APUSH Vocabulary Review Progressives, Imperialism, and WW1
Teller Amendment
An amendment sponsored by Republican senator Henry M. Teller and adopted by Congress on April 20, 1898. It authorized the use of U.S. military force to establish Cuban independence from Spain. It also stated that, once the US had won the war, Cuba would be independent and American would not annex it. The amendment followed President William McKinley's request for force on April 11 and was supported in lieu of a U.S. annexation of Cuba. A U.S. protectorate over the island was established under the Platt Amendment.
Square Deal
"Square Deal" was a phrased used to describe Theodore Roosevelt's governing philosophy during progressive external image 189 Theodore Roosevelt movement. The square deal was imposed to help the middle class while still protecting business, thus not favoring either end of the spectrum. By definition, the term "square deal" implied that everyone reaped some sort of benefit. The square deal was based on the following principle ideas: Conservation, Regulating Business Monopolies, Enforcing the Anti-Trust Act, Supporting Progressive Ideas.
Great White Fleet
1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Roosevelt used it to enforce his Big Stick policy.Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement." It was used as combat in the Spanish-American War.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria (18 December 1863 - 28 June 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia and, from 1896 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. This caused the Central Powers (including Germany and Austria-Hungary) and Serbia's allies to declare war on each other, starting World War I.
George Dewey
George Dewey was a United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War. He was also a U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippine. Dewey was a US commodore who commanded the American Asiatic Squadron at Hong Kong. On February 25, 1898, Roosevelt cabled him, telling him to descend upon the Philippines upon the event of war with Spain. On May 1, he took his 6 warships and destroyed the Spanish fleet stationed in Manila. He was promoted to the rank of admiral.
November 11,1918
Germany asks for an armistice and ends the war. This ends the war in the battleground.
Eugene V. Debs
He was a labor leader arrested during the Pullman Strike (1894). He hated capitalism so he converted to socialism.Debs ran for president five times between 1900 and 1920. In 1920, he campaigned from prison where he was being held for opposition to American involvement in World War I.
Henry Cabot Lodge
Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty. Lodge was also the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened. Lodge was the leader of the Reservationist. Lodge's delay tactics, which included reading the 264-page treaty aloud in a committee meeting, helped to muddy the once-favorable public opinion.
Hepburn Act
Hepburn Act of 1906 restricted railroad "free passes" and expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission to include in its powers the prosecution of express companies, sleeping-car companies, and pipelines. For the first time gave the ICC that ability to nullify existing rates and set maximum rates. The Hepburn Act expanded the powers of the 1903 Elkins Act. It gave ICC rulings the force of law (where before only the courts could enforce the regulations) and allowed the Commission to set maximum "fair, just, and reasonable" rates.
Ida Tarbell
Ida Tarbell was a muckraker who worked with Steffens and McClure's Magazine spending 6 years exposing John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil's ruthless treatment to competitors, the government, and the public. She wrote "The History of the Standard Oil" which exposed the Rockefeller's company and was credited by New York University to be the 5th best book at the time. Her writings against the company broke up the Standard Oil's monopoly. She helped strengthened the idea of ending monopolies.
Booker T. Washington
In 1881, Booker T Washington founded the Tuskegee Institute, a black school in Alabama devoted to training teachers. Washington was also behind the formation of the National Negro Business League 20 years later, and he served as an adviser to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. Although Washington clashed with other black leaders such as W. E. B. Du Bois and drew ire for his seeming acceptance of segregation, he is recognized for his educational advancements and attempts to promote economic self-reliance among African Americans.
Interstate Commerce Act
It was created by the Elkins Act. It was established the federal government's right to oversee railroad activities. It also required railroads to public their rate schedules and file them with the government. This helped farmers to send their products to markets without paying too much money.
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis was a Muckraker who described the life of workers in New York slums through his book "How The Other Half Lives." This book became an important push for muckraking which started in the 1900's. He helped show people what was the devastated life of workers and helped inspire people like Theodore Roosevelt who later took this to heart in starting to reform the country. Jacob Riis is known for starting muckraking journalism.
Jingoism
Jingoism is extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy. In practice, it is a country's advocation of the use of threats or actual force against other countries in order to safeguard what it perceives as its national interests. Colloquially, it refers to excessive bias in judging one's own country as superior to others - an extreme type of nationalism. It was a reason for the Spanish-American War.
Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine the policy, as stated by President Monroe in 1823, that the U.S. opposed further European colonization of and interference with independent nations in the Western Hemisphere made them isolationists. It was created due to fear of European influence. It made most European countries angry, but they obliged to follow it. It gave manifest destiny to thrive without the influence of European powers. It was tested during the time of WW1.
Pancho Villa
Pancho villa was also known as Francisco Villa. He attempted to provoke a war between Mexico and the U.S by killing Americans. He was a rival of Carranza. In 1914 Carranzo was challenged by Pancho Villa, who had been a general in the Mexican army. Villa was driven north & began raiding U.S. towns near the border for money & supplies. Pancho villa was a Mexican "Robin Hood" who hated the United States. His followers killed a total of 35 American citizens, angering the United States who sent a force to attempt to capture him.
April 2, 1917
President Woodrow Wilson goes to war and declares war on Germany. This marks the breakage of isolationism and begins the U.S. involvement in WW1.
Wilson Gorman Tariff
Provided moderate reduction in tariff rates. Included a 2 percent income tax on incomes of more than $2,000.Income tax was declared unconstitutional a year later.
Ray Stannard Baker
Ray Stannard Baker was also a muckraker who showed the disadvantages of African-Americans. He wrote the book, " Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy" becoming the first prominent journalist to look into the racial divide. It became successful in front of the public. He also became the press secretary for President Woodrow Wilson during peace negotiations after the WW1.
Russo-Japanese War
Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both countries sent representatives to Portsmouth, NH where Theodore Roosevelt mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace prize for his efforts, became the 1st president to do so.
