Architecture and Society Exam 2 Larry Speck

Santa Maria della Fiore, Florence, Italy Construction/Tectonics

- Arnolfo di Cambio and Filippo Brunelleschi - want to build dome at end of cathedral but don't know how - Start building semi-domes and buttresses - Put dome on drum/tambor and sits proud and tall. Ribs on top of tambor. 8 massive ribs would be expressed in architecture at the end. Built an inner and outer dome. Outside & inside connected together. - Scaffolding builds ribs --> not so heavy. Super capable, strong done - inner space between layers of dome --> you can walk through - Belt made out of h=chains to keep loads on line - Brunelleschi invented form and it was later on perfected

Colosseum, Rome Structure and Materials

- Brick and stone - Loads being transferred with thicker loads at the bottom - Vaults --> 3d version of arch. When keystone is taken out of arch, it all falls down

Palacio del Rio San Antonio Construction/Tectonics

- Cerna & Garza Architects - Hemisphere in San Antonio increased tourism and more hotels were needed so they built this hotel - need to build hotels close to hemisphere but there's not enough time. So they innovated building process. Built hotel rooms off site while building site and foundation. going on concurrently - made concrete boxes off site as hotel rooms and then stacked up hotel rooms with steel reinforcing bars - Made it to finishes of rooms in fields off site

Deere Headquarters, Moline, Illinois Structure and Materials

- Eero Saarinen - Building all about expressing itself as a frame. - Farming equipment, strong, robust, steel building, not delicate - Steel building - Expresses every structural element - Layer of rust that water can't penetrate. Building made of rusty steel as a protective layer

Morse and Stiles Hall, Yale University Structure and Materials

- Eero Saarinen - Building is all about describing what compressive structure is - Reinforced concrete for opening. Main material is a mixture of stone and concrete - Very good compressive structure

Taliesin West, Scottsdale, Arizona Buildings and Land

- Frank Lloyd Wright - House sprawls across desert - Built dugouts in ground to make it cooler during day and hotter at night. - Tents responding to climate. Controlled wind, breeze, and light. - Made out of desert rocks. Half concrete, half stone. Some water

Simpson-Lee House | Mount Wilson, Australia

- Glenn Murcutt - no impervious cover, even under the house - Slanted roof for rainfall - Don't try hard to prevent forest fires - determined by physical considerations

Ames Gate Lodge, North Easton, Mass. Structure and Materials

- H. H. Richardson - Domestic building gateway to large lodge - Using local stone - Making compressions in stone visceral - you can feel it - Showing how important key stone is

Dominus Winery | Napa Valley, CA | 1998

- Herzog & de Meuron - industrial city only made of making wine - long thin surface to mimic the long thin valley - rocks are the same color as soil (made from local material) - long face south & north - chose soil wisely to leave no handprint (no impervious cover) - bending structure (steel) in places where they need a lot of room - on closed spaces used compression (concrete)

Cameron Offices, Belconnen ACT, Australia Architecture in Response to Climate

- John Andrews - series of wings - long, thin rectangles - Long faces--> north and south - Short faces --> East and west - lots of glass in the north and side faces - no glass facing west - south face has horizontal solar shading. Keeps out high summer sun, but lets in low winter sun - courtyards between the wings. Entire space shaded with fins that go across the sun. Microclimate with evaporative cooling - pond inside courtyard

Sydney Opera House Construction/Tectonics

- Jorn Utzon - Shapes couldn't be done in thin shell concrete - All had uniform radius - Had to redo foundations - Dramatic extension of building in lobby. Utzon wanted it to be glass but glass would've had to be 2ft thick which is too expensive. He wouldn't change his mind so they took him off project and instead used steel with glass on top.

Hope on Alvarado LA Construction/tectonics

- KTGY architects - Made in China, lower labor costs for same materials and technology - Shipping container technology - affordable housing - These were shipped then stacked

The Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, India Architecture in Response to Climate

- Le Corbusier - Horizontal and vertical sunshading making up the facade - From east there are no windows. All vertical sunshades with windows behind - On June 21st and december 21st dramatic slice of light because of the structure on the roof - Structure at top has a slit that allows internal shadows to follow the arc of the sun → contributes to the orderly feeling of the building as light is cast into the courtrooms

Chandigarh Capitol Complex, Chandigarh, India 1951 Architecture in Response to Climate

- Le Corbusier - In India after Britts leave - All about being climate efficient and solar shading - complex of buildings making up capital of Chandigarh - will focus on palace of justice and assembly (not as much secreteriat)

