ART 7-Quiz 2

Alberti

*A writer, painter, sculptor, and architect, was the Renaissance's major theorist *Urged the study of sciences

Illuminated Manuscript

*Illustrations and decorations of a manuscript, accompanied by text. (text illuminated by images) Sacred tests copied by hand in monasteries. Lindisfarne gospels 700 AD

Palladio

*Known for his villas and palaces.

Bruegel: Painter of peasants

*Pieter Bruegel was influenced by Bosch's pessimism and satiric approach. *Took peasant life as his subject 1) "Hunters in the snow" -a series depicting a man's activities during the months of the year.

Three major shifts that occurred in middle ages that had far reaching effects on western civilization:

1) Cultural leadership moved north from the mediterranean to France, Germany, and the British Isles 2) Christianity triumphed over paganism and barbarism 3) Emphasis shifted from the here-and-now to the hereafter, and with it from the body as beautiful to the body as corrupt.

Golden age of Byzantine Art

*Byzantine refers to eastern Mediterranean art from A.D. 330, when Constantine transferred the seat of the Roman Empire to Byzantium (later called Constantinople) until the city's fall to the turks on 1453. *Combined early Christian art with the Greek Oriental taste for rich decoration and color.

Gothic sculpture: Long and Lean

*Cathedral exteriors displayed carved biblical tales.

The rebirth of Art: Renaissance and (Baroque)

*While art hardly died in the Middle Ages, was was reborn in the Renaissance-and extended in the Baroque period- was lifelike art. *A shift in interest from the supernatural to the natural caused this change. *The rediscovery of the Greco-Roman tradition helped artists reproduce visual images accurately *Aided by the expansion of scientific knowledge, such as an understanding of anatomy and perspective, painters of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries went beyond Greek and Rome in technical proficiency.

The German Renaissance

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Gothic Style

Latin Cross design continues, height emphasized through Gothic pointed arches

The rebirth of Art: (Renaissance) and Baroque

*17th and 18th centuries *Reverence for Classicism persisted. *Produced theatric art and architecture of unprecedented grandeur, designed to overwhelm the senses and emotions. *Common elements were the rediscovery of the art and literature of Greece and Rome, the scientific study of the body and the natural world, and the intent to reproduce the forms of nature realistically. *As a result of the study of science, the study of God the supreme being was replaced by the study of the human being.

Flemish Baroque

Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) (Flemish) 1) Garden of love • A whole garden of primarily female figures that have nothing better to do but sit around • The full figure was referred to as rubenesqe after this • Full figure was the figure of the day because it meant you were rich. • This is leading up to the French Revolution but its in the midst of litigate decadence • Paintings of beauty, celebration, life, fantasy, t hey are fantasy paintings for the wealthy • A couple of male suitors. They are single males looking for their women in this group. • Peter Paul Rubens becomes the painter for the DiMedichi family • Shows people in their contemporary clothing. • Ordinary but somewhat mythological 2) Rubens: Venus at a mirror (toilet of Venus) • Representing a white woman of wealth 3) Rubens: Bacchus • Bacchus is the Greek or roman party god 4) Rubens: cycle of Marie de Medici paintings 1 of 24 education of Marie de Medici • Versailles chateau (palace) France • Homes of thousands 5) Versailles palace: hall of mirrors • All the gold is real gold • An ornate large hallway • Between the kinds and queens apartments 6) All of this is matained as museums 7) Versailles: petit Trianon ( chateue) • For his long term mistress

American Romanticism

Romantic painting in American encompassed two subjects: 1) Nature -landscapes 2) The natural man -genre paintings of common people in ordinary activities. *In both, subjects were seen through rose colored glasses

Leonardo Da Vinci

*"Renaissance Man" *Less than 20 works by Leonardo Survived 1) Mona Lisa 2) The Last Supper

Bernini's masterpiece

*"The ecstasy of St. Theresa" *Near erotic experience while being pierced by an angel's dart infusing her with divine love.

Middle Ages (Medieval art)

*1000 yea period between the fall of Rome until the Renaissance (went from classical art of Greece and Rome to the Renaissance [rebirth]) *400/500-1400/1500 AD *This corresponds with emperor Constantine declaring Christianity as the official religion of the roman empire in 312 AD *Middle ages includes three styles of art an architecture 1) Byzantine Style: Central dome churches, mosaics, icons 2) Romanesque Style: Latin/roman cross churches, vertical orientation, rounded arches 3) Gothic style: Latin cross design continues, height emphasized *Territory rules by the roman empire at its height in 117 AD practiced polytheism (worshipped many gods) until 312 BC when Christianity (monotheism) becomes official religion of roman empire

Sir Anthony Van Dyck

*1599-1641 *Child prodigy of Rubens *Became court painter to Charles I. *Addicted to money, snobbish, vain, etc *Transformed the frosty, official images of royalty into real human beings. *He an an ability to flatter his subjects in paint, all becoming slime and perfect.