July 28, 1914
Serbia refuses Austria-Hungary's ultimatium thus declares war on Serbia and starts WW1.
Irreconcilables v. Reservationists
Some Senators would have been willing to support the League of Nations if certain reservations were made to the treaty they were called Reservationists. Henry Cabot Lodge was the leader of that group.The Irreconcilables voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations. In the end the U.S. did not sign the treaty and did not join the League of Nations.
Valeriano "the Butcher" Weyle
Spanish governor in charge of suppressing the Cuban revolution, 1896-1898.His brutal "reconcentration" tactics earned him the nickname of the "Butcher" in America's yellow press. His tactics made the American people wanting to fight the Spanish to stop the brutality.
San Francisco Fire
Started by an earthquake at 5:12 am on April 18th, 1906. The earthquake caused a fire that burned most of the city. Many people saw this as an opportunity to rebuild the city in a new. They built the buildings more fire proof and sturdier so less damage can happen when another earthquake happens.
Susan B. Anthony
Susan B. Anthony was a lecturer for women's rights. She was a Quaker. Many conventions were held for the rights of women in the 1840s. Susan B. Anthony was a strong woman who believed that men and women were equal. She fought for her rights even though people objected. She and Cady Stanton helped found the National Women Suffrage Association.
Effects of WW1 technology
Technology during World War I reflected a trend toward industrialism and the application of mass-production methods to weapons and to the technology of warfare in general. This trend began at least fifty years prior to World War I during the American Civil War of 1861-1865, and continued through many smaller conflicts in which soldiers and strategists tested new weapons. One could characterize the earlier years of the First World War as a clash of 20th-century technology with 19th-century warfare in the form of ineffective battles with huge numbers of casualties on both sides. On land, only in the final year of the war did the major armies made effective steps in revolutionizing matters of command and control and tactics to adapt to the modern battlefield and start to harness the myriad new technologies to effective military purposes. Tactical reorganizations went hand-in-hand with armored cars, the first submachine guns, and automatic rifles that a single individual soldier could carry and use.
"Golden Rule"
The "Golden Rule" is do unto others as you would have them do unto you. It was used by Samuel M. Jones a Welsh businessman in Toledo, Ohio. He gave his workers fair treatment like paid vacations and 8-hour work days. He used this rule as a platform to run for mayor.
16th Amendment
The 16th amendment gave Congress the power to tax income. Progressives liked the idea because it would take money from the wealthy and give it to the government who who create projects that would benefit all people. Income tax became the fact of life for the American people. It was one of the first progressive amendments.
17th Amendment
The 17th amendment allowed calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures. Progressives felt that senators should be chosen just as members of the House of Representatives. They believed it would give voters more power and cut down corruption in the Senate. This kept the political bosses from getting too much power in governments.
18th Amendment
The 18th Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages. This amendment was passed by the help of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and the Anti-Saloon League where prohibitionists protested for prohibition.More support came when America joined World War I as prohibitionists argued that it would support soldiers oversees by stop the use of alcohol. They also argued that it would make American workers more efficient.
19th Amendment
The 19th amendment allowed women the right to vote. The amendment was passed by the help of new generation activists like Alice Paul and Carrie Chapman Catt. The created the National Women's Party where they picketed in front of the White House for voting rights, however they arrested and treated cruelly like force feeding when they go in hunger strikes. With the help of Congress and President Wilson the states ratified the amendment in 1920 and became a law. It is also known as the Susan B. Anthony amendment.
New Nationalism
The New Nationalism was Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice. It was a more radical program of reform calling for more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage and more social welfare programs. Big Businesses needed Big Government as an equalizer. It also favored a continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions and the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington.
Open Door Policy
The Open Door Policy Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade. Open Door Policy stated that the door for trade was to be left open and duty free in China, leaving the Chinese alone and stopping imperialism in the region, it was a bold statement of leadership. This policy was a message send by secretary of state John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy & Japan asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China.
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
The Payne-Aldrich Tariff was set in 1909. It was a moderately reductive bill to reduce tariffs, however senators had tacked on hundreds of upward tariff revisions. President Taft signed it, outraging the progressive wing of his Republican party. It was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Republican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).
Pure Food and Drug Act
The Pure Food and Drug Act (PFDA) prohibited the interstate transportation and sale of impure, contaminated food. The law was an important element of Roosevelt's Square Deal Domestic Policy and an important piece of legislation during the history of the Progressive Era. The Pure Food and Drug Act was the first federal law to regulate foods and drugs and a direct result of the scandals of the unsanitary methods used by the food industry that were revealed in 'The Jungle' written by the Progressive author Upton Sinclair. The Pure Food and Drug Act (PFDA) was signed by President Roosevelt on June 30, 1906, the same day as the Meat Inspection Act.
Bull Moose Party
The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before. He called "Bull Moose" because TR said he felt "as strong as a bull moose" which then became the unofficial Progressive symbol.The Bull Moose was a third party, which like all third party's fail to win.
Roosevelt Corollary
The Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union address in 1904 after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902-03.The corollary states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly. The Gunboat diplomacy was a diplomacy in which the nations threaten to use force in order to obtain their objectives.
Treaty of Versailles
This treaty was created to solve problems made by World War I. Germany was forced to accept the treaty. It was composed of only four of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson. The treaty punished Germany and did nothing to stop the threat of future wars. It maintained the pre-war power structure. It also stated that Germany would owe $33 billion to the Allies and that they must assume full responsibility. The United States was never able to sign this treaty.
De Lome Letter
This was a private letter from de Lome, the Spanish minister, to President McKinley. It described him as "weak and catering to the rabble and, besides, a low politician who desires to leave a door open to himself and to stand well with the jingos of his party." This letter was stolen by Hearst (yellow journalism) and published, causing a great deal of anger. This helped to cause the Spanish-American War of 1898.
