Art 1001 Darius Spieth: Exam 1
the center of Roman political, business & social life Most forums consisted of colonnaded courts
forum roman
powered pigment *binder = lime in the plaster* thinner = water names comes from the Italian word for "fresh"; true fresco must be painted on *fresh, wet plaster*
fresco paintings (buon fresco) - ingredients
Drawings allow artists to collect and record ideas (sketchbooks), to try out proportions and to visualize ideas (preparatory drawings); sometimes, however, drawings can be an end in themselves Italian: disegno; English expression "design" is a distant relative
function of drawings
decline of the ideals espoused by the age of Perikles and Phidias defeat of the Athenians during the Peloponnesian War in 404 B.C.E. Alexander the Great, set out to conquer most of the Near and Middle East, incl. Sumer, Babylon, Egypt, Assyria, Persia, and even parts of India; influx and absorption of Eastern (Oriental) cultural and artistic influences classical canon of idealized human beauty: drama, violence, suffering, age, physical decay become the focus of interest of Hellenistic artists; emergence of nude female figures
hellenistic period
Archaic Period (ca. 700-480 B.C.E.) Classical Period (ca. 480-323 B.C.E.) The *rise of Alexander the Great* concludes the transition from the Classical to the Hellenistic Period Hellenistic Period (ca. 323-30 B.C.E.)
classical Greece
Mosaic of Empress Theodora and Attendants mosaic located in Church of San Vitale, Ravenna ca. 547
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Anonymous Jamb Statues of Old Testament Prophet, Kings, and Queen located in Notre Dame de Chartres ca. 1145-1170
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Attributed to Apollodorus Column of Trajan located in Rome 113
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Ghislebertus West Tympanum of St. Lazare located in Autun, France ca. 1130
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Iktinos and Kallikrates The Parthenon located in Acropolis, Athens 448-432 B.C.E Fragments of the sculptural program once decorating the façade collected by Lord Elgin Centauromachy: centaurs (half-man, half-horse) and Lapiths, gods and giants, Greeks and Amazons engaged in battle
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Imhotep Stepped Pyramid of King Zoser located in Saqquara (necropolis of Memphis) ca. 2610 B.C.E. Name of builder, Imhotep, known: first artist/architect of recorded history Function: to protect the mummified king and to symbolize his absolute, god-like power
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Kallikrates Temple of Athena Nike located in Acropolis, Athens 427-424 B.C.E Ionian order
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Sabatino "Simon" Rodia Nuestro Pueblo (Watts Towers) located in Watts, CA 1921-1954
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Albrecht Dürer The Great Piece of Turf watercolor 1503
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Albrecht Dürer The Knight, Death, and the Devil engraving 1513 intaglio- engraving and etching
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Antonella da Messina The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian oil on wood ca. 1475-1477 credited to introducing oil techniques to Venice who became the cradle of the oil canvas technique
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Constantin Brancusi The New Born marble 1915
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Dale Chihuly Putto Riding on Seahorse blown glass ca. 1991
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Dieter Rams Braun's Snow White Coffin radio and record player 1956/1963.