Neoclassicism: Roman Fever

*1780-1820 *Trendsetter was Jacques-Louis David -a french painter and democrat who imitated Green and Roman art to inspire the new French republic. *Politically correct art was serious, illustrating tales from ancient history or mythology rather than frivolous Rococo party scenes. *Principle replaced pleasure and paintings underscored the moral message of patriotism *Hallmark of the Neoclassical style was severe, precisely drawn figures, which appeared in the foreground without the illusion of depth, as in Roman relief sculpture *Neoclassical figures were less waxen and ballet-like, more naturalistic and solid. *Ancient ruins also inspired architecture

The Northern Renaissance

*Artists in the Netherlands and Holland lacked Roman ruins to rediscover but there break with the Gothic style produced a brilliant flowering of the arts. *Looked to nature for inspiration *The painted reality exactly as it appeared *This precision was made possible by the new oil medium, which Northern Renaissance painters first perfected. *They were able to create the "atmospheric perspective"

The American landscape

*Before 1825, Americans considered nature menacing. *After 1830 a shift occurred and America's natural wonders became a bragging point *American writers like Emerson and Thoreau preached that God inhabited nature *The grandeur of the American continent became the artists inspiration.

The Renaissance Europe: 1400s and 1600s

*Began in Italy *Renaissance literally means rebirth *Christianity is still the relation but the artists are able to do more things. *Excavations in Florence and Rome unearthed ancient ruins *1435 Leon Battista *Alberti's books on architecture provide insight into mathematics etc.. *1492 Renaissance Explorer Christopher Columbus makes first of four journeys from Spain to the new world. *1564 Renaissance Poet and Playwright William Shakespeare (English) is born, and inventor Galileo (Italian) is born. -1609 Galileo constructs three powered telescope to view night sky -They start to question where God is when they start looking in the sky -Once Galileo publishes his book on his discoveries he is sentenced to life imprisonment because he was deemed a "hieratic"? because he questioned what the catholic church was telling people

Engraving

*Begun in about 1430 *A technique opposite to the woodcut's raised relief. *This method was one of several in printmaking known as intaglio (ink transferred from below the surface) where prints are made form the lines or crevices in a plate. *Ink was rubbed into the grooves, the surface of the pate wiped clean, and the plate put through a press to transfer the incised design to paper.

St. Peter's cathedral

*Bernini worked on commissions for Rome's St. Peter's Cathedral *Bronze canopy altar

Rococo Period

*Born in Paris, where it coincided with the reign of Louis XV (1723-74) *Was primarily a form of interior decoration, the name deriving from the "rocaille" motif of shellwork and pebbles ornamenting grottoes and fountains. *Rococo art was as decorative and nonfunctional as the effete aristocracy that embraced it. 1) Painting picnics in the park -the nobility lived a frivolous existence devoted to pleasure

Bramante

*Built the Tempietto (little temple) in rome on the site where St. Peter was crucified

Raphael

*By the age of 17 he was rated an independent master *By age 26 the pope called him to Rome to decorate the Vatican rooms, completed frescoes, aided by an army of fifty students *Learned from Micaelangelo B.

Byzantine style:

*Central dome church *Byzantine style of 547 AD lacks realism, illusion of movement like earlier Roman Mosaic of 79 AD. *1000 year span of middle ages shows a decline in the idealism and realism *This was so because there was a real fear that people looking at well-done imagery might take it to be Christ. *They were meant to be symbolic *Images were needed because much of the society was illiterate and the best way to spread the word was meaningful

Unicorn legend

*Commissioned for private couple (king and queen) "The hunt: *Use a virgin in a forest as bait *Capture unicorn *Symbolizes fertility, church, christ

French neoclassicism

*David: -Painting the past "Oath of the Horatii" *Marked a new age of stoicism "Death of Marat" -His masterpiece *For three decades, David's art was the official model for what French and European art was supposed to be.

Masaccio

*Founder of early Renaissance painting, which became the cornerstone of European painting for more than six centuries. *Was the first since Giotto to paint the human figure not as a linear column, in the Gothic style, but as a real human being.