Palace of Justice, Chandigarh, India Architecture in Response to Climate

- Le Corbusier - One of his projects in India - Lots of indians use umbrellas --> portable shade that allows breeze to come through - Big dominant roof to shade, allows air to flow above it. Like an umbrella - About 45 degrees to cardinal points. Don't line up with North, south, east, and west. - Southwest - terrible face because from 2pm-6pm the sun is there. No windows on this face - Long faces on southeast and northwest face - has the sun shades all along northeast and southeast face. Need vertical shade for east component and horizontal for south component so he uses both. - Pools to cool air and for breeze to go across

Secretariat Building, Chandigarh, India Architecture in Response to Climate

- Le Corbusier - hot climate in India, pre airconditioning

How to build to respond to the sun in ATX

- Long, thin building. Long faces- north and south. You can control the sun more on the south facade. East and west spaces heat up building and have the smallest faces. - Height of the building. You don't want too much wall since it can catch lots of sun. height = dimension to east and west face - fenestration- windows and doors have more vulnerability to heat gain. Important to put them in the right spot. North space --> great for windows since it gets less sun.. East face is not so good. Low in the sky. Lots of heat. Worst place for windows is west because all afternoon the sun is on the west side and its burning hot. - solar shading to control how much heat enters the building. Horizontal and vertical solar shading over windows. Horizontal solar shading is most appropriate at the south side but not in feb and january. lets you gain heat when you want it and lose heat when you don't. When at an angle vertical solar shading blocks sun- good for east/west face. Perpendicular to vertical solar shades --> doesn't work.

Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago Structure and Materials

- Mies van der Rohe - Made out of steel --> sturdy frame --> excellent at building - frame determining character of apartments. Don't need supportive walls just the steel frame - Thin, strong, capable frame opens up building to the outdoors - Amazing views

Condominiums, Sea Ranch, California Buildings and Land

- Moore, Lyndon, Turnbull, Whitaker - On coastline of California - Big boulder rocks come out into coastline. Waves splash on it. - Same color as rocks - Cold, windy, northern California - Built in courtyard to protect from wind - Redwood used to make buildings

Hagia Sophia, Constantinople Structure and Materials

- New capital of Roman empire -- building used to celebrate it - Later on converted to a mosque - Made several domes. One main dome, semi dome next to it, and smaller semi domes - Massive buttresses in ground to hold the loads - Vaulted spaces on outside

The Pantheon, Rome Structure and Materials

- No architect Listed - dome --> huge room, very tall - loads thinner at the top of the dome --> explanation of how loads are collected down into the wall

Tenneco Building, Houston Architecture in Response to Climate

- Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM) - Good climate response - Microclimate around building - Glass set back by steel frame - All in shade, sun doesn't hit windows - enormous energy savings- less fossil fuel burns - less carbon footprint

Cathedral, Amiens, France Construction/Tectonics

- natural light to connect us to god. Figure out how to use stone to not block light. So they building buttresses that are perpendicular to wall - taking loads out there and allowing them to be carried out in these buttresses. So, wall can be opened up with windows and doesn't need to be made with solid stone. - verticallity. vertical spaces with natural light. Look up to heavens. - stone in compression - first put in foundation. Dense limestone in ground and use it only where it moldable. - building up, stacking, using scaffolding. After 3 or 4 floors scaffolding isn't strong enough. So they began to build platforms into stone walls and built spiral staircases to bring up materials. - Keep building up layers to be super tal - eventually need to build a roof -- new challenge. They cut timber on ground and assembled it on ground with joints. But couldn't lift it so they had to unassemble it. - Pulley took piece of truss in air then reassmbled it in the air. Big trusses in air. - Vaults at top--> starts with skeleton - impossible to conceive this gothic cathedral without invention on construction process.

Acoma, New Mexico Buildings and Land

- no architect - old native american city found by archeologists - in desert - Masons everywhere with steep perimeter and flat top - walls of mases used to protect themselves - built buildings how nature build landforms. --> made from mud and brick - Big thick walls. During night open up walls and cool air comes in and is absorbed by the big walls. During the day everything is closed and walls radiate cool air.

Mont St. Michel, France Buildings and Land

- no architect listed - BUilding there because of land - Big rock emerged off the coast of France - Religious leaders thought god made this sacred rock so he wanted to build monestary on top of it - Monestary turned into religious community which turned into a church - On top you see entire coast and are connected to god - Conglomeration of land that formed character and materials of building

What are the 4 forces that operate in a building?

