APUSH Vol. 1 to 1877 Ch. 13 The Rise of a Mass Democracy 1824-1840

Speculation

A guess or theory

What made Texas so appealing to Americans?

Americans' hunger for more land. Especially for cotton. IN 1823, Stephen Austin was granted a huge tract of land to bring in 300 Am families. Texas was also a land for escaped convicts or criminals (G.T.T), Davy Crockett was one.

Whigs

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements.

Indian Territory

An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska

Rachel Robards

Andrew Jackson's wife, was verbilly attacked by the press, died due to the amount of stress, caused by the press.

Mudslinging

Attempt to ruin an opponent's reputation with insults.

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles.

Seminoles

Indians from Florida joined by runaway black slaves, retreated to the everglades. For seven years they waged a guerilla war that killed 1500 soldiers. Four-fifths were moved to Oklahoma where several thousand still live.

What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations?

Jackson and Jacksonians told the manufacturers of the North to try to increase the tariff, though they didn't believe it would and hoped it wouldn't. To their surprise, it passed.

The Trail of Tears

Jackson's Democrats were committed to western expansion, but such expansion meant confrontation with the Indians who inhabited the land east of the Mississippi. The Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians was founded in 1787 to Christianize Indians. The "Five Civilized Tribes" were the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles. These tribes made efforts to assimilate into white culture. President Jackson wanted to move the Indians so Americans could expand. Despite Supreme Court rulings that consistently favored the Indians' land rights, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. It moved more than 100,000 Indians living east of the Mississippi to reservations west of the Mississippi. Many Indians died on forced marches along the Trail of Tears. Black Hawk led Indians to fight against the relocation in the Black Hawk War of 1832. The Indians were defeated. The Seminoles in Florida retreated to the Everglades, fighting for several years until they retreated deeper into the Everglades or were moved to the Oklahoma area.

The Texas rebels won their independence with their victory in the Battle of a. Tippecanoe. b. San Jacinto. c. Goliad. d. the Alamo. e. the Rio Grande.

b. San Jacinto.

President Andrew Jackson revealed his deep hostility to eastern elites and moneyed interests by a. supporting the anti-Masonic movement's attacks on secret societies. b. vetoing the bill to re-charter the Bank of the United States. c. refusing to campaign in the cities of New England or Pennsylvania. d. threatening to lead a federal army into South Carolina to crush the nullifiers. e. removing the southeastern Indians from Georgia and elsewhere.

b. vetoing the bill to re-charter the Bank of the United States.

Log Cabin

name given to William Henry Harrison's campaign for the presidency in 1840, from the Whigs use of a log cabin as their symbol.

Inaugural Brawl

people from the masses came to the inauguration of Old Hickory (Jackson) common folk were looking for prestigious political office from the people's man.

Rotation in Office

Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government

Lone Star Republic

Nickname for Texas after it won independence from Mexico in 1836

Frederick Jackson Turner

(1861 - 1932) He was an American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History, where he stated that the spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the country's westward expansion. According to Turner, the forging of the unique and rugged American identity occurred at the juncture between the civilization of settlement and the savagery of wilderness.

The Two-Party System

2) There was a formation of a two-party system. The two parties consisted of the Democrats and the Whigs (the National Republican Party had died out). Jacksonian Democrats supported individual liberties, states' rights, and federal restraint in social and economic affairs. The Whigs supported the natural harmony of society and the value of community, a renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms, such as the prohibition of liquor and the abolition of slavery.

Divorce Bell

A bill passed by Van Buren in 1837, that divorced the government from banking altogether, and established an independent treasury, so the government could lock its money in vaults in several of the larger cities.

Anglos

A term identifying white people who settled in Mexican territory, eventually becoming a generic term for white people

"Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1833

A third party entered the election in the election of 1832: The Anti-Masonic party. The party hated the Masonic Order, a secret society, because it thought the Order was comprised of privileged, elite people. Although Jackson was supported egalitarianism and "the common man", he was a Mason himself; therefore the Anti-Masons were an anti-Jackson party. It gained support from evangelical Protestant groups. The Jacksonians (Democrats) were opposed to government involvement in social and economic life. Andrew Jackson was reelected in 1832.