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Ettore Sottsass Beverly from the Memphis Collection wooden sideboard covered with plastic laminate 1981
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Fra Filippo Lippi Madonna and Child tempera on board ca. 1440-1445
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Giacomo Balla Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash oil on canvas 1912
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Henri Fantin-Latour A Studio in the Batignolles Quarters, or Hommage to Manet oil and canvas 1870
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Jacques-Louis David Death of Marat oil on canvas 1793 Formal analysis: Spatial division Colors Horizontal/Vertical emphasis No interest content, but: aids the orientation of the viewer/helps clarity of description Figurative work of art (antonym: abstract work)
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Jiro Yoshihara Untitled oil on canvas 1965
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Joseph Stella The Brooklyn Bridge: Variation on an Old Theme oil on canvas 1939
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Kasimir Malevich Suprematist Compositon: White on White oil on canvas ca. 1918
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Leonardo da Vinci A Man Tricked by Gypsies pen and ink drawing ca. 1493
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Myron Discobolos Roman marble copy after a bronze original ca. 450 B.C.E Classical sculpture puts primacy on the naturalistic depiction of the human figure, rendered in terms of idealized proportions Discobolos, or discus thrower, the quintessential image of a Greek athlete
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Nicolas Poussin Ed in Arcadia Ego oil in canvas c.1655
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Pablo Picasso Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler oil on canvas 1910
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Rembrandt van Rijn Self-Portrait oil on panel 1634
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Romare Bearden Rocket to the Moon collage on board 1971
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Tamara de Lempicka Self-Portrait oil on canvas ca. 1925
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Thomas Gainsborough The Blue Boy oil on canvas ca. 1770 Portrait is supposed to have been conceived as a demonstration piece for the Royal Academy (GB); *controversy that pitched Gainsborough against the president of the RA, Joshua Reynolds*
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William Michael Harnett Still-Life Five Dollar Bill oil on board 1877
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Yves Saint-Laurent Mondrian Day Dress wool jersey in color blocks of white, red, blue, black, and yellow 1965
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Exekias Dionysos in a Sailboat, interior of an Attic black-figure kylix ceramics located in Vulci, Italy ca. 550-525 B.C.E. Kylix = Greek drinking cup Exekias = name of a potter-painter example of black figure pottery
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Giotto di Bondone Lamentation fresco located in Arena Chapel, Padua ca. 1305
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Michelangelo Buonarroti Bound Slave marble located in the Lourve 1513-1516
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Mnesikles The Propylaea located in Acropolis, Athens ca. 437-432 B.C.E The Acropolis is really an ensemble of structures built during the classical period on a plateau above Athens Propylaea = *entry gate* to the complex, reached after climbing a steep, winding slope; this was the path of the Panathenaic Procession
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Purse cover from the Sutton Hoo Ship Burial cloisonne (gold and enamel) ca. 655
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Jan van Eyck Madonna and Child with the Chancellor Rolin oil and tempera on panel located in the Lourve ca. 1433-1434
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Doric Order: associated with mainland Greece, simpler, massive, older, rustic; distinctive features: plain, cushion-like capitals, triglyph and metope on frieze (reminders of early wooden temples; triglyphs = ends of wooden crossbeams) Ionic Orders: associated with Asia Minor, decorative, recent, seems lighter, sophisticated; distinctive feature: volutes mimicking acanthus leaves
doric and ionic orders
powered pigment *the binder = beeswax* thinner = heat used since ancient times (think of mummy portraits and ancient Egypt)
encaustic paint ingredients
Radiocarbon Dating Invented in 1955, it is based on the fact that living organisms continually absorb carbon isotopes, including radioactive carbon-14, which continually disintegrates into nonradioactive nitrogen-14; upon death of an organism, absorption ceases, but disintegration continues. Since the rate of disintegration is known, deductions about age can be made based on the amount of carbon-14 remaining Dendrochronology An alternative dating method based on the tree rings found in timber; bristle-cone pines in CA dating back as far as 4,000 B.C.E. serve as reference
how to date Stone Age artifacts
study of the content of images
iconography
term stands in opposition to figurative art *Abolition of recognizable reality* as a means to promote social change/ bring about a universal world revolution/ express *spiritual renewal* abstract art describes works that have no reference at all to natural objects
Abstract Art
recent invention (second half of the 20th century) transparent films of color dry fast high degree of color intensity
Acrylics
The only time we find a marked *break with the traditional canon of Egyptian art* was during the rule of pharaoh *Amenhotep IV, or Akhenaton* proclaimed the religion of Aton, the universal and only god of the sun, abolished the native cult of Amen moved capital from Thebes downriver to Tel el-Amarna; hence the name Amarna Period (1378-1362 B.C.E.)
