ART 1001 - Module 3

Middle Age - Romanesque Architecture

- architecture lasted from ca. 1000-1200 - construction of many cathedrals and the rise of cities and growing city culture -architecture main characteristics: *Large, simple, massive cathedral architecture *Thick walls with few or small windows; dark interiors *Latin-Cross plans *Vaulted naves (barrel vault) *Buttresses *Ambulatory with radiating chapels e.g. Speyer Cathedral in Germany: innovative features: groin vault becomes standard of medieval architecture

Middle Ages - Ottonian Period

-Charlemagne's Empire divided in three parts -only German part was stable and survived under the rule of king Otto, hence Ottonian -privileged art form: illuminated book manuscripts

The End of the Roman Empire

-Christianity and Christians had long been persecuted by the Roman authorities -New capital is Constantinople -The shift to the medieval period and the decline of classical ideals are evident in the relief sculpture-flat and generic

Pompeii and Herculaneum

-preserved under a thick layer of ashes following a major volcanic eruption of Mt. Vesuvius on August 24, 79 C.E Style: - mixture of narrative panels - trompe-l'oeil architectural vistas -stone imitation paneling. possible influence was Roman theater design. Pompeian fresco paintings can be very sexually explicit

IMPERIAL ROME What aspects are carried over from Greek sculpture?

-sculpture is recalling the ancient Greeks, the golden age of Pericles

CLASSICAL GREEK What is contrapposto?

-weight is shifted onto one leg,

Diptych

= an object consisting of two hinged panels triptych = three-paneled artwork

Kouros

= figure that is a free-standing statue of a male youth in the nude

Imperial Rome

First century riddled with civil wars and efforts to glorify the outer aspects of the Empire. Second century, Rome was at the height of its power. largest geographical expansion. Third century, empire launched incursions that damaged the economic and administrative. Problems magnified by mentality changes e.g. introduction of Christianity

Three Goddesses (Hestia, Dione, Aphrodite)

Form: Marble statue Content: Three goddesses are shown with thin but elaborate drapery. Reveal and conceal body forms.

BYZANTINE ART: Mausoleum of Galla Placidia with mosaic decorations, Ravenna (Italy), 425-450

Simple from the outside, the mausoleum has a rich mosaic decoration inside, featuring a Good Shepherd motive and a mosaic imitation of a star-spangled, blue sky. Some of the best examples of Byzantine art come from Ravenna.

Etruscan culture at its peak ca. 600-500 B.C.E.

The origin of the Etruscans is unclear. - eagerly absorbed Greek influences e.g. using the Greek colonies as models, - shifted from village life to urban civilization. -enemies of both the Greeks and the Romans,

feudalism

a lord promises allegiance to the king and to muster an army in case of need; in return, the lord is the master over a territory of land, including all the people who inhabit it, who become his serfs

Minoan culture declined after 1400 B.C.E. for a variety of reasons. Two hypothetical reasons:

a volcanic eruption on Thera, or incursions of Mycenaean people from the mainland.

Riace Warriors

are life-size bronze warriors, which were produced in Greece to be exported to Italy (lost in a shipwrack)

Polykleitos Doryphoros, Roman marble copy after a bronze original from ca. 450-440 B.C.E.

athlete summarizing the idealized canon of human proportions of High Classicism PURPOSE: Sculpture celebrated as a model statue from which other sculptors should learn the ratios and proportions governing human anatomy.

Mycenaean Culture

began to blossom when Crete and neighboring islands went through their final crisis.

