(APUSH Unit 4)e

unit test

khaancept outlin mon, nov 25 tues, nov 26

"old hickory" and jackson democrat

king andrew *patronage -spoils system -rotation in office *executive authority -popular mandate *petticoat/peggy eaton affair *"kitchen cabinet" -private group of trusted advisors -included martin van buren and roger taney

jeffersonian democracy

}Preservers of American Republicanism §Civic Virtue and Duty of Individual Citizen §Avoid and prevent corruption and greed §Eliminate monarchism and aristocratic traditions §Right to education }Vision of American Society §Agrarian Society §Yeoman Farmer as Ideal Citizen §Wage and Factory Workers too dependent and leads to class conflict §Cities are "cesspools of corruption" with industrialists and bankers §Territorial expansion }Scope of Federal Government §Strict interpretation of the Constitution §Ultimate sovereignty of the states §Dominance of the national legislature §Limit power of the Federal Judiciary §Bill of Rights (free speech, free press) necessary to avoid tyranny §Reduce or eliminate national debt }Economy §Preferred dominance of agriculture over industry §Each individual has right to work, but emphasize ability for subsistence §Economic independence based on abundance of natural resources }Foreign Policy §Empire of Liberty §Economic coercion §Standing armies dangerous: no expansion of national military (army, navy); militia sufficient for defense §Avoid entangling alliances §Limit international trade }Society and Culture §Separation of Church and State §Women Republican motherhood Absence in direct politics §Blacks White supremacy §Natives "Noble savages" can be Americanized

jacksonian democracy

}Social Vision }Champion the Common Man }People can "arrive at right conclusions" and "instruct their agents and representatives" }Voting and Elections §Universal male suffrage §Election of local and state judges §"Popular" selection of presidential electors }Scope of Government }States rights and sovereignty }Strict constructionists }Strong executive branch }"It was settled by the Constitution, the laws, and the whole practice of the government that the entire executive power is vested in the President of the United States." - Andrew Jackson }Veto power }Rotation of office }Prevent elite bureaucracy }Party Politics }Professional politicians }Patronage/Spoils System }Nominations }As opposed to party caucuses }Local/state organizations }Rise of third parties }Popular campaigning }Appeals to popular interests and concerns }Parades and large rallies }Mudslinging and character assassinations }Economics }Laissez-faire policies }Distrust of banks }Pay off national debts/no debt }Incorporation laws }Manifest Destiny }Provide opportunity for yeoman farmers }Native removal }Mixed on expansion of slavery

star spangled banner (not important)

*defence of fort m'henry (sept 14, 1814) *to anacreon in heaven (1778-80) (other song) -anacreontic society *pres. hoover signs national anthem on march 4, 1931 *1812 overture

second party system (-28--54)

*democrats -st8s rights, limited govt, laissez-faire -expansionism, pro slavery, = opportunity, s. and w., yeoman farmers, working class, s.ern planters, immigrants *national republicans/whigs -amer. sys, strong federal govt, mixed on slavery, social conservatives, NE, upper and middle class professionals, evangelical protestants *locofocos -radical working-class wing of democrats in NY -vs govt relationships w/ banks and other pro-wealthy elite politices *anti-masonic party -issue party concered about freemasons -promoted econ. nationalism and social conservatism *liberty party -abolitionist party *free soil party -prvent expansion of slavery *characteristcs -2-party politics expandded to all regions -region-specific issues -close elections incr. voter turnout -party conventions incr. replace party caucuses

slave resistance - revolts

*denmark vessey (-22) -SC: --organied conspiracy partly thru afr methodist episcopal church (AME) to free slaves and escape to haiti -aftermath: --restricted manumission --futher restricted movement of free blacks --free blacks required white guardians *nat turner rebellion (-31) -virginia: --a relig crusade to freedom -aftermath: --prohibit literacy to slaves and free blacks --black churches and relig. meetings required licensed white minister *amistad (-39) -slave revolt on spanish ship -US v The Amistad (-41) --john q.a argument -inspires aboltionism

transportation rev national reoads

*early modes -by foot, pack, animal, or ship *private turnpikes *cumberland road -potomac river to ohio river

James Monroe (D-R) (1817-1825)

*era of good feelings *cabinet -john quincy adams; secretary of st8 -william crawford; secretary of the treasury -john c calhoun; secretary of war *panic of -19 *missouri compromise -20 *foreign policy -canada and brit --rush-bagot treaty -17 --treaty of -18

daniel webster

*federalist *const. lawyer -McCullouch v maryland (-19) -dartmouth college v woodward (-19) -gibbons v ogden (-24) *US House of representative *US senator *nullificatin crisi/webster-hayne debate (-30) *secretary of st8 *webster-ashburton treaty (-40) *compromise of -50 -7th of march speech

the american system

*from henry clay *inspired by ham's econ plan *fundamenals -protective tariffs -nat'l bank -internal improvemnts/infrastructure

benevolent (kindness) empire

*fueled by disinterested benevolence and perfectionism *relig commitment to social reform by upper and middle class urbanites (they have nothing do to because wealth = time) -fueled reform movements *formed nat'l relig networks and institutions -amer bible society *focused efforts through a general christiain vision and less on denominational differences

Course of the war of 1812

*gr8 lakes and NW -loss of detrioit -battle of lake erie (-13) --US navy push back Brit forces -battle of the thames (-13) --death of tecumseh *atlantic theater -brit naval blockade -USS constit. defeates the HMS Guerriere (1812) -chesapeake campaign --burning of washington (-14) --battle of baltimore (-14) ---fort mchenry ---francis scott key *s. theater -battle of horseshoe bend (-14)

war of 1812's impact

*growth of nationalism *ushered in an "era of good feelings" *domestic indus. and manu. development *emphasis on national infrastructure *promotion and expansion of pro milit. -andrew jackson, winfield scott, william henry harrison -gradual increase of naval battleships *international respect -special relationship w/ gr8 brit *native signif. weakend *incr. drived to expand w.

era of reforms antebellum (b4 war) society and culture

*influence and impact of jacksonian democracy on american social reforms *influence and impact of the 2nd great awakening on american social reforms

indus innovations

*interchangeable parts -eli whitney *vulcanization (-44) -charles goodyear *sewing machine (-46) -elias howe -isaac singer

slave life

*internal slave trade -price of cotton influ. -men around 25 yrs and young women most valued *types of labor -house servants, slave drivers, skilled craftsmen, field hands *quarters *punishment -separation, mutilation *gang system *task system

election of 1828

*jackson (D) wins w/ majority, wins s. and w. *john q. a. (NR) lose, won n.e *jackson known as the peoples president

bank war

*jackson vs BUS -blamed BUS for panic of -19 -"bank trying to kill me" *re-charter bill (-32) -henry clay proposed to pressure jackson --support from daniel webster --nicholas biddle - pres of BUS -jackson counter-offensive --thomas hart benton (Senate) --james k. polk (house) -jackson vetoed the charter renewal --"dangerous to the liberties of the ppl" --"the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of govts to their selfisih purposes"

election of 1832

*jackson win majority

souther justification of slavery

*james henry hammond -mudsill theory (stupid justification of slavery) *george fitzhugh -sociology for the south (1854) -cannibals all! (-57)

election of -20

*james monroe (d-r) (99.5%) *one vote for j.q adams who was indep. repub *era of good feelings bcuz one party country

expanded notes : jefferson's presidency

*jefferson as president -inagrual speech "we are all republicans, we are all federalists" -estab rule of small dinners no seating rank -reduce # formal balls, levees, and inners. rode on horseback no carriage *reversal of polit principles -kept most public servants from fed admin -kept hamiltonian sys except excise taxes (maintain bank, retain tariff, didnt tamper w/ fed programs for funding national debt) -became more of a pragmatist (pratical) than idealist -wanted to calm polit rift b/w both parties *reverse of fed policies -alien and sedition laws -got congress to repal ham's excise taxes -reduce nat. debt via cut govt spending ($80m to $57m) --the govt that governs least, governs best -end graduated property tax -reduce ham's army, emph st8's rights, encourage agrarian nation *12th amendment -tie vote b/w pres candidates of same party no longer cause confusion -electors had to specify they vote for 1 pres candidate and 1 VP candidate *john marshall and the supreme court -judiciary act of 1801 --fed cr8 16 new judgeships and other judicial offices --adams on last day in office sign commissions of the fed "midnight judges" and were in charge for life --repealed by repub congress (-02) *john marshall -was chief justice during last days of adams' term (serve 34 yrs) -cont. handing down fed decisions long after fed party dead *marbury vs madison (-03) -midnight judge william marbury sued for not getting his commission that was given to him by madison --madison ordered by jeff. to withhold appointments of judiciary act -case was dismissed *judicial review -marshall rule that judiciary act was unconstit. since only exect. branch could enforece appointments -gave supreme court power to rule a law by congress unconstit. -contrasted w/ kentuck. resoulations where jeff. claim that states had the right (compact theory) -incr power of supreme court *impeachment of samuel chase -jeff threatens supreme court -jeffers outrage that judicial review strengthened power of fed dominated supreme court -jeff support congressional repubs to remove federal justice samuel chase -1804: impeachment charges vs chase voted by house of reps but senate failed to convict him by -05 since he only guilty of bad banners and unrestrained partisanship -significance: no attempts to reshape the court via impeachment --grounds for impeachment would be based on criminal charges *tripolitan war -jeff reduce size of US army -plundering of US ships by pirates of n. afr st8s --> incr milit -feds forced to buy protection espcailly from algeria and high blackmail prices *pasha of tripoli declare war on US -jeff send small US navy to shores of tripoli -4 yrs of fighting --> peace treaty in -05 *jeff order fleet of small gunboats which were bad during war of 1812 *louisiana purchase -1800: nap make spain cede lousia. -1802: french withdrew right of deposit at new orle. -nap pose possible milit threat to US -jeff sned james monroe to paris to join w/ US minister robert r. livingston -induced to buy new orle. and everything east for $10m but nap sell all louis. territory for $15m -jeff accept but constit. no authorize the president to negotiate treaties incorporating huge new expanses of land into the union -secretly propse amendment to the constit. to provide for that -jeff sumbit treateis to senate while priv. admit that purchase was unconstit. and senate ratify treaty -fed oppositojn --strict construction --worry that w. lands would be loayl to jefferson's repubs -(-08) john jacob astor form amer fur compnay to tap the newly purchased land -ended eur. expansion in n. amer -avoid possible war/alliance w/ france -feds = sectional party in NE and w. more loyal to union -jeff send 2 ppl to explore region *essex junto (-04) and exploits of aaron burr -essex junto: small group of fed extremists who plot for NE's secession from da union and creation of a 7 st8 n. confed (ny,nj,ma,ct,ri,nh,vt) -plotters court ham. to run for governor in NY then lead secessionist movement but he refused -plotters court burr -ham led oppo. to burr's NY campaign and burr was defeated --he then expose the plot at meeting of feds in Albany --> burr challenge him to a duel and killed him *burr conspiracy -06: burr try to separate w. part of US from e. part and unit it w/ spanish territory of w. of louis. territory and maybe n. mex -arrested in -06 and tried again next year at richmond, VA -john marshall drop the case when 2 witnesses for govt couldnt be found *jeff re-elected in 04 -incorporate many fed principles during 1st admin, deflate fed appeal *yazoo land controversy (04) -jeff's opponents led by john randolph accuse jeff of complicitiy in controversy following georgia's cession of w. lands to fed govt -georgia wrongfully grant millions of acres -jeff and madison try to repay land owners for lands ceded to fed govt -signif: cr8 strife within repub party and weaken jeff -randolph's aggresive speech of jeff abt this controvesy during impeachment of smauel chase --> # of jeffersonian repubs vote vs randolph's prosecution of chase *napoleonic wars -led to harassment of US shipping -05: brit control seas, france control eur. continent -brit began seize amer ships (sought to end US pratice of imp. french goods into US and re-export them as neutral cargo) -Berlin Decree (06): nap close ports of the continents to brit commerce and outlaw all trade w/ brit isles --amer ships trading w/ brit would be seized by france --> eng. issue order in council ---close ports under french contintenal control to foregin shipping. neuts enter nap. ports if they stop at brit 1st. ifn't --> seized -brit want to strangle french trade -milan decree (07) - nap's retaliation to order in council --any neut ship that try to enter a continental port would be seized -6k amer impressed from 08-11 -chesapeake-leopard affair (07) --royal frigate H.M.S Leopard demand surrender of 4 deserters on the USS Chesapeake, amer captain refuse --brit fire at chesapeake, 3 kill, 18 wounded ---jeff forbade brit ships to dock at amer ports and order st8 governors to call up 100k militia men *embargo act (07) -forbade export of all goods from US -loose construction of constit. -disaster to US econ -NE trade most affected -illegal trade -jeff get congress to pass harsh enforcment laws -NE talk of secession -repealed 09 -non intercourse act of 09 --reopen trade w/ all except france and britain. stayed til war of 1812 -embargo led to more manufcaturing -brit started to be affected, brit foreign secretary announce suspension of orders in council but congress declare war 2 days l8r -election of 1808 : james madison win vs charles pinckney -feds made signif gains in congress and gained control of several st8 legis *jefferson's legacy -expansion prime goal of jeffers -creation of demo. non-arist govt -defeat of feds by 16 *condensed ver of jefferson's presidency - Maintained many Federalist programs: Nat'l Bank, tariffs, funding debt at par, kept most public servants from Federalist administrations. - Reversed programs: excise tax, pardoned martyrs from the Sedition Act, new naturalization law (5 yrs), reduced the debt and balanced the budget. - Supreme Court issues: Marbury v. Madison, impeachment of Chase - Expansion: Louisiana Purchase - Tripolitan Wars - Embargo Act - "Father of the 2-term presidency"