Borromini: Dynamic architecture

*Francisco Borromini *Highly original architect *Died by suicide, son of a mason *Combined never before linked shapes in a startling fashion.

Goya: in class notes

*Francisco de Goya (1746-1828) Spanish • Was a court painter who in time became discussed with power, politics, and mans attraction to war * "Family of Charles" -The vain Spanish Monarchy * "The third of may 1808" -Goya protested the brutality of war by individualizing the faces of the victims of the faceless firing squad. • Shows the massacre of peasant citizens of Madrid who revolted against napoleons French army. Becomes a symbol of brutality of war. • This commemorates its citizens who were executed. • The colossus * "Saturn devouring his son" • To keep his power he has to kill his own children. Can reflect a country that's slaughtering their own people. • Both images symbolize the brutality of those in power • Series of etchings originally titled Fatal Consequences of the Bloody War in Spain Against Bonaparte, but became known as the disasters of war • Every form of human cruelty he uses to send a message (castration, etc)

The Last Supper

*Fresco painting *He revolutionized art by capturing both, particularly what was going through each figures mind. *Immortalized the dramatic moment after Christ announced one of his disciples would betray him.

Bernini: Sculpture in motion

*Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1610) *Was more than the greatest sculptor of the Baroque period. *He was also an architect, painter, playwright, composer, and theater designer. *Carved his remarkable marble "David" at 25 years old. *His "David" was captured at the moment of maximum torque, as he wound up to hurl the stone *This dynamic, explosive energy epitomized Baroque art and involved the viewer in its motion and emotion by threatening to burst its physical confines.

Stuart: the first distinctive american style

*Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) *Was America's other great painter of the Neoclassic period *Refused to follow established recipes for painting flesh *He made skin look muddy, like saddle leather. *Something of a pre-impressionist, stuart made skin seem luminous, almost transparent, through quick brush strokes rather than layered glazes. *His contribution was in simplifying portraiture, discarding togas and passing gestures to emphasize timeless aspects.

Gothic Art: Height and Light

*Gothic arch: pointed to allow greater height, rose windows: larger circular windows in a Gothic church arranged.. *Stained glass: Illustrates the bible, lives of saints *Gothic Church: Notre-Dame detail. All arches are pointed. Spire: like a spear reaching toward the heavens, symbolized strength, flying buttresses: exterior supports to a interior vault. *3 front entrances: Tympanums (semi circular shapes above entrance) each have different biblical theme. *Notre-Dame: Gargoyels: French for "throat": Waterspouts designed to move water away from a building (grotesques) Interior of Notre Dame: Interior Nave (central aisle), ribbed *Rose windows: Each tell stories but are so small you cant seem them from being in the church *Tapestries: primarily made of wool and silk, they were used to cut down the draftiness of cold stone buildings

Byzantine architecture

*Hagia Sophia -Central dome church -Christian and then became an Islamic Mosque -Combined the Roman rectangular basilica layout with a huge central dome. -Pendentives allowed this type of architecture to happen -Arches formed a square (as opposed to round weight bearing walls, as in the Panthenon) supported by a dome. -Forty arched windows encircle the base of the dome (illusion of Halo)

Caravaggio: The supernatural made real

*He secularized religious art, making saints and miracles seem like ordinary people and everyday events. *His life and art was unorthodox *Consorted with the dregs of society. *Favored his style was called "il tenebrous" (in a dark manner)

Leonardo Da Vinci Notebooks

*His interests and expertise encompassed anatomy, engineering, astronomy, mathematics, natural history, music, sculpture, architecture, and painting, making him one of the most versatile genuineness ever.

Donatello

*His work recaptured the central discovery of Classical sculpture: contrapasto, or weight concentrated on one leg with the rest of the body relaxed, often turned. 1) "David" was the first life-sized, freestanding nude sculpture since the classical period 2) "Mary Magdalen"was a gaunt shriveled hag *his sculptures were very lifelike!

Goya: man without an "ISM"

*His work was subjective like the nineteenth-century Romantics, yet Goya is hailed as the first modern painter 1) Art of social protest -Equally blunt in revealing the vices of the church and state -His disgust with humanity followed a near fatal illness in 1792 that left him totally deaf *A master graphic artist, Goya's sixty-five etchings, "The disasters of war" from 1810-14, are frank exposes of atrocities committed by both the French and Spanish armies during the invasion of Spain. 2) Late style: Black paintings *Goya became obsessed with depicting the suffering caused by the political intrigue and decadence of the Spanish court and church. *Black paintings on the walls of his villa -The 14 large murals in black, brown, and gray of 1820-22 present appalling monsters engaged in sinister acts. * "Saturn Devouring his children" *He was the father of 20 children.