Alamo

Alamo Fortress in Texas where two hundred American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. "Remember the Alamo" became a battle cry in support of Texan independence. "Remember the Alamo" what soldiers fighting in the war for Texas independence yelled going into battle to remind each other of the bravery and sacrifice of the Alamo's defenders.

Corrupt Bargain

Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams's favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824. A "behind-the-scenes" agreement between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. It was the first time the people actually recognize the corruption in the government. Henry Clay said "you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours", you make me secretary of state and I'll make you president.

King Mob

Nickname for all the new participants in government that came with Jackson's presidency. This nickname was negative and proposed that Jackson believed in too much democracy, perhaps leading to anarchy.

Stephen Austin (1793-1836)

American who established the first major Anglo settlements in Texas under an agreement with the Mexican government. Though loyal to Mexico, Austin advocated for local Texans' rights, particularly the right to bring slaves into the region. Briefly imprisoned by Santa Anna for inciting rebellion, Austin returned to Texas in 1836 to serve as secretary of state of the newly independent republic until his death later that year. Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish. These stipulations were largely ignored.

Explain at least three theories about what motivated the followers of Andrew Jackson.

Andrew Jackson and most of his Democratic followers feared the growing economic and political power exercised by these corporations. Their ability to amass wealth, through banking and manufacturing operations, and to influence and even coerce individual citizens, posed a threat to the Jeffersonian ideals that Jackson held dear.

Nicholas Biddle (1786-1844)

Banker, financier, and president of the Second Bank of the United States from 1822 until the bank's charter expired in 1836. As President of the Second Bank of the United States, this man occupied a position of power and responsibility that propelled him to the forefront of Jacksonian politics in the 1830s. He, along with others who regarded the bank as a necessity, realized the threat posed by the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Jackson was bitterly opposed to the national bank, believing that it was an unconstitutional, elitist institution that bred inequalities among the people. A bitterly divisive issue, the rechartering of the bank dominated political discussion for most of the 1830s, and for many, this man became a symbol of all for which the bank stood. After Jackson's reelection, the Second Bank of the United States was doomed.

Bank War

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal. Jackson vetoed the bank bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.

Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828

Before the election of 1824, two parties had formed: National Republicans and Democratic-Republicans (also referred to as just "Democrat"). Adams and Clay were the figures of the National Republicans and Jackson was with the Democratic-Republicans. Andrew Jackson beat Adams to win the election of 1828. The majority of his support came from the South, while Adams's support came from the North.

Black Hawk (1767-1838)

Black Hawk (1767-1838) Sauk war chief who led the Sauk and Fox resistance against eviction under the Indian Removal Act in Illinois and Wisconsin. Brutally crushed by American forces, he surrendered in 1832 and lived out his days on a reservation in Iowa.

Lorenzo de Zavala (1788-1836)

Born in Mexico, Zavala was among the signers of the Texas declaration of independence in 1836, and served briefly as vice president of the Texas republic.

Davy Crockett

Crockett: a famous republican.

panic of 1837

Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson's efforts to curb overspeculation on western lands and transportation improvements. In response, President Martin Van Buren proposed the "Divorce Bill," which pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, contracting the credit supply. When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs

Established in 1836 to handle and administer relations with the Indians. It had no control, however, over white expansion westward. Unable to honor many of the agreements made with the Indians. The frontier that the Bureau had claimed as a permanent settlement for the Indians lasted only into the 1850s as Americans kept moving West

In addition to the Shawnee tribe, the sauk and Fox tribes also moved west peacefully. True or False

False

This act authorizes the president to set aside land east of the Mississippi River where Native Americans can move to make room in the the west for American settlers. True or False

False

Anti-Masonic party

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

Denmark Vesey (ca. 1767-1822)

Free black who orchestrated an aborted slave uprising in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1822. Vesey's plan was uncovered before he could put it in motion, and he and thirty-four accomplices were put to death.

Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular?

From the beginning he started with severe handicaps. He's a machines made candidate and lots of Democrats resented him. He couldn't fill the passionate shoes of Jackson and the people felt let down. He also inherited Jackson's enemies and a rebellion in Canada rose incidents that threatened to trigger war with Britain and his attempt at neutrality failed. The antislavery North was raising problems and annexation of Texas was considered. Worst of all, Jackson made Van Buren deal with the depression he caused

Hard Cider

Given out during campaigning; represented beginning of modern, superficial, politics.

