APW Unit 6
Which of the following facilitated European expansion in Asia in the nineteenth century?
Europe's development of new military technologies
"Every denial of justice, every beating by the police, every demand of [colonial] workers that is drowned in blood, every scandal that is hushed up, every punitive expedition . . . brings home to us the value of our old societies. They were communal societies, never societies of the many for the few. They were societies that were not only pre-capitalist, but also anti-capitalist. They were democratic societies, always. They were cooperative societies, fraternal societies. I make a systematic defense of the societies destroyed by imperialism." from Aimé Césaire, Afro-Caribbean intellectual, Discourse on Colonialism, 1953.***Césaire's statement above was most likely made in response to
European colonizers' claim that their rule had improved life in the colonies
"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." from Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900***In the late 1800s, attitudes such as the one expressed in the passage had contributed most directly to which of the following?
European states' competition to acquire overseas colonies.
Which of the following pieces of data from the table most directly contradicts the claims of European imperial powers that colonies existed for the benefit of the colonized? (The figures are in French fancs and from a report of the Togo colonial government to the Ministry of Colonies in Paris).
Expenditures on administrative salaries were far greater than what was spent on public works and infrastructure.
Boer Wars were between Africans and the Dutch settlers known as Afrikaners
False
The Berlin Conference is where Europeans divided up Southeast Asia.
False
The only two independent areas left in Africa were the Congo and Ethiopia.
False
This type of colony lasted until 1953 and included places like Devil's island which was one of the harshest prisons ever.
French Penal Colony
The photo below, showing skin-tone evaluation performed on an Indonesian inmate in a Dutch colonial prison in 1933, most clearly exemplifies which of the following?
Influence of scientific theories on race.
In the Japanese print above of the war between China and Japan (1894-1895), the artist suggests that the
Japanese showed their mastery of Western technology, dress and military bearing.
Which of the following are motives for imperialism? (check all that apply)
Nationalism, Racism, missionary
Which of the following support Social Darwinism? (check all that apply)
Phrenologists, Pseudoscientists, and Josiah Strong.
"Whereas we, the undersigned kings and chiefs of Fanti, have unanimously resolved and agreed upon the articles hereinafter named." Article 1—That we form ourselves into a Committee with the view of effecting unity of purpose and of action between the kings and chiefs of the Fanti territory." Article 12—That the Representative Assembly of the Fanti Confederation shall have the power of preparing laws, ordinances, bills, etc." Excerpt from, Constitution of the Fanti Confederation, West Africa, 1871***Which of the following best describes the excerpt above?
A liberal nationalist response to colonialism
A historian researching the effects of Christian missionaries' activities on local social structures in late-nineteenth-century Africa would probably find which of the following sources most useful?
African account of converting to Christianity
"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." from Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900***Based on the passage, the author would most likely have agreed with which of the following statements?
Britain had contributed to human progress by taking over new colonies in Africa.
The trade patterns shown on the map above depict *
British imports of raw materials and exports of finished goods during the nineteenth century
Which of the following scientific concepts had the greatest role in providing a justification for imperialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
The revenues section of the table can best be used to illustrate which of the following continuities between pre-1900 and post-1900 European imperialism? (The figures are in French fancs and from a report of the Togo colonial government to the Ministry of Colonies in Paris).
Colonial powers sought to extract wealth and economic resources from the colonized peoples
This internal event weakened the Qing dynasty and made them susceptible to European dominance
Taiping Rebellion
In Poem 1, the sentiments regarding education and politics are best understood in the context of which of the following?
The British failure to provide mass education in India, for fear that doing so would encourage resistance against imperial rule
Based on an analysis of the Japanese currency used during the Meiji period (1868—1912) shown above, which of the following is the primary message conveyed by the engraving?
The Japanese government saw itself as a major Pacific power.
"[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women's education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption." from Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012***The spread of the liberal ideas discussed in the passage was most directly a result of which of the following?
The influence of European political and educational institutions facilitated by British imperial policies in India
Which of the following events would have been most likely to produce a cultural context similar to the one depicted in the image? (from CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY {French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution} IN TAHITI,{French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific} PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889
The scramble for Africa
Which of the following best describes the likely purpose of the photograph? (from CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY {French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution} IN TAHITI,{French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific} PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889
To reassure the French public of the civilizing effects of colonial rule and the loyalty of colonial populations
David Livingstone was a missionary who worked to end slavery!
True
Like a lioness, you fought your house to keep, And swift as deer, you ran ahead of time, Fearing neither the Western rifles nor barriers of the African culture, Setting your eyes on victory, you left behind the cooking role, Refusing to be betrayed by coward men leaders, Angered by colonial disrespect and maltreatment, Your love for your land and pride was greater than gender, The brave feminist of Africa, whose fights preceded Beijing.*******This poem likely to refer to which of the following events?
Yaa Asantewaa War
In the late nineteenth century, European imperialism in both Africa and China was characterized by
competition among imperialist powers
"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up." from Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869.****On a global scale, the implementation of the types of policies that Rivett-Carnac advocated for in the passage is most significant in that it directly led to the
growth of nationalist movements in colonial societies against imperial rule.
"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." from Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876*******The author's political point of view can be most clearly seen in the way in which the passage
omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India
"Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber. The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage. But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer's loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities." from Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885*****Stanley's description of the riches of the Congo in the first four sentences can best be seen as an attempt to
place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable
"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy's language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers. Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea--an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa. from Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897****Martini's argument in the last sentence most clearly refers to the late-nineteenth-century belief that imperialism was a useful way to * 1/1
relieve overcrowding and land shortages in European countries.
"Imagine that Chinese ships were to start importing arsenic* into England, advertising it as a harmless, foreign and fashionable luxury. Next, imagine that after a few years of arsenic being all the rage, with hundreds of thousands using it, the British government were to ban its use because of its bad effects. Finally, imagine again that, in opposition to this ban on arsenic, Chinese ships were to be positioned off the coast of England, making occasional raids on London.Advocates of the opium-smuggling profession argue that it is immensely profitable and that supplying opium in bulk as they are doing is not immoral and it only becomes vulgar when the opium is sold in small portions, to individual users. What admirable logic with which one may shield oneself from reality, satisfied that the opium trade is nothing more than 'supplying an important source of revenue to British companies operating in India.'The trade may be a profitable one—it may be of importance to the Indian government, and to individuals— but to pretend that it can be defended as harmless to health and morals is to argue the impossible. Anyone who seriously thinks about the subject cannot defend what is, in itself, manifestly indefensible." ********A historian might argue that the trade described in the passage reflected a turning point in world history primarily because the opium trade
shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China
"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up." from Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 186********Rivett-Carnac's point of view is NOT directly relevant in understanding which of the following features of the report?
the fact that the report states the railroad would lead to a reduction in the area of Berar covered by jungle