jackson fired him. The next Secretary of the Treasury refused to do it too, and Jackson fired him as well. Jackson instead had government money deposited in state banks which the opposition called "pet banks."

American Society for the Promotion of Temperance

first national temperance organization founded in 1826, which sent agents to preach total abstinence from alcohol; the society pressed individuals to sign pledges of sobriety and states to prohibit the use of alcohol.

Asylum Movement

reformers proposed setting up new public institutions such as state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses; hope was that the inmates of these institutions would be cured of their antisocial behavior by being treated to a disciplined pattern of life in some rural setting

Jackson's Political Philosophy

"Equal protection and equal benefits" to all white males regardless of region or class. When it came to Indians, blacks, and women, Jackson worked hard to keep them down. Pushed out entrenched officeholders to put his own people in place (to the victors, go the spoils). Established party conventions to make the nomination process more democratic.

New Political Divisions

After the demise of the Federalist Party, America had only one political party, but different political idelologies led to the creation of new political divisions. Prior to 1824, Caucuses nominated candidates, but in 1824, the Republican Caucus nominated one candidate while other nominations came from State Legislatures and irregular mass meetings. In the Presidential election of 1824, four major candidates emerged.

Panic of 1819

After a period of economic boom (foreign markets were disrupted by the Napoleonic Wars and resulted in high demand for American goods) following the War of 1812, prices of farm goods and land increased rapidly. Banks and the government gave easy credit to settlers and speculators causing a rush on land and a large increase in prices. Then the National Bank tightened credit, called in loans, and foreclosed on mortgages. This caused a series of bank failures, panic, and an economic depression.

Tariff of Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge

1837 Supreme Court Case, Chief Justice Roger Taney said that a state had a right to place the public's convenience over that of a private company and over the right of monopoly granted in a corporate charter. A company with a long-term contract for a toll bridge over the Charles River between Boston and Cambridge—and hence a monopoly on bridge traffic—could not prevent a second company from constructing a competitive toll-free bridge. Bolstered Jacksonian ideal of expanding economic opportunity.

Market Revolution and Regional Divergences

19th century America -- economy dominated by small farms and workshops transformed into an economy where farmers and manufacturers produced to sale instead of personal consumption. Rise of a permanent "working class." Significant consequences for American social institutions, religious practices, political ideology, and cultural patterns. Northeast, especially became dominated by large cities and manufacturing in the Industrial Revolution. The South modernized much more slowly. The North had a fluid, free working class while the South still relied on slavery.

The Defense of Nature

A movement of sorts that was a backlash against the industrialization of the country. People turned to nature for inspiration and a defense of wilderness. Transcendentalists were primary in the defense of nature movement.

Era of Good Feeling (1816-1824)

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

The Benevolent Empire

A network of reform associations affiliated with Protestant churches in the early nineteenth century dedicated to the restoration of moral order. Sought to help the handicapped in particular, to find their inner strength and wisdom.

Nullification

Calhoun's theory (in response to his state's economic trouble caused by the Tariffs of 1816) that the states created the federal government and the Constitution and they can be the final judge of the constitutionality of federal law; the doctrine held that states could refuse to obey or enforce federal laws with which they disagreed. His theory was based partly on the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1789).

Trail of Tears 1838

Cherokee Indians forced to leave their lands. Traveled by foot to the Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma). Thousands of Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lhunger during the long journey.

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw had settled agricultural societies with successful economies. Cherokees had written language and a Constitution. All were forced off their lands and resettled in Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma, created by Indian Intercourse Act of 1834).

The Missouri Compromise 1820

Compromise that settled the controversy over slavery in the new Western territories. In 1820, there were 11 free states and 11 slave states. When Missouri applied for statehood, it upset the balance between free and slave states. Senator Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise which would admit Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. As part of the Missouri Compromise, Congress drew an imaginary line at latitude 36,30 N; slavery would be permitted in the Louisiana Purchase south of this line, but not north of the line. The Missouri Compromise was considered a win/win because Southerners knew slavery would be allowed to persist and Northerners were happy because the Compromise helped to stabilize the Union. But the Missouri Compromise also brought to the forefront the deep divisions between the North and the South.