Column of Trajan, Rome

celebrates two successful campaigns against the Dacians

Lapith and Centaur, Parthenon

depicts a centauromachy, in which centaurs and Lapiths, Greeks and Amazons are engaged in battle

Naos

enclosed, inner temple sanctuary of the Parthenon in Athens

Temple of Hera at Paestum (near Naples), Italy, ca. 460 B.C.E.

example of Greek temples before the High Classical period - construction is dry-jointed and metal cramps were used to hold construction elements - exhibits provincial conservatism and backwardness -cement and concrete not yet invented

Ottonian art (shaped by grandson Charles)

key qualities of medieval art: - flatness of form: no spatial depth, no proportions - emphasis on line rather than form -un-naturalistic figures: no life-like rendering -buildings, book art, liturgical instruments IMPT: 300 years later renewed turn to naturalism

Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina (Italy), ca. 120-80 B.C.E.

one of the very earliest examples for Roman innovations in building techniques

Choir

place behind the alter

Hellenistic Period (323-30 B.C.E.)

saw a decline of the ideals espoused by the age of Perikles and Phidias.

CITADEL OF TYRINS What did they contain inside of the tholos tombs?

-considerable treasures: gold objects

Hellenistic sculptures - new charachters

-female figures appear with increasing frequency; often rendered on an oversized scale -old folk -children

severitas

= meaning "severity" Roman value

MYCENAEAN: Where were the Mycenaeans located?

Greek Mainland

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE How did Suger innovate the Gothic architectural style? What new architectural features did he employ?

HOW? open up the space and allow light to flood in What? -engineered the structure in stone so the walls can be replaced by colored glass

Mycenaean culture collapsed after 1200 B.C.E

Possible reason: invasion of Dorian people equipped with iron weapons superior to the softer bronze of the Mycenaeans.

Portraiture and Sculpture in Republican Rome

Roman society was conservative and socially stratified into plebeians (common people) and patricians (aristocratic leadership class -extreme naturalism

MYCENAEAN: What are some of the stylistic and iconographic qualities of their art and architecture?

gold, bronze, vibrant colors, animal drawings, not to realistic human representation

Gothic Architecture - Chartres Cathedral

- Gothic style quickly spread across Europe - extreme height of cathedrals became a point of civic pride of citizens

Church of San Vitale, Ravenna, 526-547

- Orientalizing motives mix with naturalism - exterior is very plain - church has a central plan of concentric octagons, surrounding ambulatory, and columned niches -men and women would have been separated during service -apse mosaics: features Christ seated on orb of the world with the four Rivers of Paradise next to him

Middle Ages - Review of Byzantine and Medieval Art How did Western medieval art differ from eastern Byzantine art?

- Pope disagreed with iconoclasm. - Western artist has more creative freedom. - most medieval art had religious themes -creating visual experiences, convincing, powerful and realistic in its portrayal of people and realistic world

Middle Ages - Gothic Architecture

- continued expansion of cities and urban culture, rise of secular literature about chivalry (horsemanship), experiences of the Crusades -characteristics: *Ornately decorated facades and interiors *Latin-cross floor plans *Emphasis on height and the verticality of the nave *Large windows allowing for the introduction of stained glass windows *Use of groin vaults with pointed arches to allow for a skeletal construction in the choir

Byzantine Architecture Hagia Sophia, Istanbul How did the architects engineer to support the dome?

- dome is resting on hided stone piers -dome is putting pressure not just down but out, so pressure is released and carried by half domes on each side -plus three smaller half domes below that

Middle Ages - Migration Period

- drop in population numbers meant that civilization and its infrastructure were at a low point - there are many surviving small artifacts from this period instead of large monuments and works of art - Ireland was an exception in that it was not directly affected by invasions during the Migration Period

Byzantine Architecture Hagia Sophia, Istanbul What was innovative about the design of the Hagia Sophia?

- feels like standing in a canyon - build a centrally planned space (circle) with a basilica (laenglich) -dome on a square, two half domes on each side of the square

Etruscan Sculpture

- known for their funerary sarcophagi: figures have a life-like appearance, and the gestures allude to a banquet scene -sculptures modeled from clay rather than carved out of stone -but Bronze and terracotta were the materials of choice - interest in animal forms

Middle Ages - Romanesque Art Norman Cavalry Charging in the Battle of Hastings, from the Bayeux Tapestry, 1070-1080, embroidered wool on linen

- marked the last invasion of any note was the Norman conquest of the southern part of England - 20 inches high and 230 feet long -textile is a unique type of medieval artifact : *technique *depiction of a secular, contemporary event -created by female artists

IMPERIAL ROME What image is Augustus trying to communicate to his people through this sculpture? Is this propaganda?

