ARH 151 final exam

high art and high culture

(associated with classical antiquity and perpetuated through the artistic traditions of the Renaissance) have traditionally been contrasted with low culture (or popular/mass culture). Some contemporary art focuses on the blurring of boundaries between high art and low culture.

Synthetic Cubsim

A new phase that began in 1912; artists constructed paintings, drawings, sculptures, from found or pre-made materials; collage falls into this phase of cubism

sexual identity

As women have sought to express their individuality and social concerns through art, so have members of the LGBT community.

the art of japan

At midcentury, Japan had lost the war, yet within a couple of decades, the country managed an economic comeback, dominating the automotive and electronics industries. Within this setting, the Gutai Art Association—an experimental group founded in 1954—explored new art forms that combined painting with performance and installation exhibitions. These artists were much more radical for the era than Western performance artists.

the art of india and pakistan

In 1947, the Dominion of India gained independence from the United Kingdom. Led by Mahatma Gandhi, India entered its postcolonial period. Gandhi further advocated for the alleviation of the deprivations experienced by India's lowest caste and promoted amicable relations between Hindus and Muslims. In the same year the British departed, India broke apart into the two nations of the Union of India (majority Hindu) and the Dominion of Pakistan (Muslim). In Bombay (now Mumbai), the Marxist-leaning Progressive Artists' Group rejected colonial stylistic idioms and embraced twentieth-century European modernism.

the art of mexico

In Mexico, a generation of mural painters channeled the indigenous artistic traditions of Pre-Hispanic Mexico in modern works with epic historical narratives and powerful social and political criticism. After the Mexican Revolution, which started in 1910 and ended around 1920, the government established a public mural program to glorify the revolution, promote its ideals, and create pride in Mexico's mestizo (mixed) Spanish and indigenous heritage. *Frida Kahlo- The Two fridas

I in P.I.N.E

Irrational/inner mind/insanity: romantic artists depict the human psyche and topics that transcend the use of reason. one Romantic artist, Gericault, chose t do portraits of people in an insane asylum

African art

It was only in the nineteenth century that anthropologists and other scholars began to consider sculpture and other objects created by Africans as for commemorative or ritualistic purposes of "art"

Futurism

Marinetti introduced this in 1909 as a way of glorifying dynamism, or the theory that force or energy is the basic principle of all phenomena

who was the driving force behind the birth of Cubism

Picasso, he combined the pictorial methods of Cezanne with formal elements from native African, Oceanic and Iberian sculpture Pablo Picasso, Guernica (famous oil painting)

the art of africa

Ritual and ceremonial objects produced by African peoples during this period exhibit remarkable continuity with traditions established over centuries. Masks and headdresses from various regions of Africa illustrate diverse styles and symbolism. Some have facial features resolved into geometric shapes, and others are embellished with brass, shells, beads, seeds, feathers, and furs.

the art of japan

The Meiji period ended in 1912 and was followed by the short-lived, democratic Taisho period. The Showa period began in 1926, under the reign of the emperor Hirohito. Under Hirohito, Japan descended into totalitarianism, militarism, and racism, leading to the invasion of China in 1937 and Japan's involvement in World War II. During the early part of the century, Japanese artists portrayed contrasting aspects of the Japanese psyche: the warrior side, with its enduring samurai traditions, and the temperate side, meditative, at one with nature.

Jacques-Louis David

The Oath of the Horatii painter in the neoclassical style

the art of china

The Xinhai Revolution of 1911 brought an end to Qing imperial rule and the establishment of the Republic of China. After World War II, the Communist leader Mao Tse-tung defeated nationalist forces to become leader of the People's Republic of China. In the early twentieth century, despite political turmoil, Chinese landscape painting continued to thrive. The Communist party also sponsored art in support of political propaganda.

figuration and abstraction in the postwar years

some artists remained strong in their commitment to the figure, to nature, or to visible reality, even as they integrated some elements of the New York School other artists explored the boundaries of abstraction

modern sculpture

some of the most notable characteristics of modern painting included a newfound realism of subject and technique, a more fluid or impressionistic handling of medium, and a new treatment of space

minimalists

sought to reduce their ideas to their simplest forms

difference between surrealism and dada

surrealists turned more towards dreams and the unconscious.