Goliad

Goliad Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The incident, along with the slaughter at the Alamo, fueled American support for Texan independence. A band of about 400 surrounded the volunteers and slaying them as pirates. Further galvanizing american opposition.

Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System.

He defended it on democratic grounds, he stated that "Every man is as good as his neighbor or equally better." He argued it was better to bring in new blood and each generation deserved its turn at the public office, a rotation in office. Why should he encourage the development of an aristocratic, bureaucratic, officeholding class? The spoils system was an important element of the emerging 2 party order, cementing as it did loyalty to party over competing claims based on economic class or geographic region. This showed how to pick a party and stay loyal to it

What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824?

He was never supposed to win it. He had the least amount of popular votes. "On the first ballot, thanks largely to Clay's behind-the-scenes influence, Adams was elected president." Adams had bribed Clay with the position, making himself, the people's second choice, the victor over Jackson, the people's first choice.

What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people?

He was the first president from the west and the second without a college education. He also had humble beginnings. Though he wasn't one of the masses, he shared much of their prejudices. His inauguration symbolized the ascendancy of the masses, for the first time, nobodies mingled with the somebodies and the Inaugural Brawl happened. "King Mob" reigned.

The Tricky "Tariff of Abominations"

In 1824, Congress significantly increased the tariff on imports. The Tariff of 1828: called the "Black Tariff" or the "Tariff of Abominations"; also called the "Yankee Tariff". It was hated by Southerners because it was an extremely high tariff and they felt it discriminated against them. The South was having economic struggles and they used the tariff as a scapegoat for their problems. In 1822, Denmark Vesey led a slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina. The South Carolina Exposition, made by John C. Calhoun, was published in 1828. It was a pamphlet that denounced the Tariff of 1828 as unjust and unconstitutional.

"Nullies" in the South

In an attempt to meet the South's demands, Congress passed the Tariff of 1832, a slightly lower tariff compared to the Tariff of 1828. It fell short of the South's demands. The state legislature of South Carolina called for the Columbia Convention. The delegates of the convention called for the tariff to be void in South Carolina. The convention threatened to take South Carolina out of the Union if the Federal government attempted to collect the customs duties by force. Henry Clay introduced the Tariff of 1833. It gradually reduced the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over 8 years. By 1842, the rates would be back at the level of 1816. The compromise Tariff of 1833 ended the dispute over the Tariff of 1832 between the South and the White House. The compromise was supported by South Carolina but not much by the other southern states. Prior to the compromise, Congress had passed the Force Bill, which authorized the Federal government to use force to collect the tariffs.

"Andrew Jackson's killing of the Bank of United States forced him to issue the Specie Circular." Assess.

Instead of waiting for the Bank of United States charter to expire, he forced the issue and tried to destroy it. He withdrew money from Bank of United States and put it into pet banks. Biddle fought back by calling back loans from smaller banks and so many smaller, "wildcat banks" and farms got foreclosed. "Wildcat" currency became really unreliable that Jackson had to issue a Specie Circular.

Martin Van Buren (1782-1862)

Jacksonian Democrat who became the eighth president of the United States after serving as vice president during Andrew Jackson's second term. As president, Van Buren presided over the "hard times" wrought by the Panic of 1837, clinging to Jackson's monetary policies and rejecting federal intervention in the economy. Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836.

A Yankee Misfit in the White House

John Quincy Adams was a strong nationalist and he supported the building of national roads and canals. He also supported education.

Daniel Webster (1782-1852)

Lawyer, congressman, and secretary of state, Webster teamed up with Henry Clay in the Bank War against Andrew Jackson in 1832. Hoping to avoid sectional conflict, Webster opposed the annexation of Texas but later urged the North to support the Compromise of 1850.

The Election of 1836

Martin Van Buren was Andrew Jackson's choice as his successor in the election of 1836. He won the election. General William Henry Harrison was one of the Whig's many presidential nominees. The Whigs did not win because they did not unite behind just one candidate.

Gone to Texas

Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821. Because of this, ownership of Texas passed from Spain to Mexico. Mexico gave a large chunk of Texas land to Stephen Austin, who promised to bring families into Texas. Texans differed in many ways from the Mexicans, including the fact that Mexicans were against slavery, while the Texans supported it. Santa Anna: dictator of Mexico; in 1835, he removed Texans' local rights and started to raise army to suppress the rebelling Texans.