Woodrow Wilson
28th president of the United States he used Moral Diplomacy as his foreign policy. Known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage in 1920. Made US most powerful country in world, declared neutrality to get US to mediate end to war for peace. Had to asked for declaration of war in order to bring peace and promote democracy, associated power of allies. Treaty of Versailles, He created his 14 points post-war plan for the creation of the League of Nations,but failed to win U.S. ratification, won Nobel Peace Prize for his 14 point plan.
War Bonds
A Liberty Bond was a war bond that was sold in the United States to support the allied cause in World War I. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial securities to many citizens for the first time. The Act of Congress which authorized the Liberty Bonds is still used today as the authority under which all U.S. Treasury bonds are issued. Securities, also known as Liberty Bonds, were issued in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks to finance the rebuilding of the areas affected.
Alfred T. Mahan
Alfred T. Mahan: American Naval officer and historian. He is most famous for his book "The Influence of Sea Power on History" which defined Naval strategy. His philosophies had a major influence on the Navies of many nations resulting in a igniting of naval races between countries. Mahan said control of the sea was key to world dominance.
Sargent Alvin York
Alvin Cullum York (December 13, 1887 - September 2, 1964), known also by his rank, Sergeant York, was one of the most decorated soldiers of the United States Army in World War I. He received the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest, taking 35 machine guns, killing at least 28 German soldiers, and capturing 132 others. York's Medal of Honor action occurred during the United States-led portion of the broader Meuse-Argonne Offensive in France, which was intended to breach the Hindenburg line and make the opposing German forces surrender.
Women's Suffrage organizations
American women's rights organization was established by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in May of 1890.They pushed for federal government reforms for women's equality like voting. They even tried to vote at occasions, but were arrested for voter fraud.This and other groups led to the nineteenth amendment, women's suffrage.The WSA is an American women's rights organization that was established by Lucy Stone in 1869. They favored lobbying in the states rather than in Washington D.C. As the federal government denied women's rights many people saw that Stone and the WSA were right. In 1890, NWSA and WSA joined forces.
Food Administration
An administration created to feed wartime America and its allies. Herbert Hoover, a Quaker-humanitarian, was chosen as the leader, mostly because of his already existent title of "hero" that he acquired leading a massive charitable drive to feed the starving people of war-racked Belgium. This was the most successful of the wartime administrations.
Australian ballot (secret ballot)
Is a progressive reform which ensured privacy at the ballot box so that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted . It was used because of the influence of factory owners threatening workers to make the vote the owners wanted. Many factory owners and party bosses disliked the idea because they could not influence the vote. It also also allowed people to split their ticket between parties.
Clayton Anti-trust Act
Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914, passed by the U.S. Congress as an amendment to clarify and supplement the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. It was drafted by Henry De Lamar Clayton. The act prohibited exclusive sales contracts, local price cutting to freeze out competitors, rebates, interlocking directorates in corporations capitalized at $1 million or more in the same field of business, and intercorporate stock holdings. Labor unions and agricultural cooperatives were excluded from the forbidden combinations in the restraint of trade. The act restricted the use of the injunction against labor, and it legalized peaceful strikes, picketing, and boycotts. It declared that "the labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce."
Characteristics of Progressives
Concerns of effects of industrialization wanted to regulate big bisnesses ; Optimism of human naturepeople could be informed and then solve problem. Willingness to intervene in people's livessometimes used authority from govenment. Drew from Protestant beliefs, duty to purge world of sin.Environment big effect on individual, change would change both.Touched the whole nation lots of people caught up in it.
Direct Primary
Direct Primaries gave party members the chance to choose their party members. It was introduced by Robert LaFollette during his tenure as Governor of Wisconsin. Progressives believed that this way more people would come into politics making the country more democratic. It helped accomplish many goals for progressives.
Eddie Rickenbacker
Edward Vernon Rickenbacker (October 8, 1890 - July 23, 1973) was an American fighter ace in World War I and Medal of Honor recipient. With 26 aerial victories, he was America's most successful fighter ace in the war. He was also a race car driver and automotive designer, a government consultant in military matters and a pioneer in air transportation, particularly as the longtime head of Eastern Air Lines. During World War I, with its anti-German atmosphere, he — like many other German Americans — changed his surname; the "h" in "Rickenbacher" became a "k" in an effort to "take the Hun out of his name." As he was already well known at the time, the change received wide publicity. "From then on", as he wrote in his autobiography, "most Rickenbachers were practically forced to spell their name in the way I had...".
Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo was leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.Aguinaldo led a Filipino insurrection against the Spanish in 1896 and assisted the U.S. invasion. He served as leader of the provisional government but was removed by the U.S. because he wanted to make the Philippines independent before the U.S. felt it was ready for independence.
Boxer Rebellion
In 1900, in what became known as the Boxer Rebellion (or the Boxer Uprising), a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there. The rebels, referred to by Westerners as Boxers because they performed physical exercises they believed would make them able to withstand bullets, killed foreigners and Chinese Christians and destroyed foreign property. From June to August, the Boxers besieged the foreign district of Beijing (then called Peking), China's capital, until an international force that included American troops subdued the uprising. By the terms of the Boxer Protocol, which officially ended the rebellion in 1901, China agreed to pay more than $330 million in reparations.
Isolationism
In American diplomacy, the traditional belief that the United States should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its national security interest to its own borders. It was set by George Washington in his Farewell Address. It was set by the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary which enforced it. However, the U.S. had to get involved in international affairs for their interests.
Missionaries
In his book Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis (1885), the Reverend Josiah Strong wrote that people of Anglo-Saxon stock were "the fittest to survive." He believed that Protestant Americans had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and the benefits of their "superior" civilization (medicine, science, and technol- ogy) to less fortunate peoples of the world. Many :missionaries who traveled to Africa, Asia, and the Pacific islands believed in the racial superiority and natu- ral supremacy of whites. Mission activities of their churches encouraged many Americans to support active U.S. government involvement in foreign affairs.