Realism

the "modern" painters of the nineteenth century objected to Academic art because the subject matter did not represent real life and because the manner in which the subjects were rendered did not reflect reality as it was observed by the naked eye

contemporary art

the art of today, produced in the second half of the 20th century or in the 21st century. Contemporary artists work in a globally influenced, culturally diverse, and technologically advancing world.

The bauhaus

the early part of the twentieth century also saw numerous innovations in modern architecture especially the concepts that "form follows function" and that "less is more"

Futurist artists attempted to capture

the energy of modern life through depiction of the movement of their subjects

Mexico

the shackles of Spanish rule were broken, and although the nation won independence, it entered a period of disarray that ended only with the radical reforms under the leadership of Benito Juarez.

The Academy

the style of art with the least impact on the development of modern art was the most popular type of painting in its day

Deconstructivist architectural design

the whole is less important than the parts, and buildings are meant to be seen in bits and pieces. Deconstructivist architects tend to reduce their structures to purer geometric forms made possible by contemporary materials, and they make liberal use of color to express emotion.

The Art of India

throughout the 19th century, india remained under the hegemony of Britain, whose influence extended to the arts and architecture

America

while Americans, such as Whistler and Cassatt were working in Europe, several American artists of note remained at home working in the Realist tradition the realism appears in figurative painting and landscape painting, both of which were also tinted with Romanticism

Romanticism

while neoclassicism emphasized restraint of emotion, purity of form, and subjects that inspired morality, Romantic artists drew on their imaginations, nature, emotions, the exotic, the past and the fantatical

Marcel Duchamp

work is associated with Cubism, Dada, and conceptual art. He was careful about his use of the term Dada and was not directly associated with Dada groups.

Assemblage

works that are constructed, but form found objects

Expressionist styles of the early twentieth century include:

-Die Brucke (The Bridge) -Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider)

Art Nouveau is marked by:

-a lyrical linearity -the use of symbolism -rich ornamentation -an overriding sense of the organic

Neoclassical art contained:

-harsh sculptural lines -planar instead of linear recession -classical, especially Roman, subject matter

The art of the Fauves emphasized:

-harsh, non descriptive color -bold linear patterning -a distorted form of perspective

The art of Abstract Expressionism emphasized

-spontaneity -gestural brushstrokes -nonobjective imagery -fields of intense color

Auguste Rodin

19th century sculptor changed the course of the history of sculpture by applying these principles of modern painting in his work

Abstract expressionism emerged in..

New York in the mid-twentieth century Jackson Pollock & Mark Rothko

The Harlem Renaissance

Also in the early twentieth century, a cultural movement took root in a section of New York City known as Harlem. African American writers, artists, intellectuals, and musicians in Harlem produced such a conspicuous body of specifically African American work

postmodern architecture

By the end of the 1970s, architects continued to create steel-cage structures, but drew freely from past styles of ornamentation, including classical columns, pediments, friezes, and a variety of elements from ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. This architectural movement, Postmodernism, "warmed up" buildings, linking them to the architectural past.

The art of japan

During the nineteenth century, the Edo period drew to a close, and the Meiji period began. In 1853, U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into Tokyo harbor and demanded that Japan open trade with the west. For the next several decades, the Meiji emperors took measures to modernize Japan. The opening of trade between Japan and the West led to Japanese prints flowing into Paris and other cities, as well as Japanese artists studying with Western artists in Japan and Europe.

E in P.I.N.E

Emotion/exotic: Romantics favored emotion and passion over reason. exotic themes and locales were also popular because they did not adhere to European emphasis on rationality

In the 19th century, the Americas were impacted by

European contact, conquest and colonialism

what does P.I.N.E stand for

Past Irrational/Inner mind/Insanity Nature Emotion/Exotic

"I have never seen an angle. Show me an angel and I'll paint one."

Gustave Courbet

P in P.I.N.E

Past: longing for the medieval past, pre-industrial Europe (Gothic architecture with be revived)

neo-expressionists

revived the gestural manner and experimentation with materials of the Abstract Expressionists, but with an added dimension. These young German and Italian artists detested art "about nothing."

