ARH 314 Final Term and History
Trilithon
"3 stone" a pair of monoliths topped with a lintel
Megalith
"Great stone" a large, roughly hewn stone used in the construction of monumental prehistoric structures
Mihrab
(Islam) a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca
Facade
(n.) the front or face of a building; a surface appearance (as opposed to what may lie behind)
Athenian Acropolis
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Hardrian
-"Romanized "and organized the empire- built bridges, roads, and aqueducts, ruled during the height of the Pax Romana, Built Hadrian's Wall across Britain, strengthened borders
Ka'ba
-("cube") a pre-islamic cubed building in mecca believed by muslims to have been built by Abraham. It is the center of the Muslim Pilgrimage
Cordoba Caliphate
-(929-1031) capital of Muslim Spain, an economic center, hundreds of workshops, culture and learning flourished there.
Temple of Hera II, Paestum, Italy
-(Also erroneously called the Temple of Neptune or of Poseidon), a Greek temple of Paestum, Campania, Italy. It was built in the Doric order around 460-450 BC, just north of the first Hera Temple -The temple was also used to worship Zeus and another deity, whose identity is unknown. -Made of limestone -Post and Lintel structure, symmetrical, very detailed -Use of Doric columns
Imhotep, Step Pyramid and Funerary complex of King Djoser (Zoser), Saqqara, Egypt, 3rd Dynasty, 2681-2662
-14 doors, only one is functionable -A part of a mortuary complex -Temple of Djoser, deceased would receive offerings -Statue of Djoser was present in separate chamber -Complex relates to the rituals of kingship in life (Heb Sed Festival)
Edict of Milan
-313 CE Constantine makes Christianity the primary religion of the Roman Empire
Nero Golden House
-5 vault room w/ no walls
Menhir Brise (4 pieces) Broken Menhir, 4500 BCE, Locmariaquer, France
-75 ft tall -The use of megaliths were ritual and burial -350 ton stone -Questioning the move of the heavy stones -The process of making and moving stone was great and lots of human labor, more important that food and shelter labor -Significant to a calendar?
Stupa
-A Buddhist memorial mound that enshrines relics or marks a sacred site
Impost Block
-A block, serving to concentrate the weight above, imposed between the capital of a column and the springing of an arch above
Frieze
-A broad horizontal band of sculpted or painted decoration, especially on a wall near the ceiling.
Entablature
-A horizontal, continuous lintel on a classical building supported by columns or a wall, comprising the architrave, frieze, and cornice -The middle piece
Insula
-A large Roman apartment building, usually built very cheaply and very prone to fire
Great Chaitya Hall. Karli, India 2nd century CE
-A large rock cut temple -A giant hall leading into a mini stupa -The animals on the columns are elephants and copulating couples -Hand carved, monolithic stone -350 ton ribbed w/ wood on ceiling
Pyramid
-A massive memorial or temple rising from a square or rectangular base to an elevated altar or a point, with either a succession of steps or a smooth incline.
Triforium
-A medieval window divided into three by two colonnettes. (2) In a medieval Christian church , a shallow arcaded passageway above the nave arcade and below the clerestory, each bay having three arches.
Cloister
-A monastery courtyard , usually planted, enclosed by a covered ambulatory.
Axis Mundi
-A monumental building marking the center of the world for Neolithic cultures -Vertical axis that serves as a cosmic sign of the union of heaven and earth
Old Kingdom
-A period in Egyptian history that united from about 30000 BC to 1800 BCE
Monastery
-A place where communities of monks live lives of devotion to God in isolation from the outside world -The enclosure for a religious order living apart from society. -religious centers where people sworn to obedience and poverty lived in a self-sufficient community according to a rule and worship in a regular sequence of church services, call the Divine Office
hypostyle Mosque
-A prayer hall is formed by rows of vertical supports of columns that can multiply indefinitely
Ambulatory
-A processional passageway around a shrine or flanking the apse of a Christian church.
Peristyle
-A roofed, columned porch or colonnade surrounding a building or courtyard
Hypostyle/Hypostyle Hall
-A room with a roof supported by many columns, usually in rows
Oculus
-A round window, usually at the apex of a dome
Clerestory
-A row of windows in the upper part of a wall.
Arcade
-A series of arches supported by piers or columns.
Volute
-A spiral, scroll-like form characteristic of the ancient Greek Ionic and the Roman Composite capital.