Election of 1824

Controversial election because the winner of a majority of the vote did not win. Jackson won the popular vote, and more electoral votes than anyone else, but not the required 51% majority. The 12th Amendment says that when this happens, the House of Representatives is to decide between the 3 top vote receivers (in this case Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William Crawford who was seriously ill and not a real contender). Henry Clay persuaded the House to vote for John Quincy Adams, and Adams won. In exchange for his support, Adams made Clay secretary of state. Jackson called this the "corrupt bargain" and it haunted John Quincy Adam's presidency.

Revivalism in the Burned-Over District

District along the Erie Canal that was so prone to revivalism that it was coined the "burned-over district." Due in part to the economic boon of canal construction and disorientation that caused.

Temperance Crusade

Eliminating drinking was needed to restore society. Social workers influenced working classes. Many said drunkenness lead to violence & murder. Temperance would improve women's lives & allow higher industrial efficiency. There was opposition from immigrants &working-class, but temperance grew.

Jacksonian Democrats

Expanded suffrage for white males, manifest destiny, patronage, championed the principles of equal opportunity, glorification of the common man, and limited government.

Horace Mann's Reforms

Horace Mann was a great educational reformer. Saw education as the only way to protect democracy. Established Normal School in Lexington in 1838 and proposed taxation to Support schools. Increased training and pay for teachers.

Cultural Divisions over alcohol

Immigrants were usually Catholic, who considered drinking an important social ritual; part of their daily life. Protestant residents of established communities see Prohibition as a way to separate the Immigrants from them, and restore order.

Jackson and Indian Removal 1820s-30s

Jackson wanted all Indian tribes to move to the West of the Mississippi River to make room for white settlement. In the early days of the nation, most considered Indians "noble savages"--people with inherent dignity and the capability of being integrated into society, but his changed to just savages that could not coexist with whites. Jackson believed that Indians were an entity that needed to be removed and isolated from white society.

Martin Van Buren

Jackson's Secretary of State and member of his "Kitchen Cabinet." (Later, he was Jackson's VP and then president)

John C. Calhoun

Jackson's Vice President and leading Southern politician from South Carolina. He advocated for slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification. He later fell out of Jackson's favor over the issue of states' right versus national power.

Marshall Court

John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shifted power to the judiciary and federal government strengthening both. McCullough v. Maryland (1819): Upheld government right to form Bank of the United States and said that the state of Maryland could not tax the bank. Cohens v. Virginia (1821): Established right of federal court to review lower court decisions on issues of Constitutionality. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Upheld Federal government's right to regulate interstate commerce. Fletcher v. Peck (1810): Overturned a Georgia law dealing with contracts. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): New Hampshire tried to make private Dartmouth College into a state school. The Supreme Court forbade the change under contract law.

Rise of Nativism

Many Americans welcomed immigrants -- employers wanting cheap labor, land speculators, and politicians that would have more power with a larger population. But many Americans feared the large immigrant influx. There was competition for jobs. Whigs resented that most newcomers voted Democratic (and claimed that those votes were bought). People worried that the Catholic influx would allow Rome power over American politics. Secret societies emerged to combat "alien menace." One of these groups was called the Native American Party (not to be confused with Indians, but white Americans born in the States). Nativists wanted to limit immigration, keep foreign-born people and Catholics from holding office, restrictive naturalization laws, and literacy tests before voting.

Immigration and Urban Growth 1840-1860

Many cities, especially northern cities, grew very rapidly (close to doubling) between 1840 and 1860. Cities grew up along trade routes on the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes (Detroit, Milwaukee, Cleveland, Chicago). 1.5 million Europeans came to the U.S. between 1840 and 1850. 2.5 million more immigrants came between 1850 and 1860. Most came from Ireland because of the potato famine or from Germany to escape poverty there. Almost all new Irish immigrants came to northern cities. Many Germans relocated to the northwest to farm or run businesses. Irish tended to arrive with nothing and many were single women. Germans were more likely to have a little money and immigrate in family groups.

