Architecture 205 Exam2

Bibi Khanum Mosque Uzbekistan 1399-1405 Decoration includes:

-Marble panels -Brick mosaics (including calligraphy) -Tile mosaics -Glazed tiles

Required Elements of Mosque Design

-Place to wash before prayer -Covered hall for prayer -Orientation towards Mecca

Describe the form and purpose the Madar-i Shah Madrasa (Madrasa of the Shah's Mother in Isfahan)

The islamic theological and legal school

describe the form and purpose of the Madar-i Shah Madrasa

The islamic theological and legal school

What is the purpose of a mosque and what are some of the architectural requirements for its design?

The purpose of a mosque is to serve as a Muslim house of prayer. Place to wash, covered prayer hall, oriented towards Mecca, courtyard, quibla wall, minaret, mihrab, minbar.

Shezade Mosque, Istanbul 1545-1648 What are some of the different buildings that are part of the Shezade Mosque complex in Istanbul? What do these complexes tell us about the role of mosques?

Tomb of Mehmet, shan(courtyard), Madrasa, hospice, school, caravanserai, mausoleum

Minaret

Tower for muezzin to call the faithful to prayer five times a day

What is a qanat and how does it contribute to urban life, gardens?

Underground

Fatehpur Sikri, India 1568-1580 How does the gateway and Friday mosque illustrate traditional mosque design with decorative elements of Mughal architecture?

Use of the iwan with domes and roof lined by parapet

What was the main pattern of Islamic Gardens?

Water, shade, rest, contemplation

hammam

a turkish bath

mihrab

arched niche indicating the direction of Mecca

St. Sophia, Kiev Ukraine 1037-1046

combines Byzantine traditions from Constantinople with Russian wooden architecture

Shezade Mosque, Istanbul 1545-1648 Who were the patron and the architect of this mosque? why was it built?

commissioned by Sultan Suleyman in memory of his son, Prince Mehmet. Built by Sinan

haram

covered prayer hall

Caravanserai

inn or rest station for caravans

Kulliye

large complex with mosque, madrasa, libraries, hospital, bath house, poors' kitchen

minbar

pulpit for the preacher

Iwan

roofed or vaulted chamber open on one side, often facing the courtyard of a mosque

quibla

wall in which the mihrab is located, also direction of Mecca

What are the 4 principles that guide the organization of space in chinese building complexes?

-modular design in bays, -Axial design, Orientation, -Sequencing, -elevation and decoration to establish importance

Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent

1495-1566. Ottoman Empire. Under him Hungary was conquered and parts of Austria.

mausoleum

A large and impressive tomb

madrasa

A school for the study of Muslim law and religious science

Sahn

Arcaded courtyard

Where and when does the Byzantine art and architecture begin?

Begins with Justinian in 527-565 in the city of Constantinople

Who built the great wall of China and why?

Begun by the Qin Dynasty to defend the Northern border, Ming Dynasty built most of the stone wall and defense

St. Basil, Moscow (cathedral of the intercession on the moat) 1555-1560 What historical events led to the construction of St.Basil 's in Moscow?

Built by Ivan the Fourth to commemorate the victory over the Horde at the battle of Kazan in 1552

Church of Transfiguration, 1714 Who was the patron of the church and what event does the church commemorate?

Built by Peter the Great to commemorate his victory over Swedes.

Taj Mahal, Agra, India 1631-1647 Who built the Taj Mahal and why? What principle elements of this building complex and what purpose do they serve?

Built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife. Complex includes gateway, gardens, tomband mosque.

Bibi Khanum Mosque Uzbekistan 1399-1405

Built by Timur in honor of his wife, who is buried in a nearby mausoleum

Monastery of hosios Loukas Describe the plan and structure of the two churches in the monastery. How do the architecture and the decoration of these churches serve as an example of Byzantine culture?

Central dome with galleries surrounding. Keep with the Byzantine style of architecture

Temple of Heaven, Beijing China 1530-1757 What are some of the architectural, decorative, and spatial characteristics of the Temple for Prayer that reveal its importance?

