Art 111 - Final Exam Set 1

This type of sculpture can move and change its visual form.

kinetic

This medium involves the human body and usually includes the artist.

performance art

This type of art can only exist in one place and time in history.

performance art

_______________ colors are next to one another on the color wheel.

Analogous

Most commercial color printing is achieved using four separate colors, represented by the matrix ________.

CMYK

This art movement of the 1960s relies on perceptual anomalies of the human eye to create dynamic effects.

OP art

In a two-dimensional work, when the figure becomes the background and the background becomes the figure, we perceive ________.

a figure-ground reversal

If vertical lines communicate strength, horizontals calm, and diagonals action, then a vacation resort might want to choose a logo consisting of ________ lines in order to show peaceful repose.

a horizontal

Physicists have explained that when we see a color, it is the portion of the light spectrum that a surface fails to ________.

absorb

What is the difference between actual and implied line?

actual line is a real, continuous mark while implied line is suggested by elements in the artwork

This kind of motion is occurring when we see movement in real life.

actual motion

In his work Six Persimmons, the thirteenth-century Chinese monk Muqi used different visual weights on each side of the composition. This is known as ________ balance.

asymmetrical

________ balance is achieved when two halves of a composition are not mirror images of each other.

asymmetrical

When objects are far away they lack contrast, detail, and sharpness of focus because of the interference of air. Artists take advantage of this when they use the process called:

atmospheric perspective

Creating visual weight and counterweight is part of an artist's use of the element of ________ in creating a work of art.

balance

This type of relief, which takes its name from the French word for low, does not imply great depth.

bas-relief

Motion is not the only indicator of the passage of time in art. ________ use the changing properties of organic material to create a sense of time passing in their art.

bioartists

In addition to alternating value, Wang Hui's Landscape after Ancient Masters uses this process to give the viewer a sense that some areas are closer than others.

changing visual texture

This method of applying value to a two-dimensional artwork in order to create the illusion of three-dimensional solid form is called ________.

chiaroscuro

Color affects the way we think and react to the world, and can be used for healing purposes. This practice is called ________.

chromotherapy

An artist can use color to indicate depth. When a color is very pure and intense then it seems to be ________.

closer

Colors that are on opposite sides of the color wheel are radically different in wavelength and are called ________.

complementary colors

What kind of unity considers the visual connections within a work of art?

compositional

the three kinds of unity

compositional, conceptual, gestalt

Disparate visual elements can be linked together with a common idea. This is ________ unity.

conceptual

This is the area that is visible when a viewer is staring at a fixed point in space.

cone of vision

In Vesperbild (or Pietà) from fourteenth-century Germany, the artist ________ the organic forms of the bodies of Mary and Jesus in order to express pain and suffering.

distorted

An artist would probably use distorted scale if he or she wanted to create a lifelike scene that the viewer could relate to.

false

An artwork that uses many hues but only one value is called monochromatic.

false

Photographers cannot be responsible for principles of scale or proportion in their photographs.

false

The elements of time and motion are not applicable to the art of photography.

false

There can only be one focal point in a work of art.

false

The artist has depicted the woman's left arm (shoulder to elbow) as longer than her right arm (shoulder to elbow) to imply that the left is parallel to the viewer's eye, and the right is reaching back into space towards her painting. What is the name of this technique for implying depth?

foreshadowing

A two-dimensional object is called a shape, and a three-dimensional object is known as a ________.

form

Joseph Cornell created boxes that contain compositions of ________ objects.

found

The German word that refers to something in which the whole seems greater than the sum of its parts is ________.

gestalt

This proportional system uses a ratio of 1:1.618.

golden section

The ancient Greeks designed the Parthenon according to the idealized rules of proportion for the human body, creating ________ design.

harmonious

This type of scale is common in the relief sculpture of ancient Egypt, where it was used to indicate social importance.

hierarchial

When an artist uses scale to indicate the relative importance of elements in a composition, he or she is employing this kind of scale.

hierarchical scale

The chiaroscuro method uses five defined values: cast shadow, reflected light, core shadow, light, and ________.

highlight

When an artist employs visual clues to suggest movement in a work of art that is static and motionless, this is known as ________.

implied motion

A rectangle could be described as _______ shape. Pick the two correct answers in order to receive credit.

inorganic, geometric

Variety can ________ a design.

invigorate

A sculpted image 'in the round:'

is carved 360 degrees

Advertisers often use this color to reach their audience because it is the most visible in the spectrum.

lime-yellow

One definition of this element is "a mark that connects two points."

line

What system of perspective involves a horizon line, vanishing point, and orthogonals?

linear compositional

A color that is almost gray has a ________ saturation.