Initiative, Referendum, Recall
Initiative gave voters power to create a bill and present it. In this way voters would force lawmakers to deal with difficult issues. Referendum made the public to vote on bills passed by legislature. Controversial bills like tax increases could be put in public vote before it becomes a law.Recall is when the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. These all made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific. It helped expand voters' power to vote fro their representatives. Oregon was the first state to use these reforms in 1902.
Insular cases
Insular Cases were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos. The insular cases ruled that people in our territories were not U.S. citizens and therefore didn't have equal rights; constitution didn't apply. It was called "flag outrun constitution".
City commission/city manager
Is a city choosing 5 citizens elected by citizens to run the city. They were not politicians, but mainly people who doctors, lawyers, or business people. They would meet few evenings to make decisions for the city. The city of Galveston, Texas used this type of reform after they were hit by a hurricane in 1990. However, corruption was still their since political machines could bribe them to make decisions that would benefit them. City managers are people who are hired by the city to run the city. City managers were experts in technical fields such as engineering. They understood the problems that the cities faced. However, highly paid and have few links with political leaders, they would insulated with bribes or other forms of corruption.
John Hay
John Hay was an American secretary of state who attempted to preserve Chinese independence and protect American interests in China. Hay was secretary of state in the McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt administrations. He was the author of the Open Door Notes, which attempted to protect American interests in China in the early 20th century by asking European countries to pledge equal trading rights in China and the protection of its territory from foreign annexation. Hay was basically the American secretary of state who attempted to preserve Chinese independence and protect American interests in China.
John Muir
John Muir is a Scottish-American naturalist, author, and an advocate of preservation of wilderness in the U.S. His writings told of his adventures in nature especially the Sierra Nevada. His activism helped preserve Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park, and other areas. He founded the Sierra Club which is now one of the most important conservation organizations in the U.S. He devoted his later life to the preservation of the Western forests. He is today named the "Father of the National Parks."
Schenck vs. U.S.
Justice Holmes' claim that Congress could restrict speech if the words "are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create and clear and present danger" when Schenck was convicted for mailing pamphlets urging potential army inductees to resist conscription.
Bolshevik Revolution
Led by Bolshevik Party leader Vladimir Lenin, leftist revolutionaries launch a nearly bloodless coup d'État against Russia's ineffectual Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks and their allies occupied government buildings and other strategic locations in the Russian capital of Petrograd (now St. Petersburg) and within two days had formed a new government with Lenin as its head. Bolshevik Russia, later renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was the world's first Marxist state.
Fuel Administration
Like the Food Administration, the Fuel Administration encouraged Americans to save fuel with "heatless Mondays" and "gasless Sundays." The actions helped create a sum of $21 billion to pay for the war.
Lincoln Steffens
Lincoln Steffens was a muckraker who worked for McClure's magazine. He condemned the mismanagement of city governments. He wrote the book, " The Shame of the Cities" which was a collection of articles wrote by Steffens which exposed the workings of political bosses in several American cities. He helped build support for reforms.
McClure's Magazine
McClure's Magazine was an American popular magazine which exposed the corruption in the cities to the readers. Many muckrakers like Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell got their start through this magazine. They helped grab a mass audience for many muckrakers. This popular helped start muckraking journalism.
Hawaii
McKinley Tariff made Hawaiian sugar expensive; Americans felt that the best way to offset this was to annex Hawaii—a move opposed by its Queen Liliuokalani—but in 1893, desperate Americans in Hawaii revolted; succeeded, and Hawaii seemed ready for annexation, but Grover Cleveland became president again, investigated the coup, found it to be wrong, and delayed the annexation of Hawaii until he basically left office.
Moral Diplomacy
Moral Diplomacy was a foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace. It is a form of Diplomacy proposed by US President Woodrow Wilson in his 1912 election. Moral Diplomacy is the system in which support is given only to countries whose moral beliefs are analogous to that of the nation. This promotes the growth of the nation's ideals and damages nations with different ideologies. It was used by Woodrow Wilson to support countries with democratic governments and to economically injure non-democratic countries (seen as possible threats to the U.S.). He also hoped to increase the number of democratic nations, particularly in Latin America.
Muckraker
Muckrakers were journalists who exposed corruption in business and politics. These journalists in the 1800's made it their job to anger readers. They helped end the Gilded Age. Although, they were only criticizing the many major companies they also had specific ideas to solve the problems which spurned the nation to fix these problems.
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional. During its early years, the NAACP focused on legal strategies to confront issues. They called for federal anti-lynching laws and coordinated a series of challenges to state-sponsored segregation in public schools, an effort that led to the landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which declared the doctrine of "separate but equal" to be unconstitutional. Though other civil rights groups emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, the NAACP retained a prominent role within the movement, co-organizing the 1963 March on Washington, and successfully lobbying for legislation that resulted in the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Act.
Nationalism,Militarism,Imperialism, Alliance System
Nationalism was prevalent in early 20th century Europe and was a significant cause of World War I. Most pre-war Europeans believed in the cultural, economic and military supremacy of their nation. Their attitudes and overconfidence were fuelled by things like jingoistic press reporting. The pages of newspapers were often packed with nationalist rhetoric and inflammatory stories or rumours about rival nations.After 1907, there was an increase in military influence on policy making and was another cause of WW1. One of the main causes of the First World War was imperialism: an unequal relationship, often in the form of an empire, forced on other countries and peoples, resulting in domination and subordination of economics, culture, and territory. The alliance system was the Triple Alliance which was Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy and the Triple Entente which was Great Britain, France, and Russia.