Circle represents heaven Square represents earth, embodiment of heaven and earth

Beijing, China, Temple of Heaven 1420 restored in 1530 and 1757 Describe the plan and main buildings in the Temple of Heaven complex

Circular modular or altar of heaven. Imperial vault of heaven. Used for sacrifices to heaven made by the emperor Prayer Hall Axial Design. Circle and Square

Gerami's House, Yazd, Iran 19th Century How do the plan and design of the house reflect concerns with privacy and climate?

Courtyards on inside regulate climate, exterior walls mostly plain and windowless

What is bazzar and what does it look like? What are some of the buildings and structures commonly found in a bazaar?

Covered streets with shops lining the sides. Often lead to other civic facilities.

Muqarna

Decorative device in Islamic architecture, like a mall pointed niche, used in tiers projecting over those below. sometimes called a stalactite vault.

Raising of Lazarus 1391 What are some of the techniques used to select wood and to build churches that ensure a structure that will last 100yrs?

Different woods used for different parts of the structure. Cut logs to fit each other. Insulated with moss and hemp. Very durable

Why use wood for Church of Raising Lazarus 1391?

Durable, cheap, practical & weather resistant

Quwwatu'l-Islam Mosque, Iron Pillar, and Qutb Minr, Delhi, India 12-13th Centuries Why does mosque have so many re-used architectural elements in its structure? Where did these pieces originally come from and what message would their reuse send to a visitor?

Elements came from other mosques (spolia) -Iron Pillar is kept like a trophy, it says "yeah we took you r place apart to build this place"

Forbidden City, Beijing, China, Hall of Supreme Harmony, 15th Century What was this building used for?

Emperors hosted their enthronement and wedding ceremonies. It is the ceremonial center of imperial power.

The Alhambra Palace, Grenada, Spain 13th-15th Centuries How is the open court used as a design principle in the Alhambra? What is the purpose of having gardens and water in a palace and what do they represent symbolically?

Emphasis on Symmetry, water provides mirror like reflection

Who is Sinan and what did he contribute to the development of Islamic/ Ottoman architecture?

Engineer and Architecture, served as architect for the Ottoman court and sultan for 50 years. Responsible for over 100 buildings

Raising of Lazarus 1391 What role does the exterior dome play in the russian churches?

Exterior dome let surrounding people know that the structure is a church. Stands out

Why was the church of Hagia Sophia in constantinople so famous? What other buildings are based on its form?

Famous because it is the masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. Monastery of Hosios Loukas has a plan similar to the Hagia Sophia

The Alhambra Palace, Grenada, Spain 13th-15th Centuries What are some of the forms of decoration and design principles typical of the Islamic world found in the Alhambra?

Fountains, Courtyards, muqarnas

Masjid-i jami, Iran 8th-16th century How would you describe the plan of the mosque? what are its most distinguishable characteristics in elevation?

Four Iwan mosque. Distinguishable iwan and muqarnas vault with detailed drawings and enscriptures

Fatehpur Sikri, India 1568-1580 Who was Salim Christi and why was he buried here?

Friend of Akbar who foretold the birth of his son, buried here out of respect

Quwwatu'l-Islam Mosque, Iron Pillar, and Qutb Minr, Delhi, India 12-13th Centuries What is the Qutb Minar? What are some of the forms of decoration and construction used to build it?

Function as a minaret, built of stone and decorated with calligraphy

Masjid-i jami, Congregation or Friday Mosque, Isfahan, Modern Iran 8th-16th century What are some materials and techniques used in its structure and decoration?

Glazed tiles, made of brick, stone, stucco, and wood.

Church of Transfiguration, 1714 What debt does its architecture owe to Byzantine arch.(plan) and what is a new development(elevation)?