Dutch Baroque

*Holland, or the Netherlands, was an independent, democratic, Protestant country *Religious are was forbidden *The result was a democratizing of art in both subject matter and ownership. *Middle class had a mania for collecting art *Dutch art flourished from 1610-1670 -it's style was realistic, its subject matter commonplace. *Specializations -Still life -Landscape -Ruisdael: "Big sky" paintings

The Italian Renaissance

*In the 16th century, artistic leadership spread from Florence to Rome and Venice *Their work fused Renaissance discoveries like composition, ideal proportions, and perspective-a culmination referred to as the High Renaissance (1500-1520) 1) Leonardo Da Vinci 2) Michelangelo 3) Raphael 4) Titian *The most noted Renaissance architects: 5) Alberti 6) Brunelleschi 7) Bramante 8) Palladio

Ingres: Arts Finest Draftsman

*Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres *An infant prodigy *His female nudes were far from the Greek or Renissance ideal. * "La Grande Odalisque" -Was more mannerist than Renaissance

English Romanticism

*Landcape painting as a major genre 1) J.M.W. Turner -subject was color -turbulent storms that existed mainly in his imagination -"Rain, Steam, and Speed" -"Crossing the Brook" 2) John Constable -made nature his subject -painted placid scenes of the actual countryside

Ancient Roman Basilica

*Large rectangular building modified in Christina times to accommodate lots of Christians

Top 4 breakthroughs during the Renaissance

*Major breakthroughs were the change from tempera paint on wood panels and fresco on plaster walls to oil on stretched canvas and the use of perspective, giving weight and depth to form; the use of light and shadow, as opposed to simply drawing lines; and pyramidal composition in paintings. 1) Oil on stretched canvas 2) Perspective -Creating the illusion of depth on a flat surface 3) The use of light and shadow -Chiaroscuro 4) Pyramid configuration -Rigid profile portraits and grouping of figures on a horizontal grid in the picture's foreground gave way to a more three dimensional "pyramid configuration"

Romanesque Art: Stories in stone

*Many churches built from 1050-1200 *Medieval artisans began to roof churches with stone vaulting (due to fires) *Accommodated pilgrimages, layout was cruciform, latin/roman cross churches, vertical orientation, rounded arches *Exterior of Romanesque churches were rather plain, except for sculptural relief around the main portal. *Since most church goers were illiterate, sculpture taught religious doctrine by telling stories in stone. *Romanesque arch is round; building is blocky, horizontal orientation. Wooden roof replaced with stone (Replaced with stone because wood can burn) *Art created as part of architecture to tell Christian stories. *St. Sernin: Column Capitol depicting Adam and Eve, not realistic depiction, a little child like, compared to dynamic realism, and sense of movement of Ancient Greek Athlete from 450 BC

The first feminist painter

*One of caravaggio's followers was Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1653), the first woman painter to be widely known and appreciated.

Peter Paul Rubens

*Output of more than 2000 paintings *Religious painter -The Descent from the cross *Fat is beautiful *Hunting pictures

Carpet pages

*Page of designs that look like carpet, influenced by non-roman peoples *Monasteries were basically like their own communities

Copley: the first great American painter

*Painting in America was considered a useful trade like that of a carpenter or show maker, not one of the most nobel arts in the world (Complained Copley) *He taught himself the profession by studying anatomy books and reproductions of paintings . *He had an astonishing ability to record reality accurately. *His subjects had real bulk. * "Portrait of Paul Revere" -Copley's portrayal of his friend -Concentrated on the fleeting expressions and gestures that reveal character. In-Clas Notes: • John singleton Copley (1738-1815) born in Boston • Copley is an American artist famous for portraits, he actually travelled to Europe to see some of the master we have been looking at, • Clean edges, rigid figures • Paul revere, 1768 • John Hancock • Samuel Adams (1770-1772) • Boston based Samuel Adams Boston lager named after Adams because it was rumored he was a brewer.

