Art Final Exam

action painting/abstract expressionism

application of paint to canvas by dripping, splashing, or smearing that emphasized the art's gestures; energetic marks; shows how they media was applied; Jackson Polluck

assemblage

artwork made of 3D materials including found objects

International Style

Le Corbusier, Villa Savaye

Edvard Munch (Expressionism)

The Scream

salon

official annual exhibition of French painting, first held in 1667

architecture

rechoosing styles from different types; showed an opptomistic and progressive future

The enlightenment

the light of science; European philosophical movement during 17 and 18 centuries; belief in the power of reason; innovations in political, religious, and educated doctrine; and art should reflect this

appropriation

to borrow

Performance and body art

a work involving the human body, usually including the artist in front of an audience; similaritis to theater; usually not an identifiable story; usually not repeated; 1960s and 70s;

collage

a work of art assembled by gluing materials, often paper, onto a suface. From the French coller, to glue; pasted paper or materials

Installation

design an entire exhibition space as an artwork; designed to fit in a particular location ("site-specifc"); create a certain effect;

Wood, American Gothic (Art in America/Regionalist):

inspiration came from his home in the Midwest; his sister and his dentist were the models for the farmer and his daughter in this; standing infront of an Iowa farmhouse built in a style called Carpenter Gothic; frontal posture and clarity of detail are inspired by the Flemish Renaissance that he studied in Europe; it was meant to be a serious reflection of hope in spite of the Depression; an affirmation of the American values of individuality , morality and hard work; she's looking off to side like in Renaissance painting; individuality; morality and hardwork

silkscreen

method of printmaking using a stencil and paint pushed through a screen

Earthworks

uses the surface of the Earth as material; additive process; usually monumental and enormous; usually needs the collaboration of many artists; represents a harmony between nature and humanity; art to sell and took a lot of effort to see; unite art, life, sculpture with nature; used range of collections of natural materials big and small; use the earth as a canvas; rebelled against that galleries were the only places to view art

Miro, Object (surrealism):

assemblage; created 3D equivalent of collage; intended to be playful and nonsensical and to reflect new ways of thinking; the objects have a whimsical quality of toys; when together they have an air of mysteries if they were clues to an unsolved crime or random items that make sense to the owner

Ben-Day dots

emulates the screen visible on printed pictures, where areas of light value have small dots and those of dark value have large ones nearly joined together

Romare Bearden, Three Folk Musicians, 1967 (Postmodernism)

inspired by past African art styles

Joseph Kosuth, One and Three Chairs, 1965 (Conceptual art):

Mounted photograph of a chair, wooden folding chair, and photographic enlargement of a dictionary definition of "chair," photographic panel; inspired by Duchamp's readymades; he was also interested in art that appeals to the mind rather than the sense; this artwork may simply present three things that it could be or it could represent a sophisticated investigation into how we know and understand the world around us; visual vs. linguistic; what you see, how it's defined vs. what it is

Sentimentality in Painting

Rejecting the Rococo; the lighthearted subect matter didn't appeal to all 18th century artists; other created ones with moral messages that pulled on audience's emotions

Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (Futurism):

explore the concepts of Futurism; looks like a flame; strides through space; made it in plaster; it was not bronze in his lifetime; the figure shows monumentality as it leaves behind the artistic traditions of the past

Graves, Portland Public Services (Postmodern Architecture)

first public building to employ this approach; distinctive design includes a brightly colored exterior, small square windows, and classical architectural forms; solumns extend the ten stories on either side ; keystone shape used in Roman times

William Hogarth, The Marriage Settlement (British/Sentimentality in Painting):

painter and engraver; criticized the morals of his time; his paintings were made as prints and affordable to the poor; they were recopied so much that the copyright or Hogarth's Act was made; part of the fashionable Marriage series; the first in the series; this shows a couple uninterested in each other; she's flirting with another man; he admires himself in the mirror; the shackled dogs represent the bride and groom; marriage contract is done by their fathers; his artwork shows the need for social change

cropping

trimming the edges of an image, or composing it so that part of the subject matter is cut off

Gehry/Postmodern

Guggenheim Museum

outsider art:

(visionary art); art made by self-taught artists following a personal vision

readymades

an everyday object presented as a work of art

Hudson River School

Group of landscape artists in America; painted huge/majestic painting

The salon

a social gathering of intellectuals and artists, like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment

postmodern historical architecture

Deconstructionism; Archetectural style = challenges traditional style building and fragmentation and distortion; unstable and stacked

Pietro Antonio Martini; The Salon

French government could control taste and how artists were tained; this is a painting of the exhibit; upheld tasts; if you weren't excepted you didn't have a careers; top is historical paintings, then portraits, genre paintings of everyday life and people, landscapes, and then still life; the bigger the painting the more valuable and better they were viewed; most expensive at the top; rise of the middle class and they could afford to buy books and paintings

