APUSH UNIT 5/6 REVIEW

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

CSS Alabama claims

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Harriett Jacobs Incidents in the life of a slave girl

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Minstrel shows/darky tunes

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Monitor vs. Merrimac or Virginia/Ironclads

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Sojourner Truth/Ain't I a Woman

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Wage slaves v. bond slaves

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13th/14th/15th amendments

13. abolished slavery, 14. Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws, 15. citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Wilmot Proviso

Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S.

Freeport doctrine

Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election.**, Douglas was able to reconcile the Dred Scott Decision with popular sovereignty; voters would be able to exclude slavery by not allowing laws that treated slaves as property

Oberlin College

Founded by pious New Englanders in Ohio's Western Reserve, from the start Oberlin radiated a spirit of reform predicated on faith; it was the first college in America to admit either women or blacks, and it was a hotbed of antislavery doctrine.

Know- nothing party

Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.**because of their unknown languages and cultures. Some feared that the foreigners would outnumber them and eventually overrun the country

Daniel Webster's/7th of March Speech

He said that reason and compromise would provide the answers to all their problems. He also said that the wilmot proviso didn't matter because the mexican territory climate did not lend itself to plantations anyways so it should not matter if slaves were allowed there.

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Frederick Douglass Narrative of the life Frederick Douglass

He was born a slave in Maryland, he escaped to the North and became a prominent black abolitionist. He was a gifted orator and writer. In 1845, he published his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass.

New England emigrant aid society

Headed by Eli Thayer and was composed of rich abolitionists. Recruited Northerners and asked them settle Kansas so they could vote for a free state

Perfectionism

a disposition to feel that anything less than perfect is unacceptable

Ostend manifesto

a document drawn up in 1854 that instructed the buying of Cuba from Spain, then suggested the taking of Cuba by force It caused outrage among Northerners who felt it was a Southern attempt to extend slavery as states in Cuba would be southern states.

Declaration of Sentiments

declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights**written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the Senenca Falls Convention about women's rights

William Lloyd Garrison/The Liberator

found of abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator;" one founder of American Antislavery Society (believed in immediate abolition without slaveholder compensation)***Found his own newspaper, The Liberator. Opponents of slavery should talk about how bad the system was for blacks. Demand immediate abolition of slavery and blacks get all the rights of American citizenship. He eventually formed the American Antislavery society USER-CONTRIBUTED

Mex/Am War

Polk ord. gen. Taylor to Rio Grande to incite armed response from Mex. essential that Mex. start war, taking liberties with the truth, pres. declared Mex. passed boundary of US, invaded territory and shed Am. blood on Am. soil

Battles of Gettysburg/Vicksburg

(1862, 1863, 1863) Antietam was the bloodiest single day of the Civil War with around 23,000 casualties. More Americans died on this day than on any other day in American military history. The battle was a tactical draw, but strategic victory for the North, succeeding in ending Lee's first invasion of the North, who withdrew back to Southern territory. Gettysburg happened over the course of three days, resulting in more than 45,000 casualties. It was a loss for the Confederates and ended Lee's second invasion of the North. The battle of Vicksburg, more accurately called the Siege of Vicksburg, was the final major military action of the Civil War. The loss of the fort to the Union commander, Ulysses Grant, gave the Union control of the Mississippi. It, along with Lee's loss at Gettysburg on the day before, is considered to be the turning point of the war.

Commonwealth v Hunt

(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.

Harper's Ferry raid

1859, John Brown seized the US arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

Divorce Bill

A bill passed by Van Buren in 1837, that divorced the government from banking altogether, and established an independent treasury, so the governemtn could lock its money in vaults in several of the larger cities.

Peculiar institution

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.