Michelangelo: The Divine M

*Parents did not support his talent for art *At the age of 15, the Medici prince Lorenzo the Magnificent took him in to his Florentine court. *Was a loner 1) Painted the Sistine Chapel interior ceiling, the old testament • Michaelangelo: detail of chapel ceiling (biblical scenes from the old testament) • Restoration of Sistine Chapel frescoes begun in 1979; cleaning soot and grime o Due to thousands of people visiting and gas lamps and car toxins through the window o Big complaints of restoration: too aggressive, artists actually toned down the colors, some glazes may have been removed from this process • He made women just as muscular as men with breasts • He was in his 30s when he did the ceiling *Sistine Chapel Wall (1536-41) The last Judgment he started in his 60s. • He still has not finished the tomb and pope julies dies. • He decides the wall is going to be the depiction of the last judgment, post apocalyptic, god is in the center and some are being sent to hell while others are being sent to heaven. • Many figures of this wall have been used by other artists or commercial art. • Michelangelo painted himself as St. Bartholomew (Flayed alive) Finally, after 40 years since it started, in 1545 Michelangelo finishes the tomb of Pope Julius. (Carved Marbel) • Detail of tomb: Moses (has horns on his head) • Moses has horns because Michelangelo was following the bible and there was a mistranslation from Hebrew to Italian and they saying, "Surrounded by light" was mistranslated into Italian as "horns"

Romanticism: The power of passion

*Rebelling against the Neoclassic period's age of reason, the Romantic era of 1800-1850 was the age of sensibility. *Artists lived intensely rather than wisely *Romanticism got its name from a revived interest in medieval tales called romances *Another mark of Romanticism was its cult of nature worship *Painters gave natural scenes heroic overtones

The early Renaissance: The first three Hall-of-famers

*Renaissance was born in Florence 1) Masaccio 2) Donatello 3) Botticelli

Botticelli

*Sandro Botticelli *Was moving in the opposite direction of Donatello and Masaccio who laid the groundwork for three-dimensional realism. *His decorative linear style and tiptoeing, golden haired maidens were more a throw back to Byzantine art. 1) "Birth of venus" marks the rebirth of Classical mythology.

Byzantine Icons

*Small paintings on wooden panels beloved to have supernatural powers *Icons were small enough to be portable and could be carried into battle. *Banned as a violation of commandment against idolatry (having idols) (having idols and praying might give you an unfair advantage) *Much more stiff and less realistic *Usually biblical scenes or whoever paid to have them made.

Baroque: The Ornate Age (1600-1750)

*Succeeded in marrying the advanced techniques and grand scale of the Renaissance to the emotion, intensity, and drama of Mannerism, thus making the Baroque era the most splendid and ornate in the history of art. *A European style characterized by theatrically and dramatic lighting (Chiaroscuro) and exaggerated gestures for emotional impact.

Romanesque era

*The basicilla was a roman design with archers is redesigned to accommodate a number of Christians, very fortess like because this is still an era where people are trying to conquer. • We see stories of adam and eve • Nudity is only shown to show sin • If you wanted to get an education you would join a monestary or nunnery. (if not in military or such) • Much of the population in Europe is illiterate • The manuscripts that were translated were called "Illuminated manuscripts

American Neoclassicism

*The founding of the American republic coincided with the popularity of Neoclassicism. *The fact that Neoclassic became the style was most due to Thomas Jefferson, and amateur architect. *The first American Painters were generally self-taught portrait or sign painters. *Work was flat, sharply outlined, and lacking in focal point.

Atmospheric perspective

*The increasingly hazy appearance of objects farthest from the viewer-to suggest depth.

The artist's Palette

*The machine age is in full swing by the 19th century -brought improved materials that affected the way artists painted. *Machines for making color,loaded brushes, etc *The biggest change resulted from the invention of the collapsible tin tube for paint in 1840, which made the artists studio portable.

Woodcut

*The oldest technique for making prints was the woodcut, which originated in Germany about 1400. *For the first time art was accessible to the masses and artists could learn from reproductions of each other's work.

Odalisque

*The reclining, or recumbent, female nude, often called Odalisque after the Turkish word for harem girl, is a recurrent figure throughout Western Art.

Realism

*The second half of the 19th century *The "new" realism" insisted on precise imitation of visual perceptions without alteration. *Artists limited themselves to facts of the modern world as they personally experienced them; only what they could see or touch was considered real. *Gods, goddesses, heroes were out *Peasants and the Urban working class were in.

Medieval artisans were interested exclusively in:

*The soul, especially in instructing new believers in church dogma. *Art became the servant of the church *Lavish mosaics, paintings, and sculpture were the result of the divine beauty through material beauty.

Mona Lisa

*This portrait set the standard for High Renaissance paintings in many important ways. *The use of perspective, with all lines converging on a single vanishing point behind mona lisa's head. *Chiaroscuro *The famous smile

Cole: Hudson river school leader

*Thomas cole (1801-48) was the founder of the Hudson River School of Romantic landscapes. *Cole's work expressed the proud belief that America was a primeval paradise, a fresh start for humanity.