Neoclassicalism

a 19th artistic and architectural style that imitated the dignity and simplicity and classical Greece and Rome; revolution (les mis); value reflect the Greek classical era; *flawless (no brush strokes should be shown); the finding of pompeii inspired it; fascinated with Greek and Roman ruins; dark backgrounds with a focal point; no visible brush strokes; greek and roman

Minimalism

a mid-20th-century artistic style characterized by its simple, unified, and impersonal look, and often employing geometrical or massive forms; 1960s; reacted against both Abstract Empressionism and Pop art; an approach to amking art by its very nature non-representational; instead used neutral textures, geometric shapes, flat colors, and or mechanical construction in order to strip away any traces of emotion or underlying meaning in their work; another reaction to Abstract expressionism; non-representational, neutral textures, geo shapes, flat colors, and made mech

color field painting

acryllic/latex paint (dried plastic); Helen Frankenthaler; large areas of color

Jean-Michel Basquiat, The Nile, 1983. Acrylic and oilstick on canvas mounted on wood supports, triptych. (Postmodernism)

borrows from anatomy and history; andy warhol helped take him under his wing

Francisco Goya, The Third of May, 1808, 1814 (Romantic):

commemorating the Spanish resistance to Mapoleon's occupation of Madrid; challenged the traditional norms and structures of society and showed citizen's sacrifices for ideals of liberty, equality, and humanity; implied lines, frequent asymmetry, and rhythm; spanish people rose up against prince that was not liked, now king; asked for help from the French; executed every man with anything that could be considered weapons; man is to look like he's being crucified

acrylic paint

composed of pigments suspended in an acrylic polymer resin; dries quickly; can be cleaned up with relative ease; in used only since about 1950; very versatile and practical; can be cleaned up with water; when dry they have similar characteristics to those of oil paint, but also mimic the soft effects of watercolor; can be used on different mediums (paper to canvas or wood);

Manet, Luncheon on the Grass. 1863 (French/Modernism):

considered the first Modern painting; includes a completely awake naked woman; looking directly at the painter; and with fully clothed middle-class men who are having a picnic with her; she is not submissive, but sitting up; she is causal about her nudity, not hiding it; shows she is a prostitute or a model, rather than a goddess; she is not posed in a erotic way; in a small area; no illusion of depth; no natural highlight, volume, or outlinings; shows how distant the artistic standards of the Academy were from the styles adopted by modern painters; was not accepted for the Salon but was palced in an exhibition which was arrange by Napoleon III to address the complains that year about the number of artworks not accepted in the official Salon; put in an exhibition to those that weren't accepted in the official Salon, and the viewers were encouraged to redicule them, but only the critics didn't like them; this emboldened other artists to do the same; the background and foreground are smashed together; fake depth

Gustave Courbet, Stonebreakers, 1849 (French/Realism):

creadited with first using the term to describe his work; more meaningful to paint people and things in everday life; shocking for its depictionof working-cass people on a large canvas; highlights the backbreaking work of the poor; it was hard work and they would do it their whole life; show sthe older worker and his young assistant as powerful and unrelenting, which were qualities that alarmed the upper class, though many rebelled for better working conditions a year earlier; an older man is training a younger man; did painting to raise awreness of conditions of their work; boy too young and man too old; large scale canvases as big as historical painting; rocks and people have equal large amounts of detail; brushstroke is rough

Matisse, Joy of Life (Post-impressionist/not very naturalistic):

departures from everyday appearances are intentional; choice of colors vary according to what he or she sees or imagines; color was a way to express emotions; founded the movement Fauvism; came from the comment of a critic; the colors did not correspond to natural appearance; continued to explore the potential of pure color throughout his career; made colors vibrant and intense instead of natural; started paintings with sketches and them simplified them in the painting; invented Fauvism; used color to express life; made it bold and intense; his daughter worked for the underground resistance during WWII; she was capture toured, and almost died; sent to a concentration camp, escaped and lived in the forest for two months; he didn't know nothing about it till after

Brancusi, Bird in Space (French/Abstraction):

devoted his working life to finding the very siplest and most elegant way to express the essence of his chosen subject; the vital qualities of a bird to what looks like a totally abstract form; the shape reminds us of a bird's body, a feather, or each the soring quality of flight; show s his careful consideration of even the base of the sculpture; he shoes the materials to contrast in texture with a different material used for the rest of the scultpure; reduce reality to a pure form; almost non-objective; the air of a bird swooping down;