Did Texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance to get land?

Moses Austin wanted to become Spanish to get cheap land and freedom of laws. He planned to gather 300 families to establish a colony in Texas. When he died, his son Stephen Austin took up his dream. The original Anglo-Texans ignored Mexican laws and officials including slavery laws. They fought back with violence. Stephen Austin sincerely tried to Mexicanize himself and his followers...until the Mexican gov got too arbitrary and authoritarian. I think they just wanted land and stayed Mexican only when things went their way.

Moses Austin

Moses Austin, born a Connecticut Yankee in 1761, was determined to be Spanish—if that's what it took to acquire cheap land and freedom from pesky laws. In 1798 he tramped into untracked Missouri, still part of Spanish Louisiana, and pledged his allegiance to the king of Spain. He was not pleased when the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 restored him to American citizenship. In 1820, with his old Spanish passport in his saddlebag, he rode into Spanish Texas and asked for permission to establish a colony of three hundred families.

Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain.

No. He ranks as one of the most successful secretaries of state, yet one of the least successful presidents. "A man of scrupulous honor, Adams entered upon his four-year 'sentence' in the White House smarting under charges of 'bargain,' 'corruption,' and 'usurpation.' Fewer than one-third of the voters had voted for him. As the first 'minority president' he would have found it difficult to win popular support even under the most favorable conditions. He did not possess many of the usual arts of the politician and scorned those who did."

Tariff of Abominations

Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the tariff, arguing that it hurt southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs but were forced to pay higher prices for manufactures. 1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Independent Treasury

Official title for Buren's Divorce Bill. Was passed in 1840 by Congress, then repealed the next year by the Whigs, then reenacted by the Democrats in 1846, and continued until it merged with the Federal Reserve.

Cherokees

One of the major Indian groups pushed west during the Indian Removal; had never had any major conflict with the American government; some had even attended law school; also, had their own alphabet and published newspapers, etc.

Indian Removal Act

Ordered the removal of Indian tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles. (1830) Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma.

compromise Tariff of 1833

Passed as a measure to resolve the Nullification Crisis, it provided that tariffs be lowered gradually, over a period of ten years, to 1816 levels. set up by henry clay, it was a way to prevent jackson from victory. clay aptly deserves his title as the great compromiser. it allowed for the tariff of 1832, with a 10 percent decrease every year for 10 years, when the tariff rate would be back to where it was in 1816. it was squeezed through congress.

Force Bill

Passed by Congress alongside the compromise Tariff of 1833, it authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties. 1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

Spoils System

Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system. Andrew Jackson system in which incoming political parties throw out former government workers and replace them with their own friends. When the Democrats took control of the White House, they replaced most public officials with their own people (the common man). These people were illiterate and incompetent. This system of rewarding political supporters with jobs in the government was known as the "spoils system."

Democrats

Political party that generally stressed individual liberty, the rights of the common people, and hostility of privilege.

pet banks

Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833.

Bank War (Jackon's veto)

President Andrew Jackson despised the Bank of the United States because he felt it was very monopolistic. The Bank of the United States was a private institution that was not accountable to the people; it was only accountable to its investors. The bank minted gold and silver coins. Nicholas Biddle, the president of the Bank of the United States, held an immense and possibly unconstitutional amount of power over the nation's financial affairs. The Bank War erupted in 1832 when Daniel Webster and Henry Clay presented Congress with a bill to renew the Bank's charter. Clay wanted to make it an issue for the election of 1832. He felt that if Jackson signed off on the bill, then Jackson would alienate the people of the West who hated the Bank. If Jackson vetoed the bill, then he would alienate the wealthy class of the East who supported the Bank. Clay did not account for the fact that the wealthy class was now a minority. Jackson vetoed the bill, calling the Bank unconstitutional. The veto showed that Jackson felt that the Executive Branch had more power than the Judicial Branch in determining the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. This was despite the fact that the Supreme Court had already ruled that the Bank was constitutional in McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819).