N in P.I.N.E

Nature: longing for the purity of nature, which defies human rationality

Edouard Manet

Olympia a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism

Components of constructed sculpture may include materials such as

rods, bars, tubes, planks, dowels, blocks, fabric, wire, thread, glass, plastic and machined geometric solids

African artists created

sacred objects, among other reasons, to honor ancestors and rulers, to beseech and propitiate spirits, to serve as mediators between the living and the dead and between humans and the powers beyond them

postcolonialism

Some aspects of globalization in the arts are a reaction to the retreat of the European empires that ruled much of the world through the middle of the twentieth century. The former colonies in the Americas, Africa, the Middle East, and far eastern Asia bear complex relationships with their former rulers—political, economic, ethnic, and cultural. Art that emphasizes these complexities deals with postcolonial themes.

EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY ABSTRACTION IN THE UNITED STATES

The American photographer Alfred Stieglitz supported the development of abstract art in the United States by exhibiting modern European works, along with those of American artists influenced by the Parisian avant-garde, in his 291 gallery in New York. In 1913, the sensational Armory Show—the International Exhibition of Modern Art in New York—assembled works by leading European and American artists.

race and ethnic identity

The postwar era in the United States was marked by the increasing exposure of the inequality between races. The dominant art movements of the 1950s and 1960s were almost exclusively white male. Few if any women artists or artists of color working in the mainstream idioms became familiar names, much less those whose visual images articulated racial and cultural difference. Many artists in the second half of the twentieth century explored racial and ethnic identity through visual representation.

EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY ABSTRACTION IN EUROPE

The second decade of the twentieth century witnessed the rise of many dynamic schools of art in Europe, including Constructivism and De Stijl. These movements were dedicated to pure abstraction, or nonobjective art. Nonobjective art differs from Cubism and Futurism in its total lack of representational elements.

the art of china

Virtually all art produced under Mao's Communist rule extolled his social and political agenda. The virtues of nationalism, gender-neutral comradeship, and hard work are consistent visual themes. Chinese artists also integrated contemporary artistic influences with traditional Chinese landscape painting

surrealists were inspired by...

sigmund freud and carl jung

globalization

created a world in which cultures are no longer distant from each other, and people and places are no longer separate

photographer Robert Mapplethorpe

created many black-and-white images of people struggling in a world that was hostile to them because of their sexual identify.

Fauvism

a logical successor to the painting styles of van gogh and gauguin, due to its emotive qualities Fauvism grew out of a desire for a direct form of expression, as well as the discovery of works of art from Africa, Polynesia, and other ancient cultures Henri Matisse*

photorealism

a movement that first gained major recognition during the 1970s, represented a new endeavor to depict subjects with sharp, photographic precision. It was in part a reaction to the expressionistic and abstract movements of the twentieth century.

expressionism

a polarity existed in Postimpressionism that was like the polarity of the Neoclassical-Romantic period. On one hand were artists who sought a more scientific approach to painting. On the other hand were artists whose works were emotional, expressive and laden with symbolism, as exemplified by van Gogh and Gaugin

Dada

a reflection of the absurdity of world war I and the insanity of a world that gave rise to it despite their pessimism, there is always a level of whimsy and irreverent humor to their works

Post- Impressionism

an umbrella term to refer to artists who follow impressionism, but their styles are divergent by the mid-1880s, young painters, and even some impressionists, felt that Impressionism had run its course and it had sacrificed some traditional elements of art, like line, shape, form, and even color

figurative art

art that contains strong references to people and objects in the real world

naturalistic surrealism

artists depicted recognizable scenes that had transformed into dreams or nightmares

biomorphic surrealism

artists largely practice automatism (the creation of art without conscious control); the works were mainly abstract

appropriation

became part of the lexicon of contemporary art with the advent of Postmodernism in the 1980s, but the concept stretches back to early twentieth-century movements such as Cubism and Dada. Appropriation consists of borrowed elements. Sometimes the new work builds on or changes the one appropriated, but at other times, the original image is unaltered.