Akhenaton
Naram-Sin- ruled and conquered by military force; called governors of subordinate cities his "slaves," himself "King of the Four Quarters" (the universe) Stele- shows war-like aspect of his rule: king with horned helmet near the pinnacle of the composition, treading on the bodies of fallen enemies; below, the files of soldiers in his army Hieratic scale: king's body represented much larger than anybody else's to signify rank
Akkad
Preoccupation with the afterlife (preservation of the ka beyond death) re-and Early Dynastic Periods, Old Kingdom (ca. 2686-2155 B.C.E.), Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom (1570-1070 B.C.E.), Late Period, Ptolemaic Period (Greek domination), thereafter Egypt part of the Roman Empire Hieroglyphic Writing: Deciphered in the early 1820s *by Jean-François Champollion*, based on his analysis of the *Rosetta Stone*
Ancient Egypt
Greeks shared the Mediterranean basin Literature: Homer's Iliad and Odyssey earliest form of democracy, the Athenian polis (body of citizens in a Greek city-state with voting rights) Anthropocentric (human-centered) world view emphasis on individuality colonization of the Mediterranean basin Invention of money (coins); scientific discoveries, mathematics, nat. science Mastery of ship building facilitated commercial exchanges
Ancient Greece
Pre-Classical Greece: Cycladic Culture > refers to Greek islands Helladic culture > refers to Greek mainland Minoan culture > located on the island of Crete Mycenaean culture > culture of the Greek mainland associated with Mycenae (on the Peloponnesus)
Chronology and Geography
Paleolithic Period- Early Stone Age (from about 35,000 B.C.E. to 8,000 B.C.E.) Mesolithic Period- Middle Stone Age (from about 8,000 B.C.E. to 6,000 B.C.E. for eastern mediterranean, extends up to 4,000 B.C.E for Spain and Northern Europe) Neolithic Period- late Stone Age (eastern mediterranean 6,000 B.C.E. t0 3,500 B.C.E.; Spain and Northern Europe: 4,000 to 1,500 B.C.E.) Monolith (Monolithic)- a single large stone
Chronology and Terminology
Massive ("Cyclopean") walls megaron (chief or throne room of the palace)
Citadel of Tiryns
The *French Academy of Painting and Sculptures * (founded 1648) was influential in defining the *modern identity of the artist* as an *independent intellectual*; a development that only accelerates over the course of the 19th century Demise of the traditional *patronage system* in place since the Renaissance; during the 18th/19th centuries artists no longer produce for patrons, but for the *market place* (they no longer know their clients on a personal basis most of the time)
Emancipation and Re-Definition of Artistic
thick( paste lick) application of paint creates texture Diaphanous paint, opposite of oil glazes
Impasto paint
Emperor Augustus known for Pax Romana (Roman peace) emphasis on public works, architecture, infrastructure introduction of Christianity division of Roman Empire and beginning of Byzantine era Official religion of Imperial Rome was the Cult of the Emperor, Emperors were seen as god-like
Imperial Rome
civilizations- buildings were of temple structures (difference to Egypt: preoccupation with royal tombs) sumer- a loose association of independent cities sumerian innovations: system of gods and art of writing (record keeping task of temple priests)
Mesopotamia- sumer
Kritios Boy, Kuros figure from the Acropolis of Athens marble ca. 480 B.C.E. weight shift or contrapposto (shifting of the main parts of the body around the vertical, but flexible, axis of the spine) Summary of an idealized canon of human proportions, marks the onset of the Early Classical period Contemporary with the Persian Wars (497-479 B.C.E.): against the invasion of Greece by the Persians; Athens emerged as leading Greek power
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Kroisos, Kuros figure from Anavysos marble ca. 540-515 B.C.E Example of a kuros figure (sculpture in the round of a male youth depicted nude) - dates from early Archaic period (ca. 700-480 B.C.E.) anatomy, musculature, movement of body in space, striding forward conceived as a funerary monument to Kroisos
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Mausoleum of Santa Constanza located in Rome ca. 350
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Nike of Samothrace marble ca. 190 B.C.E. Nike = Greek goddess of Victory
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Portland Vase blown and cut glass (Roman Cameo Glass) 1st cent. A. D. "Hot" vs. "Cold" techniques
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She-Wolf of the Capitol bronze ca. 500 B.C.E. *Founding myth of Rome:* Romulus and Remus: twin brothers were the offspring of a Vestal Virgin (priestess) and Mars, the god of war; they were abandoned and suckled by a she-wolf in the wilderness Bronze and terracotta were the materials
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St. Sernin located in Toulouse, France ca. 1080-1120
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The Four Tetrarchs porphyry ca. 305
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The Lion Gate, Palace of Mycenae limestone ca. 1300 B.C.E.