Sam Houston (1793-1863)

President of the republic of Texas and U.S. senator, Houston led Texas to independence in 1836 as commander in chief of the Texas army. As president of the republic, Houston unsuccessfully sought annexation into the United States. Once Texas officially joined the Union in 1845, Houston was elected to the U.S. Senate, later returning to serve as governor of Texas until 1861, when he was removed from office for refusing to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederacy.

Bank of the United States

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

Revisionist author who maintained that colonial merchants, motivated by their own interest in escaping the restrictive policies of British mercantilism, aroused American resistance in the 1760's and 1770's.

San Jacinto

San Jacinto Resulted in the capture of Mexican dictator Santa Anna, who was forced to withdraw his troops from Texas and recognize the Rio Grande as Texas's southwestern border.

Santa Anna

Santa Anna (1794-1876) Mexican general, president, and dictator who opposed Texas's independence and later led the Mexican army in the war against the United States.

Henry Clay (1777-1852)

Secretary of state and U.S. senator from Kentucky, Clay was known as the "Great Compromiser," helping to negotiate the Missouri Compromise in 1820, the Compromise Tariff of 1833, and the Compromise of 1850. As a National Republican, later Whig, Clay advocated a strong national agenda of internal improvements and protective tariffs, known as the American System. Of Kentucky, the gamy and gallant "Harry of the West". Clay was part of the Corrupt Bargain of 1824, he became the secretary of state

Black Hawk War

Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act.

Nullification Crisis

Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.

John Quincy Adams (1767-1848)

Son of second president John Adams, John Quincy Adams served as secretary of state under James Monroe before becoming the sixth president of the United States. A strong advocate of national finance and improvement, Adams faced opposition from states' rights advocates in the South and West. His controversial election-the allegedly "corrupt bargain" of 1824-and his lack of political acumen further hampered his presidential agenda. 6th president and son of the 3rd president John Adams. Adams was never supposed to win the 6th presidential election but with the help of Henry Clay and the Corrupt Bargain of 1824, he was elected president.

Describe the nullification crisis.

South Carolina was enraged with the Tariff of 1828, but Congress eased tensions with the Tariff of 1832 because it removed the worst parts of the Tariff of 1828. Though the it helped some, the nullies sought the 2/3 majority needed in the SC legislature to nullify the tariff and the got it, so they voted to nullify the federal tariff. SC even threaded secession if the federal government tried to impose the tariff over the nullification vote. Jackson got the military ready to enforce the tariffs, but Clay proposed a compromise. He reasoned for the tariff rate to be reduced 10% over 8 years and the compromise passed. But Congress also passed the Force Bill which allowed the president to use force if necessary to collect tariffs. It was unclear who won, SC got the tariff lowered and the federal gov got SC to follow the tariff.

How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both?

Texas declared independence in 1836 and called itself the Lone Star Republic. Texans fought Santa Anna in the Battle of Alamo and Goliad, Santa Anna won with his commander Colonel W.B. Travis. Sam Houston, president of Texas, led troops to the Battle of San Jacinto, which was a turning point and Santa Anna had to sign a document stating that Texas was independent and Andrew Jackson recognized that Texas was a nation

The Lone Star Rebellion

Texas declared its independence in 1836. Sam Houston: commander in chief for Texas army. General Houston forced Santa Anna to sign a treaty in 1836 after Houston had captured Santa Anna in the Battle of San Jacinto. The treaty defined the Rio Grande as the southwestern boundary of an independent Texas. The Texans wanted to become a state in the United States, but the northerners did not want this because of the issue of slavery: admitting Texas would mean one more slave state.

What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time?

That superficialness was the norm and it worked well. Hard cider was given out and slogans like "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" were sung and issues or problems were hidden. People voted for the "better" president, or "better politician".

Burying Biddle's Bank

The Bank of the United States's charter expired in 1836. Jackson wanted to make sure that the Bank was destroyed. In 1833, 3 years before the Bank's charter expired, Jackson decided to remove federal deposits from its vaults. Jackson proposed depositing no more funds in the bank and he gradually shrunk existing deposits by using the funds to pay for day-to-day expenditures of the government. The death of the Bank of the United States left a financial vacuum in the American economy. Surplus federal funds were placed in several dozen state banks that were politically supportive of Jackson ("pet banks"). Smaller, wildcat banks in the west had begun to issue their own currency. But this "wildcat" currency was extremely unreliable because its value was based upon the value of the bank from which it was issued. In 1836, "wildcat" currency had become so unreliable that Jackson told the Treasury to issue a Specie Circular, a decree that required all public lands to be purchased with metallic money. This drastic step contributed greatly to the financial panic of 1837.

