ART 111 Week 13

Moving Images before Film

-Zoetrope: antique toy that gives the illusion of movement -Theory of persistence of vision: separate images presented to the human eye at regular intervals appear as a continuous sequence -To make moving pictures, motion first had to be frozen in still images

Loretta Lux digitally manipulates such elements as ________ to create the effect she wants in her pictures.

-backgrounds -proportion -scale -color

The earliest photographs were black and white because ______.

-color processes were complicated -color photography was impossible -the chemistry used captured gray tones -color was more expensive

Camera vs. human eye

Camera is a mechanical recorder and an artistic tool

Frederick Scott Archer - 1850

Got silver nitrate to adhere to glass, forming glass negatives that were just as clear as the Daguerreotypes, and could still produce an unlimited number of prints.

How was the camera obscura first used?

To draw images

style

a characteristic way in which an artist or group of artists uses visual language to give a work an identifiable form of visual expression

collage

artwork assembled by gluing materials, often paper, onto a surface. From the French coller, to glue

Why does color seem important to Skoglund and Burtynsky?

create a surreal effect, as if this is a scene from an alien world. call attention to things not usually in our consciousness

cibachrome

dye-destruction process for making direct positive photographic images available in the 1960s

When were the first successful photographs made using a camera?

early 1800s

collecting an image Film VS. digital

film: negative and positive digital: pixels, computers

biopic

movie that tells the story of a person's life, often filling in facts with narration and plotlines

documentary

non-fiction films based on actual people, settings, and events

Videos, like those Bill Viola creates, are designed to be art are often made to be presented ________.

on television screens in art galleries or at art events in such a way that they transform a space projected on walls

In his photograph Two Ways of Life, Oscar Gustav Rejlander employed methods that emulated the process of ________.

painting

analog

photography or movie made using a film camera that chemically records images using a continuous graduation of value ranges from light to dark, so that they directly match the actual appearance of the object or scene

One of the earliest surviving photographs is a still life by Daguerre featuring:

plaster casts, a framed picture, and a wine flask, by a window

Daguerreotypes are made on ________.

polished metal plates

dubbing

post-production addition or mixing of voices (or sounds) that do not belong to the original recording

The name of the opening that lets light into any camera is called ________.

the aperture

As Eadweard Muybridge's experiments with motion showed, ________.

the camera can capture what the human eye cannot see

motion

the effect of changing placement in time

Hannah Hoch (1889-1978)

was one of the first to make photomontages. She used them to protest social conditions

IMAX

"Image Maximum," a format for film presentation that allows presentation of films ten times larger sizes than the conventional one

Film as Art: Video

-Often made for galleries or art events -Shown on television monitors or projected onto walls -May transform a space by creating an environment -Artistic experimentation

Garry Winogrand frequently posed his subjects and set up his shots beforehand.

False

Match the early photographic innovator with his invention: -William Henry Fox Talbot -Louis-Jacques Mandé Daguerre -John Herschel a. cyanotype b. calotype c. daguerreotype

William Henry Fox Talbot b. calotype Louis-Jacques Mandé Daguerre c. daguerreotype John Herschel a. cyanotype

When light-sensitive film is exposed to light, ______ image is formed.

a negative

positive

an image in which light areas are light and dark areas are dark (opposite of negative)

kodachrome

created by Kodak Research Laboratories, Kodachrome is a subtractive reversal process for making color photographic film slides

Fantasy

fiction genre set in an imaginary universe; often uses magical or supernatural elements in the plots, themes, or settings

science-fiction (sci-fi)

genre of film in which fictional stories include advanced science and technology, often in futuristic settings

Example of Photomontage

made with thirty different negatives Exposed negatives one at a time, while covering the rest of the photograph

composition

the overall design or organization of a work

Bill Viola: How Did Video Become Art?