Oregon Trail

A historical route to the western United States extending from various cities on the Missouri River to Oregon and the West coast.**pioneer trail that began in missouri and crossed the great plains into the oregon country

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.***Term referring to bloodshed over popular sovereignty in a particular western territory USER-CONTRIBUTED

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

Compromise of 1850/Fugitive slave law

Agreement that set new laws about slavery in some states. Fugitive Slave Law required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves, even if they were in the North.***Henry Clay of Kentucky introduced the following four compromises: 1) California was admitted to the union as a free state. 2) Territorial governments in Utah and New Mexico let the people in the territories decide if they were free or a slave state. 3) Importing slaves was banned form the District of Colombia. 4) A new fugitive slave law required federal marshals to help recapture fugitives. U

Shakers

American religious sect devoted to the teachings of Ann Lee Stanley, prohibited marriage and sexual relationships**Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers, believed that they and all other churches had grown too interested in this world and neglectful of their afterlives. They also prohibited marriage and sexual relationships.

Thoreau

American writer, poet, and philosopher who believed in simple living and personal freedom

Eli Whitney

An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

John Brown

An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory

Grimke Sisters

Angelina and Sarah Grimke wrote and lectured vigorously on reform causes such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and the abolitionist movement.

Richmond Bread riot

April 186, a bread riot broke out in Richmond, hundred of woman rampaged through downtown breaking windows and stealing food and other goods.

Appomattox courthouse

April 1865., the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War***A town in Virginia where Lee surrendered what was left of his forces. Nine days later, near Durham, North Carolina, Johnston surrendered to Sherman

Anti-Catholic riots

As the number of Irish immigrants increased, a wave of Catholic discrimination hit the country. Catholics faced violence and outright intolerance. Nativism was the attitude of American born men responding to immigration. Natives viewed Catholics and undemocratic and thought they would eventually take over the United States. There were frequent anti-Catholic riots especially in Boston. Mobs burnt down Catholic girls schools while the police just stood there and watched. Catholic institutions began posting armed guards outside their churches. There were also riots in Philadelphia over the use of Bibles in public schools.

Unitarianism

Christian doctrine that stresses individual freedom of belief and rejects the Trinity**religion that questioned the Trinity, believed in free will and salvation based on good works

Battle of Antietam/Emancipation Proclamation

Civil War battle near Antietam creek in which the North succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of US history up until that point with the most casualties suffered at a loss of 25,000. Fought on September 17th, 1862.

Republican Mother

Concept that women should educate themselves in the principles of liberty, independence, and democracy so as to inculcate the coming generation with these republicans values.

Battle of Ft. Sumter

Confederate troops attack Fort Sumter. The fort fell into Confederate hands. first battle of Civil War.**first shots were fired in the Civil War; event that started the Civil War

Andrew Johnson's impeachment

Congress passed a law that said that the Senate had to approve of the President firing a cabinet member. This happened when President Johnson tested this law by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without approval

John C. Fremont/pathfinder

First presidential candidate of the republican party. 3rd expedition - looked for Arkansas River.

Free -soil party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Tenant farming/sharecropping

Landowners rented land to farmers who usually supplied them with farming tools and a crude house, farmers grew crops for landowners and kept a small percentage, often not enough to sell. Farmers lived in poverty as a result.

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

Jim Crow

Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government.

Sumner-Brooks clash

Massachusetts representative Charles Sumner delivered a speech on Capital Hill. Preston Brooks, nephew of Sen. Butler whom Sumner was verbally attacking, broke a cane over Sumner's head in the middle of his speech. The attack was supported by the South. It shows that if the most educated, mature representatives are resorting to violence, there must be serious tensions among the uneducated.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildalgo

Peace treaty between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican War. Mexico gave Texas the Rio Grande boundary, California, and New Mexico-$15 million for the territory.

Oneida

Perfectionist Utopian movement. People lived in a commune and shared everything, even marriages.

/Presidential election. of 1864

Presidential Election in which Lincoln and Johnson ran as a part of the Union Party, General George B. McClellan ran as a Democrat; Fremont ran on the Radical Republican platform; Lincoln won; "Don't change horses in the middle of a stream"

New York Draft riot

Reaction to the Union military draft; anti-black Irish Americans burnt down buildings and killed blacks; feared for their jobs; opposition of draft by immigrants & laborers

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.