Douglas, Aspects of Negro American Life: From Slavery to Reconstruction (Art in America/Social realist):

during the Harlem Renaissance; focused on the expression of African-American experience; was a leading figure in the Harlem Renaisance; depicts AA life and post slave pre Civil Rights struggles; a series of four paintings commissioned by the Works Progress Administration (WPA); shows a different aspect of black life; from Africa all the way to migration in US cities after the war; the lively atmosphere shows the intersections of African heritage, culture, and nationalistic identity; influenced by eygptian paintings, so they're in profile clansman on left, cottonfield, soldiers in rank in background; single finger pointing to freedom, Washington DC in background right is the flurashing of arts during the modern day that African Americans were rising into

Fauvism

early 20th century art movement that emphasized bold, exaggerated colors and simplified forms to favor creative expression over accuracy; beast

Cubism

early 20th century; Picasso and Braque; revolutionized the way art was made; concentrated on underlying geometric form and the construction of pictorial space and developed this style; favored a new perspective emphasizing geometric forms; enabled viewers to see what an object might look like if we see more than one side of it at the same time; broke up objects and figures into geometic shapes and changed them according to their own conception of deeper truth

Abstraction

early 20th centuryabstract artists continued where the busists and avant garde pioneers left off

Romanticism

emphasize individuality and surge with drama, fantasy and heightened emotion; portray the power and beauty of nature and man's relationship with it, to encroach the industrialization happening and as a symbol for natural impulses and creativity; valued emotion over reason; first half of the 19th century; reflects turmoil iof the European and American revolutions; look to ourselves; what's human about what we do; rejection of the increasing industrialization, individuality; subjects are current events; role was to arose the sense

Rietveld, Schroeder House (Modern architecture):

emphasized geometric shapes, horizontals and veritcals and a limted color palette of black, white, and primary colors; this houses from 1925 integrates modernist design into a building that served the specific needs of his client; downstairs was traditional, but the upstairs had innovative approaches to the bedrooms; exterior resembles a 3D version of an abstract painting; this influenced the style to stress logical planning, industrial aesthetic, and eliminated all decoration; black outlines; geo shapes; basic colors, essential rooms; simplicity and economy; show you're looking to the future

Futurism

from the influence of Cubism; from 1909 to early 1920s; works celebrated dynamic movement, progress, modern technology, and political beliefs that were later to be known as Fascist; expressed contempt for the past; short and inspired by cubism; represents mechanical inventions; speed and movement

Duchamp, Bicycle Wheel (Dada):

his first and most enduring anit-art statements; shows that the spirit of Dada predates the war; an assemblage of found objects resembles a sculpture; made it for his own pleasure; the original was lost and the third is now in the museum; he subverts the instutition and originality of art; he was responsible for three innovations of art: readymades, kinetic sculptures, and conceptural art; when the arist choice these objects that made it art

Greuze, The Marriage Contract, 1761 (French/Sentimentality in Painting):

idealized the virtue of the simple life of the lower classes; a young couple is about to be married; a notary documents the agreement; the dad give the man the dowry; and the family is crying over how much they will miss her; emphasizes the rustic surroundings and their lack of financial wealth, suggesting that the poor are close to nature; this message is also shown with the chickens on the floor; the family is poor, but rich in love; the simplicity and purity contrast with the materialism of the Rococo; stresses the honor and bobleness of the lower class; idealized the ideal of the lower class; a troupe; contrasted with the wealthy; more honest and better way of life

Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Château de Versailles, Hall of Mirrors (Galerie des Glaces), 1678-84, Versailles, France (French/Absolute Monarchy):

in the portrait Louis is standing at the entrance to this; opulent chamber filled with mirrors, which were very expensive at the time that reflect the gardens surrounding Versailles; he was a patron of the art and had the best artists decorate Versailles; used for greeting dignitaries, for formal celebrations, and as a ballroom; the light that fills the room is to symbolhis identity as the Sun king; they were very few washroom; they would relieve theselves in the hallways; when they restored it the smell was the worst to get ride of; he distrusted the cour, so he built it out of Paris, so they had to come to him

Abstract Expressionism

inspired by people that came to America being persecuting during WWII; helped NYC to become cultural center of art; this was the first modernist art movement to originate in the US; a mid-20th-century artistic style characterized by its capacity to convey intense emotions using non-representational images; sign of increasing national self-confidence; want to create with energy and emotion, a universal visual experience that anyone could respond to; first modernist art movement to originate in US; energy and colors; no subject matter; 1940s and 50s; the ENERGY and EMOTION intended to create a visual experience for anyone; often unrecognizable subject matter

Pop art

late 1950s; embraced everyday subject matter in their work; consumer culture and futuristic high-tech gadets for everyone to live a life of plenty and leisure; but the reality was middle class was out of reach of people living in the cities (African Americans and eastern countries); embraced the objects and experiences of daily life in a way that was entirely new to the art world at the time; highlights common objects taken directly from the life they were living; wanted subjects to be immediately familiar to their audiences, they borrowed their imagery from popular culture (famous artworks, comic books, commercial ads, tv, movies, etc.); the two artistsbrought recognizable and familiar imagery into galleries and museums; combinded what was then "high art" and "low art" of graphic design; reaction against Abstract expression; felt it alienated the public; the use of collaging found images together to create a feeling of unreality, hard edges, and crisp design