-"Video as art exists somewhere between the permanence of painting and the temporary existence of music" -"The digital image has become the common language of our time"

Photographic Genres

-19th-century argument: "A photograph is not a work of art..." (John Ruskin, 1850s) -But photographers, like painters, create images in artistic genres (e.g. portrait, landscape, still life) -Some photos are factual records, while others pursue artistic goals

More about camera obscura

-A small hole (aperture) is placed in an exterior wall of darkened room -Outside scene is flipped upside down and backward on opposite wall -A person could trace over the image projected on the wall to capture it

McCurry, Afghan girl/Sharbat Gula (artwork)

-Afghan Girl, 1984: after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan -For McCurry, images of the people involved tell the story of conflict best -Her eyes made her unforgettable -Sharbat Gula, 2002: McCurry returned and confirmed her identity by iris-pattern

Jean-Pierre Jeunet, Amélie (artwork)

-Animation and special effects help tell the story -Amélie's heart beats out of her chest; in another scene, she melts into a puddle -Mixes fantasy and reality to reveal the magical qualities of ordinary life

Still life

-Artistic arrangement of objects -Allows the artist to study formal relationships of light, shadow, and texture

Film as Art: Auteur Films

-Auteur theory: films are works of art because they are the realization of a director's creative vision -Controversial because movies are collaborative -Proponents focus on the artistic vision of the director (e.g. Jean-Luc Godard, Alfred Hitchcock, Woody Allen)

Black and White versus Color

-Black and white: makes elements of the composition clearer (lines, contrast) -Color: early processes were complicated; not commercially viable until the 1930s -Digital technology now makes it easy to alter the tonality of photographs

Sandy Skoglund, Radioactive Cats (artwork)

-Brightly colored, carefully organized narrative tableau, or arrangement -Skoglund makes all the objects, arranges them, then hires actors to pose with them -She photographs or exhibits the scene

Hayao Miyazaki with Kirk Wise, Spirited Away (artwork)

-Cel animation: uses a sequence of drawings called "cels" -Spirited Away is an Oscar-winning film -Influenced by Japanese mythology -125-minute film required between 90,000 and 200,000 drawings (12-30 drawings per second)

Sally Mann, " The New Mothers" (artwork)

-Collaborations between Mann and her children -Black and white transforms ordinary moments into nostalgic and provocative statements -Children's actions sometimes predict later adult behavior

The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King (artwork)

-Combines live-action and computer-generated imagery (CGI) -Andy Serkis acted out the facial expressions, bodily movements, and voice of Gollum -Combined traditional acting, motion capture, and the skills of animators

Anna Atkins, Halydrys Siliquosa (artwork)

-Cyanotype (invented by John Herschel) -Atkins placed algae on light-sensitive paper -Areas exposed to light turned the paper dark; shaded places stayed white -Looks like a film negative

Stephen Marc, Untitled [...] (artwork)

-Digitally combines images from different sources -Highlights the dark and powerful history of a Mississippi plantation -Historical backdrop for a contemporary African American enhances our understanding

Silent Black-and-White Film

-Earliest films were short clips -Documenting daily life -Black/white, silent -Shown in nickelodeons: small storefront movie theaters -By 1896, movies were shown all over Europe and the US

Rejlander, The Two Ways of Life (artwork)

-Emulated the appearance and process of painting, hoping his photographs would earn the same respect -Made thirty separate negatives, cut out like puzzle pieces, and exposed them one at a time

Photocollage and Photomontage

-Fragments of separate materials (photo-based and pre-printed) are glued together to form an image -Photocollages are unique artworks that are not generally reproduced -Photomontages are made to be reproduced (re-photographed or scanned)

Sound and Color

-From the late 1920s, color film was promoted as a novelty to attract audiences -Before 1927, any sound was performed live in theaters -After that, dialog, background noise, and music were built into the film itself

Film Genres

-Genres are categories of film -Each has its own established conventions, plot lines, stock characters -Examples include: musicals, science fiction, romantic comedies, Westerns, action, horror, documentary, art films

The Art of Photography

-Historical debate: photography as a record of reality or an art form? -Photographs have only been collected in major fine art museums since the late 20th century -Photography is a favored medium of many contemporary artists

