ART 112 Exam 3 w/ Description

Rococo

The official style of the French aristocracy. Uses a playful and light ornamental style

Dadaist

Group of people who believed the western world had failed, and thus needed to be ridiculed and overturned

Aesthetic Categories of Romanticism

Beautiful, Sublime, and Picturesque

Neo-Gothic

Architecture style of the Romanticist period particularly in Northern Europe

Orientalism

Depiction of the east by western prejudices and desires

Sublime

Evokes feelings of awe mixed with fear

Decorum

Fitness of style to the occasion

Baroque

Flamboyant style of architecture

Picturesque

Homey, charming, quaint, and familiar

Beautiful

Ideal, strikingly pleasurable

Assisted Readymade

Manufactured objects that are selected and modified by the artist to be viewed in a different way than they were intended for

Collage

Means glue in French, term was developed by Picasso to describe a type of painting which brought many elements together to create an image from smaller images

Licked Finish

No trace of the artist's hand or process of the image production (no brush strokes)

Factors of Abstraction

Proportion, Perspective, and Point of View

Cubism

Shattered glass style of painting which breaks up the iconography. Popularized by Picasso

Edouard Manet, A Bar at the Folie-Bergere, 1882

• Expression of sadness not traditional of Impressionist art • First painting to show electric light • Also shows a trademarked logo • Shows woman who is a bartender • Beer bottle significant because it shows growth in trade and consumerism • Maid's expression due to being unable to afford the leisurely lifestyle and forced to prostitute herself

Tenebrism

Style of lighting made popular by Caravaggio, which makes light appear like a spotlight in a painting

Abstract Expressionism

Style of painting which has no iconography

Painterly Style

Style of painting which leaves visible brush strokes, allowing the viewer to see the process taken to create the work of art

Impressionism

Subversive style of painting which shows impression

Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii, 1784

• French revolutionary after being employed by the King of France • Neoclassical style • Subject matter is the Horatii family • Scene from history of ancient Rome • Set in plain, Spartan architectural background • Salute to father showing their commitment to protecting the homeland • Doric style architecture • Plow in the back of the painting symbolizes hard work • Women have less agency in this painting

Caravaggio, Bacchus, c.1596

• From Milan in Italy • Artists can become famous during this period • Medium is oil on canvas • Depicts a figure addressing a viewer • Brings realism into Italian art (Dirty fingernails, rotten fruit)

George Grosz, A Victim of Society, 1919

• German artist from Berlin • Dedicated to making art criticizing the war • Dadaist: believed western world had failed, needed to be ridiculed and overturned • Dada: means "babbling" in Hungarian • Collage: means glue in French (term developed by Picasso) • Painting a reference to horrible dramatic injuries from WWI • Question mark on head suggests impact of war on the brain (PTSD) • Rubber tubes in upper left corner mocking industrialism and consumerism, as well as Rococo traditional portraits

Jean-Leon Gerome, Snake Charmer, late 1860's

• Figures sitting in what appears to be a mosque • Medley of non-Caucasian races • Highly detailed historical painting created by Gerome (scholar) • Licked finish: no trace of artist's hand or process of image production (no brush strokes) • Orientalism: depiction of east by western prejudice and desires • Nochlin: o Argues that people in picture are as much a spectacle as the boy (shown to be lazy) o Orient as a place of idleness o Cracked tiles makes viewer think people are too lazy to fix the cracks o Shows preference to see Oriental cultures in the past, not the present o No Europeans visible in these images

Neoclassism

Time period in which focus shifts from getting into heaven to life on earth. Architecture becomes more austere and plain, with ties to Greco-Roman grandeur

Subversive

Upends belief of the majority

Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, Virginia, 1770-1806

• Focus shifts to life on earth versus getting into heaven • Neo-classical art • Doric capitals on portico • Inspired with Greek temple front and Pantheon • Simple and plain style on inside of house symbolizes neo-classical style

Claude Monet, Impression: Sunrise, 1872

• Subversive stylistically by showing impression, developed impressionism • Much more abstract and painterly style • Impressionists were shut out of French exposition, then created their own expo • Impressionism was a term coined by a critic • "En plain air" refers to practice of impressionists painting outdoors rather than in a studio

Jacques-Louis David, Tennis Court Oath, 1791

• French monarchy at the time was broke, and needed to raise taxes • Shows meeting of the estate generals: o 1st estate: clergy (tax-exempt) o 2nd estate: nobles (tax exempt) o 3rd estate: everyone else (heavily taxed) • Members of the 3rd estate were locked out of the meeting • Vowed to not disband in Paris until a constitution was adopted and accepted • Famous motif of a salute used again (same as Oath of the Horatii) • Robespierre not saluting, but overcome with the patriotism • Painting was never completed

Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith Beheading Holofernes, c. 1612

• Born 1593 in Rome • Taught by her father to paint • First member of the Academy of Design in Florence • Uses Tenebrism in her paintings • Raped in 1611 by another artist in Rome • This painting depicts story from Old Testament • Medium is oil on canvas • Maid servant always present in these images by Gentileschi • Painting very realistic with blood, guts, gore which increases drama

Pierre August Renoir, Dance at the Moulin de la Galette, 1876

• Depicts leisurely French middle class people • Moulin: windmill • Light, airy, and attractive color effects typical of impressionists

Caravaggio, The Inspiration of St. Matthew, 1602

• 1st version in black and white image because only one photo exists • Painting was destroyed during WWI • Rejected because Bellori says saints should have wings and look more saintly • Foot and legs not acceptable posture • Decorum: fitness of style to the occasion • Face resembles bag pipes player in Brueghel's Peasant Dance • 2nd version more idealized • Angel shown more celestially, with different gestures • Could be a seen as a slight criticism to view of the apostles

Jackson Pollock, Autumn Rhythm (Number 30), 1950

• At the time, NYC became the capital of art in the 1950's-1970's • Abstract expressionism: no iconography in their paintings • Expressing a mood rather than an idea • Used method of dripping paint onto the canvas • Painting is a type of action painting • Ultimate painterly style, demonstrating the process to make the work of art

Walter Gropius, Bauhaus Building, Dessau, Germany, 1926

• Avoid romantic embellishment in buildings • Restrict forms and colors • Economize use of space, materials, time, and money • Moving away from Baroque and Rococo styles more than Neoclassism did • Chairs are clean of ornamentations and wasted materials • San Serif: without Serifs (curves on letters)

Peter Paul Rubens, The Raising of the Cross, 1611

• Born 1577 in Flanders (Belgium) • Studies in Rome for 8 years • Painted triptych altarpiece for Cathedral of Antwerp • Underlying structure uses diagonals (typical of baroque style) • Implements multiple styles into his art o Twisting figured from Michelangelo o Detail from Northern art o Lighting from Caravaggio o Christ's face is from Laocoon group sculpture o Touches of realism (hands of Christ) • Painting likely inspired by Michelangelo's Last Judgement

Diego Rivera, Man, Controller of the Universe (Man at the Cross Roads), 1934, Mexico City

• Inspired by Aztec tradition of naturalistic murals • Rivera was a communist, hosted Trotsky in Mexico • Commissioned to paint by a Rockefeller for the Rockefeller Center in NYC • Mural was never completed in NYC because Rivera painted capitalists and communists against each other in the mural and refused to remove Lenin and Trotsky • Mural shows human controlling the universe • Lenses are casting light demonstrating new inventions of the microscope and telescope • Rockefeller depicted in 2nd version with the syphilis cell painted above his head • Lenin shown surrounded by the working class, demonstrating unity • Trotsky shown with Marx and Engels with a banner reading the Communist Manifesto

Passage from Bellori's Lives of Modern Painters, Sculptors, and Architects

• Instead of perfecting a saint, use ugly off the street model • Skips conceiving the perfectly shaped human • Criticizes Caravaggio for not trying to imitate Raphael

Marc Quinn, Alison Lapper Pregnant, 2005, London

• Lapper born without arms • Placed in Trafalgar Square in London • Evokes Greco-Roman tradition in art • Going against tradition with a person with less than ideal proportions • Art was used at the opening ceremony of the Paralympic Games in London

Theodore Gericault, The Raft of the Medusa, 1819

• Leading French revolutionist artist • Shown on display in the Louvre in Paris • Ship Medusa was wrecked off the coast of Africa • Officials took the lifeboats and left the crew behind • Painting shows people confronting naturally occurring disasters o Theme of Romanticism • Aesthetic Categories o Beautiful: ideal, strikingly pleasurable o Sublime: evokes feelings of awe mixed with fear o Picturesque: homey, charming, quaint, and familiar • Gericault was critical of the journalists of the time • Also a member of an abolitionist group (main figure in painting was a black man)

Caravaggio, Madonna di Loreto, 1605

• Legend states house of Mary transported to town of Loreto • Painting juxtaposes house of Christ and pilgrimage to home in Rome • Dirty feet sticking out • Virgin Mary depicted slightly scandalously • Tenebrism: style of lighting (spotlight) made popular by Caravaggio

Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Marat, 1793

• Medium of oil on canvas • Assassinated by Charlotte Cordet • Shows mixes of realism and idealism • Depicts hero of working class as a saintly figure

Edvard Munch, The Scream, 1893

• Munch was a post-Impressionist originally from Norway • Conformed movement to more abstraction • Wants to express anxiety in the modern life • Dark moods typical of post-Impressionist art • Sigmund Freud writing at this time about the subconscious • Painting is similar to Campin's Annunciation with the use of perspective and lack of diminution