Postmodernism, Identity, & Multiculturalism:

late 20th century; architecture and art that playfully adopts features of earlier styles; responed to earlier political and cultural events, like Nazis, the Cold War and Vietnam; Civil Rights was occurring; disillusionment with big government; suggested that power does not come from a single leader, but instead from the mass; art was concerned with social issues and addressing the concerns of a multicultural world; complex and ambiguous; part of the contemporary period; a reaction to and a continuation of ideas developed during the Modern period; included references to their own history or the history of the nation or culture they were connected to; ambiguous; visual references to past artworks, ideas, or issues; art isn't universal, but specific cultural or historical reference

Heartfield, Have No Fear, He's a Vegetarian (Dada):

made a political statements using photomontage; published works criticizing Hitler; eventually had to flee to Prague and then to England; distributed his work on posters and magazines; it foreshadows many of the disasters from widespread starvation to genocide that happened in Europe; the cock symbolizes France, and the man is French Prime Minister Pierre Laval

Andy Warhol, Thirty Are Better than One, 1963. Silkscreen ink on synthetic polymer paint on canvas (Pop art):

made acrylic paintings of the comic book heroes and popular advertisements when he was working as a graphic designer; began using the silkscreen technique; helped him make art quickly and give it a depersonalized and mass-produced quality different from personal expression or technique; this piece echoes the idea of consumerism "more is better"; refers to the multiple reproductions of the painting I while also undermining the "high art" to value an artwork only if it is "original" or unique. replicates are the reflected mass consumption; made pop art into fine are; saught fame; pop color embraces a democratic society is what they argued

Kandinsky, Improvisation #30 (Cannons) (Expressionism):

made non-objective or completely abstract, paintings; inspired from an early age of color; a part of the German Expressionist group Der Blaue Reiter; rejected classical approaches in favor of radical experimentation; made no reference to recognizable subjects; his paintings are a visual equivalent for non-verbal experience of instrumental music; this one was inspired by talk of war in 1913; chaotic and energetic forms reflect the turmoil fo the time; made it with no sence in mind; believed art should express an inner spiritual necessity; very spiritual background (orthodox); inspired by the spirituality of expressed in orthodox glass paintings; all of life is energy (atomic discoveries); believed color influenced your soul; color conveyed emotion without reference to content

David, The Oath of the Horatii, 1784 (French/neo-classical):

made paintings for monarchs, then supported the revolution; promotion of civic duty, or accepting personal sacrifice in the service of one's nation, are linked with the views that started the revolution; shows scene from early Roman history where three brothers make a vow to their father to fight for Rome; muscular classical figures, the subject matter, the pyramidal groupings, and the balanced composition make it all this; sharp focus and precisely drawn; saw hands as a form of ancient allegience; thought it could connect them to this strong lineage

Rococo

monarchs wealth inspired a period of extravagance amongst the very wealthy; desiring the finest in everything; stylistically, an abundance of rich decoration; an outgrowth of the Baroque; subject matter is very whimsical; lighthearted, indulgent, and even superficial; mostly commissioned by aristocracy and are playful in mood; gives the assumption that those that commission them have a lot of time to amuse themselves; fun and games; based on the baroque period

Tanner, The Banjo Lesson, 1893 (American/Realism):

portrays realistic subject matter that reflects everyday life of the lower class; African American painter; influenced by Courbet; also shows a young boy is being taught by his grandfather to play the banjo; painting challenges the stereotype of black men just being smiling and simple-minded entertainers; creates a dignified image of a poor black family by showing a through black man as a teacher and intelligent black child engaged in learning; sets a calm scene with natural objects and earthy colors, but he symbolizes the boy's spiritual and mental growth with the light coming in through the window; Eakin's student; genre scenes of the other African Americans; visible brushstrokes, but don't extract from the painting

Modern Architecture

predominant architectural styele form the late 1800s to 1960s; characterized by straight lines and geometric shapes; designs were intended to be direct, clean, uncluttered, and progress;

Donald Judd, Untitled, 1967. Stainless steel and Plexiglass (Minimalism):

produced minimalist work that was very abstract; rectangles and cubes; was a painter earlier on; liked sculpting better; industrial appearances and commercially manufactured so he could focus on new materials tather than fine art conventions; this pieces he ordered it from a factory made with stanless steel boxes and Plexiglas on top and bottom; it was then placed to his specifications when he ordered them; spaced in a way for the viewer to look at it as a whole; he wanted his work to limite the role of the artist, have the work stand on its own, and downplay the underlying message; see it both ways as a whole and individual pieces