Coffer
-A square or polygonal decorative panel embossed into a ceiling or an arch
The Parthenon
-A temple dedicated to the goddess Athena -Doric columns with 4 ionic columns, an area where Pericles stored money for defense attack -Athena found in center of temple, showing strength with armor and made with gold, ivory, cystals
Triglyph
-A triple projecting, grooved member of a Doric frieze that alternates with metopes -In a Doric frieze, a panel with three vertical grooves set between the metopes
Fresco
-A wall painting made on wet plaster with water-based colors
Rock-Cut Tombs
-Adopted into the New Kingdom -Better at protecting grave goods, or grave robbers during periods of instability -No more pyramids after
Domus (Roman house)
-An ancient Roman house for wealthy citizens, usually served by an atrium, or impluvium court, and an enclosed garden -Homes containing atrium, peristyle courtyards, pool, cubiculum, dining rooms. -Walls painted resembling marble
Aqueduct
-An artificial channel for water, sometimes underground but often elevated on arches
Tumulus Tomb (Passage tomb)
-An earth or stone mound over a grave All from Newgrange place tumulus tomb: -A type of monument only few people can get, hierarchy -Some megaliths a carved, some inside tomb intended for a god (spiritual) -Some astrological significance on winter solstice
Pendentive
-An inverted, concave, triangular piece of masonry serving as the transition from a square support system to the circular base of a dome.
Adb al-Rahman
-An umayyad that fled to Spain and founded an independent Umayyad emirate, ruled from 756-788
Ancient Egypt
-Ancient civilization located primarily along the Nile River, upper and lower Egypt -Both Egypt divided in predynastic period, unification in 3000 BCE
Imhotep
-Architect who designed the Step Pyramid -First architect ever
Mastaba
-At first the Egyptians designed the royal tomb as a loaf shaped rectangular tumulus -An Arabic word for "bench," signifying the ancient Egyptian flat-topped, rectangular tombs with sloping (battered) sides.
Pericles
-Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon. -Proposed art and literature
Civic basilica at pompeii ca. 130-120 BCE
-Basilicas are large public buildings with multiple functions, typically built alongside the town's forum. The basilica is equivalent to a stoa in Greece, and serves many of the same functions, typically holding the courts for a city. Basilicas are typically rectangular buildings with a central nave flanked by two or more long aisles.
Gupta rock-cut Hindu caves at Udayagiri, 5th century
-Building architecture cut into a hill, the cutouts contain carved reliefs of Vishnu saving earth goddess, also including Hatshepsut, Menhotup, Ramses II
Charlemagne (Charles the Great)
-Built an empire in Europe greater than any known since ancient Rome from 771-814
Justinian
-Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program, including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code
Ravenna
-Capital in Western Roman Empire, more strategic than Rome, easily accessible by sea from Constantinople and gave access to Rhine frontier (area of greatest military urgency).
Ancient China
-Centered around Huang He River; large population; isolated
Senemut
-Chief architect and advisor of Hatshepsut. The one man she loved.
Lateran Basilica Comple & Old saint peters
-Christian focused on interior design, hid from non Christians -enter from short side -close to body to receive blessings
Tholos Tombs
-Circular, vaulted structures (often underground) used as burial places in Mycenaean culture. Most impressive is "Treasury of Atreus" -A round, corbel-vaulted Mycenaean tomb -Varied and scattered across map
Medina
-City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.
Talud-Tablero
-Combination of rectangles and trapezoids, allows for sloping side of pyramid.
The Great Stupa, India Begun by Ashoka mid-3rd century BCE
-Contains ashes of the Buddha and his disciples along with monks -Lower level for everyone -Second level for monks and priest -Top is only for look
Flavian Dynasty (72-80 CE)
-Destroyed Nero's place in history and gave his palace to the public -Build Ampitheater -Constructed with annular barrel vaulting and concrete
Islamic Architecture
-Different, using religious labels instead -Start of horseshoe arch, anionic decoration (like little domes on roof), squinch (filling in the hole btw corner), domes, iwan (enormous enter doors), muqarnas (honeycomb vaulting) -Quite expansive by Islamic rulers
Early Christian Architecture
-Division of Rome, into 4 parts
Pyramid of Moon
-Echoed the shape of the land, interacting with environment -Religious rituals would have happened here -Axiel to the street of the dead
Tetrarchy
-Emperor Diocletian's division of the Roman Empire into four separate administrative districts
Constantine
-Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) -This starts the rise of Christian Architecture
Umayyad Dynasty
-First dynasty in Islamic Empire
El Castillo radial pyramid, Chichen Itza
-Having 4 staircases going up -A serpent shadow is revealed along down the stairs -Aligned with astrology, having 91 stairs each
Mycenae, 1600-1200 BCE, Greece
-Heavily fortified -Cyclopean masonry -Strong Hierarchy
Mycenaean Architecture
-Heavily fortified -Cyclopean masonry -Strongly Hierarchical
Upper Egypt
-Higher elevation (southern Egypt) -The kingdom prospered more and became rich in agriculture & beer
Great Mosque of Cordoba (786)
-Hypostyle mosque -Cathedral later added because of Christian rule, disrupts beauty -Expansion 4 over times -Double stacking of arcade -Columns not all realign, some sunken to level with ceiling
Columns
-Imhotep associated with the invention -Resemble vegetation, meant to mimic natural world -A cylindrical, vertical support, usually tapering upward and made either in one piece (monolithic) or of shorter cylindrical sections, called drums. In classical architecture a column consists of a base, a shaft, and a capital.