low

Tibetan Buddhist monks create colored sand images with a radial design. This representation of the universe is called a ________.

mandala

The kind of scale used for objects that appear larger than they are in real life is called ________ scale.

monumental

The sequence of photographs Dorothea Lange took of a migrant family in 1936 shows how photographers move around their subject and anticipate the right time to capture the image they seek. In this way, photography is still deeply concerned with the elements of ________ and time.

motion

Bernini's sculpture of Apollo and Daphne is based on a mythological story in which a god pursues a nymph. The artist used diagonal lines and flowing drapery to convey the ________ of the chase.

movement

This type of shape is composed of unpredictable, irregular lines.

organic

In The School of Athens, Raphael focused our attention on two Greek philosophers positioned in the center of the work. They are ________ and ________.

plato...aristotle

The relationships between the sizes of different parts of a work make up its ________.

proportions

The Italian architect Andrea Palladio created a ___________ design in his plan for the Villa Capra.

radial

________ balance is achieved when all elements in a work of art are equidistant from a central point and repeat in a symmetrical way from side to side and top to bottom.

radial

When Robert Rauschenberg, in his work Monogram, chose to use a variety of non-traditional art materials and techniques instead of those accepted by the art world, he made a conscious effort to ________ the established art world.

rebel against

When a sculpted image projects from the surface of its material of origin, but is not liberated from that material of origin, it is called ________.

relief

The Italian Futurist artist Giacomo Balla illustrated the rapid movement of a dog running on a leash by painting a series of ________ in order to give the impression that we are seeing motion as it happens.

repeating marks

Rectangles based on the Golden Section can be nested inside each other to create an elegant ________.

spiral

The kind of motion that is created by showing a series of static images in quick succession is called ________.

stroboscopic motion

________ balance is achieved when both sides of a composition look exactly the same.

symmetrical

When a color is associated with hot or cold we refer to this as color ________.

temperature

When an artist creates a work that deceives our eyes into believing there is motion as time passes, this is called ________.

the illusion of motion

Nancy Holt created this work, which intertwines the passage of time with the movement of _________.

the sun

Traditional visual arts, such as painting, are inherently static, but artists have always found inventive ways of conveying the elements of ________ and ________.

time...motion

This work of art is asymmetrically balanced.

true

What element describes the imposition of order and harmony on a design?

unity

What principle of art did Katsushika Hokusai employ in "The Great Wave off Shore at Kanagawa" in order to bring harmony to what could otherwise be a very chaotic scene?

unity

An artist creates an artwork made up of many different shapes, all in varying shades of blue. This artwork uses the following principles of art:

unity and variety

The lightness or darkness of a surface is the element of art called ________.

value

This is a kind of visual diversity that can bring many different ideas, media, or elements together in one composition.

variety

This spinning toy gives a sense of motion to a viewer when he or she looks through small slits in its cylindrical drum at a strip of changing pictures.

zoetrop

An empty space defined by its surround is known as ________ shape.

a negative

When negative space is included within the sculptural composition this is known as:

open volume

Forms that tend to be irregular, and similar to naturally occurring objects, are known as ________ forms.

organic

Which of the following words could be applied to irregular line?

organic, curvlinear, unpredictable

_________ refers to the size relationships of different parts of an object or form in relation to the whole.

proportion

Raphael emphasizes the two main figures in this fresco by:

putting them in the center of the composition putting them in the center of the composition

The traditional primary colors are ________.

red, yellow, blue

If a figure in an artwork has drapery billowing out behind it, and appears to have multiple feet in different positions, the viewer might assume that this figure is ________.

running forward

Hatching and cross-hatching use two-dimensional lines to communicate ________ depth.

three-dimensional

Because a form exists in "real" space we can experience it not only visually, but also through the sense of ________.

touch

A contour line defines the outer edge or profile of an object, and can be used to suggest a volume in space.

true

Caravaggio was a master of the technique of exaggerated chiaroscuro. What does chiaroscuro mean?

use of lights and dark to create the illusion of three-dimensions and to achieve dramatic effects use of oil paint to build up translucent layers

How has the artist created an illusion of three-dimensional depth in this object? Mention at least three specific techniques, and point out where you see these used.