election of 1824

*john quincy adams (MA) -ne -secretary of st8 -favored nat'l policies *william crawford (GA) -s. -secretary of the treasury -favored jeffersonain principles *henry clay (KY) -w. -speaker of the house -favored nat'l policies *andrew jackson (TN) -w. -general/US Senator -war hero -considered himself jeffersonain;open to nat'l policies *pres determined by house becase of split; no overwhelming majority -J.Q. adams vs jackson -clay doesnt like jackson, convinces reps to vote for jackson

movie

*john quincy adams 1st pres who was pres w/o popular vote in election of 1824 *re electe in 1832 *liberal use of veto against BUS

expanded notes the war of 1812

*madison pres march 09 -drift tward war -strongly jeffersonian *macon's bill no 2 -replace non-intercourse act of 09 -it would entice brit or france to repeal commericial restrictions and US would restore nonimp. vs the nonrepealing nation -nap do this, madison believe him, nap lied, brit angered and demanded US withdraw restricitions on brit til france had withdrawn all their restrictiosn on amer shipping *war hawks -nationalistic -wanted war w/ brit for glory -henry clay, speaker of the house -john c. calhoun, representative of s. caro *battle of tippecanoe -w. war hawk want to wipe out ind. resistance vs white settlers in w. wilderness -shawnee borthers, tecumseh and the prophet organize confed. of all the tribes e. of mississ. -amer though brit were aiding them -general william h harrison go w/ 1k men onto ind headquarters -repel suprise ind attack at tippecanoe (-11) -torched the settlement -signif: end ind threat, formal agreement signed -inds push w. --> more w.ward expansion -war hawks want US to attack canada to remove furhter ind threats -s. expansionitst want spanisih florida (brits ally) -brit impressment, orders in council -US declares war on brit (-12) --representatives from pro-brit BE and middle atlant st8s oppose war *US fight Brit and not france because: -jeffersonian bias tward france, brit impressment, chesapeake-leopard affair, lure of brit canda: timber, fishing, pelts *NE'rs hurt US war effort -believe brit actions were old/exaggerated wrongs, stil no like france -NE merchants making profits b4 war -opposed acquistion of canada which would add more agrarian st8s -NE investors lent more $ to brit than US -farmers send huge quantities of supplies/etc to canada -governors refuse to permit their militias to serve outside their st8s *war of 1812 -small war, 6k amer kill/wound(ed) -mostly cands vs amers, few brits -amer did bad --unprepared for war, attack on canda was failure, wash DC burned by brit, brit nearly won large territories in Ny and NE -national disunity: feds undermine war effort *nation unprepared -econ hurt by embargo and non-intercourse -charter for nat'l bank expire in -11 -bad army vs brit, best navy -amer victories --US navy: W on gr8 lakes --andrew jackson defend new orleans --william h harrison hero then l8r pres -war end in stalemate -fall of feds: reduction of sectionalism -large nat-amer L's during war (lose vast areas of land n. of ohio river -amer indus stimulated via less dependance on brit manu. -fight for gr8 lakes --naval arms race --> gr8 lakes --olvier hazad perry built fleet of ships on the shores of lake erie (12-13) --capture brit fleet on battle at lake erie on sep 10, 13 --army defeated by gen. william h harrison at battle of thames in oct -13 ---gen tecumseh killed -brit prepare large invasion into NY along hudson river vally -thomas macdonough defeat brit fleet near plattsburg (sep -14) -brit foreced to withdraw back to quebec -wash DC burned --2nd brit force land in chesapeake bay area (aug -14) --set fire to most pub buildings (white house, etc) ---did cuz amer burn cand. capital at York -brit fleet driven off at fort mchenry near balt --attack brit army --> force withdraw -jackson takee W in sw and at new orl -brit strat to take US gulf coast and new orl -mississ. creek inds attack form mims, near mobile --400 amers killed --andrew jack. fight back via creek village, kill 300 warriors in battle of horseshoe bend --bought time for jackson's 7k man army to fortifiy new orls -battle of new orleans --brit fail frontal assault (jan -15) --jackson command 7k men, sailors, etc from LA,KY,TN (tennesse) --2k killed/wounded but it was pointless since treaty of ghent was signed 2 weeks earlier but armies didnt get word til after battle -battle of new orl --> amer pride and nationalism -naval battles --fough on the interior lakes --amer ships mroe skillfullyy manned --brit lose more worships vs US --brit manu's, merchants, shippers put pressure on parli. to end war due to US privateer's damage of brits shipping ---brit make blockage along amer coast and landing rading parties ----Us econ crippled, US treasury bankrupt *treaty of ghent -armistice and nothing more *hartford con -attended by MA, CT, RI, NH, VT -discuss grievances and seek redress for their wrongs -goal for finanical assistance frmo wash. cuz brit blockade -sought to end 3/5 compromise to reduce s. influ in house -2/3 vote for embargo, admission of w. st8s to the union, and dec of war -limit term of pres (avoid jefferosnian dynasty) -deny nautralized citizens (usaully repubs) right to hold office -envoys go to wash w/ demands -led to death of fed party -treasonous accounts hurt fed cause *rush bagot treaty (-17) -limit naval armament on the lakes -(-70) US and canda share longest unfort'ed border in the world (5.5k mi) -amer no worry of eur intervention in n. amer

election of 1836

*martin van burne win -most whigs --want expanding credit , high tariffs, federal money for internal improvments, and an active federal govt --doesnt wrok

(2ga) growth

*more baptists and methodists *new denominations -african methodist episcopalian (AME) church -disciples of christ -pentecostals -7th day adventists -mormons (church of latter-day saints) *expansion of believers -protestantism spreading to the amer frontier -women were largest # of converts -baptism and conversion among afr slaves

the amer sys internal improvements/infrastructure

*more efficient commercial transportation -roads, canals, turnpikes, harbors -connect regional markets -subsidized by federal revenue generateed by land sales and tariffs *support -fulfilling the public good and general welfare *opposition -expansion of federal power over st8s -benefits the wealthy at the expense of common man

Causes of ... Impressment

*napoleonic wars *brit impressment *orders in council -seizure of amer ships and violation of neut. rights -repealed 2 days b4 US declaration of war

amer's market revolution

*nat'l market econ *regional econ.ies and specialization *urbanization *transportation rev. -infrastructure *indus rev -factory sys *investment -free enterprise sys -capital investment and st8 charters -corporations --limited liability (LLC) (never lose more $$ than u invest)

panic of 1837

*national dep paid in 03 -debt in -29 =58m - paid thru federal land sales and vetoees of federal spending projects -fiscal policies led to budget surpluses *speie circular (-36) -death of BUS led to large federal desposits to be deposited in pet banks -icnr. potential for credit led to wildcat banks fueling land speculation in the w. -parameters --purchase of federal lands w/ hard currency of gold and silver *panc of -37 -land speculation and crop failures -hard currency led to devalue of aper $ and inflation -denial of bank charter -st8s overextended in infrastructure projects -banks closed; unemployment incr; depressionf or next 5 years

andrew jackson (D) (-29--37)