USS Maine
On February 15, 1898, barely a week after the leaking of the De Lôme letter, came the spark needed for the United States to declare war. The USS Maine was a United States warship which had been anchored in the Havana, Cuba. On the 15th of February, the ship suddenly exploded, killing the 260 Americans on board. Immediately, the United States government and press blamed the tragedy on the Spanish. With pushes from yellow press journals, the American population was quickly convinced the Spanish were at fault for the Maine explosion and the deaths of fellow Americans. Soon chants of "Remember the Maine, To Hell with Spain" could be heard across the county. The American people united behind the tragedy and the country prepared for war.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
On March 3, 1918, in the city of Brest-Litovsk, located in modern-day Belarus near the Polish border, Russia signed a treaty with the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria) ending its participation in World War I (1914-18). With the November 11, 1918, armistice ending World War I and marking the Allies' victory over Germany, the treaty was annulled. By the terms of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, Germany was forced to give up its territorial gains from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Lusitanina
On May 7, 1915, less than a year after World War I (1914-18) erupted across Europe, a German U-boat torpedoed and sank the RMS Lusitania, a British ocean liner en route from New York to Liverpool, England. Of the more than 1,900 passengers and crew members on board, more than 1,100 perished, including more than 120 Americans. Nearly two years would pass before the United States formally entered World War I, but the sinking of the Lusitania played a significant role in turning public opinion against Germany, both in the United States and abroad.
American Expeditionary Force
The American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) consisted of the United States Armed Forces sent to Europe under the command of General John J. Pershing in 1917 to help fight World War I. During the United States campaigns in World War I the AEF fought in France alongside French and British allied forces in the last year of the war, against German forces. Some of the troops fought alongside Italian forces in that same year, against Austro-Hungarian forces. The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive (at Château-Thierry and Belleau Wood) in June 1918, and fought its major actions in the Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensives in late 1918.
Anthracite Coal Strike 1902
The Anthracite Coal strike occurred in 1902. It was a strike demanding a 20% pay increase, a nine-hour work day, and Union recognition. It crippled the nation in the winter of 1902 and led to the creation of the Fact Finding Committee to arbitrate the problem. When the committee ruled against the management, Roosevelt threatened to use the army to enforce the ruling if management didn't comply. The workers got a nine-hour working day and a 10% pay increase.
Gunboat Diplomacy/Big Stick Diplomancy
The Big Stick policy is a form of hegemony and was the slogan describing U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Roosevelt attributed the term to a West African proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far," but the claim that it originated in West Africa has been disputed. The idea of negotiating peacefully, simultaneously threatening with the "big stick", or the military, ties in heavily with the idea of Realpolitik, which implies an amoral pursuit of political power that resembles Machiavellian ideals. Roosevelt first used the phrase in a speech at the Minnesota State Fair on September 2, 1901, twelve days before the assassination of President William McKinley, which subsequently thrust him into the Presidency. Roosevelt described his style of foreign policy as "the exercise of intelligent forethought and of decisive action sufficiently far in advance of any likely crisis". However, it is also rumored that Roosevelt himself first made the phrase publicly known, and that he only meant it was West African proverb metaphorically.
Bryce Report
The Committee on Alleged German Outrages, often called the Bryce Committee after its chair, Viscount James Bryce (1838-1922), is best known for producing the "Report of the Committee on Alleged German Outrages," published on 12 May 1915. The report is seen as a major propaganda form that Britain used in order to educate the world on the behaviour of Germany, which had invaded Belgium the year before. The Report was translated by the end of 1915 into every major European language and had a profound impact on public opinion in Allied and neutral countries, particularly in the United States. Though the findings of the Report have been substantiated by several scholars in the 21st century, the eyewitness testimony published in its 320-page Appendix A included some sensationalist accounts of mutilations and rapes for which there is no other evidence. These invented atrocities stigmatized the Report and have made it a target for revisionist historians and writers on propaganda.
Comm. On Public Info
The Committee on Public Information (CPI), was established on April 13, 1917 and headed by George Creel. The CPI provided propaganda during WW1 to rally the support of American citizens for all aspects of the war effort. President Woodrow Wilson considered that public support was to the entire wartime effort. Information in the form of propaganda was provided by the Committee on Public Information (CPI) and used in many different forms such as posters, pamphlets, magazines, billboards, movies, photographs, public speakers called the "Four Minute Men" and daily press releases to shape public opinion to build support for the war. The Committee on Public Information (CPI), aka the Creel Committee, was also tasked with censorship of potentially damaging material.
Elkins Act
The Elkins Act was created in 1903, aimed at the rebate evil. Heavy fines could now be imposed both on the railroads that gave rebates and on the shippers that accepted them. Rebates were refunds to businesses which shipped large quantities on the railroads, and many railroad companies disliked it. Shippers could demand rebates and threaten to take their business elsewhere in the overbuilt and highly competitive American railroad network of the late nineteenth century. The Elkins Act gave federal courts the power to end rate discrimination. Widely supported by larger railroad companies, the Elkins Act upheld the rates published by the Interstate Commerce Commission.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
The Espionage Act (1917) was a federal law passed shortly after entrance into WWI. It made it a crime for a person to mail or print information that inspired dissent against the American war effort or promoted its enemies. Provided for the imprisonment of up to 20 years for persons who either tried to incite rebellion in the armed forces or obstruct the operations of the draft. An example of the law being violated was the Schenck vs. Unites States case. According the court, it did not violate the first amendment. The Sedition Act was a continuation of the Espionage Act. Brought forth under the Wilson administration, it stated that any treacherous act or draft dodging was forbidden, outlawed disgracing the government, the Constitution, or military uniforms, and forbade aiding the enemy. Added to Espionage Act, this act deemed "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces as criminal and worthy of prosecution. The sedition act was the reason why Eugene V. Debs was imprisoned. It was passed in 1918.