What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe?

The Cherokees made and especially remarkable efforts to learn the ways of the whites. They gradually abandoned their semi nomadic life and adopted a system of settled agriculture and a notion of private property. They developed schools and an alphabet and a constitution with 3 branches. Some Cherokees even became prosperous cotton planters and slave owners. The Five Civilized Tribes all attempted to adjust to white life. But it wasn't good enough for the whites, they asserted their own jurisdiction over indian affairs and indian lands. The Cherokees appealed to the Supreme Court but Jackson refused the courts decisions. Jackson proposed to remove the indians and uprooted 100,000 indians in the Indian Removal Act. Many of the indians died on the forced march.

The Birth of the Whigs

The Whigs claimed to be defenders of the common man and declared the Democrats the party of corruption. They absorbed the Anti-Masonic Party.

Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836.

The Whigs, lead by William Henry Harrison, tried different strategies to try to win, they used a favorite son candidate from each section in hopes of splitting the electoral vote and to prevent anyone from winning by majority and to throw the election to the House of Reps where they had a shot at wining. But Martin Van Buren won.

Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury

The basic cause of the panic of 1837 was rampant speculation by banks. (Banks gave a lot of loans to people/businesses who, in the end, could not afford to repay the loans.) Jacksonian's financial policies also contributed to the panic. In 1836, the failure of two British banks caused British investors to call in foreign loans. These loans were the beginning of the panic. The panic of 1837 caused hundreds of banks to collapse, commodity prices to drop, sales of public to fall, and the loss of jobs. The Whigs proposed government policies to fix the economic downturn: expansion of bank credit, higher tariffs, subsidies for internal improvement. Van Buren rejected these proposals because he wanted to keep government involvement out of the economy. Van Buren proposed the Divorce Bill. Not passed by Congress, it called for separating the government and banking. The Independent Treasury Bill was passed in 1840. An independent treasury would be established and government funds would be locked in vaults.

What is alluring about being associated with "the common man?"

The common man was the majority and to defend him is like to defend the helpless. Democratic-Republicans (Jackson supporters) became the Democrats and everyone who opposed or dislike Jackson became the Whigs. Even though Jackson was for the common man, the Whigs claimed that the Democrats were corrupted and weren't for the common man. The Whigs, by absorbing the anti-Masonic party, declared they now defended the common man, the helpless.

What caused the Panic of 1837, and what was done by the president to try and end it?

The panic of 1837 was caused by rampant overspeculation and other schemes of getting rich quickly. Jackson also caused it with the Bank War and the Specie Circular. The failure of crops helped the panic. Van Buren responded through the Divorce Bill which stated that the gov should divorce itself from banking and it set up an independent treasury where extra gov money was to be kept in vaults. The Divorce Bill was passed, repealed by the Whigs, then reenacted 6 years later.

W.B. Travis

William Barret Travis (August 9, 1809 - March 6, 1836) was a 19th century American lawyer and soldier. At the age of 26, he was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Texian Army, and commanded the Republic of Texas forces. He died at the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution from the Republic of Mexico.

William Henry Harrison

William Henry Harrison (1773-1841) Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe and ninth president of the United States. Harrison, a Whig, won the 1840 election on a "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" campaign, which played up his credentials as a backwoods westerner and Indian fighter. Harrison died of pneumonia just four weeks after his inauguration. Old Tippecanoe," who was portrayed by Whig propagandists as a hard-drinking common man of the frontier.

Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840

William Henry Harrison defeated Van Buren to win the election of 1840 for the Whigs.

This act promises which of the following to the Native Americans? a. Protection against other Native American tribes. b. The right to retain land that they had improved. c. Food and housing for the first two years after the move.

a. Protection against other Native American tribes.

Politics for the People

There were 2 major changes in politics after the Era of Good Feelings that were highlighted by the election of 1840: 1) Politicians who were too clean, too well dressed, too grammatical, and too intellectual were not liked. Aristocracy was not liked by the American people. The common man was moving to the center of the national political stage.

3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election.