*native policy -indian removal act (-30) *nullification crisis *bank war

expanded notes jacksonian democracy

*new democracy -(-20s) arist. die out, democ. rise -jacksonian democracy: govt should be done directly by the people -universal white manhood suffrage -s. grant incr. suffrage later than in w. and e. -jackson result of new democ. -frederick jackson turner: "the significance of the frontier on american history" --cheap land in w. --> frontier society that shape amer character; more demo. and = -rise of workingmen's parties/unions for better working conditions,wages,etc *causes of new democracy -panic of 1819 --workers and famers blame bankers and speculators for foreclosure on their farms --> more polit invovlment --reform BUS --st8 legislatures waged tax wars vs BUS --st8 laws for prevention of debt imprisonment enacted -missouri compromise --already know -new polit age --(-32) 2 party sys: demo. vs nat'l repubs/whigs --78% eligible voters in -40 --demise of caucus ---members of elec college being chosen directly by people rather than st8 legis ---(-31) 1st nominating con held (anti-masonic party) *election of 1824 "the corrupt bargain" -already know *president john quincy adams -tariff of abominations (-28) already know -john c calhoun's "'the southern carolina exposition" *election of 1828 -mudslinging b/w 2 factions of repb party -national repubs support adams, D-R support jackson -jackson win --support from w.,s., laboreres on e. seabord (common people) -adams support from NE and wealthy ppl in n.e. -election called revolution -balance of power shift from e. to w. *andrew jackson (old hickory) -personify new w. -sus of federal govt -sought to reduce role of federal govt in favor of st8s rights -hated clays "american system" -federal supremacy over st8s -ignore congress and supreme court sometimes *jacksonian democracy - politics -incr manhood suffrage, end of caucus -spoils sys --introduced into federal govt on large numerical scale; rewarded polit supporters w/ public office -civil service somewhat bad -purpose: let as many citizens as possible hold office for at least a short time --only 20 perc of incumbents were removed -spoils sys begun on nat'l scale , able citizens discouraged to hold office *jackson's cabinet crisis and VP calhoun's resign -mediocre cabinet (except martin van buren) -kitchen cabinet --13 temp members, congree see as threat, influ. greatly overexaggerated -webster-hayne debate --cause: (-29) NE senator intro. bill designed to curb sale of publick lands ---s. senators side w/ w. -senator robert hayne --critize disloyal NE during war of -12, NE's inconsititency on protective tariff, tariff of abominations, and acclaim calhoun's doctrine of nullification as means of protecting s.ern rights -daniel webster --people not st8s frame constit., blast doctrine of null. *jefferson day toast (-30) -st8s right leaders schemed to smoke jackson out -jackson receive word of plot and prepared his response *peggy eaton affair -jackson defend mrs. eaton cuz she snubbed by wives of jackson's cabinet memebrs and wife of calhoun --demand cabinet memebrs make their wives recog her, not work --> jackson purge calhoun's allies (-31) -van buren pay attention to mrs. eaton --> he gain jacks facor -tariff controversy of -32 was wedge b/w calhoun and jackson -calhoun resign in -32 --bcame firece sectionalist --concurrent majority plan ---2 presidents *nullification controversy of 1832 -SC still angery over tariff of abom. -tariff of -28 -threat to secede if jackson attempt to collect tariff via force --jackson reaction: threat to kill nullifiers --issues proclmatiaon vs null. then gov hayne respond w/ counterproclamation -clay propose compromise/compromise tariff of -33 -force bill passed by congress -stepping stone to civil war - SC abandon null. in favor of secession by -60 *election of 1832 -henry clay (natl repub) vs jackson (democrat) -jackson win popular vote *anti-masonic party become first 3rd party in amer prez. election -oppose secrecy of masonic order (fraternal organization using rationalist chris. doctrine, ritual symbolism, and appeals to civic virtue) -masons accused of (thing that is bad) -anti-masonic party attract evangelical groups *nat'l nominating cons eld in all 3 parties *jacksonian democracy - econs and st8s rights -aim to divorce govt from econ -anti-monopoly -return to jeffersonian demo. (limited govt role) -more power to st8s -end of BUS; henry push recharter BUS 4 yrs earlier as polit ploy vs jackson (would alienate w. or e. support if he signed or veto it) --veto BUS charter in -32 (BUS unconst.) and criticized nicholas biddle (head of BUS) -bank major issue in -32 pres election -specie circular: public lands to be bought w/ hard $$ --(-36) wildcat currency unreliable --hard money;hard times to w. --inflation cont. *general incorporation laws (start w/ CT in -37) -amer econ had small/medium sized businesses -LLC *charles river bridge decision (charles river bridge v warren bridge), -37 -builders of charles river bridge get charter by mass. (1780) -(-28) warren bridge co. grant charter by mass. to build bridge 300 yrds from charles river bridge (made profit from tolls) -charles river sue warren cuz charter interference --supreme court grant warren bridge right to build it --encouraged econ dev in transportation and other pub facilties w/ free competition *maysville road veto -jackson refuse to spend federal $ for intrastate improvments (roads, canals,) -vetoed bill for improving that road in kentucky *transplanting nativer amer tribes including the cherokee -(-30) most territories e. of miss. = st8s --most ind tribes surrounded by white settlements -indian removal act (-30) -bureau of ind affairs *cherokee nation v georgia -31 -cherokee try stop georgie dec that their laws were null -supreme court rule cherokee lacked jurisdicition over land *worcester v goeriga -32 -john marshall rule that goergia' law had no jurisdiction inside chero. territory *trail of tears *black hawk war (-32) -braves in ill. and wiscon. led by black hawk resist eviction of lands w. of lake huron; curshed by US troops *seminoles in florida -seminoles ordered to merge w/ the creek (old enemy) and be relocated -waged bloody guerrilla war in 2nd seminole war (-35--42), 1.5k US soldiers die -4/5 (3k) forcibly moved to oklahoma *birth of texas -blah blah stephen austin, santa anna -after alamo and goliad -houstons army W at san jacinto --santa anna signed 2 treaties: withdraw mex troops and recognize rio grande as texas' s. border -texas recogn,etc -texas left to protect itself, courted brit and french for aid, houston 1st pres of the indep. repub of texas *election of 1836 -birth of whigs -hatred of jackson -whigs and democrats (theres info here but check back) *william henry harrison; whig candidate *martin van bruen; jackson's successor *van burn win popular vote *van buren's pres. -albany regency: polit organization cr8ed earlier by van buren that dom NY polits -inherited jacksons enemies -4 yrs of turmoil -rebellion in -37, threat trigger war w/ brit -anti-slavery n.ers condem annexation of texas -panic of 1837 *panic of 1837 -causes --overspeculation --land speculators borrow heavy from wildcat banks, speculation to spread canals-roads-slaaves, unable to pay back loans -bank war, specie circular further hurt econ -crop failurs --> inflate grain prices --> NY mobs storm (flour riot) warehouses and broke open flour barrels -fail of 2 brit banks -amer banks collpase -commodity prices and sale of pub land fell; customs revenues dried up -factories closed; unemployment soared -whig proposals shot down by van buren --his philo. of limited govt involvment thwarted action *divorce bill/treasury bill of 1840 -divorce govt from banks -indepdent treasury system; city banks *election of 1840 -van buren renominated by democrats -whigs chose william h harrison over clay and webster -whigs cr8 false myths about harrison being poor farmer from log cabin -harrison defeat van burn --1st mass turnout election in amer history

trail of tears

*overland trails stretched as far as 5k miles to land they're unfamiliar w/ and US doesnt know *100k forcibly removed or negotiated to leave (move or assimilate) -over 15k die on route (pratically genocide) *second seminole (-35--42) -dade massacre --fight vs their forced removal

Thomas Jefferson (D-R) (1801-09)

*plantation and slave owner from virginia *statesman -assemblyman -dec. of indep. -governor -minister to france -secretary of st8 -VP -president *D-R -founded the party in oppo. to alex. ham's feds -kentucky resolution --inagual address ---"every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle...we are all republicnas, we are all federalists" *"renaissance man" -inventor, philospher, architect, scientist, writer/author, politician, diplomat, farmer/plantation owner, surveyor

the south white society

*planter class -20+ slaves -0.6 perc s.ern population *Small slave owners -88 perc of slave owners; strived to be planters -usually worked w/ slavs *professionals -lawyers, doctors, clergy, writers -depended on planter class *yeoman farmers -backbone of s.ern society -indep., self-sufficient, local commericial maret *poor whites -10 perc of population -pine barrnes, pastoral farming -perceived as lazy and un-ed.

hartford convention (-14)

*platform -fed econ. assistance for NE (upper NE is new england, lower ne is northeast) -2/3 congressional majority for embargoes, st8 admission, and dec. of war -cancel the 3/5 compromise (make it worth nothing so NE has polit. edge) -1 term pres. and no same-st8 successor -talk of secession by radicals *after war of 1812 -perceived as traitors -effectively weakened as a national party hartford con end fed party

monroe doctrine (-23)

*policy of anti-colonialism *if eur nation try to cr8 colony in w. = hostile = dec. of war

amer's market econ telegraph

*prior forms of communication -letter carrying --messag from london to NY took at least 12 days *dev and patented in US by samuel morse in -37 *morse code *baltimore-washington line -"what hath god wrought!" *amer telegraph company and w. union

transportation rev canals

*private construction ompanies *st8-funded projects *erie canal -connected lake erie w/ hudson river

universal male suffrage

*property requirements -property owners more trusted and qualified voter *dorr rebellion (-41--42) -RI -middle class vs rural elite *universal manhood suffrage in all states by 1856

Second Great Awakening Characterisitcs

*protestant revivalism during 1790s to 1830s -opportunity of salvation for all -piety over relig training sufficient for ministry -itinerant (moves around) preachers *emotionalism -appeal to emotion and fear of damnation *perfectionism -rejection of calvinsit doctrine of salation through grace of god -emph. on free will for salvation *millennialism -rapture and armageddon soon approaching *rejection of englightenment principles

the amer sys BUS

*purpose -manage federal revenue -regulate nat'l credit and limit risky st8/local banking -facilitate commerce and trade -stabilize and regulate nat'l currency *support -democratize credit sys b/w e. banking and credit-seeking w. and s. farmers -avoid speculation and econ. panics *opposition -const. legitimacy -preceived consolidation of wealth among baking and indus. elites

the amer sys protective tariffs

*purpose -promote domestic industries -generate fed revenue *support -n. indus expanded -raw mats not subject to high tariffs = low input costs to n. inuds -revenue mostly subsidized infrastructure in the n. -s. and w. can benefit from n. consumption of raw mats and crops *opposition -w. and s. suffer thru higher prices on manu. goods -little to no tariffs on raw mats (cotton) incr. foreign competition = less profits for s. cotton producers and farmers -imported manu. goods less expensive to ship than domestic manu. goods = s. st8s paid most of federal tariffs

death of the BUS

*removal of federal desposits -deposed into preferred st8 banks (pet banks) *nicolas biddle's strategy -instigated a financial panic to persuade congress the necessity of the BUS *jackson censure -whig controlled senate, led by clay, voted 26-20 to censure the president (-34) -senate thomas hart benton calls forvote to expunge censure (-37) *Lape of BUS Charter -biddle's strategy backfire -bus shuts down in -44