Federal Trade Commission
The Federal Trade Commission Act is the primary statute of the Commission. Under this Act, as amended, the Commission is empowered, among other things, to (a) prevent unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce; (b) seek monetary redress and other relief for conduct injurious to consumers; (c) prescribe rules defining with specificity acts or practices that are unfair or deceptive, and establishing requirements designed to prevent such acts or practices; (d) gather and compile information and conduct investigations relating to the organization, business, practices, and management of entities engaged in commerce; and (e) make reports and legislative recommendations to Congress and the public.
Fourteen Points
The Fourteen Points where aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918 war. He believed it would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations. Wilson states that 6 of these point were necessary to any peace plan if the world was to prevent another war. To Wilson the most important point was the 14th, which called for the creation of a League of Nations that would provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances without having to restore war.
Zimmerman Telegram
The Fourteen Points where aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918 war. He believed it would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations. Wilson states that 6 of these point were necessary to any peace plan if the world was to prevent another war. To Wilson the most important point was the 14th, which called for the creation of a League of Nations that would provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances without having to restore war.
Gentleman's Agreement
The Gentleman's Agreement was when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US. In exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japanese men already living in the US to join them. It was an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the United States of America would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration, and Japan would not allow further emigration to the U.S. The goal was to reduce tensions between the two powerful Pacific nations. The agreement was never ratified by Congress, and was ended by the Immigration Act of 1924.
Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty
The Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty was an agreement between the US and the revolutionary government of Panama granting America the right to build a canal. The U.S. asked permission to Columbia to build this canal but they said no. Therefore, they helped the Panamanians start a revolution and obtain their independence. This treaty was signed Nov. 18, 1903). It was basically an agreement between the United States and Panama granting exclusive canal rights to the United States across the Isthmus of Panama in exchange for financial reimbursement and guarantees of protection to the newly established republic.
League of Nations debate
The League of Nations was proposed by President Wilson right after WW1 ended under his Fourteen Points. He envisioned it as an Assembly with seats for all nations and a special council for the great powers. The US voted not to join the League because in doing so, it would have taken away our self-determination, and Congress could not decide whether to go to war or not. Senators such as Henry Cabot Lodge opposed the creation of the League of Nations because it would only tie the United States into European problems.
Mann Elkins Act
The Mann Elkins act of 1910 was signed into law in June of 1910 by President William Howard Taft. The law, along with the Hepburn act of 1906, greatly strengthened the responsibilities, and authority, of the Interstate Commerce Commission to include the regulation of telephone, telegraph, and cable companies as well as railroad companies. The Mann Elkins Act, along with the Hepburn Act, gave the Interstate Commerce commission the authority to control interstate rail rates and practices.
Meat Inspection Act
The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 was passed by Roosevelt as a response to Sinclair's book The Jungle. It said that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection from corral to can. As originally written, the Meat Inspection Act did not apply to poultry. In 1906, when the Act was passed there was not a heavy demand for poultry products in the United States. Thos who did eat poultry got their produce from local farms. As such, the Meat Inspection Act, as initially enacted applied only to cattle, sheep, goats, equines, and swine.
Battle of Argonne Forest
The Meuse-Argonne Offensive, also known as the Maas-Argonne Offensive and the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was a major part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire Western Front. It was fought from September 26, 1918, until the Armistice of 11 November 1918, a total of 47 days. The Meuse-Argonne Offensive was the largest in United States military history, involving 1.2 million American soldiers, and was one of a series of Allied attacks known as the Hundred Days Offensive, which brought the war to an end. The battle cost 28,000 German lives and 26,277 American lives, making it the largest and bloodiest operation of World War I for the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), which was commanded by General John J. Pershing. American losses were exacerbated by the inexperience of many of the troops and tactics used during the early phases of the operation.
Selective Services Act
The Selective Service Act or Selective Draft Act authorized the federal government to raise a national army for the American entry into World War I through the compulsory enlistment of people. It was envisioned in December 1916 and brought to President Woodrow Wilson's attention shortly after the break in relations with Germany in February 1917. The Act itself was drafted by then-Captain Hugh S. Johnson after the United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany. The Act was canceled with the end of the war on November, 1918. The Act was upheld by the United States Supreme Court in the Selective Draft Law Cases in 1918, a decision based partially on Vattel's The Law of Nations of 1758.
Spanish-American War
The Spanish American War was a War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. In 1898, Americans declared war on Spain after the ship Maine exploded in Havana's Harbor. The War was also caused by Americans' desire to expand as well as the harsh treatment that the Spanish had over the Cubans. Furthermore, the U.S. wanted to help Cubans gain independence from Spain. The war resulted in the U.S. gaining Guam and Puerto Rico as well as control over the Philippines. "A Splendid Little War."
Sussex Pledge
The Sussex Pledge took place during the year 1816. A torpedo from a German submarine hit a French passenger liner, called the Sussex in March 1916. Wilson demanded the Germans refrain from attacking passenger ships. In this statement, Germany said they would temporarily stop these attacks but might have to resume in the future if the British continued to blockade German ports. Eventually, the Germans violate this pledge, as many American ships were sunk and American died.
Treaty of Paris 1898
The Treaty of Paris 1898rought a formal end to the Spanish-American war. It confirmed the terms of the armistice concerning Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam. American negotiators had startled the Spanish by demanding that they also cede the Philippines to the U.S, but an offer of 20 million for the islands softened Spain's resistance. The Spanish accepted the Americans terms. This treaty provided for recognition of Cuban independence. The U.S. acquision of two Spanish islands-Puerto Rico in the Caribbean and Guam in the Pacific in the Pacific. Also the United Sates acquisition of the United States Philippines in return for payment to Spain of $20 million. Since the avowed purpose of the U.S. was war effort was to liberate Cuba, Americans accepted this provision of the treaty. They were not prepared, however, for the idea of taking over a large Pacific island nation, the Philippines.
