APUSH Unit 6 test

International and internal migration increased urban populations and fostered the growth of a new urban culture.

A. As cities became areas of economic growth featuring new factories and businesses, they attracted immigrants from Asia and from southern and eastern Europe, as well as African American migrants within and out of the South. Many migrants moved to escape poverty, religious persecution, and limited opportunities for social mobility in their home countries or regions. B. Urban neighborhoods based on particular ethnicities, races, and classes provided new cultural opportunities for city dwellers. C. Increasing public debates over assimilation and Americanization accompanied the growth of international migration. Many migrants negotiated compromises between the cultures they brought and the cultures they found in the United States. D. In an urban atmosphere where the access to power was unequally distributed, political machines thrived, in part by providing immigrants and the poor with social services. E. Corporations need for managers and for male and female clerical workers as well as increased access to educational institutions, fostered the growth of a distinctive middle class. A growing amount of leisure time also helped to expand consumer culture.

Large scale industrial production -- accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, and pro growth government policies -- generated rapid economic development and business consolidation.

A. Following the Civil War, government subsidies for transportation and communication systems helped open new markets in North America. B. Businesses made use of technological innovations, greater access to natural resources, redesigned financial and management structures, advances in marketing, and a growing labor force to dramatically increase the production of goods. C. As the price of many goods decreased. workers real wages increased, providing new access to a variety of goods and services; many Americans standards of living improved, while the gap between rich and poor grew. D. Many business leaders sought increased profits by consolidating corporations into large trusts and holding companies, which further consolidated wealth. E. Businesses and foreign policymakers increasingly looked outside US borders in an effort to gain greater influence and control over markets and natural resources in the Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin America.

New systems of production and transportation enabled consolidation within agriculture, which, along with periods of instability, spurred a variety of responses from farmers.

A. Improvements in mechanization helped agricultural production increase substantially and contributed to declines in food prices. B. Many farmers responded to the increasing consolidation in agricultural markets and their dependence on the evolving railroad system by creating local and regional cooperative organizations. C. Economic instability inspired agrarian activists to create the People's Party (Populists), which called for a stronger governmental role in regulating the American economic system.

New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social order of the Gilded Age.

A. Social commentators advocated theories later described as Social Darwinism to justify the success of those at the top of the socioeconomic structure as both appropriate and inevitable. B. Some business leaders argued that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help the less fortunate and improve society, as articulated in the idea known as the Gospel of Wealth, and they made philanthropic contributions that enhanced educational opportunities and urban environments. C. A number of artists and critics, including agrarians, utopians, socialists, and advocates of the Social Gospel, championed alternative visions for the economy and US society.

A variety of perspectives on the economy and labor developed during a time of financial panics and downturns.

A. Some argued that laissez faire policies and competition promoted economic growth in the long run, and they opposed government intervention during economic downturns. B. The industrial workforce expanded and became more diverse through internal and international migration; child labor also increased. C. Labor and management battled over wages and working conditions, with workers organizing local and national unions and/or directly confronting business leaders. D. Despite the industrialization of some segments of the Southern economy -- a change promoted by Southern leaders who called for a "New South" -- agriculture based on sharecropping and tenant farming continued to be the primary economic activity in the South.

Larger numbers of migrants moved to the West in search of land and economic opportunity, frequently provoking competition and violent conflict.

A. The building of transcontinental railroads, the discovery of mineral resources, and government policies promoted economic growth and created new communities and centers of commercial activity. B. In hopes of achieving self sufficiency and independence, migrants moved to both rural and boomtown areas of the West for opportunities, such as building the railroads, mining, farming, and ranching. C. As migrant populations increased in number and the American bison population was decimated, competition for land and resources in the West among white settlers, American Indians, and Mexican Americans led to an increase in violent conflict. D. The US Government violated treaties with American Indians and responded to resistance with military force, eventually confining American Indians to reservations and denying tribal sovereignity. E. Many American Indians preserved their cultures and tribal identities despite government policies promoting assimilation, and they attempted to develop self-sustaining economic practices.

Dramatic social changes in the period inspired political debates over citizenship, corruption, and the proper relationship between business and government.

A. The major political parties appealed to lingering divisions from the Civil War and contended over tariffs and currency issues, even as reformers argued that economic greed and self-interest had corrupted all levels of government. B. Many women sought greater equality with men, often joining voluntary organizations, going to college, promoting social and political reform, and, like Jane Addams, working in settlement houses to help immigrants adapt to US language and customs. C. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v Ferguson that upheld racial segregation helped to mark the end of most of the political gains African Americans made during Reconstruction. Facing increased violence, discrimination, and scientific theories of race, African Americans continued to fight for political and social equality.