Greek cross plan forming an octagon, reverse curve gables (bochki). Elaborate domed exterior and an interior of smaller spaces

Church of Nativity of the Virgin 1593

Greek cross plan with flanking domes Octagonal tower with tent roof(shatyor.) Gallery on three sides supported by projecting logs (pomochi)

A Squinch

In architecture is a construction filling in the upper angles of a square room so as to form a base to receive an octagonal or spherical dome. Another solution of this structural problem was provided by the pendentive.

Fatehpur Sikri, India, Friday mosque and gateway, tomb of Salim Christi 1568-1580 What are some of the buildings preserved at Fatehpur Sikri?

Includes palace, mosque, tombs, bazaar

St.Basil 1550-1560 Describe the plan and elevation of this complex?

Individual churches built around central tower. Four octagonal chapels, four smaller square chapels.

Shezade Mosque, Istanbul 1545-1648 How does the design of the central dome mosque draw inspiration from the Byzantine church Hagia Sophia?

Large dome similar to Hagia Sophia, built the same way

Describe the location and design of a typical caravanserai. How is this building uniquely suited to facilitate trade in the Islamic world?

Located along trade routes; square or rectangular walled interior, interior courtyard open to sky, rooms and bays lining courtyard, water, baths, shops.

Quwwatu'l-Islam Mosque, Iron Pillar, and Qutb Minr, Delhi, India 12-13th Centuries When was the iron pillar originally made and for what purpose? why is it here in the mosque?

Made in the 4th century by the Gupta king Chandragupta II, an inscription in Sanskrit says that it was dedicated to Vishnu, a Hindu god, moved to this location

Taj Mahal, Agra, India 1631-1647 What materials were used in the complex and the main buildings? What decorative forms were used and what do they symbolize?

Made of white marble with inlaid black and yellow marble. Inlaid decoration of flowering trees and plants includes semi-precious stones such as lapislazuli, jasper, agate, jade, coral, amethyst, and turquoise.

How does the city of Isfahan grow under the patronage of the Safavid rulers? What are some of the buildings they added to the city?

Made the capital city, built a new town square named the Royal Maidan with palace, mosque, and shops

Hamman of Hurrem Sultan, Istanbul 1556-1557 Describe the layout of the public bath. What benefits do they offer to residents? Why would these buildings be so important in an urban setting?

Men's entrance on left, woman's on right, middle courtyard with central yard with central fountain, warm room, hot room

Mosque

Muslim house of prayer oriented towards Mecca

Fatehpur Sikri, India 1568-1580' Who is the Mughal emperor who built Fatehpur Sikri and what motivated him to do so?

New capital built by Jalil al-DinAkbar, 3rd Mughal emperor, ruled 15156-1605. Built in celebration of the birth of Akbar's son Jahangir in 1569

St. Basil 1550-1560 How does the design of St.Basil's combine the traditions of wooden churches with masonry construction?

Onion wooden domes until fire, decorative exterior, elaborate plans.

What are the basic elements of a classical Chinese city as laid out in the Kao Gong Ji?

Orientation to cardinal points. Square plan. Walls(moat) on all sides. 3 gates in each wall.

What forms of decoration are found in Byzantine churches? What sorts of images and stories are depicted in the interior? How does this differ from traditions in medieval Europe?

Painting in domes, screens, images all over complex, depict who the building is dedicated to

How do gardens interact with architectural forms in the Islamic world?

Part of the built environment in Islamic architecture, very important.

Hammam of Hurrem Sultan, Istanbul 1556-1557 Who paid for the construction of this building? Who was the architect?

Payed by the Sultan, designed and supervised by Sinan

How does St.Marks reflect both the typical basilica plan and the greek cross

Plan and Section Plan displays aisles, transept, nave, and aps. Section displays the domes.

Church of Transfiguration, 1714 What are the key characteristics of its elevation inside and out?

Porch, pyramidal composition, 22 domes

Yoshimura House (minka), near Osaka, Japan 1620 Describe the materials and techniques used to build a minka. How is the design of this structure (inside & out) suited to its purpose and the climate of Japan?

Roofs of thatch and tile, walls covered with stucco

Sinan

Royal architect under Suleiman