Significance of Treaty of Portsmouth
The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War. It was signed on September 5, 1905 after negotiations lasting from August 6 to August 30, at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, in the United States. It was signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). Japan had dominated the war and received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
The Triangle Shirtwaist Co. fire was an industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York, causing the death of 146 female workers who either died from the fire or jumped to their deaths. Caused many women's rights activist to protest for reform. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for safer and better working conditions for sweatshop workers in that industry. It also strengthened the argument for women's rights.
Central Powers v. Allies
The Triple Alliance, also known as the Triplice was a secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until World War 1.The treaty provided that Germany and Austria-Hungary were to assist Italy if it was attacked by France without provocation. In turn, Italy would assist Germany if attacked by France. In the event of a war between Austria-Hungary and Russia, Italy promised to remain neutral.The Triple Entente was the understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907.
Panama Canal
The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal. It helped the U.S. gain a quicker route to the Pacific.
Venezuelan Boundary Dispute
The Venezuela Boundary Dispute occurred over Venezuela's longstanding dispute with Britain. They argued over a piece of land that Britain claimed as part of British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory. The British eventually allowed the United States to act as a mediator under the power of the Monroe Doctrine. In the end, British Guiana received most of the land. This issue resulted in a more broadened view of the Monroe Doctrine.
War Industries Board
The War Industries Board (WIB) was a United States government agency established on July 28, 1917, during World War I, to coordinate the purchase of war supplies.[1] The organization encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products. The board set production quotas and allocated raw materials. It also conducted psychological testing to help people find the right jobs. The board was led initially by Frank A. Scott, who had previously been head of the General Munitions Board. He was replaced in November by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad president Daniel Willard. Finally, in January, 1918, the board was reorganized under the leadership of financier Bernard M. Baruch. The WIB dealt with labor-management disputes resulting from increased demand for products during World War I. The government could not negotiate prices and could not handle worker strikes, so the War Industries Board regulated the two to decrease tensions by stopping strikes with wage increases to prevent a shortage of supplies going to the war in Europe.
White Man's Burden
The White man's Burden was a poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling. It was originally published in the popular magazine McClure's in 1899, with the subtitle The United States and the Philippine Islands "The White Man's Burden" was written in regard to the U.S. conquest of the Philippines and other former Spanish colonies. The White Man's Burden" is a poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling. It was originally published in the popular magazine McClure's in 1899, with the subtitle The United States and the Philippine Islands. Although Kipling's poem mixed exhortation to empire with sober warnings of the costs involved, imperialists within the United States understood the phrase "white man's burden" as a characterization for imperialism that justified the policy as a noble enterprise.
Robert LaFollette/Wisconsin Idea
The Wisconsin Idea was a reform system created by the state's progressives to do away with monopolies, trusts, high costs of living, and predatory wealth.It also passed the first income tax and corporate tax. Reforms in labor and worker's rights were one of the major aspects of the Wisconsin Idea. It also passed the idea was developed by Robert La Follette, Governor and later Senator from Wisconsin.
McKinley Tariff
The bill calling for the highest peacetime tariff yet: 48.4 percent. It gave a bounty of two cents a pound to American sugar producers, and raised tariffs on agricultural products. The duties on manufactured goods hurt farmers financially. This caused disruptions in international trade as the tariff was too high thus causing econmies in other countries to decline.
War Labor Board
The board was a composition of representatives from business and labor designed to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers. It settled any possible labor difficulties that might hamper the war efforts.
Spanish Flu
The influenza or flu pandemic of 1918 to 1919, the deadliest in modern history, infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide-about one-third of the planet's population at the time-and killed an estimated 20 million to 50 million victims. More than 25 percent of the U.S. population became sick, and some 675,000 Americans died during the pandemic. The 1918 flu was first observed in Europe, the U.S. and parts of Asia before swiftly spreading around the world. Surprisingly, many flu victims were young, otherwise healthy adults. At the time, there were no effective drugs or vaccines to treat this killer flu strain or prevent its spread. In the U.S., citizens were ordered to wear masks, and schools, theaters and other public places were shuttered. Researchers later discovered what made the 1918 pandemic so deadly: In many victims, the influenza virus had invaded their lungs and caused pneumonia.
National Urban League
The national urban league was a voluntary nonpartisan community service agency was founded in 1910, Their goal was to help end racial segregation and discrimination in the United States, especially toward African Americans. They helped economically and socially disadvantaged groups to share equally in every aspect of American life. It provides direct service in the areas of employment, housing, education, social welfare, health, family planning, mental retardation, law and consumer affairs, youth and student affairs, labor affairs, veteran's affairs, and community and minority business development.
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War. This man was 42 in September 1901, when William McKinley was assassinated. He took over the presidency and became the youngest man ever to assume the presidency. He believed that reform was a vehicle less from remaking American Society than for protecting it against more radical challenges. He allied himself with those progressives who urged regulation (but not destruction) of the trusts. At the heart of his policy was a desire to win for government the power to investigate the activities of corporations and publicize the results. In the election of 1912 he ran against William Howard Taft as the candidate for the new Bull Moose Party in which they both lost the election to the Democratic nominee, Woodrow Wilson.
William Jennings Bryan
This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896, known for his Cross of Gold Speech which won him the Democratic nomination (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. He was later the Secretary of State during Woodrow Wilson's administration.
Federal Reserve Act
This act was signed by Woodrow Wilson which created the Federal Banking System of the United States. It created 12 district banks that would lend $ at discount rates (could increase/decrease amt. of $ in circulation); loosen/tighten credit with nation's needs.It helped replace the Bank of the U.S. It was the first central banking system since 1836.
Platt Amendment
This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treats with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay. The Platt Amendment legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble. On March 2, 1901, the Platt Amendment passed which amended the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill.[2] It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American War. It defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations to essentially be an unequal one of U.S. dominance over Cuba.