They started the tradition of using campaigning, like the hickory for Jackson and the oak for Adams and their symbolic meanings, and mudslinging, aka talking bad about the competition and exaggerating. Some of Adam's supporters talked bad about Jackson's wife Rachel and his previous viciousness but some Jacksonians called Adams a excessive gambler and accused of being a pimp. The overall tone of this election was one of dirty insults and kind of horrible.

Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs?

They were the common man's party and they believed in champion of the liberty of the individual and were against the progress of privilege into government and they were made up of the lower classes (farmers in South, West, rural areas); they believed in states' rights and federal restraint in social and economic affairs. The Whigs were the upper class's party and they favored a renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and prohibition of liquor, and abolition (made up mostly of educated and wealthier classes and from the East). Both had social diversity though, from all classes.

What two things were unique about the election of 1832?

They were the emergence of the Anti-Masonic Party and the use of national nominating conventions. Basically the Anti-Masonic Party was a secret society that opposed masons, which Jackson was and they used a printed party platform, they printed their positions on the issues and this would become the norm for all parties. They spread their influence throughout the middle Atlantic and NE states. National nominating conventions were the people of each party nominated their candidate, not the "big whigs" that chose.

Is the federal government today more concerned with the "common man" or "aristocracy?" Explain.

Today's government professes to be more concerned with the common man, they talk alot about saving the middle class.

Trail of Tears

Trail of Tears Forced march of fifteen thousand Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some four thousand Cherokees died on the arduous journey. The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

By providing plots of western land for Native Americans, the U.S. government hoped that they would voluntarily move west. True or False

True

The Seminole tribe was not the only tribe to wage a violent resistance to the U.S. government's Indian Removal Act. True or False

True

"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"

Tyler's slogan during his election, using his victory during the Battle of Tippecanoe as a "pro" for voting for him.

Specie Circular

U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard," or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West.

King Caucus

Up until 1820, presidential candidates were nominated by caucuses of the two parties in Congress, but in 1824, this idea was overthrown. Andrew Jackson's term for selection process of candidates.

John C. Calhoun (1782-1850)

Vice president under Andrew Jackson, Calhoun became a U.S. senator from South Carolina after a public break with the administration. A fierce supporter of states' rights, Calhoun advocated South Carolina's position during the nullification crisis. In the 1840s and 1850s, he staunchly defended slavery, accusing free-state northerners of conspiring to free the slaves.

Andrew Jackson (1767-1845)

War hero, congressman, and seventh president of the United States. A Democrat, Jackson ushered in a new era in American politics, advocating white manhood suffrage and cementing party loyalties through the spoils system. As president, he dismantled the Bank of the United States, asserted federal supremacy in the nullification crisis, and oversaw the harsh policy of Indian removal in the South. The war hero, clearly had the strongest personal appeal. 7th president of the Unites States. "The new president cut a striking figure---tall, lean, with bushy iron - gray hair brushed high above a prominent forehead, craggy eyebrows, and blue eyes."

Old Hickory

Was Andrew Jackson. "Jacksonites planted hickory poles their hickory-tough hero." Jackson was the first president from the West and the second president without a college education.

Americans moved into Texas a. after Mexican authorities granted Stephen Austin a tract of land for settling immigrants to become properly Mexicanized. b. when invited by the Spanish government. c. on Sam Houston's defeat of General Santa Anna. d. after the Battle of San Jacinto. e. to spread Protestantism.

a. after Mexican authorities granted Stephen Austin a tract of land for settling immigrants to become properly Mexicanized.

President John Quincy Adams aroused southern and western hostility partly because he a. attempted to deal fairly with the Indians and opposed their removal from Georgia and elsewhere. b. had opposed adding any new states to the union. c. advocated substantially raising the price of federal lands in order to finance a larger military. d. refused to appoint the western hero Henry Clay as secretary of state. e. did not favor American nationalism and expansionism.

a. attempted to deal fairly with the Indians and opposed their removal from Georgia and elsewhere.

South Carolina attempted to block the Tariff of Abominations by a. nullifying the federal law through a state convention. b. persuading President Jackson to veto the tariff bill. c. organizing systematic smuggling to avoid paying the tariff taxes. d. mobilizing a political coalition of New England and the South. e. barring federal tax collectors from crossing state lines.

a. nullifying the federal law through a state convention.

Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddle's nickname, "Czar Nicholas I"? Explain.

agree, he held an immense and somewhat unconstitutional amount of power over the nation's financial affairs. BUS was the opposite of the belief of Am democracy and it foreclosed many western farms and profit, not public service, was its first first priority.

Richard Hofstadter

argued that Jacksonian democracy was not a rejection of capitalism, like Arthur M was saying, but instead the effort of aspiring entrepreneurs to secure laissez-faire policies that would serve their own interests against their monopolistic, eastern competitors

This act promises which of the following to the Native Americans? a. Rights to the land even if they abandon it. b. $500,000 for each Native American tribe. c. Subsistence help for their first year.

c. Subsistence help for their first year.

Despite President Adams's discomfort, his political supporters in the election of 1828 used all of the following dirty tactics against his rival Andrew Jackson except a. trumpeting his hanging of six mutinous militiamen. b. recounting his numerous deadly duels and brawls. c. assailing Jackson for his deadly conflicts and uncompromising relations with Indian nations. d. describing Jackson's mother as a prostitute. e. claiming Jackson's wife was an adulteress.

c. assailing Jackson for his deadly conflicts and uncompromising relations with Indian nations.

Southern anger at the Tariff of Abominations was driven partly by fear that a. Yankee prosperity would flow from the factory rather than from the sea. b. southerners, as heavy consumers of manufactured goods with little manufacturing industry of their own, would be hostile to tariffs. c. expanding federal government power could threaten the future of slavery. d. the revenues generated by the tariff would be spent on wasteful construction in the capital. e. ardent Jacksonites would promote a high-tariff bill, expecting it to be defeated.

c. expanding federal government power could threaten the future of slavery.

Under President Jackson and his successors, the fundamental requirement for holding federal office was a. distinguished service in similar offices at the state level. b. service in the military or state militia. c. political support of the president and his party. d. degree of education and success on civil service examinations. e. demonstrated expertise.

c. political support of the president and his party.

All of the following were true of southern reaction to the Tariff of Abominations except a. it was compared to the taxes raised by England on its colonies. b. southerners sold their cotton and other farm produce in a world market completely unprotected by tariffs but were forced to buy their manufactured goods in an American market heavily protected by tariffs. c. protectionism benefited the farmers and planters of the Old South. d. southerners believed that the Yankee tariff discriminated against them. e. the Old South was falling on hard times, and the tariff provided a convenient and plausible scapegoat.

c. protectionism benefited the farmers and planters of the Old South.

One of the main reasons Andrew Jackson decided to weaken the Bank of the United States after the 1832 election was a. his desire to convince the Supreme Court of its unconstitutionality. b. his desire to fight the Specie Circular, which hurt the West. c. his desire to halt the rising inflation rate that the bank had created before 1832. d. his fear that Nicholas Biddle might try to manipulate the bank to force its recharter. e. that he lost money he had invested in it.

d. his fear that Nicholas Biddle might try to manipulate the bank to force its recharter.

The most fundamental and unifying political perspective underlying the organization of the Whig Party was a. opposition to the further expansion of slavery. b. support for immigrants and Catholics. c. a wish to regulate the morals of American society. d. defense of eastern cities and business elites. e. hostility to Andrew Jackson and his followers.

e. hostility to Andrew Jackson and his followers.

Which of the following was not among the severe problems that crippled Martin Van Buren's presidency? a. antislavery agitation and hostility to the annexation of Texas. b. vigorous opposition from the same enemies who opposed President Jackson. c. a severe economic depression. d. a Canadian rebellion and the threat of war with Britain. e. reformers' strong attacks against the spoils system of appointment to federal office

e. reformers' strong attacks against the spoils system of appointment to federal office.

All of the following were true of the Election of 1836 except a. the Whigs hoped to scatter the national vote among multiple candidates. b. Jackson rigged the nominating convention and rammed his favorite down the throats of the delegates. c. the vice president, Martin Van Buren of New York, was Jackson's choice for appointment as his successor. d. Van Buren was something of a "yes man." e. the Whigs easily coalesced around one candidate.

e. the Whigs easily coalesced around one candidate.

Nullies

group that was under Jackson's presidency that tried to muster the necessary 2/3 vote for nullification in South Carolina legislature. they were blocked by.