guided notes ch 15 the ferment of reform and culture

*reviving religion - -50: 3/4 of pop attend church -deism (god who dont care) -unitarian faith (NE) start --god exist in 1 person --free will, salvation via good works --rationalism and optimism -perversions of christianity --> christians oppose new beleifs -(-00) 2nd great awakening cuz liberalism in relig --prison and chruch reform, temperance (no alc) movement, womens rights movement, aboltiion fo slavery in -30s --e. went to w. to christianize inds --methodists and baptists stress personal conversion, democ. in church affairs, emotionalism --peter cartwright --charles grandison finney *denominational diversity -NY: puritans preach hellfire -millerites (adventists) predicted christ return to earth on some day. prophesy failed to materialize -awakening widen liens b/w classes -consers. made up of propertied Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Unitarians -s. of the w. (frontier areas) usually methodists/baptists -relig split cuz slavery (methodists and presbyterians split) *desert zion in utah -joseph smit (-30) - i dont care *free school for a free people -opposed tax-supported mandatory primary school -support soon rise as chance of dum ppl vote - -28: free pub ed. rise -bad teachers -horace mann fought for better schools -school too expensive, blacks mostly left out -NOah WEbster, William H McGuffey important educators *higher goals for higher learning -building of small schools in the s. the w. --focus on latin, greek, math, moral philos. -uni of NC (1795) -women thought to be corrupted if too educated -troy female seminary and mount holyoke seminary -libararies, public lectures, magazines rise *age of reform -reformers oppose vices (21+ adult things) and came out for womens rights -reforms optimists, sought perfect society -fight for rid of debtors prison (abolished soon) -want criminal codes softened and reformatories cr8ed -want treat mentally insane better -agitation for peace *demon rum - the old deluder -widespread drunkness --american temperance society at boston formed; anti-alcohol -sponser maine law of 1851 which ban making/sale of liquor and others *women in revolt -19th cent: amer women better off than in europe -women avoid marriage -gender differences (women weak, teachers; men strong, barbaric) -join movement to abolish slavery -led by lucretia mott, susan b anthony, elizabeth candy stanton, dr elizabeth blackwelll, margaret fuller, grimke sisters, amelia bloomer --seneca falls womens right con (-48) --declaration of sentiments (all men and women cr8 = ) --ballot for women -womens right movement paused cuz civil war heat up *wilderness utopias -new harmony, IN (-25) founded -brook farm; massachusetts experiment (-41) -oneida community -shakers - communistic community *the dawn of scientific achievement -nathaniel bowditch - navigation -matthew maury - ocean winds, currents -influential US scientists --enjamin silliman, louis agassiz, asa gray, john audubon -old techniques of medicine (US) -low mortality -local surgeon usually local barber/butcher *artistic achievements -US copy eur. styles of art - -20--50 greek revival, gothic forms gain popularity -artists viewed as time wasters, puritans see art as sinful pride - (-12) landscapes, romanticism *the blossoming of a national literature -imported/copied from england -literature reborn after war of indep. and war of -12 -knickerbocker group in NY wrost 1st amer literature --washington irving,james fenimore cooper, leatherstock tales, william cullen bryant *trumpeters of transcendentalism -transcendentalist movment (-30) -indiviudalism, self reliance, non conformity (non-compliance w/ rules) -ralph waldo emperson (theres info) -henry david thoreau (theres info) -walt whitman *glowing literary lights -henry wadsworth longfellow, john greenleaf whittier, james russell lowell, oliver wendell holmes, louisa may alcott, emily dickson, william gillmore simms (some ppl who write theres info) *literary individualists and dissenters -edgar allen poe -reflections of calvinist obession w/ OG sin and struggle b/w good and evil -nathaniel hawthorne, herman melville *portaryers of the past -goerge bancroft - found naval academy, publish US history book -william h prescott - published on conquest of mexico, peru -francis parkman - published on struggle b/w france and england in colonial n. amer -most historians from NE --> anti-s. bias

jefferson day dinner (1830)

*senator robert hayne -"the union of the states, and the soverignty of the states" *andrew jakcson -"our federal union; it must be preserved" stated to VP john calhoun -says he want to hand those nullies *john c calhoun -union is important but so are st8s rights *martin van buren

Cult of Domesticity

*separate spheres -public sphere - men -private sphere - women; their "proper sphere" *cult of true womanhood -piety --women more in touch of relig, women make house peaceful and tranquil -purity --women soft and delicate. must be pure and ruled over man -submissiveness --girls want to tough guy bcuz women weak, etc -domesticity

henry clay

*slave holder *US House of representative -D-R and war hawk *speaker of da house *head of amer colonization society *amer sys *miss. compromise (-20) *s. amer and greek indep. movements *election of -24 (fails) *secretary of st8 *US Senator -national repub/whig arty *election of -32 (fail) *nullification crisis/compromise tariff of -33 *bank war *election of -44 (fail) *compromise of -50

john quincy adams (NR) (-25--29)

*son of federalist john adams *admininstration stained by "corrupt bargain" *nat'l policies agenda -internal improvments -prposed a nat'l uni, nat'l bankruptcy law nat'l observatories, and faced an obstructionst jackson democrat congress (congress that supports jackson more than him) *tariff of 1828/tariff of abominations

transportation rev steamboat

*steam engine *robert fulton -the clermont *impact -decr. costs of transporting good by 90 perc

nullifcation crisis tariff of abominations

*tariff of -28 -protect n.ern and w.ern agri products -avg 38 perc r8s and 92 perc of goods *SC exposition and protest (-28) -threaten to cede from the union *webster hayne debates (-30)

nullification crisis force bill

*tariff of -32 -reduced some tariffs, but unacceptable to SC *SC ordinance of nullifcation *force bill -military force used to make sure ppl pay their taxes *proclamation of the people of SC *tariff of 1833 -gradually reduce tariffs to -16 levels (avg=20%) by -42

Causes of the War of 1812 Battles w/ frontier natives

*tecumseh's war -battle of tippecanoe (1811) -battle of thames (-13) *creek war -battle of horeshoe bend (-14)

guided notes ch 13 the rise of mass democracy

*the corrupt bargain of 1824 -universal white male suffrage -jackson got most popular votes and most electoral votes but fail to get majority in electoral college -4 candidates (andrew jackson ,henry clay, william h. crawford, john q adams) -voted upon house of reps -clay elim'd;speakr of the house -clay appointed secretary of st8, jacksonians cried corruption since it wasn't choice of the ppl *john quincy adams -lacked the "people's touch" -removed 12 public servants from federal payroll -urged congress on construction of roads, canals, propose nat'l uni, advoc8 support for astronomical observatory --obser... not important, roads good -tried to deal fairly w/ cherokee inds *jackson turn public opinion against adams even doe he honest -adams supporters call jack's mom prostitute, call him an adulterer *jackson presidency -jack of all trades, folk hero -violent temper; got into many duels, fights, stabbings, etc -w. aristocrat, owned slaves, shared many prejudices of the masses -anti-federalist; federal govt for privileged only -welcomed w. democracy -ignored supreme court sometimes, veto 12 times (comaperd to combined 10x by predecessors). on inauguration, let commoners into white house -conservaties criticize and condemn jackson as "king mob" *spoils system -rewarded supporters w/ spots in office -loyalty>expereince (both count but,,) -ppl hound jackson for positions -sys deny many ppl chance to contribute -samuel swartwout awarded as post collector of the customs of the port of NY but 9 yrs l8r dipped to england;stole $1m from govt -sys secured firm hold, took 50+ yrs for it to be loosened *tariff of abominations -congress incr general tariff from 23 to 37 perc, wool manu's want higher tariffs -tariff of 1828: raise tariffs to 45% so it make NE vote bill down and give make adams look more bad --NE-ers passed the law --webster support tariff, john c calhoun vs it (reversed positions) -s.: denmark vessey (free black) led slave rebellion in charleston --> tighten control over slaves cuz fear of rebellion --s. now least expanding --cotton prices falling, land grow scare -s.ers sold cotton and etc w/o tariffs -tariffs help NE prosper so it could buy more of s.'s products and led to US to buy less brit products and vice versa -john c calhoun secretly write "the s. carolina exposition" (-28); called for the nullification of the tariff --only supported by SC, jackson expected to sympathize w/ s. vs tariff *SC try to get 2/3 majority to nullify tariff but unionists blocked htem -congress pass tariff of -32, lower tariff to 35 perc, s.ers still hate it -elections of -32, got 2/3 majority to null it --threatened secession --jackson issue proclmation vs SC --> governor hayne issue counterproclamation --henry clay propose compromise bill that reduce -32 tariff to 10% by 1842 (8 yrs); tariff of 1833 -congress pass force bill/bloody bill that authorize pres to use army and navy to collect tariffs if needed -SC repealed nullifcation ordinance *trail of tears -more US pop (-30, 13m) inds stranded -federal policy was to acquir ind land via treaties but mostly inds were tricked -ppl try to christianize inds -cherokees few among that try to adopt amer ways -cherokees, creeks, choctaws, chickasaws, seminoles; 5 civilized tribes - -28: congress declare cherokee tribal council illegal and assert own jurisdiction even doe chero's won in supreme court, jackson ignore -jackson propose inds transfer w. of miss. - -30: congres pass indian removal act; inds moved to oklahoma --trail of tears, thousands die --bureau of ind affairs estab in -36 to deal w/ inds - -32: sauk and fox tribes revolted but took L - -35--42: seminoles;guerilla warfare vs US, broken after leader (Osceola) seized *bank war -jackson and most w.ers see BUS as tool to get rich richer -BUS minted coin money;farms want paper money --> inflation and pay off debts easier -jackson and w.ers saw BUS and e. banks as conspiracy to make common man down econ.ically -BUS led by nicholas biddle --harsh on w. wildcat banks (unstable $, too lenient credit for land) -BUS tyrannical and out of touch of democ. era, corrupt -biddle use BUS for bad reasons -bank reduce bank failures, issued notes, promote econ expansion, safe depository for funds of wash govt - -32: henry clay make bill for re-chartering of BUS 4 years early to bring jackson's popularity brown -pass thru congress but jackson veto it and declare BUS unconstit. and anti-amer -veto incr. power of pres by ignoring supreme court and made w. vs e. *jackson vs clay (-32) -3rd party;anti-masonic party made entrance --supported by churches hoping to pass relig reform --against jackson -nat'l cons held to nomin8 candidates -jackson won *jackson withdraw federal funds from bank --> biddle call for unneeded loans --> mini panic -BUS was only source of credit in US --> wildcat banks in w. unreliable after BUS died *whig party form -dislike jackson, support clay's amer sys and internal improvements *election of -36 -jackson too old to run again, martin van buren follow in hos coattails -whigs try to get no1 win a majority electoral votes --> election under house of reps= win but it failed and van buren won *van buren -lacked support of demo.s and jackson's popularity -inherited depression cuz BUS die -rebellion in canada (-37) threat to make amer into war *depression doldrums and the independent treasury -panic of 1837 cuz wildcat banks loans, bank war, etc -failures of wheat crops -failure of 2 large brit banks in -36 -hundreds of banks fell -whigs propose internal improvments but van buren refuse it -he propose divorce bill (seperate bank from govt and storing money in amer cities); advocate independent treasury; passed in -40 --repealed by whigs next yr, brought back -46, then merged w/ federal reserve sys next century *gone to texas - -23: mex indepdence --> stephen austin made agreement w/ mex govt to bring 300 families into tract of granted land to settle --they be mex citizens, be cath, no slavery but ignored by new settlers *lone star rebellion -texans resent foreign govt - -30: mex free slaves, prohib them in texas - -33: stephen austin went to mex city and jailed for 8 months - 35: santa anna raise army to suppress texans; next yr, indpe. declared -conflict at alamo and goliad -texas then capture santa anna --supported by US; jackson recog. texas as indep. nation on his last day b4 he left office (-37) --texans wanted to be part of union but slavery blocked it *log cabins and hard cider of -40 -william harrison nominated -whigs advocate for "poor man's president" -harrison big W vs van buren in electoral college *politics for the people - -20s: demo. now respected --> politicians had to appease and appeal to masses -aristocratic ppl scorned -w. ind fighters and/or militia commanders (ex: andrew jackson, william henry harrison) popular -New Democracy; universal white manhood suffrage *two party system -The democrats --glorified the liberty of the indiviudal, clung to st8s rights and federal restraint in social/econ affairs, humble/poorer folk, generally from s. and w. -The whigs --announce harmy of society and value of community, criticize leaders who appeals lead to conflict, favor renewed nat'l bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public school, and moral reforms. mostly wealthier, generally from e. -Commonalities --based on the people, commanded loyalities from all kinds of people