Julia Margaret Cameron, Angel of the Nativity (artwork)

-Known for her portraits of celebrities -Believed photography could show allegorical, poetic, and intuitive aspects of life -Used special lenses and long exposure times to create a soft-focus look

Ansel Adams, Sand Dunes, Sunrise [...] (artwork)

-Known for his landscape photographs of the American West -Arranges black, white, and gray tones to achieve a balanced effect -He was deeply involved with the Sierra Club, dedicated to preserving America's wilderness

Global Groove

-Korean-American artist Nam June Paik was a pioneer of video art -Thirty-minute video recording (1973) -Combines clips from television (commercials, news footage) and musical performance -Foreshadows music video

Making "Artistic" Photographs

-Labor-intensive methods, similar to those of traditional artists -Manual and digital technology to assemble elements in the composition -Scenes are created that did not exist before the artist made them

Landscape

-Landscape photographers take pictures of the land and its natural features -Can raise awareness of nature's grandeur

Edward Burtynsky, "Manufacturing, #17 [...]" (artwork)

-Large photographs (3 × 4 ft.) create an impression of the vast scale of urban landscapes -Shows a vista of workers in a chicken-processing plant -Encourages viewers to contemplate civilization's impact on the planet

Méliès, A Trip to the Moon (artwork)

-Méliès: magician and filmmaker -In his most famous film, astronomers launch themselves from a cannon and crash into the moon's right eye -He was one of the first to use multiple settings, repeated scenes, and cuts

Portraiture

-One of photography's most popular early uses -Substitute for more costly painted portraits -Some follow conventions of painting, while others take advantage of the camera's immediacy

The Cabinet of Dr.Caligari (artwork)

-One of the earliest horror films -Famous for its plot development and character types -Expressionist sets were designed by German artists; they mimic the narrator's tortured mind

Daguerre, The Artist's Studio (artwork)

-One of the earliest photographs -Daguerre, a painter and photographer, arranged objects in his studio -Used plaster casts instead of live models (exposure times took more than eight minutes)

Victor Fleming, The Wizard of Oz (artwork)

-One of the first popular films to use color -Brilliant colors of the Land of Oz transport us into a fantasy world far removed from Kansas -Color is prominent: ruby slippers, yellow-brick road to the Emerald City

Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother (artwork) - how the famous photograph was created

-Portrait of Thompson has become a symbol of the Great Depression -Such documentary photographs raise many ethical issues -Do subjects have a say in their portrayal and its impact on viewers' perception?

camera obscura

-Projection of outside scene -First drawn, then captured on light-sensitive material -Room-sized then portable (eighteenth-century) camera obscura

Michel Hazanavicius, The Artist (artwork)

-Recalls the impact of sound on the silent-film industry -Silent, black and white -Highly successful (won Oscar for Best Picture in 2011) -Shows how vividly actors can communicate through gesture and expression

Nadar, Sarah Bernhardt (artwork)

-Sarah Bernhardt was a famous actress -Nadar's style is straightforward; simple props (fabric, column) -Focuses attention on the sitter, highlighting her elegance and introspective personality

Alfred Stieglitz, The Steerage (artwork)

-Stieglitz actively promoted photography as a fine art medium -Shows the decks of a passenger ship; a composition of shapes and rhythms -Reminiscent of abstract paintings of that era

Recording Detail and Stopping Time

-Strengths of photography (according to Alfred Stieglitz) are its clarity and realism -Photography also has the ability to capture a fleeting moment in time honestly

Wong Kar-wai, Chungking Express (artwork)

-Tales of two Hong Kong police officers overlap; both involve transitioning romance -Wong's work is characterized by complicated narratives -Highlights the fast pace and isolation of contemporary life

Sinin' in the Rain (artwork)

-Tells the humorous story of a silent-film company transitioning to sound -Synchronizing sound with the actors' lip movements was a challenge initially, as songs had to be recorded separately

Muybridge, The Horse in Motion (artwork)