Byzantine Mosaics

*Were intended to publicize the now official Christian creed, so their subject was generally religion with Christ shown as teacher and all-powerful ruler. *Lavish grandeur, with halos spotlighting sacred figures and shimmering gold backgrounds, characterizes these works. *Human figures were flat, stiff, and symmetrically placed, seeming to float as if hung from pegs. *Remnant of Christian Art remain: Byzantine style: flat, figures float in space, symmetrical *Byzantine Mosaic: St. Vitale: Emperor Justinian and attendants, in St vitale (flat, symmetrical, emphasis on line) *Showed the emperor in the center instead of Christ and he was backed by god and the military reflecting the fact that he has the power and makes sure everyone knows it.

What made the Gothic Cathedral possible:

*Were two engineering breakthroughs: 1) Ribbed vaulting 2) External Supports called flying buttresses.

19th century: Birth of the Isms

*What had been eras became "isms" each representing a trend in art. *Major three areas 1) Neoclassicism 2) Romanticism 3) Realism *Toward the end of the century 4) Impressionism 5) Post-impressionism 6) Art Nouveau 7) Symbolism

Titian: The father of modern painting

• (Italian) Bacchanal of the Adrians 1518, oil on canvas. Bacchus is the Greek God, party god, god of wine, good times until they go bad. • Venus with a mirror: Oil on Canvas • Artists are getting their influence from ancient greek and roman art 1) Venus of Urbino o His most famous painting o Depiction and representation of a Goddess o Not scandalous or pornographic o When you see dogs in paintings they are usually a symbol of loyalty • You will not see pubic hair in the renaissance

Why there were no women artists

• A lot of artists didn't sign their names • A lot of artists needed to use models and women were not allowed to use male models • Women were not allowed to get an education • Women were not invited to art events

Italian Baroque

*Where Baroque diverged from Renaissance was the emphasis on emotion rather than rationality, dynamism rather than stasis. *Three artists that best represent the pinnacle of Italian Baroque: 1) Caravaggio (the painter) 2) Bernini (the sculptor) 3) Borromini (the architect)

Brunelleschi

*was a skilled goldsmith, sculptor, mathematician, clock builder, and architect *Best known as the father of modern engineering

Baroque era artists

1) Michelangelo Caravaggio 2) Artemisia Gentileschi 3) Gianlorenzo Bernini 4) Francesco Borromini 5) Sir Peter Paul Rubens 6) Van Dyck

Rococo art

1) Mood: -Playful, superficial, alive with energy 2) Interior Decor -Gilded woodwork, painted panels, enormous wall mirrors 3) Shapes -Sinuous S and C curves, arabesques, ribbonlike scrolls 4) Style -Light, graceful, delicate 5) Colors -White, silver, gold, light pinks, blues, greens 6) French Buzzwords -La Grace (elegance) -Le gout (refined taste)

Michaelangelo Buonarroti

1) Pieta -Christ and the virgin in a pyramidal composition 2) Painter of Sistine Chapel -Less than 4 years -No assistance 3) The creation of Adam 4) The last judgment 5) Architect of Rome's St. Peter's Cathedral

Architecture in the Italian Renaissance

1) Rome - 2) Rules -Alberti formulated aesthetic rules that were widely followed 3) Reason -Cool reason replaced the mystical approach of the Middle Ages 4) Rithmetic -A system of ideal proportions related parts of a building to each other in numerical ratios.

Jan Van Eyck: 1390-1441 (Flemish)

1) The Arnolfini Wedding (1434) Oild on panel o Christian Iconography o Bare feet (marriage/symbol of the hollow ground you're about to walk on), Dog (symbol of loyalty, effins pincher (rare breed) so also a symbol of wealth), Green Dress (Symbolic of nature, fertility, way she is holding the dress is symbolic of her willingness to hold children), Fruit (Procreation of life/trees bare fruit), Single Lit candle (Presence of Christ), Broom (Symbolic of good house keeping skills, it will be a good domestic union), Bed Finial (represents a patron St. of child birth) o Also called a Genre painting, ordinary people. o Convex mirror: used to catch thieves, the artists used it and you see a nun and perhaps the artist. 2) The virgin and child of chancellor (1434-35) o It was the norm to have artists paint you with religious images (Jesus, virgin Mary, etc.)