The Know-Nothings

Many nativists groups joined together to form The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, better known as the "Know-Nothings" because that was its secret password (later formed a short-lived political party called the American Party). Know Nothings enjoyed some political success, especially at the state level, in the 1854 election. Know-Nothings declined after 1854.

Worcester v. Georgia 1832

Marshall's Supreme Court determined that Cherokees were a sovereign nation under U.S. Treaty, and Georgia could not interfere, Andrew Jackson: "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it." The Court ruling was not enforced.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1831

Marshall's Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee had "an unquestionable right" to their lands, but they were "not a foreign state, in the sense of the Constitution" but rather a "domestic, dependent nation" and so could not sue in a United States court over Georgia's voiding their right to self-rule. Was a blow to the Cherokee case, it cast doubt on the constitutionality of Indian Removal Act.

Seminole War

Most Seminoles moved west, but a small band under chief Osceola, joined by runaway black slaves, waged guerrilla war in the Florida Everglades. Americans seized their leader, Osceola, under the flag of truce. U.S. spent $20 million and 1,500 U.S. troops died, but the U.S. never fully relocated the Seminoles.

New Reform Movements

Movements for -Temperance (alcohol discontinuation) -Education -Peace -Care of the poor -Handicapped / mentally ill -Treatment of criminals -Rights of women

Growth of Public Education

Much larger numbers of children had access to public education. The quality of education still varied widely from place to place and some populations, mostly black slaves in the south, were excluded. Missionaries made efforts to educate Indian populations, but most did not receive an education.

Monroe Doctrine 1823

President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility

Nicholas Biddle

President of the 2nd Bank of the United States. Biddle was corrupt and extended favors. Biddle applied to Congress four years ahead of the expiration of its charter to force the issue of a National Bank in the 1832 presidential election. Congress passed the recharter, Jackson vetoed it, and Congress could not come up with the 2/3 majority votes to override the veto. Biddle supporter, Henry Clay, ran against Jackson in 1832, but the Bank War wasn't that big of an issue with the people and Clay was soundly defeated.

Prison Reform

Prison were meant to rehabilitate as well as punish. Reformers proposed solitary confinement and silence as methods that would allow prisoners to mediate on their wrongdoings. People believed that structured institutions could reform instead of just warehouse prisoners.

American Population 1820-1840

Rapid population growth from: 1. increased birth rate 2. better public health 3. increased immigration. (4 million in 1790, 10 million in 1820, 17 million by 1840). The population also became more urbanized as immigrates flooded cities and rural population moved to cities for more opportunity. Most new immigrants of this period came from Ireland (43%), Germany (27%), England (18%), and other European countries.

Revivalism, Morality, and Order

Reformation led away from the Calvinistic belief in predestination and instead taught that anyone could obtain heaven by individual effort.

Cultural Issues

Religious and ethnic divisions played a huge role in the followers of the two parties. DEMOCRATS: Irish and German Catholics WHIGS: Evangelical Protestants

Black Hawk War 1832

Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes. Indians unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Removal Act. Whites, fearful of the "invasion," brutally suppressed. Black Hawk and his son were captured and put on tour as "war trophies."

Visions of Utopia

Some Transcendentalists set out to form Utopian communities. The most prominent of these was Brook Farm where residents lived communally and shared in work, leisure, the cultivation of self, and intellectual pursuits. Brook Farm was established by George Ripley and one of its first residents was Nathanial Hawthorne (writer of the Scarlet Letter). "New Harmony" was another Utopian Community in Indiana where community members were to live in equality and harmony.