Mortuary Complex/ Temple
-In Egyptian architecture, a temple erected for the worship of a deceased pharaoh -
Orchestra
-In an ancient Greek or Roman theater, the circular or semicircular space between the auditorium and the stage building
Radiating Chapels (Romanesque)
-In medieval churches, chapels for the display of relics that opened directly onto the ambulatory and the transept.
Mauryan Dynasty (279-232 BCE)
-King Ashoka through military conquest created a dynasty as big as India -King promoted a lot of Buddhism but doesn't make it a religious sight
Clyclopean Masonry
-Large white/ tan stone -Walls made with large, irregular shaped stones
Great Mosque, Damascus, Syria
-Largest and oldest mosque -Built after the colonization of -Shared between Christian and Islamic -The use of height was functional and icons -The Mosaics maybe made by Byzantine, the focus and only pictures of buildings, trees
Trajan
-Leader of the Roman Empire who disguised it as a republic, and under who the Roman Empire came to be at its greatest extent.
Apollodorus of Damascus, Markets of Trajan, Rome
-Like a strip mall, performances -A sloped area so it has tiers -Using technology of vaulting/ arches
Lower Egypt
-Lower elevation
The Lioness Gate, 1250 BCE, Mycenae, Greece
-Made of cyclopean masonry -Made to know which enemy will come, easier to attack -Having relieving triangle and corbeled arch -2 lions looking at a Minoan column represent the fierceness
Doric style columns
-Masculine -Pancake at top, no base -Slightly curved -Columns at the edge were slightly larger and closer together
Labyrinth of Knossos, Crete, 1700-1500 BCE
-Minoan Architecture -Nonsymmetrical -limited hierarchy and fortification -focused on priestly class/ cult centers -Eccentric "table leg column -Powerful city in Crete -Great defense feature, having many turns/ navigations -Peaceful to themselves -Changed multiple times -No clear path, 3-4 floors, small entrances -Center courtyard -paintings relating to public rituals
Temple of Hatshepsut, 1478-1458, Deir El-Bahri
-New Kingdom -
Temple of Mentuhotep I
-Old/Middle Kingdom -reunified Egypt at the start of middle kingdom
Dome of the Rock on the Haram Al-Sharif (Noble Sanctuary)/Temple Mount in Jerusalem, 7th century AD
-One of the first great Muslim dynasty, was Jewish then Christian and now Muslim -Really powerful attraction for pilgrimage sight -The beautiful blue and golden dome over the top, we know an original image because of textual sources and old drawings -Supported on a circular dome, made with wood -A basilica, centrally plan -Islamic victory over Christian city -Structure of building is hidden behind aniconic decoration (flattens out the structure) -Including a Byzantine crown, jewelry, in mosaic, emphasizing a victory of Islam -Gold writing in mosaic
San Vitale Ravenna, Italy. Early Byzantine Europe. c. 526-547 C.E.
-Only can see the structure through the plam
Post and Lintel/ Trabeation
-Only hierarchy people with importance had over grave -2 posts holding a horizontal bar of trabeation (p&l) -designed or constructed with horizontal beams or lintels (trab.)
Menhir Alignments at Le Menec, 4250-3750 BCE, Carnac, France
-Over 1,000 stones -The stones in center were smaller in height than the outer
Map of Teotihuacan
-People come to the sight for ritual -Streets that curve and bend -Divided in 260 day calendar ritual -The distance of the pyramids shows ritual values -Orthogonal planning -Single story homes, spacious and decorated well -Very well constructed -The Street of the Dead looking toward the pyramid of the moon -The street was difficult to walk through, the hot son and reverse speed bumps (troughs)
Temple of the Feathered Serpent, Teotihuacan
-People were living sacrifices -Alot of labor into this work -Small temple -Talud-Tablero structure -Decorated with original paint (blue, red, yellow), 2 versions of serpants. One wearing armor of ancient warrior and other decoration around it.