Postmodern Architecture

reacted against the modernists' use of lines severe geometry, and subdued colors, considering the aims of Moedernists to be idealistc and inaccessible; these designs were instead often combinded dynamic forms and incorporate familiar elements from different historical periods, like the columns in ancient Greece; reaction to modernism; new approach 1980 combine modern and classic design

Degas, Blue Dancers (Impressionism):

reveled in experimentation in different media; interested in careful observation of characters from dail lyfe; known for his paintings and pastels of female subjects like ballet dancers; the sences of dances in private settings evoke the everyday quality of dancer's life and show them as if the viewer has caught them off guard; pastel gives it a rich texture where the light bounces off the flesh of the dancers an their dresses; demonstrates a fascination with Japanese prints (inspired these painters to create flat surfaces); famous for informal women in action; influenced by Japanese art that flooded the market; they took the viewpoints that was used in the paintings in impression art; Asymmetry and balance; and looking down from above from an angle

Pollock, Number 1A, 1948. Oil and enamel paint on canvas (Abstract Expressionism

rolled canvas on the floor; moved freely, almost like dancing; used sticks and brushed; no recognizable subject, which fixes audience attention; focuses on the actions and gestures of the artist; the process is the subject; about the act of creation itself;uses action painting; they are so large they dominate our field of vision; they were created organically and spontaneously rather than planning;

Van Gogh, Starry Night (Post-Impressionism/Dutch):

show strong emotions; could not invent images, but painted emotion into what he saw; painted when he was in an asylum; includes what he saw from his window; infused the scene with his own emotions; thick paint (impasto) and his energy; church shows his personal trials with religion or the church from his childhood hometown; color and form show his personal suffering; he thought of himself as an artistic failure; 1. intensified or exaggerated color and 2. impasto paint; 10 years he made over 800 paintings; considered himself a failure; only sold one in his life; he may not have committed suicide (boys from the village didn't want them to go to jail); his letters were not of a crazy person; Theo (his brother) build vincent's career (joe

The French Academy and The Salon:

significance and the role it played: government sponsored art academies provided the main outleft European artists to exhibit their work; patrons chose artists who were members of an academy; academies influences an artist's ability to ear a living; France was the center of Europe at the time; vastly influential in determining artistic success; strict curriculum had them copy ancient works; History paintings were considered the finest of the genres; portraits were next then lower class, landscapes, and then still life; anyone could belong to the academy, but only history painters could teach there;

Thomas Eakins, The Gross Clinic. (Realism):

studied the nude in a realist manner; was a student at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts; when he became the director of the Academy his methods were controversial because of their deviation from traditional European approaches; promoted the study of anatomy through photographs and through observation of dissections; observed the human body in motion through photography; included women to study the full male nude he was later forced to resign; he focused around human anatomy; women flinching was a relative (had to be their as a witness)

Ways impressionism could happen

1. invented tubes of paint (portable) 2. take a train to country paint outside and then go home

The monarchy

Most countries were run by Monarchs in the 18th century; art was evident of the extreme wealth and frivolous attitude of rulers, especially in France with Louis the XIV; viwed himself and his role shows the power of the monarch; called himself the Sun King (France began when Louis arose in the morning and stopped when he went to sleep, like the sun); believed their power came from God

Cezanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire (Post-impressionism/French):

developed a new type of landscape painting through intense sty of this mountain he could see from his studio; made paintings of this mountain; adding brushstrokes to reflect the mountain's changing atmosphere and weather; wanted to construct the essence of the mountain as it appeared over time; showed it and analyzed it from multiple views, forms became abstracted and places shifted through the changes; creates a push-pull effect to viewers; critic of impressionism said they lacked form; paintings look like blocks and incorporate them into arts; said every scene could be brought down to geometric shapes

Lichtenstein, Girl with Mirror, 1964 (Pop art):

works based on comics; challeneged traditional notions of the subject matter and appearance of fine art painting by embracing everday subjects; uses strong black outlines filled with bold primary colors; borrowed a technique from older kinds of newspaper printing and comics; used Ben-Day dots; to appropriate

de Stijl

a group of artsts originating in the Neterlands in the early 20th century, associated with a utpian style of design that emphasized primary colors and straight lines; basic colors and geometric shapes would speak to everyone no matter where they're from; vertical = vitality; horizontal = tranquility (dynamic equaldorium)

Mondrian, Composition with Yellow and Blue (Abstraction):

moved away from directly depicting visible reality; interested in the underlying structure in his subjects; began to concentrate on creating non-representational works; began making compositions entirely of intersecting lines, right-angled shapes and linear place; know for geometric abstractions using primary colors, black, white, and gray; uses mathematical principles and ratios of the Golden Section; believed that clarity and organization of his compositions reflected rational beauty that is objective and appeals to the mind in a universal way, as opposed to subjective beauty