- sculpture filled with roman political ideology -He is saying he is going to create a golden age Yes, it is propaganda. There was no photography, sculptures were used to communicate with the people.

Kritios Boy kouros figure from the Acropolis of Athens, ca. 480 B.C.E., marble

- summary of correctly rendered human proportions and anatomy in the art - suggests an idealized canon of the human figure

Roman Building Techniques that really defined architecture to the present day?

- use of concrete, -combined with use of arches and vaults

MINOANS: What are some of the stylistic and iconographic qualities of Minoan art?

-Alphabet: Linear A -love of nature and sea -vivid depiction of animals especially: bulls, bird, dolphins, fish, octopus, monkeys

Art and Architecture of Classical Greece

-Archaic Period (ca. 700-480 B.C.E.) -Classical Period (ca. 480-323 B.C.E.)

Middle Ages - Carolingian Period

-Charlemagne unified a kingdom (Germany/ France) -was crowned Emperor and his territory name "Holy Roman Empire" -build Palatine Chapel (Aachner Dom!): *robust strength and simplicity of this round structure but defined by thick walls and use of rounded, superimposed arches -monastic life was blossoming -only monks and nuns learned how to write and read

Pre-Classical Greece

-Cycladic culture: refers to Greek islands -Helladic culture: refers to Greek mainland -Minoan culture: located on the island of Crete , ca. 2800-1450 B.C.E. -Mycenaean culture: culture of the Greek mainland associated with Mycenae, ca. 1550-1100 B.C.E.

ARCHAIC GREEK Note the main stylistic qualities of Early Archaic sculpture.

-Female figures portrait with clothing, male figures portrait nude -dependent on Ancient Egyptian -stone removed between legs and figure is able to stand on its own -limps are locked in place, no real movement -figure is very symmetrical

MYCENAEAN: What similarities and differences do you notice from Minoan art and architecture?

-Had their own alphabet, called Linear B -sophisticated and wealthy society

Two principle structures of Mycenaean culture:

-Heavy fortification walls -defensive character e.g. seen in the palaces of Tiryns and Mycenae

What qualities set the ancient Greece civilization apart from Egypt and Mesopotamia?

-Literature -Political organization. -Anthropocentric -Individuality. -Peaceful colonization. -Invention of money/currency -Scientific discoveries. -Mastery of ship building -International trade

Art and Architecture of Pre-Classical Greece

-Minoan culture (ca. 2500-1400 B.C.E.) -Mycenaean culture (ca. 1400-1200 B.C.E.)

Architecture during Early Christian Art

-St. Peter's basilica in Rome was one of the earliest examples of a permanent church structure --> provided a blueprint for Christian builders in centuries to come

Middle Ages - Review of Byzantine and Medieval Art The historical/political changes that led to the centralized power of the Catholic church?

-Theodosis split empire in West/ East -West empire speaks Latin ruled by Honoruis, East empire speaks Greek ruled by Arcadius (Byzantine empire) -a lot of wars, western roman empire ceased to exist 85 years after split -only unifying force was Catholic church and pope

The Parthenon

-an ensemble of structures built during the Classical period on a plateau overlooking Athens -temple dedicated to Athena-Parthenos IMPORTANT: Do not confuse the Parthenon in Athens with the Pantheon in Rome

NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS What was the purpose of buttresses? What about flying buttresses? What architectural elements make Notre Dame quintessentially Gothic?