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The Riace Warriors bronze, silver teeth and eyelashes, copper lips and nipples 460-450 BC
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Victory Stele of Naram-Sin carved sandstone 2300-2200 B.C.E
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Al-Khazneh(the "Treasury") rock-cut mausoleum located in Petra (Jordan) 2nd century
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Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Hagia Sophia; located in Constantinople (Istanbul) 532-537
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Ara Pacis Augustae marble located in Rome 13-9 B.C.E. Another monument ("altar"=ara) to celebrate Augustan peace (pacis augustae) Exterior and interior decoration of relief panels Tellus Relief panel (bottom left): ancient Roman earth mother; drapery, pose betray Greek influence
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Ashurbanipal Hunting Lions and Dying Lioness carved Alabaster located in Nineveh ca. 650 B.C.E.
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Catacomb of Saints Pietro and Marcellinus fresco located in Rome 4th century
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Church of San Vitale architecture with mosaic decoration located in Ravenna 526-547
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Church of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo architecture with mosaic decoration located in Ravenna, Italy ca. 504
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Church of Sant' Apollinare in Classe architecture with mosaic decoration located in Ravenna, Italy ca. 533-549
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Death Mask of Tutankhamen, innermost coffin, gold with inlay of semiprecious stones ca. 1340 B.C.E. tomb of Tutankhamen Pharaoh took the attire/attributes of Osiris Lingering traces of naturalism of the preceding Amarna Period
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Dying Gaul Roman marble copy after a bronze original form located in Pergamon, Turkey ca. 240 B.C.E.
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Eagle-Shaped Visigoths Fibula cloisonne (gold and enamel) located in Guadalajara, Spain 6th century
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Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius bronze located on Capitoline Hill, Rome, 165,
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Fang Mask, Ngil Secret Society wood painted with kaolin located in Gabon 19th century Almond-shaped form, incised patterns (sacrifications), geometry of features are all typical characteristics of Fang masks *Ngil secret society* existed within the Fang ethnicity of what is today Gabon until the advent of colonialism
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Funeral Mask from the Royal Tombs of Mycenae beaten gold located in the National Archaelological Museum, Athens ca. 1500 B.C.E. Example of repoussé (beaten metal) technique; not cast metal
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Hall of Bulls, Lascaux located in Dordogne, France ca. 15,000-18,000 B.C.E.
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Head of an Akkadian Ruler bronze located in Nineveh ca. 2300-2200 B.C.E
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Mausoleum of Galla Placidia architecture with mosaic decoration located in Ravenna (Italy) 425-450
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Mummy Portrait of a Man encaustic painting on wood located in Faiyum, Egypt ca A.D. 160-170 encaustic painting = hot wax painting
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Otto Mathilden Cross, treasury of Essen Cathedral gold and precious stones located in Germany 10th century
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Palette of Narmer slate located in Hierakonpolis, Upper Egypt ca. 3000 B.C.E.
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Polykleitos Doryphoros Roman marble copy after a bronze original from ca. 450-440 B.C.E. athlete complying with the idealized canon of human proportions of high classicism: Doryphoros = spear bearer his sculpture was a great rival of Phidias in Athens
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Queen Nefertiti painted limestone located in Tel-el-Amarna, Egypt ca. 1360 B.C.E.