Impasto

painted applied in thick layer

Tara Donovan, Untitled, 2003. Styrofoam cups and hot glue, 16' × 16'. Installation: Ace Gallery, Los Angeles, 2005 (Installation/postmodern):

used a minimalism approach both in the materials and the aestetic effect; the experience of her work changes dramatically depending on the veiwer's proximitity to a piece; when standing far away and looks at the panorama of the space, the viewer can notices the contours of cloud-like shapes that fill the ceiling; looking closer the details become clear they are Styrofoam cups; she has made scultptures out of other simple materials; looks like something that is growing nature; biomorfic; wants it to create itself to fill the space

characteristics of modern art

- capitalism - people could buy them cheap and factory made instead of original - urban culture - no longer agraian culture - Technological advances - new was seen as better/change is good - optimism - innovation and progress

Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830 (French/Romantic):

Frnech people bravely rising up against their government in the 3 day July Revolution Liberty carries the flag of revolution in one hand and a musket in the other; personification of France's symbol of Liberty; this was shocking at the time; it was imagined but accurate in showing the sacrifice of people of all ages and social classes; a little boy is marching forward with an upper-class gentle man in a top hat holds a rifle; shows the sacrifice is worth the greater good; July revolution of 1830; left veteran that is now a laborer (weapon was used in Napolean wars); hunting gun in rich man; a student; black barets is what they wore to school and school ba; cap of liberty was giving to slave when given freedom; in profile like an ancient Roman ruler; represent the freedom from the slavery of monarch rule

Courbet, A Burial at Ornans, (Realism).

all the characters from a small town; priest, councilmen, etc. ; each have a different reaction/not painted the same; skull shows to remember that one day its you and dug grave so quick they pushed the other away; just another guy and another death' the people you know are you legacy (maybe this is enought); 2 levels, how you will be remembered

Performance and body art

an occurence/happening; one time; not replicated

Neoclassic Portraits

dark background; light shining on them

the sublime

feeling of awe or terror, provoked by the experience of limitless nature and the awareness of the smallness of an individual; idea that when confronted with nature as overwhelming as it is; you are helpless but you're aware of yourself, but you are alive to experience it

J. M. W. Turner, Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On), 1840 (British/Romantic):

form of social protest; condemns the slave trade; highlights the injustice of the slave trade and protesting against any consideration of its renewal; show the incident aboard the ship Zong in 1781; had sick slaves thrown overboards whil at sea so he wouldn't loose prophet; shows man vs. nature, the immense power of nature with the fierce storm that overpowers the slaves; body parts still shackled can be seen; intense colors to convey the emotion and fearful horror, and its abstract; protest painting; focuses on the sky scape; made landscape almost as important as historic scense

Revolution of color and form

good art should be expressive; Mattise experimented with color; piccaso experiments with shapes

Alexander Gardner, Abraham Lincoln and His Son Thomas (Tad), 5 February 1865 (American/Photography):

had more than 40 individual portraits taken of himself; reproduced in small sizes for the public to help Americans feel like they knew him' and to fuel support for his political decisions; shows a slight smile and his son; raised the question if pictures could be considered art; and were photographers artists; photographers could replace painters

Academies & Modernism:

late 19th and early 20th century; from experimental artist, pushing traditional boundaries and fighting against long-held artistic conventions; a movement that broke with tradition; it was shocking in its time; art used to be in the traditions maintained by the Art Academies;

Realism

mid 19th century; broke away form the traditions of earlier art to create objective representations of the real world; depict nature and everyday subjects in an unidealized manner; specifically the French artist and writers that were concerned about achieving social change after the Revolution; showed individuals in modern society with underlying political messages about the inequality of the poor; can also mean the artists not just in France who observed their modern subjects in great detail but did not have a social or political agenda; allow the process of creating art to show through their final works; values = reality; tone is muted sobriety; subjects are of everyday life and people; technique is precise imitation of visual perceptions without alteration; characteristics are local color; sometimes strokes are visible, but not destracting; role of art is to document reality; colors of objects unaffected by atmospheric persuasion

Post WWII architecture

modernist and everything it implies; before this time their were no building codes

Thomas Cole, View from Mount Holyoke, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm—The Oxbow, 1836 (British and American/Romantic):

pride in the expansion of the developing nation and its great natural beauty; embodies the idea of the sublime; Connecticut River; a tree has been battered by the weather; fierce thunderclouds ahead, but the sky is clear after the storm; the only man is the artist wearing a hatin the dense trees; he is engulfed in the grandeur of the landscape; tame/developed/settle vs. chaos and wilderness on the left (battle of good and evel -> raw source of nature)