-buttresses: solid masonry wall perpendicular to the walls of the cathedral -purpose of flying buttresses: *external skeletal forms that help take lateral weight and draws it out *not a solid wall, just a rib -quintessential: *emphasis on verticality and on line *stained glass, a large rose window

BYZANTINE ART: Apse Mosaic of Sant' Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna, ca. 533-549

-contains one of the most spectacular apse mosaics of the Byzantine period. -In the center of the apse mosaic -blue medallion with a jeweled cross -hand of god, flanked by figures Moses and Elijah -St. Apollinaris + 12 sheep

Archaic Greek Sculpture

-early and late period -characterized by stiff, unnatural human figures whose musculature is interpreted in terms of geometric shapes in three dimensions

Kroisos Kouros

-figure from later Archaic period - great improvements from the early Archaic to the later Archaic periods in terms of the correct rendering of: anatomy, musculature, and movement of the body in space, giving it a truly lifelike expression

Early Christian Iconography

-first extensive appropriation of "pagan" iconography -The Good Shepherd Sarcophagus adaption of the pagan theme -Good shepherd to symbolize Christ

Diocletian Rome ruler during late third century

-first ruler to divide Roman empire creating a political decline -brief reunion of Roman empire under Emperor Constantine, but permanent divide followed

St. Lazare in Autun- WEST TYMPANUM RELIEF SCULPTURE How would this image have been interpreted by parishioners entering the cathedral?

-flat, artist concerned with drapery, Christ stares into distance, full body halo around him, body smooth and twisted -Terrifying and intimating, images of horror -Christ in center: *left side: the damned going to hell, demons weighting the souls *right side: the blessed going to heaven, angels helping souls into heaven

ARCHAIC GREEK What was the function of the kouros statues?

-funeral memoir, mark a thomb -mark the connecting between the deceased and his family

CITADEL OF TYRINS What were the main architectural features of the Citadel?

-huge wall of enormous boulder with lion gate -series of pathways -series of rooms -mega hall (audience hall) -large courtyard with columns to support porch -vestibule -megaron with 4 columns and a hearth

CLASSICAL GREEK How does this work show a transition from the Archaic period to the Early Classical period?

-new found naturalism is a new sense of self -standing nude but incipient movement, makes the figure seem alive and more like todays world -much more naturalistic renderings of the volume of the body, the understanding of the musculature and bone structure, transitions from one part of the body to the next -makes figure believable

SCULPTURAL PROGRAM OF THE PARTHENON What are the formal characteristics of Phidian sculptures?

-original with very bright colors -typically read from left to write -articulation of the human body and the muscles -sense of momentary -render forms of clothing that obscure and reveal the body below it

Parthenon (Acropolis) IN ATHENS How do the bodies portrayed within the sculpture reflect the stylistic qualities of the Classical period?

-story of Athena and Poseidon vying to be the patron of the city -on frieze people of Athens are displayed

Byzantine Architecture Hagia Sophia, Istanbul How did Hagia Sophia differ from Old St. Peter's basilica?

-surface decoration and covered in gold -mosaics -no figures drawn anywhere, attention on the architecture rather than Christ or Mary

SCULPTURAL PROGRAM OF THE PARTHENON How is the human body used to enhance the iconography of the sculptural program?

-the drapery acts like water around the human body

Name some drastic changes in Greek art during Hellenistic Period?

1. Departure from the Classical canon of idealized human beauty 2. Drama, violence, suffering, age, physical decay became the focus of interest of Hellenistic artists 3. Emergence of nude female figures as a subject for sculpture

GREEK ARCHITECTURE What are the characteristics of the Doric orders?

7th century, main land in Greece masculine architecture - pediment (Giebeldreieck) - Frieze - Entabluature (Gebälkfries) - Capital - Shaft - fluting (Rillen) - no base OVERALL: It is simpler, massive, older, rustic; distinctive features: plain, cushion-like capitals, triglyph and metope on alternative on the frieze

veritas

= meaning "truth" Roman value

cloisonné objects

= small metal strips (gold) are soldered on a metal background and the metal-rimmed compartments are filled with precious stones or enamel paste, made up of crushed glass that is melted into a paste.

verism

= unflattering truthfulness

Catacombs

=a maze-like system of underground funerary sites, excavated from granular tufa. - a refuge for early Christian followers during Roman times. - fresco decoration and for first time we see a specifically Christian iconography emerging

CITADEL OF TYRINS What are the features of the tholos tombs?

