Argumentative exam 2

The opponent's strategy of extenuation is a form of refutation in which the claim is made that the advocate has failed to determine what is required to establish the alleged fact or has failed to provide sufficient proof or reasoning to establish the alleged fact.

Advance value and policy arguments. Inquire as to what is rational to believe about a topic. Inquire as to what is rational to believe about a topic.

What are the stock issues in factual argumentation used to accomplish?

Argue the probable truth of the relationship between the subject and object of the proposition Verify the relationship between the subject and the object of the proposition through appropriate reasoning Discover proof that is sufficient to confirm the relationship between the subject and object of the proposition

Read the following argument and then answer multiple choice item, The lakeshore condominium project will threaten the ecology of the Lake Superior shoreline. The plan calls for widening Lakeshore Drive to four lanes, putting in six highrise buildings, and building a four-foot wall around the complex. Look what happened when a similar project was built in Duluth—water fowl lost their nesting places and the grasses that hold the shoreline were uprooted by construction equipment. When there is a major construction project along a shoreline, the plant and animal life are harmed. "Look what happened when a similar project was built in Duluth—water fowl lost their nesting places and the grasses that hold the shoreline were uprooted by construction equipment," functions as which part of this unit of argument?

Backing

Read the following argument and then answer multiple choice item. The lakeshore condominium project will threaten the ecology of the Lake Superior shoreline. The plan calls for widening Lakeshore Drive to four lanes, putting in six highrise buildings, and building a four-foot wall around the complex. Look what happened when a similar project was built in Duluth—water fowl lost their nesting places and the grasses that hold the shoreline were uprooted by construction equipment. When there is a major construction project along a shoreline, the plant and animal life are harmed. "The lakeshore condominium project will threaten the ecology of the shoreline,"functions as which part of this unit of argument?

Claim

"Since the Pegasus, a wide bodied commercial jetliner has been shown to have serious design flaws, it is reasonable to assume that other wide bodied commercial jetliners, such as the Valkyrie, have serious design flaws." What fallacy of reasoning does this argument commit?

Composition

A straw man argument is one in which an arguer does which of the following?

Directs attention to the refutation of an argument that was never raised. Commits a transfer fallacy. Restates an argument in a way that makes it appear weaker. ALL OF EM

Investigating the historical background of a topic is valuable because it helps you

Discover where presumption lies, find issues to argue, understand the field in which you are arguing

In applying the stock issues for value propositions to develop a prima facie case,you will use all of the following stock issues EXCEPT which one?

Do indicators of effect, extent, and inherency show that the value object meets these criteria? In what value hierarchy is the value of object of the proposition best evaluated? By what criteria is the value object to be located in this value hierarchy? What techniques of reasoning should be used to demonstrate this relationship? THE ONE NOT USED IN QUIZ

A ____ proposition states something is, was or will be true.

FACT

T/F A generalization is a form of deductive reasoning.

False

T/F Appealing to emotions such as pity and fear will always result in the commission of a fallacy.

False

T/F As long as we remember that meanings are in words, and use the appropriate words, we can avoid committing fallacies of language.

False

T/F Fallacies only occur when arguers intentionally attempt to deceive their listeners or readers.

False

T/F Generalizations reason that, on the basis of two or more similar events or cases, what is true of case one will also be true of case two.

False

T/F The backing provides the mental leap from grounds to claim.

False

T/F The fallacies of composition, division, and refutation can occur when arguers resort to using emotional rather than logical appeals

False

T/f Although the advocate must consider presumption in building a prima facie case infactual argumentation, the opponent need not consider it in determining what to argueand how to argue it.

False

T/f In factual argumentation, arguments about inherency focus on calling the audience'sattention to the consequences of what happened, is happening, or will happen.

False

T/f The opponent's strategy of extenuation is a form of refutation in which the claim is made that the advocate has failed to determine what is required to establish the alleged fact or has failed to provide sufficient proof or reasoning to establish the alleged fact.

False

When you offer arguments applying the tests of proof, source credibility, and sound reasoning to demonstrate the deficiencies in another person's arguments, you are committing the fallacy of employing ad hominem arguments.

False

A ______ proposition or argument states something SHOULD be done and should include the word "should."

Policy

"Safety questions not withstanding, I think everyone will admit that the Pegasus is a much more comfortable passenger plane than the Valkyrie or any other wide bodied jet." This argument commits the fallacy of

Simple evasion

As an advocate developing a prima facie case for your proposition of fact, you must develop arguments of significance to support your main points. Significance often is a way of focusing on this element of the analysis of propositions. What is it that draws our attention to a subject or controversy and are often what gives it significance?