Photography

realism was partly inspired by this; first decades of the 19th century; affected artists directly in terms of their income; provided another, much less laborious and less expensive way to record a likeness or an event better than a painting;

classical, modern, and postmodern

types of architecture

characteristics of Rococo

whimsical, frivololous subjects curved lines and organic forms Delicate brushstrokes, pastel colors

David's sketch of Marie (Neoclassical)

wig is pulled off and women stripped to the undergarments

en plein air:

French for "in the open air"; used to describe painting out of doors from start to finish rather than working in a studio for all or part of the process

optical color

When the eye blends two colors that are placed near one another, creating a new color

Fragonard, The Swing, 1766. (French/Rococo):

a girl is on a swing, kicking her shoe in the air, and a boy has a view up her skirt; cupid has his figure to his lips saying that this is a secret love; the bishop is the background seems to be unaware; principles and elements help make it romantic and trivial; the addition of the bishop may have been because of the Church's ignorance to immoral behavior or their lack of condemning those actions; assumes to be innocent at first glance, but differences to show that there is a mature meaning behind it; supposed to be a Sheppardis; kicking off shoe meant she was sexually available to him

Conceptual Art

a work in which the ideas are most important to the work; take the non-representational tendencies from minimalism even further; often eliminates the art object altogether; an artist might arrange certain objects together in a way that makes people reconsider each on in a new light; focus more on planning than producing; results could be documentations, sketches, artist's books, phots, performances or mail art; the idea is most important than the finished artwork

David, The Death of Marat (neoclassical)

close to the reign of terror; he decided who would go to the ; the artist wanted to turn him into a martar; woman cam in begging to save her rich friends; he said no, she came back in and stabbed him; she was arrested and guillotined; copied the head structure of the Pieta to to gain sympathy;

Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase (Futurism):

combined cubism figures and broken geometric plans and futurism's emphasis on movement; this painting reflected a widespread contemporary interest in machines, industrial progress, and stop-motion photography; shocked an audience;

Andy Goldsworthy, Japanese maple / leaves stitched together to make a floating chain / the next day it became a hole / supported underneath by a woven briar ring / Ouchiyama-Mura / Japan, 21-22 November / 1987 (Earthwork):

created intimate and larger cale structures out of grass, rocks, leaves, flowers, bark, snow, ice, and water; this one consists of a ring of leaves stitched together, placed in a rocky pool supported by a briar ring; draws attention to the splendour of nature in the unrivalled vibrancy of the leaves' red to contrast with the gray of the stones; creates his pieces, then photographs them before, through the passage of time and the weather, they disintegrate and return to nature; do artworks and leave them in nature

Dada

effect of WWI had an impact on how people thought about the world, "progress" and civilization; improvements in science and industrial manufacturing may have led some to think it was disastrous in the arms of production on an unprecedented scale; the war affected artists and they way they made art; protested the kinds of "rational" thought processes that had led to war; took the impressionists' and cubists' questioning of representation still further and radically rejected the notion of art altogether; emphasized individuality, irrationality, chance, and imagination; WWI was seen as a failure of logic and the enlightenment; started in Switzerland (people who fled from service and came to switzerland); many artists served as drivers and medics they didn't take up arms, but helped as they could; Hitler detested all these artists and many fled to France; Hearfield thought it was his duty to stay and continue to make art

Gertrude Stein

famous patron; collected are by avant-garde artist and had a large collection of modern art; one of the first art patrons to support progressive artists when they were not respected in the general public; held her own exhibitions for these artist in her home apartment; private galleries came up where middle class could buy art out of salon; her role became important

Matisse, Icarus (cut paper collage/Post-impressionist)

from sickness started cutting paper and using these shapes be art

de Chirico, The Melancholy and Mystery of the Street (Surrealism):

influenced surrealists; interested in intuitive and irrational appreaoches to art; creates a dreamlike environment in which questions are posed than resolved; the girl is a shadow, seems unaware of the figure with a pole looming around the corner; a sense of threat fills the air;

Dali, The Persistence of Memory (surrealism)

made the nightmare scene in Dumbo; Look up his painting of Christ on the Cross; "are you on drugs?", "I am drugs"; Teacher: "like Mich Jager composing Hymns for a church, that was his turn around" of creating catholic paintings

Generative art

someone creates it and the material makes itself

Monet, Impression Sunrise (Impressionism):

title was meant to convey that he had somehow captured the essence of light glittering on water in the harbor of Le Havre; this painting gave the group their name ("an impression indead"); used only a few brush strokes to show the sea, the reflection of the sun, and the boats in the background; no one would have exibited this in public; said it was good enough to be art

ORLAN, Fourth surgery-performance, entitled Successful Operation, December 8, 1991, Paris (Performance and Body Art):

took parts of famous artworks in 14 surgeries; how people replicated people showed what was important at the time; mocking women foolishly persue getting plastic surgery