Turner Thesis

After the closing of the American Frontier, Harvard professor Frederick Jackson Turner wrote a thesis in 1893 that concluded that the West (Frontier) personified the story of America. He displayed the importance of how the Frontier line had always sparked individual strength and democracy. He believed that the West was the most important component of the American story. Adversaries of the thesis conclude that Turner overemphasized the importance of the frontier, as other issues like immigration and industrialization were larger stories

Dawes Act

An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism.

What did the "Gospel of Wealth" suggest as an answer to the inequality Carnegie observed?

Benefactors should use their wealth to create greater economic opportunity.

tariff trends in the gilded age

Farmers fell victim as well to the tariff policy of the United States during the Gilded Age. They were forced to buy all the manufactured goods they needed for survival on a market protected by tariff legislation at artificially high prices while selling what they produced on a largely unprotected and highly competitive market at depressed prices because of oversupply and foreign competition. The aim of American protective tariffs during the Gilded Age was to try to guarantee the American market to the American manufacturer of finished products at a profit. The federal government consciously sought to achieve this aim as a means of encouraging the industrial revolution after the Civil War. By putting an import tax or duty on manufactured goods being imported into the United States by foreign manufacturers , the government hoped to make them more expensive than the similar American manufactured goods. This virtually guaranteed that American consumers, seeking to maximize their disposable income, would buy American goods. Protective tariffs were one of the many reasons why American industry grew so quickly during the final third of the nineteenth century. Industrial manufacturers and the people who invested in American industry as well as some of their employees were the strongest supporters of this protectionist tariff policy. They argued that protective tariffs were temporarily necessary to encourage investment in industrial concerns by making them less risky. They also claimed that infant industries in the United States needed this form of protection from more powerful and well established European competitors. They conceded that such a policy would raise costs to consumers in the short run. Only with tariff protection, however, could the United States be rapidly industrialized. In the long run, America's dependence on foreign manufacturers would be ended, American dollars would be kept in America, consumers would benefit from newer and better products, and more jobs would be created for laborers. Opponents of the country's tariff policy included consumers, farmers, small businessmen, etc. They argued that tariffs were simply rip-offs of the consumer by greedy robber barons and the bankers who supported them. They laughed at the idea that American big businesses were fledgling, infantile operations that needed protection. Farmers felt doubly discriminated against because they felt the tariffs were applied primarily to manufactured goods while agrarian interests were left to fend for themselves.

patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

"In August 1865, the photographer Marcus Ormsbee... took a formal portrait of several groups of craft workers in their different shops.... At the center of the photograph, at Outcault's carpentry shop, stands the conventional artisan trio of master, journeyman, and apprentice, still at the heart of the city's workshop world—yet class differences mark these craftsmen's every feature.... Brooding above everyone, a new brick manufactory seals off its employees from the street and from public view. Small shop and large enterprise converge; New York remains a blend of old and new." Which of the following is one important continuity in urban life in the United States throughout the nineteenth century?

Immigrants formed an important part of the manufacturing workforce.

Which of the following characteristics of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe did NOT contribute to cultural tension after they arrived in America in the late 19th century?

Immigrants unanimously supported temperance laws.

Why did the United States annex Hawaii?

In order to protect the economic interests of sugar planters.

What changes led to the inequality Carnegie described during the late 19th century?

Increasing industrialization and economic consolidation

How does this excerpt relate to the 19th century concepts of domesticity and separate spheres?

It shows how widespread the concepts were and urged women to conform.

Which of the following was a difference between the immigration from 1865 to 1895 depicted in the graph and immigration in the 1840s and 1850s?

More immigrants in the 1840s and 1850s arrived with cultural practices similar to those of Americans than did the immigrants who arrived between 1865 and 1895.

Was the relationship between immigrants and political machines in the late 19th century cooperative or oppositional?

Political machines provided favors to immigrants in exchange for votes.

What impact did Reconstruction have on the legal rights of freedmen living in the post-bellum South?