Cubiculum
-Private room in domus
Catal Huyuk, 6000-5900 BCE, Turkey
-Produced and hunted their food -Population of 6,000-8,000 people -At one point the settlement changed westward for changing of river -United sharing walls and saving resources, all using same materials and size -Settlement built on higher terrain benefiting from defense and flooding -Roof as the entrance and usable space -Egalitarian society with no ruler or class -Highly decorated with wall paintings (pointy parts of animals, teeth, horns) -Buring dead under homes -Connecting art and shelter by adding indents into walls
Ashoka Pillar (stamba) at Vaishali, 200 BCE
-Promoting Buddhist teaching -
Characteristics of Greek Architecture
-Proportions -Sculpted columns, entablatures, pediments -Civic spaces for political debate
Sneferu's pyramids, 4th Dynasty
-Pyramid at Meidum, like step pyramid -Bent Pyramid had too steep an incline
Hatshepsut
-Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged -First female pharaoh who expanded Egypt through trade
Pyramid of the Sun
-Raised up 5 levels -Can be seen from moon pyramid and a path was intented for it.
Mammoth Bone Hut, 15,000 BCE, Mezhyrich, Ukraine
-Ranging from 8-24 sq meters. -Using bones already made from dead mammoths to create shelter -Having larger bones at bottom and smaller at top, they thought structurally
Cistercian
-Religious order founded by St. Bernard of Clairvoux which believed that prayer and manual labor>religious services
Nero
-Roman Emperor notorious for his monstrous vice and fantastic luxury (was said to have started a fire that destroyed much of Rome in 64) but the Empire remained prosperous during his rule (37-68)
Pompeii
-Roman city near Naples, Italy, which was buried during an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79. -Grid plan, with forum, theaters, amphitheater -Ancient Romans loved and prioritized leisure
Roman Architecture
-Romans began to experiment heavily with domes, arches, concrete, vaults, and new masonry -Romans would create artificial terraces, slopes, cut into hills, and terraform wherever they saw fit, due to the strength in their new arches and vaults.
Side Aisle
-Smaller aisles to the side of the nave
al-Hakim II
-Son of Abd al-Rahman III
Islamic Empire
-Spread from Spain to India through conquest and trade -Not as unified but big
Orthagonal planning
-Square street blocks with straight streets intersecting at right angles
Treasury of Athens, 1300-1250 BCE, Mycenae, Greece
-Super high-elite grave w/ expensive materials, some from Egypt -marked by passageway
Peripteral
-Surrounded on all sides by a single row of columns
Damascus
-Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate
Ionic Columns
-Tall, slender, scroll-shaped capital-column
Nave
-The central part of a church building, intended to accommodate most of the congregation
Cella
-The chamber at the center of an ancient temple; in a classical temple, the room (Greek, naos) in which the cult statue usually stood.
Byzantium
-The civilization that developed from the eastern Roman Empire following the death of the emperor Justinian (C.E. 565) until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
Villa (Roman)
-The country estate of a Roman elite, typically larger than the domus and usually attached to a vineyard or orchard. Pictured here is the reconstructed triclinium, or dining room, of the Villa of Mysteries in Pompeii, ca 60-50 BCE. The fresco depicts an initiation to the cult of Dionyses.
Painted Caves, 30,000-28,000 BCE, Southern France and Northern Spain
-The evolutionary link between artistic expression and advancements in history which benefited those societies
Prophet Muhammad
-The founder of Islam, believed to be the last true prophet sent by God -Moved to Medina -Persecuted n Mecca
Mecca
-The holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace
Megaron
-The large reception hall and throne room in a Mycenaean palace, fronted by an open, two-columned porch. -Kings room, ruling class, surrounded by guards
Atrium
-The main inner court of a Roman house, with an open roof and a central basin to catch rainwater
qibla wall
-The mosque wall oriented toward Mecca indicated by the mihrab
Mask of Agamemnon
-The most famous funerary mask of the Mycenean period -Men had gold mask when buried -Women had gold head wraps when buried -Children wrapped in gold entirely (very valued)
Agora
-The open meeting space or marketplace in an ancient Greek city
New Kingdom
-The period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory (duration from 1580 to 1950 BCE)
Rule of St. Benedict
-The religious rule that became the basis of western monasticism. Focused on "ora et labora".
Intercolumnation
-The space between adjacent columns
Skene
-The structure at the back of the stage
Cavea
-The tiered, semicircular seating area in an ancient Roman theater
Pediment
-The triangular top of a temple that contains sculpture
Acropolis
-The upper town or elevated stronghold of an ancient Greek city, containing its chief temples, only for gods -Center of the city, started from agora going up to acropolis
Theodora
-The wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constantinople and fight the Nike Revolt.