-To settle a wager, Muybridge photographed a horse running by using a line of twelve cameras -Proved what the human eye cannot see -A galloping horse has all its legs off the ground at once (underneath its body)

Abelado Morell Camera Obscura Image [...] (artwork)

-Turned an entire hotel room into a camera obscura -Projects an upside-down image of the Panthéon in Paris -Temporary until he took a picture of it

Film as Art: Experimental Films

-Use new technology or subject matter -Visually compelling and poetic, notable for their unusual content and idiosyncrasy -Low-budget formats -Innovative approaches (dream sequences, fantastic imagery)

Lewis Wickes Hine, Ten Year Old Spinner [...] (artwork)

-Used photography to expose the injustice of child labor -Impersonated a salesman, inspector, etc., to get access and record the dangerous working conditions and ages of children -Led to the establishment of new laws

What did stieglitz do for photography? How did stieglitz and Winogrand approach photography differently from Lux and Rejlander?

-stieglitz actively promoted photography as a fine art medium -stieglitz was struck by the composition of shapes and rhythms in the photograph -this composition seemed thoroughly modern and reminiscent of the abstract paintings of that era -to directly capture a fleeting moment in time -photographs to be serious and artistic with some room for interpretation on the viewer's part - Some contemporary artists prefer to focus on the strangeness of reality while others emphasize its fabricated nature

When did it become common for photographs to be collected in major fine arts museums?

1980s

What is the lest number of drawings that were required to create Spirited Away?

90,000

wet-plate collodion

A photographic process, developed around 1850, that allowed for short exposure times and quick development of the print.

Negative

A reversed image, in which light areas are dark, and dark areas are light.

What is a camera obscura

An early camera consisting of a large dark chamber with a lens opening through which an image is projected upside down onto the opposite surface in its natural colors

Animation and Special Effects

Animation: creates the illusion of movement -Still images are projected in sequence Special effects can be created by using models, props, or makeup during filming, or with digital technology

What still photographer's experimentations with photography (and settling a bet) were instrumental in the development of motion pictures because he observed that sequential images were perceived as fluid movement.

Eadweard Muybridge

baroque

European artistic and architectural style of the late sixteenth to early eighteenth century, characterized by extravagance and emotional intensity

Photographic portraits can never be poetic or introspective.

False

The visual effect created by a camera obscura can occur in any room, whether it is light or dark.

False

Introduction into Film Art

Of all the media chosen by artists, the moving image is one of the youngest and most widely used -Film -Video -Digital

Daguerreotype

One of the earliest forms of photography, invented by Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre in 1839, made on a copper plate polished with silver. -Discovered by Joseph Nicephore Niepce and Jaques-Mande Daguerre by accident -Used thin sheets of copper plated with photosensitive silver. -Could be exposed for about 30 minutes, and then be fixed with salt.

What does an artist do to make the process of using a mechanical device become artistic or on par with other two dimensional (like painting or printmaking) methods?

Oscar Gustav Rejlander (1813-1875) worked in a labor-intensive, time-consuming way, just as traditional artists do. By emulating the appearance and process of painting, Rejlander hoped his photographs would earn the respect that at the time was reserved for painting.

Orson Welles, Citizen Kane (artwork)

Revolutionary techniques -Fabricated newspaper headlines and flashbacks (now commonplace) -Dramatic lighting, innovative editing, natural sound, elaborate sets, moving camera shots, deep focus, low angles

What was the subject of the exhibition Here is New York, A Democracy of Photographs?

September 11, 2001

Calotype

The first photographic process to use a negative image, discovered by William Henry Fox Talbot. This could then be used to reproduce an unlimited number of prints. Formed the basis of photography today.

value

The lightness or darkness of a plane or area

Photojournalism

The use of photography to record major historical events. -The use of photography to tell a news story -Some of earliest examples date back to the Civil War -This medium was once thought to be inherently truthful, and even today credibility is crucial to news reportage

Shining a light through a film negative reverses the tones so that multiple positive prints can be made.