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Sarcophagus Terracotta (baked clay) located in Cerveteri, Italy ca. 520 B.C.E. sarcophagus (coffin)
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Stele of Hammurabi carved Basalt stone located in Susa ca. 1880 B.C.E Babylon's most powerful king was *Hammurabi*, the first ruler to establish *codified (written) laws* for his realm recorded on this stele
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Temple of Amen-Mut-Khonsu located in Luxor, Egypt ca. 1370 B.C.E. Hypostyle Hall: Roof supported by columns, using post-and-lintel structures
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The Ardabil Carpet wool pile on silk warps and wefts Tabriz 1540
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The Good Shepherd Sarcophagus from the catacomb of Praetextatus late 4th century
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The Great Sphinx cut sandstone located in Gizeh, Egypt ca. 2530 B.C.E.
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The Ishtar Gate glazed brick located in Babylon ca. 575 B.C.E Under *King Nebuchadnezzar* (Bible: Book of Daniel), there was a *revival of Babylonian culture: Hanging Gardens, Ziggurat Temple of Bel (Bible: Babel)*
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The Lion Gate limestone located in the Palace of Mycenae ca. 1300 B.C.E. heraldic iconography
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The Villa of the Mysteries frescoes located near Pompeii ca. 50 B.C.E.
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Psychostasis ("soul-raising") of Hu-Nefer Papyrus Scroll Thebes, Greece Late Period (716-332 B.C.E.) "Book of the Dead" (there were many): papyrus scrolls that were left with mummies after burial ceremonies Contained: spells, prayers, formulas, counsels; this scene: Anubis (jackal-headed god) weighs soul after death; outcome: monster devouring soul or audience with Osiris to far right necropolis- city of the dead - of Thebes
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Rosetta Stone Granodiorite stone Ptolemaic era (332-30 B.C.E.) Greek, Demotic (Late Egyptian), and in formal hieroglyphic *Champollion's discovery*: hieroglyphics were not pictographs, but were *phonetic* (a once spoken language)
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Care of the dead/afterlife- was of great importance in *Egyptian culture* Egyptian religious belief: *Ka lived on after death and needed to be provided for (preservation of body, food and drink, art, etc.)* Mastabas- (Arabic: bench), rectangular with sloping sides and made of bricks, are the earliest types of Egyptian funerary monuments
tomb architecture
Since the Middle Ages, in Europe, artists were organized in *guilds (confraternities or craft associations)*, and went through an *apprenticeship system* for training under a recognized master then came academies, art schools
trained vs. untrained artists
red is a warm color blue is a cool color warm colors seem to advance while cool colors seem to recede
warm and cool colors
opaque watercolor (Gouache) adds chalk dust
watercolor/Gouache
form of communication that uses a visual vocabulary
what is art
drawings collages- cut and glued pieces of paper prints- engravings, etching, lithographs, silkscreen prints most prints from photographic negatives/ digital prints
works on paper
base is carved with *lotus and papyrus decorations* hawk(head): symbol of the sun
khafre
Tonal variations/ shading hatching/ cross-hatching
lines means:
invented in the 19th century as commercial processes Photography produced initially unique images (Daguerreotypes), but by the middle of the century, photographic negatives came to be used that allowed for an unlimited number of identical prints (reproductions) from a given negative
lithography and photography
materiality of art: choice of artistic medium (pl. media) art history: academic discipline concerned with the historical contexts of works of art aesthetics: sub-discipline of philosophy concerned with the nature of how we process and asses what we perceive; originally, aesthetics tried to define the nature of beauty form versus content (iconography) artistic influences
multiple approaches to analyzing art
thin transparent layers of paint that are built up on the surface of a painting jewel like surface quality smooth surfaces time consuming associated with the Flemish tradition, Van Eyck is a good representative of this tradition
oil glazes
recto- front verso- back
oil of canvas- recto/ verso