Ancient Mexico
-Theatrical environments for religious and political performances -Structure around corbel vault, expensive resourcs
Chichen Itza (Chichen Maya, Toltec-Maya)
-Transitional city, many individuals fled here -The diversity of buildings and architecture came the attraction -2 separate cities that interacted with each other -End of Teotihuacan era
Step Pyramid
-Type of pyramid with sides that rise in giant steps -Stacked mastaba looking like -Pyramid symbolized relationship between the sun god Ra and the king
Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, 550 BCE, Istanbul Turkey
-Use of Ionic columns
El Caracol ("The Snail"), Chichén Itzá, Yucatan, Mexico, ca. 800-900 CE
-Use of corbel vaulting -Not independently stable -Spiral stair case to the top
Reconstruction of the Basilica of Maxentius (Constantine), Rome
-Uses timber roof, uses groin vaults -Using arches and vaults for the first time in basilica plan -Made to overwhelm viewer's w/ scale -Built with stone, concrete, marble design, elaborate interior design -Huge Arches w/ big walls
Chauvet Cave, 30,000-28,000 BCE, Ardeche Gorge, France (south)
-Very large and extends back far -Evidence that humans returned to add paintings and admire -Decorated images of animals, ones not eaten -Religious sight -Both men and women painted along the curves of the caves giving it a 3d affect
Temple of Warriors and Group of a Thousand columns
-Very unusual design in Mayan Architecture -Hippa style area (lots of columns) -Type of conference place -Columns of warriors, animals, eagles -The Chacmool is where the heart sacrifice would be accepted
Stonehenge, 2100 BCE, Wilshire, England
-Where initial timber structure, then to permanent stone megaliths -Aubrey Holes filled with stone and remains of men -Stones of 50 tons each, wider at bottom and tapering up -Stacked like legos (groove, tongue, mortice hole, tenon -Alignment of Winter and Summer Solstice
inscription
-a short dedication written in a book or engraved on something, such as a coin or monument
Mosque
A Muslim place of worship
ogee arch
A pointed arch, each haunch of which is a double curve with the concave side uppermost.
madrasa
A school for the study of Muslim law and religious science
rib vault
A vault in which the diagonal and transverse ribs compose a structural skeleton that partially supports the masonry web between them.
Apse
A vaulted, usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church.
Ancient Athens
City-state in ancient Greece; associated with democracy.
capitals
In architecture, the top part or head of a column or pillar.
Divine Office
Liturgy of the Hours, Christian prayer of psalms.
Taifa
Muslim mini states in Spain
Prehistory
Only physical remains
Plan of Mycenae
Stage 1: Wall built (1340 BCE) Stage 2: Larger settlement of wall+ more protection, implementing wells in protected area to outstand enemies Stage 3: Wall is advanced, no enemy can enter, entryway in well is protected by high levels/ arrows
Carolingian
The French dynasty of rulers descended from Charlemagne.
Capital
The upper element of a column or pilaster above the shaft, not in doric
mamluk
Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)
pilgrimage church
a church to which pilgrimages are regularly made, or a church along a pilgrimage route
rose window
a circular window with stained glass and stone tracery used on the facades and the ends of the transepts in Gothic cathedrals
Engaged Columns
a half-round column attached to a wall
Muqarnas
a honeycomb-like decoration often applied in Islamic buildings to domes, niches, capitals, or vaults. The surface resembles intricate stalactites
Alhambra
a palace and fortress built in Granada by the Muslims in the Middle Ages
Crenellation
a rampart built around the top of a castle with regular gaps for firing arrows or guns
iwan
a rectangular vaulted space in a Muslim building that is walled on three sides and open on the fourth
sexpartite vault
a rib vault divided into six bays by two diagonal ribs and three transverse ribs.
Chevet
a series of radiating chapels extended from the apse of a gothic church
plate tracery
a solid stone block which was carved so the glass could be embedded
quadripartite vault
a vault which is divided into 4 sections by its ribbing
centrally planned economy
an economy in which the government decides how economic resources will be allocated
Abd al-Rahman III
caliph who ruled the western Islamic Empire, 912-961
Menhir
long, large standing stone
Haram al-Sharif/Temple Mount
mosque, under islamic control, surrounding the dome of the rock
Arabesque
ornate design featuring intertwined curves; a ballet position in which one leg is extended in back while the other supports the weight of the body
Nasrid
the last ruling Muslim dynasty in Spain
Tympanum
the space enclosed by a lintel and an arch over a doorway