Hieronymous Bosch 1450-1526 (Dutch)

1) The Garden of Earthly Delights (1500) Triptych (Three panel painting) 7 by 13 feet o Represents paradise to the left, before sin • Christ is in the middle and we have Eve and Adam on either side of Christ • They have not taken a bite of the apple and they are not ashamed of their nudity. o The middle is sort of the playground of corruption • Its overpopulated, mixed races, everybody is coupled up or in groups, nobody old and no children. • People are picking the fruit • A sense of voyeurism • Owls are symbolic of being wise but also night predators. o The right hand side is symbolic of hell • War and battles • Music • A human bar where people are drinking *It seems clear Bosch believed that corrupt mankind, seduced by evil, should suffer calamitous consequences.

French Romanticism

1) Theodore Gericault (1791-1824) *Launched romanticism with the painting, "The raft of the medusa" -a shipwreck that caused a political scandal. *Gericault investigated the story like a reporter, interviewing survivors to hear their grisly tales of starvation, madness, and cannibalism *From this time on, French art was to stress emotion rather than intellect. 2) Eugene Delacroix -became a leader of the Romantic movement after Gericault's death. -believed artists should feel the agony of creation and, like his friend the composer Frederic Chopin, he was consumed by the flame of genius. *Instead of the Neoclassic style of antique calm, violence charged his exotic images.

Neoclassicism

1) Values -Order, solemnity 2) Tone -Calm, rational 3) Subjects -Greek and Roman history, mythology 4) Techniques -Stressed drawing with lines, not color, no trace of brushstrokes 5) Role of art -Morally uplifting, inspirational 6) Founder -David

Romanticism

1) Values -intuition, emotion, imagination 2) Inspiration -medieval and baroque eras, middle and far east 3) Tone -subjective, spontaneous, nonconformist 4) Color -unrestrained, deep, rich shades 5) Subjects -legends, exotica, nature, violence 6) Genres -Narratives of heroic struggle, landscapes, wild animals 7) Technique -quick brushstrokes, strong light and shade contrasts 8) Composition -use of diagonal

Michelangelo Buonarroti

• Apprenticed at the age of 13 • Captures the eyes of the de Medici family and creates sculptures in the gardens • Complains about the pope doing certain art related jobs • Studied anatomy • Consider himself a sculpture and an architect but not a painter 1) "Pieta" (only work he ever signed in sash) • He got lots of commissions (civic and church commissions) • Marble: called the giant • He said it took 40 men and 5 days to move the piece of marble that he had chosen for the David, the giant, • Sistine chapel: (the popes private chapel located next to St. Peter's) • St. Peter's cathedral (Rome) , dome designed by Michelangelo. He studied ancient roman pantheon dome. Painted by Michelangelo over 10,000 sq ft.

Michael Angelo Caravaggio

• Around 1610 he was wanted for murder • He then paints David and Goliath but David is holding Goliaths head an caracaggios face on Goliaths head • he was always in trouble with the law • From the start his art was not done the way it was "supposed to be done" • He used street people as his models • Instead of eternal youth, he paints the exact opposite. • Paints sickly people • Takes gods and makes them all too human • His art crashes the safety barrier of the frame • He was paying pretty boys for delmar? • Then started painting for a church in Rome • He was creating paintings of all the have nots and how unaware of Jesus and religion they were • After the Mathews made him famous the other side of him shows up, darker and using drugs • Caravaggio and his friends got off on abusing his rivals and imitators • He was arrested and thrown in jail for bad poetry • He moved to the city napeals after he murdered the man from the sword fight in Rome. • The Neapolitans can't get enough of him and he's not fighting with anyone. • Left Nepal to get status and clout and was recognized as the greatest painter • The beheading of John the Baptist was the biggest painting he had ever done, he did it in exchange for the knight... • He was imprisoned for assaulting a night and then escapes and heads to Sicily Italy. • He died from a fever in a local hospital • Caravaggio made the David and Goliath painting in hopes to gain his pardon back to Rome, but he died. • Caravaggio: David and Goliath, 1610 (did 3 versions, final works before death)

English romanticism (In-class notes)

• Artists focus on landscapes • Take their information for their paintings from novels and books from their time. • JMW Turner 1775-1851: started out painting traditional landscapes of idealized settings * "Crossing the brook, 1815" • Two female figures, very dreamy and idealized, * "Barbour at dieppe (1826)" • Port in France, he did land scapes and sea scapes. * "The shipwreck (1805)" • He also painted natural disasters. * "Burning of the House of Parliament (1834)" • Painted from direct observation and its is much less realistic compared to his also works • His work gets more and more and hazy • Critics hated it because it became more abstracted • As time went on his paintings got more and more abstracted. * "Rain, steam, and speed (1844)" • Steam locomotive shown coming down the track with a bridge in the background; abstract • Critics hated his lack of realism