first used in the 15th century (the renaissance) first artist to explore techniques: Flemish partner Jan Van Eyck, but the Italians perfected it and use it extensiveterm-142ly texture of canvas, consistency of paint can greatly influence the character of a paiterm-142nting
oil on canvas
is chalk-like, friable medium requires as support colored paper
pastel drawings
As opposed to iconography, style refers to the formal qualities of a work of art that can typically be associated with a historical period and/or a specific geographical region, and which are shared across individual creators Here: the Art Déco style characterized by angular shapes and dark colors; it celebrated the dynamism of the machine age and was prevalent during the 1920s and 1930s, especially in the U. S. and France
style
statues: have clasped hands and large renderings of the eyes Bull- was considered a symbol of fertility and strength, revered through the New East and the Mediterranean (cf. Picasso)
sumerian art
powered pigment *binder = egg yolk* thinner = water
tempera paint ingredients
Arch of Titus located in Rome 81 mperors sought to commemorate their military victories with such structures, so each arch is associated with the rule of a specific emperor used by emperor to triumphantly enter Rome after battle; in this case, Emperor Titus returning from conquest of Jerusalem Reliefs: Spoils (menorah, trumpets) of the Temple of Jerusalem
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Baths of Caracalla located in Rome ca. 215 Another example of Roman public works; giant complex of public baths Monumentality of later Roman art and architecture Extensive use of vaults
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Bull-Vaulting Fresco located in Knossos ca. 1500 B.C.E. Minoan Fresco Paintings
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Chartres Cathedral located in Chartres, France begun 1194
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Colosseum located in Rome 70-82 Example of an amphitheater and Roman public works Performances: gladiator fights, man-beast struggles;
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Doge's Palace located in Venice, Italy ca. 1345-1438
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Great Pyramids of Gizeh located in Gizeh, Egypt Mykerinus- ca. 2460 B.C.E. Chefren- 2500 B.C.E. Cheops- ca. 2530 B.C.E. Nearby Heliopolis: *cult of Re, the sun god*; his symbol was a pyramidal stone, the *ben-ben*; by the Fourth Dynasty, the pharaohs considered themselves the *sons of Re*
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House of the Vetii located in Pompeii frescoes completed between 62 and 79 B.C.E. volcanic eruption preserved both commercial and residential sections of Pompeii, including a number of upscale private villas example of a Pompeian town house with atrium, opening in the roof
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Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut located in Deir el-Bahri, Egypt ca. 1350 B.C.E. *New Kingdom: incursions from Syrian and Mespotamian uplands (Hyksos)* quelled with difficulty by Egyptian leadership class, new *types of weaponry* introduced, conquests (Eurphrates to Nubia under Egyptian control); new capital: *Thebes* No more pyramids, replaced by mortuary temples carved directly out of the cliffs
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Mosque at Cordoba located in Cordoba (Spain) 8th to 10th century
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Notre Dame Cathedral located in Paris 1182-1250
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Old St. Peter's (reconstruction) located in Rome ca. 333
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Palace of Knossos located in Crete ca. 1600-1400 B.C.E First instance of a highly developed, urban culture in the Western hemisphere
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Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne, Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) located in Germany 792-805
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Pylon Temple of Horus located in Edfu, Egypt ca. 237-212 B.C.E This example dates from the Ptolemaic Period, when Egypt came under Greek dominance
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Royal Audience Hall and Stairway Persepolis (Iran) ca. 500 B.C.E persian empire- 538-331 B.C.E. Palace at Persepolis, built by Darius I and Xerxes I; destroyed by Greek conqueror Alexander the Great
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Sainte Chapelle located in Paris 1243-1248
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Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia located in Palestrina (Italy) ca. 120-80 B.C.E.