abolitionist publications and speeches

*the liberator (-31) by william lloyd garriso *the north star by frederick douglass *what to the slave is the fourth of july (-52) (have to read on powerpoint)

indus devs

*trad manu -putting-out sys -skilled craftsmen/apprenticeships *market rev -factory sys --samuel slater --unskilled labor --econ.ies of scale and mass production --standardization, centralization --locations by water source and urban areas

Transcendentalism

*transcend: to rise above or go beyond the limts of *the inner light -focus on intution and instinct -emphasis on emotionalism and feeling;use of the senses -avoid emph. on reason and logic --"the fault-finder will find faults even in paradise" *individualism -slef reliant and indepedent -society and instituions (dogma) corruptible *spiritual enlightenment

jackson and veto power

*vetoed 12 bills -more than all previous presidents combiend (10) -most dealt w/ internal improvments projects and federal financing *maysville road (1830) -65 mile road connecting maysville to lousiville along the ohio river and connecting to the nat'l road -a road for people just in KY so vetoed by jakson -henry clay live in KY and him and jackson enemies

guided notes ch 12

*war of 1812 -disunity, no burning national anger, regular army bad -amer focus on a 3 pronged attack which were all beaten back instead of montreal -brit and candians capture amer fort of michilimackinac during early part of the war -1813: under oliver hazard perry, fleet built manned by inexpereienced men but capture a brit fleet -sep 11, 1814: thomas macdonough force brit to retreat vs 10k brit troops along lake champlain route *aug 1814: brit troops land in chesapeake bay area, go to washington DC and burn most of the buildings there -another brit fleet at baltimore but was beaten back by the privateer defenders of fort mchenry -another brit army @ mississppi valley --> andrew jackson led force of 7k sailors, etc and defeat 8k brits (who launch frontal attack in battle of new orleans) -news of brit defeat, 2 weeks l8r, news of peace from brit -since amer navy (which did betr than army) good, brit put a naval blockade, raiding ships and ruining amer. econ. life *the treaty of ghent -brit had made demands for ind. buffer st8, control of gr8 lakes, and part of Maine but amers (led by john quincy adams) refused and amers get more W's --> brit reconsider -treaty signed on december 24, 1814 which was armistice and that's it. *federalist grievances and the hartford convention -massa., connect., new hamps, vermont, and RI secretly meet in hartford (dec 15 - jan 5 1815) to discuss grieveances and seek redress (correctings) for their wrongs --some talk abt secession, most want finanical assistances from wash. cuz lost trade and amedment requring 2/3 majority for all declarations of embargos (except during invasion) -3 envoys from massa. go to D.C, greeted w/ news from new orleans; misson fail --hartford con prove to be death of fed party *2nd war for american independence -war of 1812, small war --6k amer killed/wounded --nap. invade russia (1812) w/ 500k men, madison try to invade canada w/ ~5k men -more respect for amer diplomats -manu. prosper during brit blockade -many candians felt betryaed by ghent treaty since no land gained -1817: rush bagot treaty b/w US and brit provided the world's longest unforitied boundary of 5527 mi -nap defeat at waterloo --> europe into peace *nascent nationalism -amer nationalism take off after da war -navy and army strengthened themselves *"the amer sys" -brit dump goods onto amer @ cheap price --> amer put 20-25% tariff on dutiable (goods) imports (tariff of 1816) -1824: henry clay estab. the american system --strong banking sys --advocate protective tariff --network of roads and canals (funded by tariffs) which would flow goods from s. and w to the n. and e. --congress distribute $1.5m to the st8s for internal improvement but madison vetoed it (unconstit.) --> st8s look for their own $$ to build the roads *the era of good feelings -james monroe defeated fed opponent 183 to 34 -boston newspaper declare that "era of good feelings" began --sectional troubles ---s. didn't like tariff, only benefit n.. s. also no like internal improvmenets linking n. and w.. s. didnt see any benefits in paying taxes for roads and canals in other st8s *the panic of 1819 and the curse of hard times -1819: econ. panic, basically like a great depression -bank of US into heavy debt -lead to chain of panics/recessions every 20 years during 1800s (1819,37,57,73,93) -w. hard hit *growing pains of the west -1791-1819: 9 frontier st8s join OG 13 -cumberland road (1811) ran from w. maryland to illinois. 1st steamboat on w. waters appear in -11 -w. forced to ally w/ other sections and demanded cheap acreage -land act of 1820 authorize a buyer in the w. to buy 80 acres of land. w. slowly got cheap transportation *slavery and the sectional balance -sectional tensions b/w n. and s. rise cuz missouri want to be slave st8 --house of representatives interefere w/ the plans for its statehood when Tallmadge amendment proposed which st8 that no more slaves be brought into missouri and provide emancipation of children born to slave parents already in missouri (shot down in senate) -s. saw this as threat to slavery and n. getting more prosperous and populous than s. *missouri compromise -missouri: slave st8, maine: free st8 -new st8s n. of 36 degree 30' line would be free, new st8s sw. would be slave *john marshall and judicial nationalism -chief justic ^^ help bolster power of govt at expense of states -McCulloch vs maryland (1819) --maryland try to destroy bank of US --> marhsll invoke the hamiltonian principle of implied powers and denied maryl's right to tax the bank. he used elastic clause -cohens vs virginia (1821) --virg caught cohens illegally sell lottery tickets but virg lose --> marshall assert right of supreme court --> fed govt win, st8s lose -gibbons vs ogden (-24) --NY try to get monopoly of waterborne commerce --> marshall struck down cuz congress, not st8s, control interst8 commerce *judicial dikes vs demo. excesses -fletcher vs peck (-10) --geogia grant 35m acres in mississ. to privateers, legis. repealed it after public outcry but marshamll rule it was a contract and st8s couldnt damage it -dartmouth college vs woodward (-19) --darthmouth granted charter by king george 3, but new hamps try to change it. dartmouth appealed and marshall rule that og charter must stand. twas' contract and consist. protect it -marshall's rulings gave supreme court power and strenghtened fed govt *sharing oregon and acquiring flordia -treaty of 1818 put n. boundary of louis. purchase " at the 49th parallel and provided for a ten-year joint occupation of the Oregon Territory with Britain, without a surrender of rights and claims by neither Britain nor America." -revolutions broke out in s. and cent amer, spanish troops in flor. drawn to put down rebellion and ind attacks ravage amer land while inds retreat back to spanish territory -andrew jackson hang 2 ind chiefs, kill 2 brits for assisting inds, and seize st. marks and pensacola -monroe's cabinet wanted to punish jackson except john quincy adams who demand huge concessions (compromise) from spain -flordia purchase treaty of 1819 made spain cede flor. and "shadowy claims" to oregon in exchange for texas. US pay $5m for flor. *menace of monarchy in amer -monarchs in europe fight vs democ and crush democ. rebellions in italy (-21) and spain (-23) -russia's claim to n. amer --> amer nervous russia may claim rightfully amer territory -aug 1823: geoge canning (brit foreign secretary) propose to amer minister in london that US and Brit combine in a join dec. which reject intersted in taking latin amer territory and warning eur. despots to keep hands off latin amer polits. *monroe and his doctrine -knew that brit boats need to protect s. amer to protect trade --1823: monroe doctrine born (non-colonization and nonintervention) ---no colo. in the amers would happen, eur nations not intervene in latin amer affairs, US no interfere in greek demo. revolt vs turkey *monroe's doctrine appraised -eur. monarch mad but couldnt do anything -mon's dec. little effect in latin amer since brit navy protect them -1845: pres. polk revive it -russo american treaty of 1824 : russian tsar fix s. boundary of alaskan territory -docrine never was law, pledge, or agreement, it was expression of US nationalism, patrionism, and isolationism -amers falsely think that repub protected from eur. dangers. monroe publicly warned old world powers to stay away

war of 1812

*war of 1812 *treaty of ghent (not peace treaty, a cease fire) -status quo antebellum -no brit recog. of amer mairtime rights and no promise to end impressment -amer fought this war for nothing that they wanted to happen *battle of new orleans (jan -15) -1550 brit casualties -43 amer casualties -fought a battle for a war that already ended