Caravaggio: Judith slaying Holofernes, 1498

• Biblical story • Judith, a daring and beautiful widow is upset with her Jewish countrymen for not trusting god to deliver them from their foreigner conquerors. She kills the leaders and the people of Israel are free

Donatello 1389-1466 (Italian) David 1430-1432, Bronze, 5'2", first freestanding nude since ancient Greece and Rome

• Biblical story repeated by Renaissance Artists: Shepard boy David slings a rock at the giant Goliath, then beheads the giant with his own sword. No suit of armor small enough to fit him. Becomes military commander and later king of Israel. • Influence of Ancient Greek art from about 450 BC or 1800 + years. Ancient excavations. • The rebirth of the renaissance was the rebirth of classism, all the art we saw from Greeks and Romans and art history still repeats itself.

Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519

• Considered the artist of the renaissance • Sketched regularly • Ended up being introduced by his father to an established artists • Free up plans for many inventions and machines • Studied anatomy • Left behind many many notebook • He sketched things such as flying machines and helicopters • Da Vinci: silverpoint drawing • Value contrast (shading) created by lines (parallel hatching) • Chiaroscuro • His most famous painting is the Mona Lisa • La gioconda • Sfumato: without lines or boarders in the manner of smoke (soft edges, subtle blending of values) • Another famous painting of his is the the last supper: fresco (oil and tempura on plaster) • 13 is an unlucky number because one of Christs disciplines betrays him • The fresco deteriorated because oil and water do not mix • Da Vinci: notebook page, leg anatomy, and backwards writing, studied fetuses, illustration of Vitruvius man • (Vitruvius ancient architect, engineer and writer, developed ideal proportions • Da Vinci was hired as a military engineer

Sandro Botticelli 1444-1510 (Italian) La Primavera (Allegory of spring) Pagan figures Botticelli, The birth of Venus, 1482 Tempera on canvas

• Female nudes were very popular, symbol of goddess of love

Gutenberg Printing Press

• Invented in 1430s by goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg • 1450s Gutenberg invents movable type; first major book created with movable types was the bible.

Artemisia gentileschi (Italian) (1593-1653)

• Judith decapitating Holofernes • Her father got her a tutor because he saw her talent • Her tutor raped her after being turned down twice • It was not likely that women claimed being raped but she did • Seven month trial she had to prove she was a virgin before and she did seduce him • It was torture • And finally the tutor was found guilty • She did a lot of work who were female heroines

Donatello, Mary Magdalene

• Mary Magdalene is the biblical sinner whose role to Jesus has been interpreted in different ways, she was a devout follower who saw him at his crucifixion and the first to see him at his resurrection. • Often depicted as a sinner • Her hands seem to be the only part of her that is not old and aged

Artemisia:

• Self portrait as a martyr (1615) • She identified with Mary Magdalene • Penitent Mary magdalen (1639-32) • Susannah and the elders (1610) • Susannah is bathing and two elders come an make advances at her and they accuse her of seducing them. • Judith with maidservant (1613-1614) • Another painting of the Syrian general, the moment after the occurrence

Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) (Italian

• St. Peter's square (piazza of curving colonnades by Bernini) • Also designed a big bronze canopy interior of • David (1623) • is the motion he's in • Ecstasy of st. Theresa, (1645-52) • Sculpture • She's a nun, and she looks to be collapsed and her eyes appear to be closed, there is an angel above here with wings and holding an arrow. The angle is gently lifting up her clothes. She is shown in pain and in pleasure. The arrow is pointed to her genial region. • It's a bit erotic and provocative

Caravaggio (1571-1610) (Italian)

• The conversion of St. Paul He doesn't do what a lot of artists were doing at the time, he really zooms in on his figures and shows a very particular moment. He came from a very nice family, but they were affected by illness and he lost his grandfather and grandmother to the plague. • Calling of St. Matthew, (1599-1600) Uses the hand of Michelangelos work in the Sistine Chapel Hired the people he knew, street merchants and prostitutes, etc. He had ordinary people as his models for his paintings

Rococo: a distinct style within the baroque period

•Jean-honore (Fragonard) (French) • Rococo: happy accident of the swing • The confession of love (the love letter) • The musical contest • Young women playing with a dog • You can see the paint, and these are not goddesses they are regular women • These are artworks that were beautiful and erotic, lots of lovers and garden