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Speyer Cathedral located in Speyer, Germany 1082-1106
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St. Mark's Cathedral located in Venice begun 1063
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Stonehenge located in Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England ca. 2000 BCE
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Taj Mahal located in Agra (India) 1632-1654
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Temple of "Fortuna Virilis" located in Rome late 2nd century B.C.E Synthesis of Greek (Ionic columns) and Etruscan architectural elements high podium, large cellae (=Gr. naos, or enclosed chamber inside a temple) with a deep porch, engaged columns (columns that are inserted into the wall proper, not freestanding)
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Temple of Amen-Mut-Khonsu located in Luxor, Egypt ca. 1370 B.C.E Pylon: simple, massive and sloping walls bisected by temple entrance
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Temple of Hera located at Paestum (near Naples), Italy ca. 460 B.C.E Doric order comes from Greek colonies in Southern Italy, Provincial conservatism: (ca. 460 B.C.E.), had already entered the Classical Period
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Temple of Ramses II located in Abu Simbel ca. 1257 Another example of a rock-cut funerary temple from the New Kingdom, highlighting the tendency towards monumental (gigantic) art and architecture during that period Ramses II: Egypt's great warrior-pharaoh; his temple built far up the Nile (in the south)
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The Erechtheum located in Acropolis, Athens ca. 421-405 B.C.E.
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The Pantheon located in Rome 118-125 The only building which has been in continuous use since classical antiquity to the present day; Temple dedicated to all gods Temple façade set in front a domed rotunda; dome consists of a shell of concrete that gradually thickens towards the base nterior: coffered ceiling (decorative, sunken panels), oculus (round opening in the ceiling)
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The Porta Nigra ("Black Gate") located in Trier (Germany) ca. 280-310
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"Venus" of Willendorf carved stone ca. 25,000 - 20,000 B.C.E.
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Agesander, Athenodorus, and Polydorus, Laocöon marble early first century B.C.E. (?)
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Aphrodite of Melos (Venus of Milo), marble ca. 150-100 B.C.E. Aphrodite = Greek goddess of love and beauty female figures
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Augustus of Primaporta marble ca. 20 B.C.E. admiration of Greek models golden age of Augustan peace mythological and allegorical figures
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Bayeux Tapestry embroidered wool on linen 1070-1080
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Chi-Rho Monogram (XP), Gospel Matthew, from the Book of Kells manuscript illumination late 8th cent.
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Constantine the Great marble ca. 300
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Cover of the Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram book binding with gold, pearls & precious stones ca. 870
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Cycladic Idols marble ca. 2500-2000 B.C.E. beaten gold, semiprecious stones
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Diptych of Anatastasius I ivory carving 517
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Euphronios Krater red figure painting on ceramics krater ca. 515 BC Ceramics is fired clay
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Geometric Krater from the Dipylon Cemetery pottery 8th century B.C.E. Krater = Vessel form used for mixing wine and water
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Head of a Roman marble ca. 80 B.C.E. veritas (literalness, verism - notice the wrinkles in this very naturalistic portrait) and severitas (severity) plebeians (common people) and patricians (aristocratic leadership class) penates, also known as household gods
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type of tomb
Tumulus
Roman innovations in building techniques that define architecture to the present day: use of concrete (opus caementicium = lime mortar, water, volcanic dust), combined with use of arches and vaults rubble fill mixed with concrete inside Decorative sheathing made of marble slabs, plaster, or ornamental brick- or stonework outside (opus incertum, opus reticulatum, etc. innovation of arches- arcade; if several arches are stacked up one behind the other, they form a vault
roman building techniques
Direct carving typically involves stone or wood (unique works of art)
sculptures
example of red figure pottery
Greek Pottery
as a doctrine derived from the French Academy of Painting and Sculpture, founded in 1648
academicism
1,000-year interval between Babylonian and Neo-Babylonian empire,
Assyria
composite creature between humans and animals (lamassu)
Assyrian relief sculpture
advance guard Utopias radical, revolutionary ahead of their own times
Avant-Garde
Geometric simplification: triangles, rectangles, cylinders, etc.