expanded notes the era of good feelings

*war of 1812 --> amer nationalism -madion more popular, death of fed party, less econ and polit dependence on eur, w.ward expansion *Henry clay's amer sys: BUS, tariff, internal improvements *2nd nat'l bank (voted by congress in -16) -banking vacuum due to lack of nat'l bank -local banks sprung up all over the country -flood of valueless bank notes -new bank had 3.5x more cap ($35m) -jeffersonians support, used same arguments that ham. made in 1791 and feds denounce it as unconstit. *tariff of 1816 -made to protect amer manu. from brit competition -after war, brit flood US w/ cheap good -20-25% duties on imports -not high enough to make for good safeguards *sectional battle over tariff by 3 congressional leaders of antebellum period -john c calhoun --oppose it, claim it was enriching NE manu's -daniel webster --oppose tariff, shippers in NH fear tariff would affect their carrying trade. NE not completely dev'd in manu. yet -Henry clay --tariffs as way to dev profitable home market and fund roads and canals *internal improvements (fail) -congress pass calhouns bonus bill -17 --vetoed by madison, unconstit. --successor, james monroe, "followed suit" -jeffers no like idea of direct federal support of intrast8 internal improvments -NE oppose, would drain population and cr8 competing st8s in the w. *era of good feelings (17-25) -james monroe pres (-16) -cont virg dynasty -death of fed party after election -"era of...", not really -sectionalism (e.,w.,s.), tariff issue, internal improvements, bank of US, sale of public lands had splits of whether e., w., and s. oppose it or not *2 major events during monroe presidency: *panic of 1819 -econ panic and depression happen every 20 yrs -causes by inflation from 1812 war, deficit in balance of trade w/ brit, BUS (bank of us) force w. banks to foreclose on w. farms -new land legis --> smaller parcels sold cheaper -inhumanity of imprisoning debtors --> some st8s pass remedial legis -monroe reelected in -20 w/ 1 electoral vote *growing west; new states -depend on fed govt where it had secure most of its land -diverse peoples from e. -1791 and -19, 9 frontier st8s join union *reasons for w.ward expansion -w.ward movement been signif since colonial era -cheap lands in ohio territory --> more eur. immigr.s -land exhuastion in older tobacco states = drive w.ward -purchase of land eaiser -econ distress of embargo -much of frontier cleared via crushing inds during war (battle of fallen timbers and tippecanoe, jay treaty) -betr trasnportation; cumberland road, steamboat, canals -w. still weak in pop. and influ, had to ally w/ other sections when addressing nat'l and polit issues -demand land reform, cheap transportation and mmoney, and issue own banks *missouri compromise (-20) - ^ asked congress to enter union a year b4 -tallmadge amendment (pass by house of reps) in response; no more slaves into missouri and emacnipation of children -s. st8s view as threat to sectional balance -senate still balanced 11 free to 11 slave st8s -senate refuse to pass amendment and crisis start *compromise -congress admit miss. slave st8, maine = free st8 -future slavery prohib. north of s. border of missouri -accepted -slavery beccame dominant issue in amer polits -s. dev sectional nationalism *john marshall and judicial nationalism -strenghten supreme court in marbury v madison (-030 and other cases -help cr8 stable, nationally uniform environemnt for business -his decisions hamper demo. -examine cases via fed philos -fletcher v peck, martin v hunter's lessee, Mcculloch v maryland, dartmouth college v woodward, cohens v virginia, gibbons v ogden *martin v hunter's lesse (-16) -issue: did supreme court have right to review decisions of st8 supreme courts where fed statutes/treaties were involved or when st8 laws had been uphled under fed constit? -virg sought to disregard treay of paris (1783) and jay's treaty (1794) -decision: supreme court reject compact theory, st8 sovereignty = fed govt *daniel webster was important influ. in marshall's decisions *foreign policy after war of 1812 -rush bagot treaty (-17) -treaty of -18 w/ england --fixed amer-candian border from lake of the woods to rocky mountains *US claim w. flor -revoultions in s. amer force spain to move troops outta flor -floods of peoples go into amer territory to kill/pillage then retreat s. of the border -monroe comiss jackson to punish inds -jackson swept thru cent and e. flor during 1st seminole war (-16-18) --capture spanish cities, desposed spanish governor, killed 2 ind chiefs and brit aids -monroe's cabinet offer to spain for them to control outlaws of flor or cede flor to US --> spain negotiate --adams-onis treaty (florida purchase treaty) -19 ---spain cede flord and claims to oregon. US abandon claims to texas *monroe doctrine; john quincy adams: secretary of state -holy alliance (russia, austria, prussia, france) want to restore latin amer republics to spanish rule after seeing latin amer revs and eur demo. tendencies -gr8 brit sought alliance w/ Us to protect its intersts in latin amer -(-23) br foreign secretary Goerge canning propose dec.; warn eur desposts to stay away from lat amer repubs -amer respond via jefferson and madison urge monroe for anglo-amer alliance -john quincy adams believe brit want alliance to keep US from taking lat amer territory --believe alliance would hamper US expansion + unneeded *monroe doctrine (-23) written by john q adams -warning to eur.s -colonial powers keep their colonies but gain none -nonintervention in americas -supported by nationalist amers reaction -brit press favor protection of lat amer markets -eur monarchs mad -lat amer countries skeptical, saw US tryna protect iteslef -doctrine small impact -US army/navy weak -revived in -45 by Polk

Jefferson and the Barbary/Tripoli Pirates

*wash. and adams -paid bribes to barbary st8s to avoid piracy *jefferson -barbary st8s incr. bribes and jeff. refuses -pasha of tripoli declares war in 1801 -US navy and marines dispatched, led by stephen decatur -treaty reached in amer. favor in 1805 (jeff pays $60k from them to leave) -jeff. orders build up naval fleet of small gunboats

immigration

*waves -irish --irish potato famine (-40s) --mostly setled in n.e.rn urban centers -germans --mostly settled in n.ern st8s w. of appalachians -cali. gold rush --e. asia influx, mostly of chinese descent *economic influence -unskilled labor --mostly from ireland and e. asia --low-wage labor in n.ern factories and internal improvement projects -skilled labor --mostly from germany --contributed to technological developments *poltiical influence -tended to vote democrat -nativist reaction led to know nothing

guided notes ch 16 the south and the slavery controversy

*cotton -b4 gotton gin, slavery dying business -gin invented = cotton business more profitable -n. transport cotton to eng. and rest of eur -s. produce 1/2+ of worlds supply of cotton --believe eng so dependent on them *the planter aristocracy -widen gap b/w rich and poor -private not pub schools -plantation sys shape lives of s.ern women *slaves of the slave sys -cotton production ruin land, producers always in need of new land -incr. monopolistic econ. structure of s. -over-speculate in land and slaves --> many plunge into dept -s.ers resent n.ers who got rich at their expense while they depend on n. for clothing, food, manu goods *white majority -3/4 slaveless whites --some defend slavery sys cuz they want slaves but $ issues -mountain whites hate white arist.s and blacks *free blacks - -60: s. 250k free blacks -deep s.: mulattoes freed when their masters died -many owned property, few w/ slaves -prohibted from working in certain jobs and forbidden from testifying vs whites in court -n. : free blacks unpopular, denied entrance, right to vote and public schools -hated by irish *plantation slavery -slave imp. banned in -08;smuggled -slave incr. cuz natural reproduction -slavery cre8 near-/majorities in deep s.. st8s of SC, flordia, miss., alabama and louis. 1/2 of all slaves in s. -slave auctions *life under the lash -bad (duh) -afrs mixed christ. relig w/ own native relig *burdens of bondage -rebellions never successful but whites get scared --> tighter rules -other stuff (who give a care !) *early abolitionism - -17: american colonization society founded to transport blacks to afr - -22: republic of liberia made for blacks to live --most blacks had no wish to go back after being partially americanized and -60: all slaves not africans/african americans -30s: rise of abolitionism -theodore dwight weld, charles grandison finney abolitionists or summ *radical abolitionism - -31: william llyod garrison publish The Liberator --> 30 yr war of words -wendell philips: refuse to eat cane sugar/use cotton since both made by slaves -david walker (black abol.) wrote appeal to colored citizens of the world (-29); advoc8 bloody end to white supremacy -sojourner truth, martin delaney fight for black rights and etc -frederick douglass (black abol.,escaped) --great speaker, fought for black cause --looked to polits to solve slavery problem --he and others back liberty party (-40), free soil party (-48), republican party (-50s) -many abol.s support war for emancipation *south lashes back -s.ers organize campaign how slavery good -(-36) s. house members pass "gag resolution" requring all antislavery appeals to be postponed; no debate --> n.ers angery (ex: john quincy adams) -propaganda *abol. impact in . -s. owe n. $300m by -50s and n. factories depend on s. cotton to make goods -abol.s speeches provoke violence (ex: (-34) trashing of lewis tappan's NY house) -(-35) garrison escape mob that drag him to streets of boston -reverend elijah p. lovejoy killed in mob (-37) -(-50s) abol. outcires impact n. minds;sway more and more

textile indus

*cotton gin *spinning jenny *water frame *waltham-lowell sys -boardinghouses -mill girls

slave resistance

*day-to-day resistance -feigning illness, stealing, breaking tools, slowdowns, sabotage, led to negotiating labor times and tasks *escaping -flee to free st8s or foreign territories, stowaway on ships -underground railroad -punishment --whipping, branding, mutilation of feet

US vs gr8 brit unpreparedness

US *naval battle ships -12 frigates -14 other ships *army -7k US army -458463 militia jeff cause naval power to suck Brit *naval battle ships -11 shipsp of the line -34 frigates -52 other ships *army 5.2k brit army -10k provincials

miss. compromise (-20)

US Senate *senate balance -1790 (13 st8s, 5 free, 8 slaves) -1800 (17 st8s, 8 free, 9 slaves) -1819 (22 st8s, 11 free, 11 slaves) *factions -opposition --feds --n. repubs -support --s. repubs *tallmadge amendment -if miss. slave st8, no more slaves imported, child slaves grow up then go free -fear of this being done in other st8s Compromise *compromise -maine free st8 -miss. as slave st8 -36' 30 line in louis. territory. --slavery prohib. in territories and st8s n. of the line --slavery allowed as determined by popular soverignty in territories in territories and st8s s. of da line

amer's market econ panic of 1819

*causes -w. land speculation (selling land for more than its worth, no profit) -war inflation then post-war deflation -BUS purused contractionary monetary policy (shortening line of debt due) -BUS run out of money *aftermath -1st recession of market econ. -n. manu. demanded high tariffs -s. farmers demanded low tariffs -w. criticize speculators and bankers

expanded notes hamilton vs jefferson

(Econ Views) Ham -believe in public debt, cr8 national bank, strong commericial society w/ large industrial sector, gov't shld foster business and contribute to the growth of capitalistic enterprse -favor tariff Jeff -oppose national bank, prefer agrarian society, national debt harmful to sicety (Social views) Ham -wealth run society, support upper class, high voting qualifications (so stupids no vote) Jeff -believe in common ppl running govt, lower voting qualificiations cuz common ppl shld ave a say, support low to mid classes mostly (Polit views) Ham -strong cent govt, broad interpretation of consit, (under certain cirumstances) favor restrictiosn on speech and press, believed at the time to cut ties w/ franc and tie w/ britain Jeff -belive in a govt more democratic than brits, reduce # of federal office holders, favor freedom of speech/press, broad intepretation of the constit mostly to favor himself/situation, increase st8 and was sus of cent gov

100th term babey!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (2ga) revivalism

*charles finney -free will -salvation for all -perfectionism -incorporated the support of women *revival camp meetings -preaching to god (GONE EMOTIONAL) *NY's burned over district -preachers saying ur going to hell, etc *restoration movement