=beehive tomb -round chamber -entrance pathway (dromos), 10-15 ft -tall walls -entrance ways tapers inward and up -vaulting above entrance (triangle space) -Decorative symbols: zig-zag, spirals, chevrons

contrapposto pose

A figure that is striding forward in space

Black Figure Pottery

A style or technique of ancient Greek pottery in which black figures are painted on a red background. Made permanent through a three step firing process: oxidizing, reducing, reoxidizing

Parthenon (Acropolis) IN ATHENS What is an acropolis? What was the Parthenon used for? Take brief notes on the iconography of the pediment sculptures of the Parthenon.

Acropolis = temple, citadel - birthplace of democracy used for religious process or a festival -Doric temple with ionic elements: massive columns with shallow broad flutes (vertical line) -no base -capital is very simple (little flare)

CLASSICAL GREEK Compare and contrast the formal characteristics of Archaic sculpture with Doryphoros. What are the major differences?

Archaic sculpture : -one foot is placed slightly ahead of other foot -entire body is stiff, symmetric Doryphoro 1. one leg is weight bearing one is relaxed 2. one hand is weight bearing (with spear) the other one is relaxed, 3. hips are tilted 4. gentle s-curve through upper body 5. one side is compressed the other is expanded LEADS to sculpture looking fully alive

Who were the architects? How did they use mathematics, the concept of symmetria, and entasis to achieve idealism in architecture?

Architects: Iktinos and Kallikrates Human perception was itself flawed, Architects needed to adjust for it in order to give the visual impression of perfection.

Forum Romanum, Rome

Augustus also started the tradition that each emperor built a forum to commemorate the greatness of his rule. BUT: Today, only fragments and ruins remain of these structures.

Hellenistic Art in Pergamon Dying Gaul, Roman marble copy after a bronze original form Pergamon, ca. 240 B.C.E.

BACKGROUND: settlement experienced belligerent incursions of "barbarian" Gauls that were successfully repelled by Attalus I of Pergamon Sculpture: celebrates Attalus's triumph, highly realistic work with a brutal and violent edge to it

Name the two innovators of the Gothic style:

Bernard of Clairvaux and Abbé Suger

CLASSICAL GREEK What is a canon? How did Polykleitos achieve this canon?

Canon: A set of ideas that you follow. How: Turned away from stiffness, instead began examination the human body example: Counter balance and harmony, e.g. weight-balance and relaxed

megaron

Chief or throne room of the palace in Mycenaean Architecture

IMPERIAL ROME How does this sculpture confer power on Augustus through idealism?

Confers power as the sculpture is communicating he is god-like, youthful, transcendent

Early Christian Art

Constantine the Great recognized Christianity as a tolerated religion, but only his successor, Theodosius, made it the official religion of the state. Empire divided in Eastern/ Western. This divide is still present in todays religious world: *Eastern Empire = Byzantium = Orthodox faith *Western Empire = Rome (mostly) = Roman Catholic faith Beginning the 7th century, the rise of Islam created a political, military, and religious challenge to the Byzantine Empire. It should be noted that Islam, too, rejected figurative art.

Red Figure Pottery

Design was obtained by scraping outlines with a syringe-like instrument, applying an engobe slip for the parts that appear in black. (red figures on black background!) Thus, the process is the reverse of the black figure painting. IMPT: more naturalistic poses and accurate anatomy

REVIEW OF GREEK AND ROMAN ART The major stylistic and iconographic characteristics of Greek and Roman art and architecture are? (GREEK)

Greek: -Geometric period: geometric symbols and later animals as decoration on pottery, used for food storage, burial markers -Archaic Period: more realistic portrayals of human body; added hair to head of figures, spreading the stands for added strength & stability *Kouros (male) *Kore (female) -black figure style (black figure, red background) -red figure style (red figure, black background) -Classic Period: *sculptures became more realistic but idealistic *contrapposto: more natural posture of human body -Hellenistic Period: *amazingly lifelike sculptures PLUS motion and action *nudes of females began

St. Lazare in Autun- WEST TYMPANUM RELIEF SCULPTURE How does this sculpture reflect the medieval mentality towards life and death?