- tension, compression, shearing, and bending - tension forces stretch building and pull it apart. - compression- smushing it - bending- made up of tension on one side and compression on the other

Torcasso Residence, Santa Fe, NM Architecture in Response to Climate

- windows on north and south facade - Horizontal sunshading on the north side - Long North facing glass wall inside house. Has screens to keep bugs out. It opens up to the North porch - Open up the glass at night to cool off walls. Cold at night but hot during the day. High thermal mass big walls. During the day windows close and house is kept cool.

Materials and their physical traits

- wood- good at both tension and compression, so its good at bending - steel is excellent in compression. Resistant to it. Excellent in tension. Thus, great at bending - Brick- good in compression, but doesn't resist tension. It will snap if it stretched - stone is the same and concrete (not good at bending, good in compression but not bending. it cracks from bending)

What are the 5 physical considerations

1. energy consumption 2. consumption of resources 3. land consumption (changing natural quality of earth) 4. toxicity 5. waste (where do excess materials during construction go, how are materials disposed of after building is taken down, what materials are used)

Steps to structural systems

1. sitework 2. putting in foundation 3. structural system - barning walls, columns, brick 4. thermal and moisture protection- humidity, condensation. envelope around building to protect from temp insulation and water penetration 5. spaces inside- whether we want to partition them. Separating spaces into rooms 6. Systems in building- wifi, plumbing, electrical systems, heating and cooling 7. Finishes- wood panelling, fine metal screens to sunshade building.

"Falling Water" Bear Run, Pennsylvania Buildings and Land

Frank Lloyd Wright - Wright wanted to understand land --> foresty area, solis had shells, hilly area made out of stacked shelves of sedementary rock. Waterways run through the property - House grows out of most engaged part of the site. House integrated into shelves. Hanging out of the side of the hill. Can barely see it. - Outdoor spaces just as important as indoor ones - Texture of stone he's using to build house contains horizontal striations which are found in nature. - Builds trellises for natural light - House changes with the different seasons. During summer it is bright cream. During fall it is goden. In winter the house is stark white. - Interiors remind you of land

What does geography/topography/ecology focus on?

Fundamental planning Transportation Infrastructure → water, electrical, wi-fi, sewer lines Land use → residential, industrial, retail, commercial. Where we place buildings in relation to each other. Rules meant to keep people out --> ex. family neighborhoods --> no more than 3 non-related people per house Social Services → playgrounds, rec-centers Environmental → sustainability, resilience Impervious cover- structures made to prevent flooding Subsidence - an area of land prone to sinking; drained water below ground causing the land to sink and allows for flooding to occur

The Woodlands, Texas (1970) Geography/Topography

Ian McHarg (planner) - Sand soil, pine trees, flat land, more porous soil - Didn't do any development on lower ground, only on high ground. - Detention ponds on lower land. Dog parks, bike and walk trails, swimming pools. Ponds prevent flooding but people think it was built for aesthetic and pleasure. - Minimize impervious cover. Made less wide streets. 18ft wide instead of 32 ft wide. - Instead of concrete they used boardwalk to eliminate impervious cover - Made depression on that functions as a swale/ditch for drainage.

Tōdai-ji Temple Nara, Japan | 752 CE Structure/materials

Japanese castles: - using wood - At bottom it is a masonry structure - All a bending structure - Massive timbers framing the whole thing - Form coming from materials --> wood and how wood works and how its physics operate Temple: - Everything is in bending - Largest wooden building in the world - Major monumental structure - Can make delicate structure because they understand how wood bends - detailed : you can see the rafters in bending and tells us about transferring loads

Swim Club, Sea Ranch, California

Lawrence Halprin - public pool in sea ranch - sea ranch is cluster housing, but when you look out you see meadow. - condiminiums on sea ranch. Clustered by hedgerow.

Hattusa, Turkey Structure/Materials

No architect listed Early archeological city Stones connected by pegs --> very labor intensive Stones taking diagonal compression loads for openings Rooms made with wood roofs and cover on top of the house made of stone

Mayan Citadel, Tikal Guatemala Structure/Materials

No architect listed Early civilization Pyramids all of stones in compression To make houses the stones are struggling. Similar to houses in Hattusa. They came to same conclusion even though they are on opposite sides of the world. Wood is good at bending, while stone isn't so its used for roof.

Pont du Gard, Nimes, France Structure and Materials

No architect listed figure out arch which allows stone to stay in compression while making openings. Nothing is in bending. Loads accumulate and it becomes bigger and thicker Roman aqueduct