Effects of Trench Warfare
Trench warfare is a type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery. The most famous use of trench warfare is the Western Front in World War I. It has become a byword for stalemate, attrition, sieges and futility in conflict. Trench warfare occurred when a revolution in firepower was not matched by similar advances in mobility, resulting in a grueling form of warfare in which the defender held the advantage. On the Western Front in 1914-18, both sides constructed elaborate trench and dugout systems opposing each other along a front, protected from assault by barbed wire, mines, and other obstacles. The area between opposing trench lines (known as "no man's land") was fully exposed to artillery fire from both sides. Attacks, even if successful, often sustained severe casualties.
Gen. John J. Pershing
U.S. Army general John J. Pershing (1860-1948) commanded the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in Europe during World War I. The president and first captain of the West Point class of 1886, he served in the Spanish- and Philippine-American Wars and was tasked to lead a punitive raid against the Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa. In 1917, President Woodrow Wilson selected Pershing to command the American troops being sent to Europe. Although Pershing aimed to maintain the independence of the AEF, his willingness to integrate into Allied operations helped bring about the armistice with Germany. After the war, Pershing served as army chief of staff from 1921 to 1924.
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels such as freighters and tankers without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules (also known as "cruiser rules"). Prize rules call for submarines to surface and search merchantmen and place crews in "a place of safety", for which lifeboats did not qualify, except under particular circumstances, before sinking them, unless the ship showed "persistent refusal to stop ... or active resistance to visit or search".
Upton Sinclair
Upton Sinclair is also a muckraker who showed his readers the unhealthy styles in factories. He wrote a fictional novel called, "The Jungle" which described unhealthy habits in the meat packing industry in Chicago. This shocked his readers who then wanted reform in the industry. His book helped inspire pro-consumer to regulate meat, food, drugs.
Rule of Reason
Was a judicial doctrine under the Sherman Act, contracts or conspiracies are illegal only if they constitute an unreasonable restraint of trade or attempt to monopolize. If an agreement promotes competition, it may be legal. If it suppresses or destroys competition, it is unreasonable and illegal. It was loosely interpreted in courts, but was strictly interpreted during the progressive era.
William Howard Taft
Was the 27th President of the United States and was hand-picked by Theodore Roosevelt himself. He was a lawyer and was known for his work as Governor of the Philippines. As president he used Dollar Diplomacy which supported business which angered progressive republicans. He signed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which showed his support for the conservatives. However, he did sign the Mann Elkins Act and busted more trusts than Roosevelt. He ran against Roosevelt who was angry with Taft's presidency but lost to the Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson in 1912.
W.E.B. Dubois
William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois (1868-1963) was was a leading African-American sociologist, writer and activist. Educated at Harvard University and other top schools, Du Bois studied with some of the most important social thinkers of his time. He earned fame for the publication of such works as Souls of Black Folk (1903), and was a founding officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and editor of its magazine. Dubois also taught at Wilberforce University and Atlanta University, and chaired the Peace Information Center. Shortly before his death, Du Bois settled in Ghana to work on the Encyclopedia Africana.
William McKinley
William McKinley was the 25th president of the United States. His presidency saw the growth of the United States as an imperial power which expanded their territories in the Pacific. He was a conservative supporter of big business, he pushed for high protective tariffs, he also was the commander-in-chief during the Spanish-American War which gave the United States Cuba, Philippines,Puerto Rico, and Guam. Under his leadership, the U.S. became an imperial world power. He was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901.
William Seward
William Seward had served both Lincoln and Johnson as their secretary of state. Seward achieved more as secretary of state that anyone since the time of John Quincy Adams. During the Civil War, Seward helped Lincoln prevent Great Britain and France from entering the war on the side of the South. A strong expansionist, he was unsuccessful in his efforts to convince Congress to annex Hawaii and Purchase the Danish West Indies, but he achieved the annexation of Midway Island in the Pacific and gained rights to build a canal in Nicaragua. Additionally, when Napoleon 3 sent troops to occupy Mexico, Seward immediately invoked the Monroe Doctrine and threatened U.S. military action unless the French withdrew. Also, Seward helped purchase Alaska.
New freedom
Woodrow Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business competition and small government. It sought to reign in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore competition. It echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a planned one. New Freedom was Thomas Woodrow Wilson's philosophy for the government. In the election of 1912 the two progressive candidates each had different philosophies New Nationalism for Theodore Roosevelt and New Freedom for Woodrow Wilson. New Freedom promoted tariff revisions, banking and currency reform and anti-trust modification. It differed from Roosevelt's New Nationalism mainly with the idea about what to do with trusts. Roosevelt wanted to control all trusts and destroy bad ones but Wilson didn't want any trusts.
Yellow Journalism
Yellow journalism, or the yellow press, is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering or sensationalism. The term was coined in the mid-1890s to characterize the sensational journalism that used some yellow ink in the circulation war between Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. The battle peaked from 1895 to about 1898, and historical usage often refers specifically to this period. Both papers were accused by critics of sensationalizing the news in order to drive up circulation, although the newspapers did serious reporting as well. An English magazine in 1898 noted, "All American journalism is not 'yellow', though all strictly 'up-to-date' yellow journalism is American!".
Joseph Pulitzer
was a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World. Pulitzer introduced the techniques of "new journalism" to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s and became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party. He crusaded against big business and corruption. In the 1890s the fierce competition between his World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal introduced yellow journalism and opened the way to mass circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue and appealed to the reader with multiple forms of news, entertainment, and advertising.
William Randolph Hearst
was an American business magnate and a leading newspaper publisher. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887, after taking control of The San Francisco Examiner from his father. Moving to New York City, he acquired The New York Journal and engaged in a bitter circulation war with Joseph Pulitzer's New York World which led to the creation of yellow journalism. He was twice elected as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives.