Andy Warhol, Marilyn Diptych, 1962

• Painting an example of pop art • Used silkscreen to recreate portrait into mass production • Art studio of Andy Warhol nicknames "The Factory" • Recalling art tradition with the use of diptych, comparing to pop culture • Distorts the face of Monroe similar to Grosz' A Victim of Society

Gustave Corbet, The Stone Breakers, 1849

• Painting was destroyed in WWII • Shows two low class French doing the lowest level of work in stone breaking • Depicts young man and middle aged man • Corbet a Realist painter • Believed you should only paint what you can see • In direct opposition to what Bellori's ideals of mainstream traditions • Subversive: upends belief of the majority • Communist manifesto was written one year prior to the painting being made

Picasso, Demoiselles D'Avignon, 1907

• Picasso from Spain, moved to Paris • Center of radical artist movement • Genre scene of brothel in Paris • Original name of the painting was Philosophical Brothel • Cubism: shattered glass style which breaks up the iconography • Two women's faces are covered up by African masks • Factors of Abstraction: o Proportion o Perspective o Point of View • "Smashing" way of representing people in art • Demonstrates desire to break from the past and show a renewed energy • Art was for the minority of radical artistic explorers of the time

Rembrandt, Christ Preaching, 1649

• Rembrandt from humble origins in Netherlands • Uses painterly style (leaves visible brush strokes) • Image from gospel of Matthew • Performing miracles: healing of sick • Medium is print using etching • Figures on left incomplete • Uses Tenebrism for lighting • Painting demonstrates his etching skills, which become collectables • Jesus' face very similar to Peter Brueghel's Peasant Dance drinker

Germain Buffrand, Salon de la Princesse, Hotel de Soubise, Paris, c.1740

• Rococo is official style of French aristocracy • France has strong monarchy in 18th century • Middle class critical of aristocracy • Room belonged to wealthy French aristocrat • Rococo interior ornamental style more playful and light • Aristocrats very materialistic with heavy use of mirrors

Houses of Parliament, London, 1836-1860

• Romanticist architecture known as Neo-Gothic • Type of architecture embraced as nationalistic • Magna Carta was signed in 1215 AD between the King of England and the nobles • Limited the power of the king, created a constitutional monarchy • Parliament building the official residence of the monarchy and seat of government in the UK • Medieval revival aspect of Romanticism • Also reassessment of the natural world

Marcel Duschamp, LHOOQ, 1919

• Satirical reference to sex • Example of assisted readymade work of art • Subversive in that it sexualizes Mona Lisa • Moustache and beard creates ambiguity • Duschamp was a cross dresser (Rrose Selavy refers to his identity as a woman)

Marcel Duschamp, Fountain, 1917

• Sculpture was submitted for exposition in New York City • Took urinal from a plumber, flipped around and then submitted work • Work was refused entrance • Work of art is whatever artist creates, concept is more important

Jean-Honore Fragonard, The Swing, 1767

• Set in a garden • Painting made for gentleman of the court • Priest pushing desired mistress of patron on a swing, as patron tries to look up her dress

Eugene Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus, 1828

• Shows the sublime aesthetic category • Picture exhibits exoticism, eroticism, and the sublime • Nochlin: shows western ideas about "availability" of women to men o By setting in foreign location, can get away with sexual violence in another culture o Not guilty by association

Angelica Kauffman, Cornelia Pointing to Her Children as Her Treasures, 1785

• Swedish painter trained in Italy • Founding member of the British Royal Academy of Arts • Gracchi brothers (tribunes) tried to redistribute land from wealthy to lower class • Story depicted is from their childhood • Friend of the mother has come to "show off" her jewelry • Cornelia turned to her children to show them as her treasures • Values differ, show the contrast of classes • Has a basket with distaff and spindle which symbolize hard work • Body language change within the two boys symbolizes civilizing effect of education

View of Schroon Mountain, Essex County, New York, Thomas Cole, 1838

• Thomas Cole the head of the Hudson River School • 1st major movement in American art of American landscapes • Two small figures of native Americans in the composition • Symbol of a noble savage (uncivilized) • Thunderstorm an element of the sublime (typical symbol of Romanticist art) • Bryant makes distinction between man-made Europe and wild America • Bryant criticizes Overbeck who has artificial style, while Cole has style more free and American

Francois Boucher, The Toilet of Venus, 1751

• Toilet: dressing room • Boucher the official painter for King of France • Also the president of the French Royal Academy of Painting • Painting made for mistress of the King • Furniture in the Rococo style • Garden supplies motif for ornaments in Rococo style • Venus has "teasing" gesture towards viewer