Early Minoan Art
Golden age of Duth painting (17th century)
Example of Rembrandt
example of a Buon fresco or true fresco technique: painting is consubstantial with the wall on which it is painted pigments soak deep into the plaster while it is still wet; lime in the plaster becomes a binder
Fresco painting part two
Art Academies promoted art that was inspired by themes of classical antiquity, and maintained the *"hierarchy of genres"* *History painting* is on top of this hierarchy (i.e. scenes from classical antiquity); portraiture, landscape, and still-life painting is at the bottom of the hierarchy (all lower levels stress contemporary subject matter) Renaissance: re-birth of classical antiquity humanism (world view centers on human, not divine, perspective) French Revolution of 1789: codified values of the Enlightenment (17th and 18th centuries); abolition of aristocratic privileges, all men and women are born with equal rights (declaration of human rights), Republicanism (res publica=common good), example: right to pursue happiness>political advent of modernism 1860s and 1870s
Genesis of Modernism
a three dimensional positive figures is modeled in wax Invention of a machine that allowed for scaled copies (larger or smaller) of sculpture in 1839 by Achille Colas
Lost-wax (cire perdu) casting method
Ancient Greece, Rome, tradition
Modernism
Modernity: The civilizational aspect of the modern experience, e.g. scientific discoveries, technological advances, railroads, industrialization, mechanization, urbanization, rationalization, etc. Modernism: The cultural aspect of the modern experience expressed mainly in art and literature, e.g. individuality, alienation, psychological states, dandyism, introspection, aesthetization of everyday experience
Modernism vs. Modernity
small pieces of colored glass or ceramic tile *called tessera* are embedded in a background material such as plaster or mortar
Mosaic
Mycenaean culture: the palaces of Tiryns and Mycenae (both on the Peloponnesian peninsula)
Mycenaean Architecture
daily life in Republic Rome comes from the town of Pompeii and neighboring Herculaneum major volcanic eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 C.E. Rediscovered in the mid-18th century
Pompeii
since approximately the 1960s>Post-modernism (pluralism in society corresponds to pluralistic forms of creative expression)
Post-Modernism
Minoan culture (ca. 2500-1400 B.C.E.) Mycenaean culture (ca. 1400-1200 B.C.E.)
Pre-Classical Greece
Carthage, which was defeated by Rome as an outcome of the Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.E.), paving the way for Roman dominance in in the Mediterranean skills in administration, building of infrastructure (roads, harbors, foundation of new cities), foundation of Western concepts of law and government; calendar, language admiration for Greek culture and art Romans start reproducing Greek art on large scale
Republican Rome
Artist was part of the Barbizon group of painters in France, who pioneered "plein air" painting (painting in the open, painting in nature) painting in the air was made possible by tin tubes
Tine Tubes and Plien Air Painting
*River valley cultures: Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the Nile delta of Egypt*; move from the grassy uplands to the *river valleys and deltas* rich in fertile soils due to river deposits
beginning of civilization
Relief processes (left) Printing occurs with the raised parts of the plate; those parts that have not been cut away Examples: linoleum cuts (linocuts), woodcuts (or woodengravings) Intaglio techniques The opposite is true for intaglio techniques: crevices in the plate (engraved or etched with acid) hold the ink; the untouched part of the plate is wiped and does not hold ink Examples: engravings and etchings
printmaking techniques
distinct from original works of art (not one of a kind) multiples are artworks that exist in tons of identical copies, executed in media that lend themselves to reproduction: cast sculpture prints photographs
prints are multiples
Etruscan Art (ca. 700 - 510 B.C.E.) Etruscan culture pre-dates that of ancient Rome Using Greek colonies as models they are hidden underneath the modern cities of central Italy
the Etruscans
Giant stride forward in human development: of *fixed abodes and domestication of plants and animals; village cultures* surrounded by fields; *change from hunter to herdsman* post and lintel- henges made of *stone*
the neolithic age and Stonehenge
The Ziggurat at Ur-Nammu ca. 2100 B.C.E. A *ziggurat* is stepped temple structure made of sun-dried brick; it is typical for *Mesopotamian civilizations*
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"Temple of Vesta" located in Tivoli (Italy) early 1st century B.C.E Corinthian order (defining feature: acanthus leaves - the third Greek order not discussed so far) walls made out of concrete (a Roman invention)
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Abbey Church of St. Deni located in, St. Denis (near Paris) 1140-1144
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Altar of Zeus and Athena located in Pergamon, Turkey ca. 175 B.C.E.
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Arch of Constantine located in Rome 312-315
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