The immediate cause

What purpose do the stock issues for factual argumentation serve

To argue the probable truth or falsity of the primary inference. To discover whether information confirms or denies the inferred relationship between the subject and predicate of the proposition. To verify the relationship between the subject and predicate of the proposition through appropriate reasoning patterns.

START OF 4 T/F At a minimum, the advocate of a policy proposition must define the specifics of the change in belief sought by the proposition.

True

START OF 5 T/F Claims may be stated as compound sentences in order to make argumentation more economical

True

T/F A claim may offer a conclusion about a fact, definition, value, or policy.

True

T/F A hasty generalization will occur if your reasoning is based upon an atypical example.

True

T/F A stock issue for arguing a value proposition asks by what value hierarchy is the object of the proposition best evaluated.

True

T/F An ad hominem argument is one in which the character of the arguer rather than the arguments he or she advanced is attacked.

True

T/F An argument from authority is fallacious if the source of opinion lacks expertise.

True

T/F An inference is an earlier attempt to institute a policy such as the one you are proposing.

True

T/F Analyzing the immediate cause of interest in a topic can be accomplished byexamining the mass media.

True

T/F Because a word may have a number of legitimate meanings, you need to be careful not to commit errors of ambiguity or equivocation.

True

T/F Because value propositions focus on what is a salient value judgment at the presenttime, an extensive analysis of the historical background of a controversy is inappropriate.

True

T/F Begging the question occurs when the claim is supported by reasons that do nothing more than rephrase the claim itself.

True

T/F Evidence is information taken from fact or opinion material used to establish the probable truth of a claim

True

T/F Factual proof is always grounded in experience, either one's own or that of someone else.

True

T/F In a factual proposition, the immediate cause of a controversy is usually some eventthat leads to differing interpretations or makes people realize they need to acquire newknowledge.

True

T/F In a policy proposition, the analysis of the immediate cause of a controversies is particularly important to developing inherency arguments.

True

T/F Investigating the contemporary and historical background of your proposition's subject provides you with information that helps you find the issues you will argue.

True

T/F Premises are factual claims that are so widely accepted they have the status of "fact".

True

T/F Rebuttal phrases show the degree of force which the arguer believes his claim possesses.

True

T/F Statistical evidence need not meet the test of having come from a reliable source.

True

T/F The primary difference between an argument from dilemma and the fallacy of forcing a dichotomy is that in the latter the choices available to the listener or reader are over simplified.

True

T/F The purpose of value argumentation is to decide how to judge something.

True

T/F When you offer arguments applying the tests of proof, source credibility, and sound reasoning to demonstrate the deficiencies in another person's arguments, you are committing the fallacy of employing ad hominem arguments.

True

The grounds are that portion of the argument which requires further proof beforethe listener is willing to accept it as verified.

True

t/f Denial arguments suggest the advocate's argument is weak because it overlooks certain important facts which the opponent provides.

True

t/f Factual argumentation is used in a number of fields to pursue new knowledge andinterpret existing knowledge.

True

A ______ proposition or argument, passes judgement. For example it could say something is beautiful, unjust, inefficient, counterproductive or best.

Value

inference

a conclusion or decision about what is unknown based on what is known, derived by reasoning

If in answering your question about how people reason, your professor uses the terms "epistemological" and "ontological," and you have no idea what those two terms mean, the professor may be committing

a fallacy in language use.

In advocating the proposition "equipping cars with anti-lock brakes does not reduceaccidents," an argument claiming "drivers with ABS-equipped cars drive faster andfollow closer than drivers without ABS" would constitute _____________________ .

a significance argument

In opposing the proposition "equipping cars with anti-lock brakes does not reduce accidents," an argument stating "teaching drivers to use anti-lock brakes properly, by applying them forcefully won't prevent them from overdriving the conditions" would be

an effect argument.