Election of 1808

*James Madison (D-R) 70% win *Charles Pinckney (F) *feds gained congressional seats

Election of 1812

*James madison (d-r) (59) *dewitt clinton (d-r) (41) -fusion of anti=war D-R and feds

supreme court and natives

*cherokee nation v georgia (-31) -determind native tribes not to be "foreign states" but as "domestic dependent nations" *worcester v georgia (-32) -the land that cherokee land is their land, not georgias; georgias laws do not apply to cherokee land

House Vote for President Election of 1824

*"corrupt bargain" -henry clay throws support to adams -henry clay soon named secretary of st8 *kentucky popular vote -clay 72.7% -jackson 27.3% -adams 0%

first wave feminism and women's rights movement

*"women in the nineteenth century" by margaret fuller (-43) -women to be taugh self-dependence -access to intellectual and relig freedoms = to men's -"there is no wholly masuline men, no purely feminine women." *angela and sarah grimke -"letter on the condition of women and the equality of the sexes" by sarah grimke (-37) *elizabeth cady stanton

jefferson and federal judiciary impeachments

**impeachment does not mean removal. it's a process that can lead to removal.** *john pickering - apoitned by wash. -fed. district court of new hamps. -impeached and removed for drunkenness and unlawful rulings *samuel chase - appointed wash. -associate justice of US supreme court -critical of jefferson -impeached for partisan (polit party affiliation) decisions; acquitted by the senate *Legacy -impeachments of judiciary based on legal and ethic issues and not partisanship -fed. justices avoid polit. partisanship in legal decisions and perceptions

expanded notes the american economy 1790-1860

*-60, 33 states, pop x2 every 25 yrs, 4th most populous w. country *overrapid urbanization --> slums, dim streets, bad police, bad water, raw sewage, rates, bad garbge disposal *irish immigrants -no potatoes in ireland = 2m die (mid -40s) -2m arrive b/w 30-60 -faced discrimination cuz cath. and poor -hated by nat protestants as wage-depressing competitors s -irish resent blacks for similar reasons -gradually gain more property -were polit invovled and soon control powerful city machines *germans -1.5m come to amer b/w 30-60 -most uprooted farmers -some lib polit refugees, sad by collapse of demo. revs in 1848; known as "40-8ers" -most pushed to mid-w. -form influ. body of voters -less polit potent as their strength was scattered -better edu.ed than frontier amers -relentless foes of slavery b4 civil war -old stock amer neighborss see them as sus cuz they want to preserve their lang and cultu. -introduced beer *antiforeignism ("nativism") -irish and germ immi. had provoked the hatred of amer nativists -fear immi. would be majority -cath began to construct separate cath edu sys -(-50) cath is largest relig group in amer, ountnumber baptists, methodists, presbysterians, and congregationalists *(-49) extreme amer nativists fomr "Know-Nothing" party -advo. rigid restriction on immi. and naturalization and for laws authorizing the deportation of alien paupers *mass violence occur in some larger cities *amer's indus rev -samuel slater: 1791: built 1st efficient cotton spinning machine in amer -eli whitney's cotton gin (1793): made cotton collecting 50x than by hand --raising cotton --> highly profitable --exported cotton to NE textile mills --slavery, dying out, now incr. a lot -w.ward expansion into alabam and mississ -(1798) eli whitney mass produce muskets for US army --intro. principle of interchangeable parts; widely adopted in -50's -elias howe invent sewing machine -46 -isaac singer improve and betr promote the machine --led to manu. of clothing go from home to factory -charles goodyear: process of hardening rubber used 500 diff ways -samuel F B morse - invent telegraph --govt decline to control it since it felt it wouldnt pay --greatly advance business in following decades --(-60) 28k patens, (00) 306 patents *textile indus -(-14) francis cabot lowell build dual purpose textile plant at waltham, mass. --factory spun fiber and wove finishe cloth + bleaching, dying, printing cloth --change from manu. at home to manu. in factories -farmers' daughters hired to work in factories --> more indep for young women -(-23) lowe'll partner build Lowell Mass on merrimack river --textile factories risen all over NE and mid-atl st8s in -30's and -40's -water/steamp power soon replace female labur -immi. labor supplant fem labor *NE center of indus rev cuz: bad farmign = manu more appealing, dense pop. for labor, easy imp/exports, rapid rivers = lots of water power *S. no industralize bcuz: # of capital reosurces = # of slaves, consumers poor *embargo act, nonintercourse, war of 1812 mean amer had to produce own goods --> -50, indus output>agri output *eur goods flood US market after treaty of ghent (-15) = US mills devastated -led to tariffs of -16,-28,-32 *business -principle of limited responsibility/liabiltiy --more ppl willing to risk capital = more capital gained *Boston associates: 1 of the earliest and most powerufl joint stock ventures -came to dom textile, railroad, insurance, and banking businesses in all of massa. *charles river bridge decision (Charles river bridge v warren bridge) -signif: encourage econ dev in transportation and other pub facilities by ending monopolies *general incorporation law: passed in NY -48 -businessppl no need to apply for charters from legis -could cr8 corporation if complied w/ law -adoped in other st8s *northern "Wage slaves" -craftsppl working w/ apprentices stopped by factory work -workoing condionts: bad, long hrs, low wages, few breaks, poor ventilation, lightining, heating -forbidden: unions -women/children work 6 days a week for poor $$ -(-2) 1/2 of nation's indus workers under age of 10 -"age of jackson", st8s grant laboring man voting rights --workingmen parties sought better working conditions, higher wages, pblic ed. for kids, and end pratice of jailing debtors -(-40) pres van buren est. 10 hr work day for federal employees on pub works --led to # of st8s reduce work hrs -(-30s-40s) incr # of strikes *commonwealth v hunt (-42) -labor unions not illegal consipiracies, thier methodds were "honorablee and peaceful" *w. farmers -trans allegheny region and ohi ind illinois territory becoming breadbasket -most produce go to mississ. to feed cotton kingdom *john decree invent steel plow that broke thickly matted soil of w. *cyrus McCormick (-30s) intro. mower reaper -work of 5 men , most signif tech on frontier *farming subsitence --> large scale -debt from farmers buying more land and more machinery to work it -began overproducing -looked for new markets further away but were landlocked *transportation rev -deisre of e. to tap the w. --led to cr8 nat'l market econ --cr8 regional specialization: w. = breadbakset; e. = indus; s. = cash crops -previous transpor. conditions bad, roads were useless, rivers cant do e.-w. travel, only n-s *1st turnpike 1790 by lancaster turnpike in PA, highly profitable -tolls collected, broad hard surface highway -signif: touched off a turnpike building boom --(-32) US have 2.4k mi of road -st8s righters oppose fed aid to local projects -e. st8s protest vs exodus of their pop. w.ward *-11, cumberland road (nat'l road) -cumberland in w. maryland to vandalia in illinois (591 mi) by -52 -vtial highway to the w. --freight carrying cheaper, eur immi. flow over the mountain, incr of land values, swell population centers in w. *conestogas -20ft long, 4 ft deep that serve as a wagon; major mode of trasnportatoion *erie canal (-25) -363 mi, link gr8 lakes w/ hudon riv -supported by NY gov. dewitt clinton -very good, saved money *rivers -river travel via flatboats, keelboats -(-07) robert fulton install steam engine on the clermont --changed all of amer's navigable streams into 2-way arteries ---carrying capacity of rivers x2, (-60) ~1k steamboat on miss. *railroads -fast, cheaper to make, able to go anywhere -1st line by balt. and ohio CO (B and O Railroad) (-28) --60, US have 30k rr (railroad) track laid -rr's opposed by canal backers, turnpike investors, tavern keepers, and horse-and-hay selling farmers -guages become standarized, safer, soild iron rails *rev changes in commerce and communication come 30 yrs b4 civil war (tracks, canals) -NYC = amers largest port *regional specialization -east --indus, (-61) owned 81 perc of US indus capacity, 70 perc manu. workers -s. --cotton exp for NE and br;slavery, didn't want to change econ or cultu, indus growth high but indus output <2 perc -w. --breadbasket, fastest pop. growth, two northerly sections (e. and w.), interconnect economically. civil war: s. isolated *social results of industrialization -work at home less signif -devalue women work -growth of cities -rapid urbanization = problem -econ. inequality b/w rich and poor, unskilled workers worst off -immi. = largest % of pop incr. --germans bring money and skills, cath s. irish suffer discrim. *foreign commerce = 7 perc nat'l product -cotton = 50 perc of US exps --46 onward: US agri play larger role in trade w/ brit -imp more than exp -(-58) cyrus field: stretch cable b/w newfoundland and ireland -clipper: fastest ships in da world -overshadowed by new brit steamers *pony express (-60): carry mail 2k mi (st joseph, MO to sacramento, CA) -morse code remove need for pony express

Guided notes ch 11

*1800 election: federalits have enemies via alien and sedition acts *federalists damaged via john adams no declar war vs france -feds launch attacks on jefferrson, they say a lot of inflammatory remarks (most lies) *jeff win election of 1800 (73 to 65 electoral votes) -1st non-federalist president -the vote would go to (fed-dominated) house of representatives -they hated jeff and wanted to vote for burr; vote was deadlocked til alex. ham and john adams persuaded a few house memebers to change their votes cuz if burr win = public outccry = doom fed party *result in fed stepped down from office and repubs were more of the "people's party" comapred to the feds *march 4, 1801: thomas president in the capital of Wash, D.C -in his address: delcare that "all amers was federalists, all were repubs". also pledge friendship w/ all nations, no alliance doe -jeff dismiss few fed officials --> complaints from them -pardon those who in jail under sedition act -1802: enact new naturalization law that make immigrant --> citizen from 14 to 5 yrs -kicked excise tax, keep hamiltonian system -reduce militia to 2500 men (fear of large militiary since it could be turned on the people) and navies small reduction -pirates of N. amer barbary states loot us ships --1801: pasha of tripoli indirectly declare war --jeff sent infant navy to them, fighting continued for 4 yrs til jeff got peace treaty from tripoli for $60k *1-4 of the lousiana godsend i refuse to take notes abt it *lousiana purchase on apr. 30, 1803 -nap offer to sell new orleans and the land west of it (louisiana) for $15m (good deal) -opposed by feds since they took a strict interpretation of the consist. but it nevr said anything about new lands -both parties make full 180 degree turn from their beleifs abt the constit. -senate approve the purchase *feds sank low and try to scheme w/ aaron burr to make NE and NY secede from the union -durring this, bur kill ham in a duel *1806: burr arrested for treason, but witnesses nowhere to be found *louis. purchase leading to sense of loyalty and nationalism *1804: jeff win next election (162 to 14 elec. votes) but 1803: napoleon provoked brit. into renewing its war w/ france -amer trade sank as eng and france resort to indirect blows -1806: london issue the orders in council --> close ports under french continental control unless they stop @ brit port 1st -nap. order seizure of all ships --6k americans impressed (bad) from 1808-11 --situation w/ US and a royal frigate, led to Brit vs US stuff, brit killing 3 peeps on US shis, jeff still clung to peacce *jeff resort to embargo -jeff thought Brit and Franc rely on AMer goods when it was vice versa *embargo act of late 1807 basically: no exportation -pretty bad -bunch of crops that cant be exported -smuggling -repealed by congress on march 1, 1809 -reopen trade w/ all except france and england --bad since amer trade w/ them a lot -embargo didnt last long enough for any effect to happen -embargo help promote industrialism -embargo affect britain via making london order the orders in council to be suspended, but amer didnt know that *mar 4, 1809: james madison president *1810: congress adopt Macon's Bill No. 2 -permit amer trade w/ all the world, also promise amer restoration of trade to france and/or england if either dropped their ccommericial restrictions -nap. lift french commericial resitrictions --he lied lol *1811: henry clay speaker of the house *w. politicians cried out vs the indian threat on the frontier -more and more whites settle in kentucky, used to be sacred --tecumseh and the prophet (2 shawnee brothers) gather followers , urged them to vie up textile clothing for tradiitonal bucksin garments, arguing for the inds to not acknowledge the white man's ownership of land and urging that no ind. shld cede control of land to whites unless all inds agreed --nov 7, 1811: amer general kill them and burn the camp -tecumseh killed by harrison at the battle of the thames in 1813 -andreq jackson cursh inds at battle of horeshoe bend (march 27, 1814) --> end ind rebellion -war hawks say that only way rid of inds was to wipe out thier base, canada --war declared in 1812