Heaven and Hell depicted

Rise of Alexander the Great concludes the transition from the Classical to which period?

Hellenistic Period (ca. 323-30 B.C.E.)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE What are the characteristics of the Ionic orders?

Imported from Asia Minor (today's Turkey) -delicate, feminine architecture -main difference to Doric styles are the scroll-like shapes (called Volutes) at the capital (the top of the column) -different type of fluting -more decorative -taller than Doric OVERALL: decorative, recent, seems lighter, sophisticated;

Parthenon (Acropolis) IN ATHENS What are the major architectural features?

Inside: massive statue of Athena metaphase: Greek's battle with enemies e.g. Amazons, Trojans, Titans, Lapidus -cavillations over barbarism

MINOANS: Where was the Minoan civilization located?

Island of Crete

Geometric pottery

It is described as "geometric" because of the type of decoration found on pottery from this period: meander, wedge-shaped, and checkerboard patterns are prevalent

CLASSICAL GREEK How does it function to create an ideal form of the human body?

Its the mathematical precision, where the proportions of every part of the body were perfect in relationship to each other.

One aspect of Greek culture that resonates with the contemporary world is the

Olympic Games. - invented in the classical world as a sports competition among the Greek city states.

IMPERIAL ROME ARCHITECTURE: What was the original function of the Pantheon? What role does geometry play in its design? How was it engineered and constructed?

Original Function: -temple of the gods -sanctified and made into a church -NOW: major tourist attraction Geometry: -obsession with circles, rectangles and squares -central focus point is midway between floors and ceiling --> geometric perfect enough to fit a perfect sphere Construction: -massive columns with marble basis, Corinthian order capitals -constructed so it appears the dome is independent and could rotate

MINOANS: What was the significance of the Palace at Knossos?

Place has Labyrinth of Knossos - minotaur supposedly lived there all palaces seem to have been major administrative trade and religious centers, storehouses for important commodities

What is another important aspect of the Roman art?

Portraiture Late third century, decline in artistic abilities. "Four Tetrachas": faces of the four rulers are generic and seem to regress to archaic simplicity

REVIEW OF GREEK AND ROMAN ART The major stylistic and iconographic characteristics of Greek and Roman art and architecture are? (ROMAN)

Roman: *214 BC Romans took control over Greece *Romans loved Greek culture and copied art, gods *Romans focused on portraiture of real people (true likeness instead of ideal) *Romans used art as propaganda and to promote political agendas, glorify their Emperors *Romans builder became masters of the arch and the dome *expansion of roman empire spread Greek/Roman ideas throughout Europe and is foundation for a western culture

Republican Rome

Romans were adept in: - public administration - building of infrastructure - responsible for the invention of many Western concepts of law and government - modern calendar - language - some religious ideas - Romans held a deep admiration for Greek culture and art

IMPERIAL ROME Take notes on the different iconographic elements of the sculpture. How does he use these references to divine figures to further bolster his image?

The proportions of his body are following the canon. Down at his ankle pulling at his hem is Cupid (son of goddess Venus), which is meant to remember that Augusts is a descended from a goddess. And he is the son of Julius Ceaser (how has been made into a god like figure even though he was human)

Architecture in Republican Rome Temple of "Fortuna Virilis," Rome, late 2nd century B.C.E.

This temple has a high podium, large cellae (ienclosed chamber inside a temple) with a deep porch, engaged columns ( not freestanding), which alludes to a possible Etruscan influence. - temple is dedicated to Portunus, god of the harbor

Etruscan Tomb Architecture

Tumulus (earth mount) tomb structures are characteristic for Etruscan culture: Exterior: round structures, partially excavated and partly remain covered with earth Interior: rock-cut tumulus tombs feature brightly painted plaster reliefs representing weapons, tools, kitchen utensils, etc

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE What is the effect of these elements on the experience of the space? How did he support the architectural elements of St. Denis?