Scalawags

Southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

/crop lien system

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

Lincoln Douglas Debates

The 1858 series of slavery debates between Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln preceding the election of 1860***a series of debates between Republican Abraham Lincoln and Democrat Stephen Douglas during the 1858 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois USER-CONTRIBUTED

Commodore Perry

The Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.

Joseph Smith/Mormons

The Mormons were leaving the Americas, Joseph Smith was killed in Carthridge Jail. Gets called to join in the Mexican War. Mormon Betallion=cash money. If men went, families were sent money. Brigham Young moved the saints to illanois, giving them isolation to grow and develop. Gold rush=gold missionaries. The Mormon church was founded in April of 1830 which consisted of 6 members but by 1844 there were 15,000 members.

Wade-Davis Bill/pocket veto

The Wade Davis Bill, proposed by Radical Republicans, said that: 1. white males in formerly confederate states had to take an oath of loyalty 2. once 50% of the state's population took the oat, the state would then hold a constitutional convention to elect a new state government 3. All State governments had to abolish slavery, reject CSA debts, and deny members of the confederacy the right to vote Lincoln refused it with a pocket veto- letting it expire without signing

Freedman's bureau

The bureau's focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools.***, federal agency set up in 1865 to provide food, schools, and medical care to freed slaves in the South

Presidential election of 1860

The presidential election of 1860 was won by Abraham Lincoln, the republican candidate. He won no southern states, which angered the South sparking states to secede from the Union.

Kansas Nebraska Act

This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.***Law that split the Nebraska territory into kansas and Nebraska and allowed people to vote on slavery in these territories USER-CONTRIBUTED

Lowell system

This system developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the production process; the workers were almost all young single farm woman.

Seneca Falls convention

This was a meeting of feminists at Seneca Falls where the women mimicked the Declaration to include women and their grievances as well as demanded the vote. The convention started the feminist movement.

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi River, and to take an army through heart of south

Emerson

United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)*Transcendentalist

Seward's folly or icebox

William Seward (secretary of State) bought Alaska from the Russians in 1867 in an attempt to spread American influence. He was criticized by the press for his choice, but public attitude changed after the discovery of gold.

Uncle Tom's cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.LINCOLN

Civil Disobedience

a group's refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination) **opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment

Transcendentalism

a nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.

Turner Rebellion

although it was unsuccessful, it was the most violent slave rebellion in American history; took place in 1831 and was led by a slave from Southampton County, Virginia; it prompted many states to strengthen their slave codes

10 Nights in a barroom

books about the dangers of alcohol

Carpetbaggers

northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction

Temperance

restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food

54.40 or fight

slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk.**Polk used this as a campaign slogan, implying that the he would declare war if Britain did not give the United States all the Oregon territory up to its northern boundary.

McGuffey's Reader

taught children to recite popular rhymes that the patriotic words of Washington, Patrick Henry, Daniel Webster and Henry Clay

Nativism

the belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners**a policy of favoring native-born americans over immigrants

Popular sovereignty

the concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government***basic principle of the american system of government which asserts that the people are the source of any and all governmental power, and government can exist only with the consent of the goverm.

Battle of 1st Bull Run/Manassas

the first major land battle of the American Civil War; Unseasoned Union Army troops under Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell advanced across Bull Run against the equally unseasoned Confederate Army under Brig. Gens. Joseph E. Johnston**

Deism

the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation

Cult of domesticity

the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

Camp meetings

the name for the revivalist gatherings of the early 1800s where as many as 25,000 people gathered to drink the hellfire gospel.**biggest one was Cane Ridge

Atlanta campaign

was a series of battles fought in the Western Theater throughout northwest Georgia and the area around Atlanta, Georgia, during the summer of 1864, leading to the eventual fall of Atlanta and hastening the end of the American Civil War GENERAL SHERMAN