True

The mechanics of the camera are very similar to those of ________.

a human eye

postmodernism, postmodernist

a late 20th-century style of architecture and art that playfully adopts features of earlier styles and critically focuses on content

impressionist, impressionism

a late nineteenth-century painting style conveying the impression of the effects of light; Impressionists were artists working in this style

negative

a reversed image, in which light areas are dark and dark areas are light (opposite of a positive)

frame

a single image from the sequence that makes up a motion picture; on average, a 90-minute film contains 129,000 separate frames

photomontage

a single photographic image that combines (digitally or using multiple film exposures) several separate images

Tableau

a stationary scene arranged for artistic impact

RGB

additive system that mixes color based on the primary colors of light: red, green, and blue

developer

after an image has been recorded on light-sensitive film or photographic paper (usually in a camera), immersion in this liquid substance chemically transforms a latent (or invisible) image into a visible one

motion capture

also known as mo-cap or performance capture; technology developed to animate CGI characters by translating into a digital performance the live, exact motions of people or objects, using specially designed suits or equipment with sensors

what kinds of things do photographers do to play with and play up the artistic moment? Think about the examples Rejlander and Lux from the chapter.

although it may not look like it, Two Ways of Lif was made with thirty separate negatives, which were cut out like puzzle pieces. She takes pictures of her friends' children and then subtly manipulates the colors and proportions, making the subjects look as if they just stepped out of a fairytale. Lux's subtle use of digital technology, though, allowed her to alter certain attributes, such as scale and proportion, to create the effect she wanted.

Because the camera appears to capture an image of an event exactly as it occurred, viewers often believe that the resulting photograph is ______ record of events.

an absolutely accurate

zoetrope

an antique, European toy; contains a rotating cylinder with a sequence of images on the inside that creates the impression of a single action in continuous motion when spun

Positive

an image in which light areas are light and dark areas are dark.

form

an object that can be defined in three dimensions (height, width, and depth)

dada

anarchic anti-art and anti-war movement, dating back to World War I, that reveled in absurdity and irrationality

abstract

art imagery that departs from recognizable images from the natural world

propaganda

art that promotes an idealogy or cause

historical drama

based on real-life events or time periods; can be factual or fictionalized

collodion (wet plate) process

black and white darkroom photography process invented by Federick Scott Archer in 1850-51 and popular until the 1880s

A major benefit of the calotype process is that ________.

calotypes are negatives that can be readily reproduced

The ______ was an early form of camera.

camera obscura

Cyanotype

cameraless image

Cloud (the Cloud)

can refer to any electronic network; generally refer to any shared resources on the internet rather than local servers or devices for storage and computer applications

genre

category of artistic subject matter, often with a strongly influential history and tradition

subtractive color process

colors subtracted from white light by CMY dyes or pigmets; in photography light-sensitive film or paper absorbs the opposite colors of cyan, magenta, and yellow, dyes to create a negative image, reversed to make a positive print

What is a photomontage and how is this different from concepts of collage?

combination of text and images, like the image's title, is at once complex and apparently nonsensical. has meaning subverting that picture space by making a flat image with no prespective.

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)

compressed image file type to reduce transfer time

CGI

computer-generated imagery

additive color process

creates colors by mixing RGB colors on a screen to create a direct positive print; same principle used in LED, LCD, plasma, and CRT video screens

soft focus

deliberate blurring of the edges or lack of sharp focus in a photograph or movie

Photography

derives from two Greek works, together meaning "drawing with light" -photos means "light" -graphein means "to draw"

autochrome

early additive color photography process patented by the Lumiere brothers in 1904 and primarily used from 1907 to the 1930s

hand-tint

early process for adding color to monochrome photographic products by adding pigment in a manner very much like painting

The most important difference between the photographic process invented by Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre and the process devised by William Henry Fox Talbot was that Talbot's images could be ______.

easily reproduced

Contemporary photographer Edward Burtynsky intends his Manufacturing series to make viewers think about human actions leading to ________.