Surrealism

began as a literary movement after World War I based on automatic writing, in which the mind explored free associations. Salvador Dali- spanish surrealist Nighthawks by Edward Hopper

conceptual art movement

began in the 1960s, asserts that art lies in the mind of the artist; the visible or audible or palpable product is merely an expression of the artist's idea. Conceptual art challenges the traditional definition of art as involving technical mastery of a craft.

Futurism also..

championed war as a means of washing away the past; they also wanted to destroy museums, libraries and similar institutions many futurists joined up when WWI began and it ended the Futurist movement as many of its members died in the war.

Analytic Cubism

considered the 1st phase of Cubism; focused on structures and forms, in particular dissecting and reassembling them

Realist artists

depicts subjects that were evident in everyday life, using an optical approach- rather than a conceptual approach- to rendering subjects modernism-does focus on modern life, but this is also the time when artists start to examine the premises of art itself; it can be critical of art and what qualifies as art and what art is supposed to look like

Academic art

derived its style and subject matter from conventions established by the Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture in Paris Established in 1648, the Academy maintained a firm grip on artistic production for more than two centuries

Like cubism, futurism was a...

experiment in abstraction, but both movements always contained vestiges of representation

Feminist art

explores the role of gender in society, including in the arts Judy Chicago

In their vibrant palettes and bravura brushwork, van Gogh and Gauguin foreshadowed..

expressionism

Some Abstract Expressionists

focused on gestural painting methods, while others explored subtle interactions of color

minimalists created

geometric shapes or progressions of shapes or lines using minimal numbers of formal elements- for example, the minimum amounts of colors and textures they did not attempt to represent objects or figures

Indian art demonstrated the effects of

hybridization, or fusion of cultures and artistic styles

pop art

relies on universal images of popular culture, such as movie posters, billboards, magazine and newspaper photographs, and advertisements. Through their selections of commonplace and familiar objects, Pop artists challenged commonplace conceptions about the meaning of art.

where did Art Nouveau originate

in England as part of the arts-and-crafts movement that arose in rebellion against the pretentiousness of nineteenth-century art

pointillism

is a technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of color are applied in patterns to form an image.

Expressionism

is the distortion of nature- as opposed to the imitation of nature- to achieve a desired emotional effect like the work of nineteenth-century expressionist artists such as van Gogh, Gauguin, Munch and Kollwitz, twentieth-century expressionists used abstraction as a tool to communicate the inner feelings of the artists

Cubism

like expressionism, cubism is the offspring of nineteenth-century influences, in this case Cezanne's geometrization of nature, abandonment of scientific perspective, rending of multiple views, and emphasis on the two-dimensional canvas surface

The Native Americans of the Great Plains

living a nomadic existence after their communities were destroyed by settlers, created nature and war paintings on buffalo hides.

hybridity

mixing of traditions of different cultures to create new blends and new connections

Neoclassicism

modern art declared its opposition to the whimsy of the late Rococo style with Neoclassical art of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries In the later 18th century, there is a renewed interest in classical antiquity paintings would often have a civic moral and use of ancient stories was common

surrealist art took two major forms

naturalistic surrealism biomorphic surrealism

neo-expressionism

portrayed the bitter ironies and angst of their generation in emotionally fraught images that are rooted in history, literature, and expressionistic art.

performance art

privileged action over object, public spaces over museum settings, the impermanent over the permanent, and, often, audience participation over passive spectatorship. Most of the pioneering work in performance art is memorialized only in still photographs, if at all. Today, a subgenre of performance art is performance video; such works are scripted and often feature elaborate staging and special effects. Marina Abramović- real women sat in chair and people would come look at her

Impressionist

reacted against the constraints of Academic style and subject matter they advocated painting outdoors and chose to render subjects found in nature they studied the dramatic effects of atmosphere and light on people and objects using a varied palette of colors, they captured the actual colors- or local colors- of objects under different lighting conditions impressionist art is characterized by use of modern subjects, loose brush strokes, interest in natural light and its effects on color, spontaneity, and Plein air

Modern architecture

rejected the ideals and principles of the classical tradition in favor of experimental forms of expression. Modernism was inspired by the urge to depict contemporary life and events rather than history. Modern architects felt free to explore new styles inspired by technology and science, psychology, politics, economics, and social consciousness.