The artist has used linear perspective, chiaroscuro, and atmospheric perspective to suggest depth in this composition. The clearest example of linear perspective is in the floor tiles. The brown line of tiles in the center is in a relatively straight line, but the lines of floor tiles to the right and left of this center are slightly diagonal. This is because the lines are converging towards the horizon in the background. There are also subtle diagonal angles in the architecture. For instance, the building in the left background has a roofline that is tilted down and at a diagonal angle. This demonstrates that the artist was using a grid of converging orthogonals in order to create the illusion of depth. Chiaroscuro, use of highlights and shadows to suggest volume, can be seen in the shadows cast onto the wall by the small figures in the lower left hand side of the composition. Also, the large columns in the foreground are painted as though the light is falling directly onto them, while the columns in the middle ground are darker in value, as if they are farther away from the light and in shadow. Finally, atmospheric perspective is demonstrated by the fact that objects that are meant to be in the far distance, such as the buildings and landscape in the center background, are painted as lighter in value, less distinct and crisp in their details, and somewhat blurry.

A shape on a flat picture surface that is defined by surrounding empty space is known as ________ shape.

a positive

When using a series of squares that are exactly the same shape, implied depth can be achieved by ________.

alternative value, relative size, overlapping, relative position

A line that is a real mark made on a surface is ________.

an actual line

A line that gives viewers the impression that they are seeing a line where there is not a real mark is ________.

an implied line

________ volume is a space that is enclosed by materials that are not entirely solid.

an open

Colors that do not contrast strongly with each other, and which are similar in wavelength, are ________ colors.

analogous

If an artist painted a street scene with one large building on the left-hand side, and two smaller buildings on the right-hand side, this would be an example of ________ balance.

asymmetrical

The dark printed words on the page of a book are easily read because they are printed on a light ground. This is an example of the principle of ________.

contrast

When an artist uses two noticeably different states of an element, he or she is applying the principle of:

contrast

In order to create value in his drawing Head of a Satyr, Michelangelo used both hatching and ________, a variation where the lines overlap, allowing for the depiction of darker tones.

cross-hatching

Artists can create a sense of ________ by using light and dark values.

depth

Because it is three-dimensional, a form has these three spatial measurements: height, width, and ________.

depth

To imply greater depth, the sculptor who created the relief carvings on the outside of the Ara Pacis Augustae carved the figures in the ________ more deeply than those that are in the background, in order to make them stand out more.

foreground

In Mantegna's The Lamentation over the Dead Christ, the body of Jesus is portrayed at an extreme angle. This ________ view creates an unusual perspective and grabs the viewer's attention.

foreshortened

If an artist were to draw a figure whose arm was pointing directly toward the viewer, what technique would the artist have to use when drawing the outstretched arm?

foreshortening

An artist paints a scene with a large mountain, which lacks detail and is out of focus, and a tree, which is sharply defined and bright green. The viewer might assume that the mountain is ________ than the tree.

further away

Forms such as pyramids, which tend to be precise and regular, are known as ________ forms.

geometric

When compositional and conceptual unity combine to create a work of art in which the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, this is called __________.

gestalt

The principles of design are a kind of ________ that artists apply to the elements of art.

grammar

A flat work of art has two dimensions: ________ and width.

height

An artist might use a small scale for a portrait of a lover because it implies ________.

intimacy

Mass suggests that a volume:

is solid and has weight

The computer simulation game The Sims uses ________ perspective.

isometric

This system, which derives its name from the Greek meaning "equal measure," uses diagonal parallel lines to communicate depth.

isometric perspective

This is the system for creating an illusion of depth using three basic components: horizon line, vanishing point, and convergence lines.

linear perspective

Our experience of objects in the natural world often leads us to assume that a large object will be heavy, but in fact this is not necessarily the case. This element of art is called ________.

mass

Alexander Calder invented the ________, a type of suspended, balanced sculpture that uses air currents to power its movement.

mobile

Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen collaborated to create Mistos, a sculpture that uses _________ scale to depict an everyday item.

monumental

The artist can more readily reflect the complexities of the real world by using more than one vanishing point. This is known as ________ perspective.

multi-point

Pick the two words that might best describe an irregular line:

organic, flowing

The French artist Georges Seurat employed a new technique to create a jewel-like diffusion of light and vibration of color in his work The Circus. This type of painting, made up of small dots of color, is known as ________.

pointilism

If you were to look at a t-shirt that absorbed the colors violet, blue, green, yellow, and orange, what color would the t-shirt appear to be?

red

If you were to design an eye-catching poster using only two colors, the combination that would most stand out to passersby would be ________.

red and green

A color that is lighter than its basic hue is known as a tint. A color that is darker than its basic hue is called a ________.

shade

Pick the two words that would best describe a regular line.

straight, inorganic

By using ________ texture to contradict previous tactile experience, artists can invite viewers to reconsider the world around them.

subversive

What is the term for the type of sculpture popularized by Alexander Calder?