What? -delicate openness to represent heaven on earth How? -pointed arches, didn't need thick walls, distributes weight more evenly -think columns

What is a kylix?

a drinking cup is -- flat, dish-like vessel mounted on a "foot

Baths of Caracalla, Rome, ca. 215

a giant complex of public baths, named after Emperor Caracalla: extensive use of vaults, originally decorated with mosaics

CLASSICAL GREEK contrapposto: What effect does it have on the naturalism of the figure?

affects the rest of the body as it acts in unison e.g. - axes of hips no longer aligned, - knee of weight-bearing legs is higher than bend knee

Ambulatory

aisle that is behind the alter

Metopes

are the "blank" blocks above the capitals, which alternate with the triglyphs

Triglyphs

are the "striped" blocks above the capitals whose ends mimic wooden crossbeams;

Classical Greek Period

around 450-440 B.C.E complete and correct understanding of human anatomy and proportions during the Classical period

Altar of Zeus and Athena, Pergamon, ca. 175 B.C.E. (currently located in a museum in Berlin, Germany)

dramatic flight of stairs and an oversized figurative frieze at the base, depicting a Battle of Gods and Giants, it emphasizes pain, suffering, death

Kallikrates, Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens, 427-424 B.C.E.

earliest building on the Acropolis built completely in the Ionic order. Note: Parthenon still featured the Doric order.

Palace of Knossos, Crete, ca. 1600-1400 B.C.E.

first highly developed, urban culture in the Western hemisphere. The palace is a sprawling structure with throne rooms, reception halls, a drainage system, and extensive storage facilities for wine, grain, oil, honey, etc.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE What are the characteristics of the Corinthian orders?

highly decorative architecture -The capital has leaf-like shapes decorating the top of the column, mimicking acanthus leaves -they have basis and tend to be taller than Doric -most complex order - includes both the scroll (volutes) and the leaf-like decoration

Myron Discobolos, ca. 450 B.C.E., Roman marble copy after a bronze original

highly dramatic sculpture athlete is shown at the moment of just about releasing the discus, when the musculature is at its most tense.

MINOANS: Why are they called "the Minoans"?

home of legendary minotaur bull cult practiced by inhabitant, people were called Minoans after the legendary king Minus

Middle Ages - Review of Byzantine and Medieval Art What was iconoclasm? How did it effect Byzantine art?

iconoclasm= 1. forbade the making/ worshipping of graven images 2. removal or destruction of paintings and sculptures -Art was regulated to only copying images of approved images from the past

Krater

is a term for a vessel used for mixing wine and water.

Propylaea

is the entry gate to the complex, reached after climbing a steep, winding slope -remained unfinished due to the financial drain of war

Imperial Rome Architecture: Colosseum What architectural elements make up the structure of the Colosseum? Be sure to make note of the correct architectural terms they use to describe the elements. What was its purpose? What are some features in the Colosseum that we still see in modern stadiums?

original name: Flavian Amphitheater arches and concrete used. square with monumental arches, carved with travertine, statues, beautiful fountains in the middle, gleaming stone Structure: Gigantic donut -sand in the middle to absorb blood and body fluids -three stories or arched and forth floor with windows -Tuscanic Columns for the bottom (have a base) -Ionic columns for second floor -Corinthian columns top floor -statues on 2/3 floor -top floor with bronze shields Purpose: Features in modern world: -assigned sections (gates) with according tickets with assigned numbers

The Erechtheum Acropolis, Athens, ca. 421-405 B.C.E.

other great Ionian building on the Acropolis. Features: asymmetrical plan, divided internally into several shrines on multiple level

Because of political turmoil, incursions, and military instability_____

small, hand-held objects, like ivory carvings, were artworks of choice

Arch of Titus, Rome

triumphal arches are ornamental versions of city gates, which were used by emperors to triumphantly enter Rome after battle.

MYCENAEAN: How is their civilization characterized?

warrior society, conquered Minoans and learned a lot from them about architecture, advance their alphabet, defense system e.g. walls