agricultural innovations

*Steel plow -john deere *Mechanical reaper -cyrus McCormick *cottin gin -eli whitney

Revolution of 1800

*D-R party (now repub party) and fed party both have same # of electoral vote -now up to house of representatives, house went for aaron burr -alex ham do convincing to shift votes to thomas jeff *aaron angruy

john c calhoun

*D-R, war hawk *secretary of war *bureau of ind. affairs *VP -under john q. adams and andrew jackson *US Senator -democrat *null. crisi/SC exposition and protest (-28) *positive good speech (-37) *secretary of st8 -oregon territory -texas annexation *Compromise of -50

Era of Good Feelings The Marshall Court (important)

*McCulloch v Maryland (-19) -BUS constit.al under "necessary and proper" -st8s could not tax the bank - supremacy clause *gibbons vs. ogden (-24) -company try to take over trade in NYC -seen as stifiling interst8 commerce -monopoly unconst. -fed govt has right to break up monopoloies if blocked trade -incr. fed govt's interst8 commerce authority

Jefferson and the Federal Judiciary Marbury v. Madison

*Midnight Judges -Judiciary Act of 1801 --reduce supreme court seats from 6 to 5 --reorganized circuit courts; adding 16 seats -adams (F) last minute federal judicial appointments *Judiciary Act of 1802 -D-R repealsed judiciary act of 1801 *Marbury v. Madison (1803) -marbury sue madison for not giving him a position that he gave him -judiciary act of 1789 - writ of mandamus --supreme court say it's unconstit. -judicial review --determins if a law is constit. orn't -"it is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is" -- chef justice john marshall

Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase (1803)

*Napoleon's plans *Jefferson's plan -deal for $15m which x2 size of US *federalist opposition -constit. doesnt say anything about buying land -D-R and feds made 180 turn of their beliefs -also mad that the balance of power shifts towards where purchase is -burr and other feds scheme to secede from union --caught by ham --> duel where burr kill aaron -aaron committs treason , gets arrested and the necessary witnesses are suddenly gone

James Madison (D-R) (1809-17)

*Napoleonic Wars -impressment continues *macon's bill no.2 (1810) -declaration --US open trade relations w/ any country if the respective countries lift their trade restrictions --only france but nap. lied --> seems like US on side w/ france during war *w. frontier -alleged brit influ. on natives -native wars *war of 1812 *2nd bank of US

Jefferson and the Embargo Act Impressment

*Napoleonic Wars -brit vs france *brit and french impressment of amer.s -chesapeake affair: HMS Leopard vs USS Chesapeake -seems like act of war

Jefferson and the Embargo Act

*Provisions -amer goods and ships prohibited to sail for foreign ports -post x2 bond for amer cargo shipped to amer ports -later authorized executive branch to use milit. to enforce the law (180 of jeff's beliefs) *impact -incr. smuggling -amer export spending from $108m to 22 mil -agri. prices fell -shipping indus. devastated -more reliance on domestic manu. -high unemployment -little to no effect on brit. and french markets *repeal -non-intercourse act (1809)

ch 14 forging the national economy (1790 - 1860)

*US march to w. but disease *frontier people individualistic, superstitious, and un-woke *w. landscape -w.ward movement mold environment -settlers trap sea creatures to ship back e. -spirit of nationalism = appreciation of amer wilderness *mid 1800s: pop x2 every 25 yrs *-60s: 13 to 33 st8s, 4th most populous -urban growth but dirty cities -high birthrate, (-50s) irish and german immigration --US appeal via land, relig freedom, no aristocracy *the emerald isle moves west -irish potato famine (-40s) kill 2m --> flee to US -iliterate, discrim'd by older amers, received lowest paying jobs -were caths = hated by protestants -attraction to politics, often filled police as officers *the german forty eighters -1m germs pur in (-30s--60s) cuz crop fail and rev/war of -48 -more $ than irish, bought land in w. -cruicial votes but lacked power cuz spread out -contribute to US culture and isolationism -urge public ed. and freedom -resent form old amers *flare-ups of antiforeignism -"nativists": older amers who were prejudiced vs newcomers in jobs, polits, and relig -cath major faith cuz immi. -nativists fear cath. challenge protestanism --> "order of star spangled banner"/the know nothings --fought for restrictions on immi, naturalization, deportation, alien paupers --mass violence -immigrants soon lead to econ expansion and more (low paying) jobs *creeping mechanization -indus rev -land cheap, raw mats many -brit lack consumers, amer growing *whitney ends the fiber famine -samuel slater --built 1st cotton thread spinner in US in RI (1791) -cotton gin *marvels in manufacturing -embargo act (-12) encourage home manu -treaty of ghent --> brit pour surplus of cheap goods --> protective tariff of -16 -interchangeable parts -sewing machine (-46 by elias howe and issac singer) -LLC *workers and wage slaves -long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions -heavy child labor -improved by -20s and -30s -labor unions formed in -30s but hit by panic of 1837 -commonwealth v hunt (-42) legalize peaceful unions -small effectiveness of unions bcuz replaceable workers *women and the economy -in factories, poor conditions -mainly worked in nursing, domestic service, teaching -wokred b4 marraige -families smaller, feritility r8 drop -child-centered families emerge, less children and sicpline *w. famers reap a rev in the fields -trans-allegheny region (ohio-indiana-illinois) = breadbasket -steel plow and mower reaper --> large scale production , growth of cash crops *highways and steamboats -lancaster turnpike, cumberland road, 1st steambaot *clinton's big ditch in NY -gov. dewitt clinton's big itch was erie canal b/w lake erie and hudson river *iron horse -1st railroad in -28 - -60 more railroad *cables, clippers, and pony riders -s. cotton = 50 perc of exports -n. : wehat important commodity in trade w/ england -imp>exp - -58: cyrus field lay telegraph cable b/w US and eur, better one in -66 -US navy made litle progress - -40s and -50s: donald mckay built the clipper ships (good) -tea trade w/ brit -clippers beaten by brit iron steamers -speedy communication via pony express; short lived (2 yrs), replaced by telegraph wire *the transport web binds the union -steamboat better, more canals --> more trade w/ e. from w. -s. cotton to NE; w. grain and livestock for e. and europe;e. machines, textiles for s. and w. *the market revolution -business growth -widen gap b/w rich and poor -standard of living rise as wages rise

Perspectives on War of -12

*War Hawks -henry clay -john c. calhoun -felix grundy *opposition -quids --john randolph -feds -NE and merchants -unpreparedness

seneca falls convention (-48)

*a convention to discuss the social, civil, and relig. condition and rights of woman *lucretia mott *elizabeth cady stantoon *declaration of sentiments *seneca falls declaration (made after dec. of indep.)

election of 1828 campaign and mudslinging

*adams camp -coffin handbills -jackson was a "mere military chieftain" -attacked jackson as a vicious slave trader -jackson's wife as a bigamist *jacosn camp -ran jackson as a champion of the people --duelist, gambler, bar fighter, pipe-smoker, tobacco chewer --war hero: battle of horseshoe bend battle of new orleans, 1st seminole war -adams accused of giving russian czar an amer. servant girl -accused adams of using public funds for gambling

slave culture

*anti literacy *music *marriage -not legally recognized -approval of master *christianity

immigration nativism

*anti-immi. *anti-catch -believed in romanist conspiracy *attracted white anglo-saxon protestans *xenopho--bes/bia *know nothing party -aka american party or native american party -met in secret

madison and national econ

*bank of da US -lapse of 1st BUS charter -charter of 2nd BUS *tariff of -16 -1st protective tariff for domestic indus. (tax on brit imports) *internal improvments -appropriations for the cumberland road (interstate highway/more distinct path to make transportation easier) -veto of bonus bill of -17 --it unconstit.

communal societies

*brook farm -share =ity in labor and lesiure *robert owen's new harmony -utopian socialist -"village of cooperation" *shakers -common ownership and shared rewards -strict celibacy -against vices -"separate but equal" *oneida community -"perfectionists" -married to all -children raised communally

abolitionism and antislavery reforms

*causes -enlightenment-based principles -2nd great awakening *arguments -slavery considered a sin (religious) and a violation of natural rights (ideological) *american colonization society (-16) -founded by quakers, aboltionists, former upper s. slave owners, henry clay, james monroe -colony in liberia

Was Jefferson Jeffersonian?

*consider the following *the federeal judiciary *lousiana purchase *barbary/tripoli pirates *embargo act of 1807 thers gonna be powerpoint

nap gets brit to go to war w/ france

1806: london makes orders in council -shut down any france port to foreign shipping unless the ships stop in a brit port 1st

election of 1804

D-R won w/ 182 elec. votes (92%) popular perception of feds are that they're no good

HIPP thing

H istorical context I ntended audience - whom document for P urpose P oint of view - why is this person writing this thing at this time

Da big question of the age of jefferson

To what extent did Jefferson's administration and ideology maintain continuity and foster change in American politics and economics from 1787 to 1812?

Jeffersoniamism/Jeffersonian Democracy

see powerpoint most important: foreign policy, society and culture

The Great Triumvirate

w. henry clay of KT s. john c calhoun of SC n. daniel webster of mass.