Kinetic

How has the artist used implied lines to guide the viewer through the painting? In your answer, give at least four specific examples of where you see implied directional lines. How would you describe those lines (ex: diagonal, horizontal, vertical, curving, etc.) Tell me where you 'enter' into the painting, and how your eye moves through the composition.

My eye enters the painting at the small child on the right side of the composition. He is standing alone, apart from the other figures and he is looking out directly at the viewer, and for these reasons he draws my attention. But I quickly move to the left because of his right arm that is at a diagonal angle, pulling the drapery back on the empty cradle. From there, my eye follows the diagonal curve of the green fabric over the top of the cradle to the face of the woman and her fabulous feathered hat. Running down the right side of the woman is a diaongal line from her hat, to her shoulder, and then along the back of the girl that is pressing up against her. It is almost as if this diagonal line is one side of a triangle, and the other side is the diagonal line from her hat down to the single child on the right side of the composition. If the woman's hat is the apex of the triangle, these diagonal lines anchor the composition. There is a horizontal implied line created by the arms of the young girl and the woman that leads me across their bodies and back towards the young boy. His pointing left hand connects to this horizontal line and creates a sort of 'base' for the triangular arrangement. So I end up where I began, looking at the boy on the right.

The relative lightness or darkness of a plane refers to its:

value

Masaccio was one of the first artists to use one-point perspective. In his large fresco, Trinity, the ________ is centered in the middle of the horizon line, directly ahead of the viewer.

vanishing point

One-point perspective does convey depth, but it has limited applications due to its reliance on a single ________.

vanishing point

Compositional unity strikes an interesting balance between the monotony of too much similarity, and the chaos of too much ________ in a work of art.

variety

When complementary colors are used next to each other in a composition, they produce a visual anomaly called simultaneous contrast. This visual effect makes the colors appear to ________ along the boundary where the two colors meet.

vibrate

The element of art that defines the amount of space occupied by an object is ________.

volume

Red and orange are both examples of ________ colors.

warm

What texture or textures are implied in this work of art? Where are these implied textures? Mention at least three specific examples of implied textures, and where you see these.

Even though this figure is carved out of hard, cold, stone, the artist has implied that this is a living person with human flesh. For instance, the legs and arms seem knobby as if muscled. The face has dips and wrinkles like real cheeks, chin, and eye sockets would have. The hair of the figure appears to be softly falling on the forehead in locks or strands. The garment wrapped around the man's waist appears to be full of folds and wrinkles, as if it were soft and pliable. Finally, the cupid figure next to the figure's calf appears chubby and soft, like a baby or young child.

Is this painting balanced or imbalanced? If it is balanced, what kind of balance is exhibited? Provide at least three reasons to support your opinion. Make sure to point out specific visual details in your arguments.

This painting is asymmetrically balanced. There are two sets of diagonal lines that begin at the bottom edge of the composition and extend upwards through the top of the composition. The lines create a 'V' shape of opposite diagonals. Even though the diagonals are not identical in terms of length or width, and even though there are more diagonal lines on the left, the opposite raking diagonals balance one another. Also, there is an analogous color palette that unites the composition. Cool green and blue hues are used throughout, which creates a sense of evenness among the elements. Also, the dark and light values are evenly spread throughout the work. For example, in the center of the composition, extending to the top of the frame, are a series of light-bluish wavy shapes. The shapes are bounded by dark diagonal lines of the 'V.' At the bottom of the composition, underneath the diagonals on the left hand side are a set of light-green wavy shapes. They are not identical to the shapes above, but they seem to echo them in their wavy shape, cool color, and light value. These two areas balance out the heavier, dark diagonal lines. No one area dominates the composition, and the elements are evenly distributed throughout. This is what makes the composition balanced.

Discuss the use of color in this image. Use at least five of these specific terms relating to color: hue, value, tint, shade, chroma, analogous, complementary, primary, secondary, warm, cool. Make sure to tell me what colors specifically you are identifying (i.e., if you say that there are complementary colors, tell me exactly which colors you are identifying as complementary).

This painting uses a warm, orange-red hue to depict the rising sun in the middle portion of the composition. The sky surrounding the sun is a cool blue-green hue. Putting the reddish-orange and blueish-green together creates a complementary color palette that draws interest and attention to this part of the painting. The majority of the rest of the composition has an analogous color palette of cool hues including greyish-green, blue, and a dusky lavendar. Aside from the sun, the colors make the composition seem peaceful, quiet, and cold. The values of the colors are mostly light, with the exception of the bright, high chroma orange of the sun, and some of the darker grey colors that depict the ships in the harbor. The light values and the relative low chroma of most of the hues (especially the light purples, blues, and greys) gives the viewer the sense of a foggy morning in which the air is filled with mist.