environmental impact

puppet

figure in the form of an animal or person used for entertainment purposes that appears to move on its own but is actually controlled by a person's hand(s), strings, or another mechanism

stop-motion animation

figures, puppets, or dolls are photographed in a pose, moved very slightly, and then photographed again; the process is repeated until the desired sequence of movements has been acted out

When she made the photograph called Migrant Mother, Dorothea Lange:

first passed the pea-pickers' camp, but decided to turn back to take pictures

The American photographer Edward Weston focused closely on the subject of his Pepper No. 30, making the viewer concentrate on the ________ and ________ of the vegetable.

form . . . texture

auteur theory/auteur films

from the French word for "author," refers to films that notable reflect the director's creative vision above other criteria

2-D side scrolling game

gameplay is seen from a side-view camera angle with onscreen characters generally moving left to right and backgrounds made up of scrolling graphics

musical

genre of film in which the story is told through song, usually combined with dialogue and dancing

animation

genre of film made using stop-motion, hand-drawn, or digitally produced still images set into motion by showing them in sequence

SLR (a single lens reflex camera)

hand-held digital or film camera that uses a mirror and prism system so the focus screen matches the images captured

Paul Strand

helped to assign a new purpose for photography- straight photography. Did not try to imitate painting. Embraced abstraction.

Transparency

in film and photography, a positive image on film that visible when light is shone through it

A major benefit of the daguerreotype process is that ________.

it creates very detailed images

chromogenic (c-prints) prints

most widespread color process until digital prints; dyes couple with developers to create a negative image, reversed to make positive prints

The Steerage by Alfred Stieglitz depicts ________.

passengers on a steam ship

cyanotype

photographic process using light-sensitive iron salts that oxidize and produce a brilliant blue color where light penetrates and remain white where light is blocked; a variant of this process was used historically to copy architectural drawings

gelatin silver print process ( or silver gelatin)

process for making glossy black-and-white photographic prints in the darkroom based on silver halide gelatin emulsions

aesthetic

related to beauty, art, and taste

surreal

reminiscent of the Surrealist movement in the 1920s and later, whose art was inspired by dreams and the subconscious

The first cameras were ________.

room-sized

What is it called when a photographer chooses to make a photograph look candid and spontaneous?

snapshot aesthetic

pace

speed at which something moves; rhythmic flow of dialogue or action related to an overall scene or sequence

epic

style or genre in film/television that focuses on grand-scale storytelling with dramatic music, elaborate costumes, and high production values; may use historical events or people but does not focus on historical accuracy

key-frame animation

technique in which an animator creates important frames in the sequence, and software fills in the gaps

fixing

the chemical process used to ensure a photographic image becomes permanent

stroboscopic motion

the effect created when we see two or more repeated images in quick succession in such a way that they visually fuse together

color

the optical effect caused when reflected white light of the spectrum is divided into separate wavelengths

foreground

the part of a work depicted as nearest to the viewer

background

the part of a work depicted furthest from the veiwer's space, often behind the main subject matter

subject

the person, object, or space depicted in a work of art

CMY

the primary colors used in inkjet printing: cyan, magenta, and blue

rhythm

the regular or ordered repetition of elements in the work

proportion

the relationship in size between a work's individual parts and the whole piece

scale

the size of an object or an artwork relative to another object or artwork, or to a system of measurement

shape

the two-dimensional area the boundaries of which are defined by lines or suggested by changes in color or value

celluloid

tough, transparent plastic used to make motion- picture film, photographic film, and X-rays; until relatively recently most movies were filmed on celluloid

flashback

transition to an earlier time in a story that disrupts the chronological order of events

Photographs were only recently collected by fine art museums because for a long time they were considered by some not to be ______.

true forms of art

In order for photojournalistic news photos to be effective they need to be seen as ________.

truthful

atmospheric perspective

use shades of color and clarity to create the illusion of depth. Closer objects have warmer tones and clear outlines, while objects set further away are cooler and become lazy

What does the word "photograph" mean?

writing with light