Jackson and the Bank War

The Bank of the United States was a very powerful financial institution and the only place the U.S. was legally allowed to deposit its money. Jackson was opposed to the national bank and intent on destroying it. Jackson believed in hard currency (based on silver and gold). He'd incurred a lot of debt on land speculations and the panic of 1797. Other opposition came from two factions: 1. Soft money faction: wanted easier circulation of paper money and opposed Bank's restrictions. Believed in rapid growth and speculation. 2. Hard money faction: Wanted monetary system based on gold and silver and coins made from precious metal was only safe currency. Hard money faction hated all banks that issued bank notes, including Bank of the United States.

The Indian Reservation

The Indian reservation was another form of "reform." Whites saw the reservations as a way to remove and "protect" the tribes by civilizing them.

Great Triumvirate

The three most powerful Whigs: Henry Clay (ran for president three times and never won), Daniel Webster (great orator and defender of the Constitution), John C Calhoun (had strong support in the South). All three were adamantly opposed to Jackson.

Election of 1836

The Whigs tried win with sectional candidates, hoping to throw the election into the House of Representatives. The strategy failed. Martin Van Buren (Jackson's pick for successor), with significant support in every section of the country, defeated the three Whig candidates combined.

Nullification Crisis

The biggest crisis of Jackson's Presidency, started by South Carolina opposition to the tariffs leveled in 1828 and 1832 by Jackson supporters. "Nullifiers" thought that a state could nullify a federal law within its own borders if it so desired. When South Carolina, led by John C. Calhoun, announced its intention to nullify the tariffs in the fall of 1832, Jackson responded with a force bill that allowed the president to use military force against a state that did not obey Congress's directives. Jackson massed military resources on the state's borders. Finally resolved when Henry Clay devised a compromise that lowered the tariffs to acceptable levels. The force bill and compromise bill were signed into law by Jackson on the same day. A South Carolina convention nullified the force bill, but the crisis showed the supremacy of the national government.

Reforming Education

The effort to produce a universal system of public education. As of 1830, no state had such a system. Public education grew as part of the belief that all individuals are inherently capable of learning as well as the interest in instilling cultural values.

Removal Act 1830

The federal gov. provided funds to negotiate treaties that would force the Native Americans to move west.

Spoils System

The practice of politicians rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson was first president to widely use the practice.

Anti-Masons

This new political party arose in 1832 to challenge the old two-party system; they were aligned with the Whigs and opposed to Jackson (a Freemason along with Van Buren) Anti-Masons called the Mason elitist and antidemocratic because it was a secret society (these fears were fueled when a former Mason who was about to publish the secrets of Freemasonary disappeared and was assumed to be murdered).

Henry David Thoreau and Civil Disobedience

Thoreau lived in seclusion for two years writing Walden (1854), proved that man could provide for himself without materialism. Thoreau briefly went to jail for not paying taxes in an act of civil disobedience against a government that supported slavery.

John Quincy Adams

Tried to establish nationalist program, but Jacksonians in Congress blocked most of his proposals. The state of Georgia defied JQA when it removed Creek Indians under a treaty that JQA felt was invalid because it was made with a man who, although Creek, didn't represent the interests of the tribe. When Georgia's governor defied JQA, JQA had no recourse. JQA became unpopular when he passed the tariff of abominations in 1828. John Quincy Adams was a one-term president, defeated by Jackson in the next election.

Election of 1828

Two parties--John Quincy Adam's National Republicans and Andrew Jackson's Democratic Republicans. JQA wanted nationalized economics and Jackson stood for the common man (and an assault on the privilege of the wealthy). Election quickly turned to personal attacks. Jackson called JQA corrupt and accused him of gambling because he bought a pool table and chess board for the White House. JQA's campaign accused Jackson of being a murderer (he'd had deserters shot during the War of 1812) and called his wife a bigamist because Jackson's wife Rachel married him before her divorce to her first husband was final (when she heard the accusations, Rachel collapsed and died a few weeks later; Jackson blamed JQA for her death). Jackson's campaign was well organized, he used a nickname, "Old Hickory." By rallying the votes of the "common man," Jackson easily won even though JQA won all of New England.