Reconstruction had few benefits because federal laws were poorly enforced.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

"To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautiful. . . . If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and blurs some of its harsher conditions, may they not have a duty to perform in our American cities? . . . [I]f woman would fulfill her traditional responsibility to her own children; if she would educate and protect from danger factory children who must find their recreation on the street . . . then she must bring herself to the use of the ballot—that latest implement for self-government." Which of the following would have been most likely to support the sentiments expressed by Addams in the excerpt?

Settlement house workers

How much economic opportunity did blacks have in the post-bellum South?

Sharecropping meant blacks had were trapped in a cycle of economic dependency.

"Competition is a law of nature . . . and can no more be done away with than gravitation. . . . [I]f we do not like survival of the fittest, we have only one possible alternative, survival of the unfittest. The former is the law of civilization, the latter is the law of anti-civilization." The quote above is an example of which of the following schools of thought?

Social Darwinism

What connection, if any, did Social Darwinism have to American imperialism?

Social Darwinism supported American imperialism by arguing some people were naturally inferior to others.

"Another marked characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon is what may be called an instinct or genius for colonizing. His unequaled energy, his indomitable perseverance, and his personal independence, made him a pioneer. He excels all others in pushing his way into new countries." Americans advocating the ideas expressed in the passage above would be most accurately described as

Social Darwinists

"As the early years at Hull House show, female participation in that area of reform grew out of a set of needs and values peculiar to middle-class women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Settlement workers did not set out to become reformers. They were rather women trying to fulfill existing social expectations for self-sacrificing female service while at the same time satisfying their need for public recognition, authority, and independence. In the process of attempting to weave together a life of service and professional accomplishment, they became reformers as the wider world defined them." — Robyn Muncy, historian, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890-1935, published in 1991 Settlement house work as described by Muncy had the most in common with women's activism during which of the following earlier periods?

The Second Great Awakening in the first half of the 1800s

Which of the following statements best describes the status of Native American tribes in the late 19th century?

The US government no longer treated the tribes as sovereign units and forced them onto modest reservations.

What factors contributed to the growth of the middle class during the late 19th century?

The expansion of educational opportunities and increasing professional employment.

New immigrants vs. old immigrants

The so-called "old immigration" described the group European immigrants who "came mainly from Northern and Central Europe (Germany and England) in early 1800 particularly between 1820 and 1890 they were mostly protestant" and they came in groups of families they were highly skilled, older in age, and had moderate amount of money in addition, they were quick to assimilate with the American citizens their main reason for coming was to seek settlement and escape the poverty and food scarcity due to droughts . As for the New immigrants, they were younger mostly male dominant "they came from Eastern and Southern Europe from countries like Italy, Poland, Greece, Russia they came in search of Economic opportunities" but most of them never intended to become American citizen they were working in the US just earn enough to send money back to their familiar which gave them the name " Birds of Passage". The new wave of immigrants was either catholic, orthodox, or Jewish they came impoverished, unskilled, and illiterate also most of the immigrants from the new wave came separately as a form of smaller groups or individuals like a father and son or single men who were looking for jobs.

What impact did the Indian boarding schools have on Native American culture?

They accelerated the cultural assimilation process although not in a uniform fashion.

What was the most common method workers used to confront business owners and managers during the late 19th century?

They formed labor unions and called for strikes

What position did the Populist Party take on laissez-faire economics?

They opposed laissez-faire economics because it rejected government regulation.

Why did Congressmen enact the Chinese Exclusion Act?

They wanted to reduce economic competition from Chinese laborers.

Hard vs. Soft Money

Two different groups of opposition to the BUS, the first wanted more currency in circulation and believed that issuing bank notes unsupported by gold and silver was the best way to circulate more currency, while the second believed that gold and silver were the only basis for money and condemned all banks that issues bank notes, including BUS (Jackson and his supporters)

women in the west

Women held many responsibilities during the westward expansion, such as managing the movement of households overland, establishing social activities in pioneer settlements, and sharing the hard labor of farming new land. The western frontier also gave rise to many famous women who countered traditional gender roles.

Jane Addams began the settlement house movement with her Hull House in Chicago, which provided social services primarily to

immigrants

"As the early years at Hull House show, female participation in that area of reform grew out of a set of needs and values peculiar to middle-class women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Settlement workers did not set out to become reformers. They were rather women trying to fulfill existing social expectations for self-sacrificing female service while at the same time satisfying their need for public recognition, authority, and independence. In the process of attempting to weave together a life of service and professional accomplishment, they became reformers as the wider world defined them." Women working in settlement houses such as Hull House initially sought to help

immigrants adapt to American customs and language

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900