"North Korean leader Kim Jong Il's claim about what his country will do with nuclear weapons can best be understood in terms of the character Darth Vader in the Star Wars trilogy. North Korea is the Death Star of the Pacific Rim." This statement reflects the reasoning pattern termed

analogy

In reasoning from __________, phenomena are connected along a time line, the one which occurs first acts as the generative agent which brings the second into being.

cause

In analyzing a proposition, the final thing you should do is

determine the actual issues in the controversy

In testing the validity of the argument below, you would be well advised to ask : CLAIM: Athletes receive preferential treatment in some classes. GROUNDS: Members of the football team are allowed to miss classes without incurring the penalties imposed on non-athletes who miss classes. WARRANT: These conditions suggest preferential treatment of the athlete over the nonathlete by some professors. BACKING: Preferential treatment in the classroom is commonly recognized as being allowed to miss classes without penalty and being allowed extra time for exams.

do the grounds reliably point to the conclusion drawn and not some alternative conclusion?

"The university's golf course is terrible. The rough is so uneven that you could break your wrist trying to get your ball out of a thick patch, while five feet away you could destroy a club on a rocky patch." This argument commits the fallacy of using

emotionally loaded language.

immediate cause

events or circumstances in the present or recent past that focusattention on the subject of the proposition

T/F "For the bookstore to pay students less that the wholesale value for a used text book is an outrage," is an example of a factual claim.

false

T/F A good way to avoid committing a fallacy of language is to use as much of the technical terminology of the field of the proposition as possible.

false

T/F The opponent in factual argumentation may not dispute the topicality of theadvocate's primary inference.

false

t/f Extenuation arguments claim that the advocate has knowingly distorted informationin building her case.

false

t/f The opponent must always respond to the advocate's preemptive arguments, even ifthey are straw man arguments.

false

t/f The opponent's strategy of extenuation is a form of refutation in which the claim is made that the advocate has failed to determine what is required to establish the alleged fact or has failed to provide sufficient proof or reasoning to establish the alleged fact.

false

In this category of fallacy in argumentation, the problem is often the result of a flaw in the warrant that justifies the mental leap between grounds and claim. Errors of this kind fall into the category of fallacies

in reasoning

"If we accept the argument about the lack of safety of the Pegasus, then we must abandon whatever faith we have in the free enterprise system as we know it," is a statement that commits the fallacy of

irrelevant argument

A good reason for considering the historical background of a proposition of fact isthat

it provides a frame of reference for developing arguments.

If you want to efficiently set up the basis of what the change is a proposition ofpolicy should be, you should define terms by

operation

"More people are killed and injured every year in their bathtubs than in Pegasus. I suppose the next thing you will argue is that we should give up bathing." This argument commits the fallacy of

reducing a claim to absurdity.

When an arguer magnifies the importance of a weak argument out of proportion and uses it to discredit the other person's entire position, the arguer risks committing the fallacy of

seizing on a trivial point.

An argument from authority becomes a fallacious appeal to authority when

the authority is characterized as infallible and used to shut off further discussion of the issues. (

primary inference

the conclusion you draw about what you believe a proposition means, based on your definition of key terms in it

Professor of Neurology at Boston University, Dr. Ann McKee statement says, "when helmets clash, the head decelerates instantly, yet the brain continues to lurch forward, like a driver who jams the brakes on. Even though the skull is protected by a helmet, the brain itself is still in motion and a concussion is often the result" In assessing the reliability of Dr. McKee's statement we would be concerned about

the expertise of the source. (d) the generalizability of settings and subjects.

"You say the food at Wally World is bland and overpriced. Did you try the tacos or the hot wings? Did you use the family feast plan, which can save you a lot of money? Did you really give the food at the park a fair shot?" This argument commits the fallacy of

the fallacy of refutation

value hierarchy

the implied or actual order imposed on a set of competing values in resolving a problem; for example, in order to be safe from criminals we may have to give up a little freedom

"How can we question the safety of the Pegasus when so many people choose to fly on them each and every day?" This is an example of an appeal to

the people

analysis

the process of discovering the actual issues in a controversy by applying thestock issues of fact, value, or policy to the particulars of a proposition

case development

the process of putting together a set of arguments to be used to advocate or oppose the acceptance of an opposition by the audience

actual issues

the specific need for knowledge identified by the wording of the proposition and discovered while analyzing the proposition that must be satisfied if belief or behavior is to change

Why is it helpful to define terms in propositions?

to narrow the range of possible issues to be argued. To clarify what we mean. To establish precisely what the primary inference is.

t/f The idea of briefing arguments is adapted from the field of law and legal briefwriting.

true

You should always define __________, such as "desirable," "beneficial," or "disadvantageous" in value argumentation, because these terms are the source of criteria you will use in making the value judgment.

value-laden terms