Impressionism

; the colors they sawworked in individual, very different styles but they were united in rejecting the formal approach of the art taught in the Academy; focuses more on capturing the light and sensations produced by the scene; formed a group to show their work together outside the official Salon between 1874 to 1886; subject matter was scenes of every day life (rural landscapes, and life in the modern and growing cities of France; intent on capturing the essence of moments in time; painted en plein air; through the advent of tubed containers of oil paint; chose to reveal their brushstrokes; making it look sketchy, unfinished; this broke away from the academic tradition of simply creating an illusions of 3D space; they showed texture and allowed the canvas to be seen beneath the painting; they found that if they appied individual colors in their purest form on the canvas rather than mixing them the colors remained more intense; used bruchstrokes of different colors next to one another and the viewers' eyes would blend the colors; adopted unusual vantage points and cropping scense; have an unfinished quality; captures moments; how the atmosphere influenced color; optical color; photographic realism no important; visual impression of a scene quick strokes to capture colors

Post-Impressionism

Academy critics continued to bring down Impressionists; painters responded in different ways; this resulted in a movement that created this that consisted of artists who had been exposed to and participated in in the previous movement, but wanted to differentiate themselves from what was seen to be simplicity of the Impressionists; they preferred to emphasize abstract qualities or subjective content in their artworks; impasto painting; planes and geo shapes; exagerated colors

Ana Mendieta, Untitled (Silhueta series, Mexico) (Performance and body art):

Color photograph; known for using her own body as an integral part of her art; explores persona themes; incorporates references to natural elements and biological cycles; put her body in various outdoor environments; this one she is camouflaged by flowers and mud; to reinforce the powerful connection between a woman's body and nature, show them as sources of strength endurance and nourishment; female form as a form of all life; strength, force

art in america

abstractionism in the US happened around 1913 when the public was introduced to the work of artists like Matisse, Picasso and others; some were inspired by the harsh realities of the Great Depression and chose to focus on distinctly American subjects and representational sytles; this is known as American Scene painting; a sense of disconnection from the radical European style in this time of hardship made the American Scene artists retreat to subects familiar to them; nationalistc sentiments about the movement; regionalists focused on rural environment s and promoted American virutres such as patriotism and hard work; Social realists were interest in promoting social justice through their artwork; armony show arrived in 1913 moved center of art world to NYC; Americans pushed back from European styles

installation

an intentional environment created as a completed artwork

Abstraction

art imagery that departs from recognizable images from the natural world; previous moements inspired this; exaggerated, manipulated, changed, altered from relaity, can happen a little or a lot; wanted to find an international art form (like a language) to connect people and reduce tension; reduce art and reality to purest essence; math and perfection would lead to beauty

Rigaud, Louis XIV (French/Absolute Monarch

demonstrates the king's power; dressed in royal attire; the fleur de lis ("lily-flower"); he dressed himself in the more extravagant textiles from around the world; he invented high heels to increase his height and show off his legs; he was in his 60s in the painting; often they were painted to look decades younger; ermin lined fur; it was in high regard that would bring the demise; in his 60s

Picasso, Les Demoiselle d'Avignon (Cubism):

explored new nethods of depicting the human figure; didn't recreate the way we actually see a room with people, but treated the space in the pic and the gigures within it; simplified the forms into abstract planes made the figures more angular and broken down the individual faces and bodies into geo pieces; blue and white of the background clash with the pink figures of the women; the women are in classical poses on the left; the other two are simplified; heads on the right are replaced with African masks; fracturing shapes; a home experiment; the public didn't see it for a long time; portrays female for as agressive not seductive; women are prostitutes; African aesthetic was becoming popular

Rothko, No. 5/No. 22, 1950 (dated 1949 on reverse). Oil on canvas (Abstract expressionism/color field painting):

from Russia; was interested in surrealism to not depict familiar subjects that could appeal to any viewer; eliminated representation from his works; concentrated on form and color; consisted of luminous rectangles floating in fields of color (like this one); uses subtle color shifts; didn't give works narrative titles to allow viewers to respond deeply and individually; lose themselves in contemplation not scenes from daily life; /

Surrealism

opposed to rationality and convention; believed that art was a model for human freedom, meaning, and creativity in an absurd world; began in the early 1920s among a group of writers and poets between the two world wars; first artistic style based directly on the ideas of Sigmund Freud; used techniques that Freud had originally pioneered to access his patients' unconscious minds in order to make artwork that was not fully under their conscious control; dreams and dreamlike images; jolted our expectations; challenged the very idea of objective reality, which were considered nonsense

Vigée-Lebrun, Marie-Antoinette and Her Children, 1787 (French/Rococo):

painted to improve the queen's reputation; seated in Versailles with the hall of Mirrors in the corner; her dress shows her status as Queen, but it is not overly revealing or lacking in French styles and tatst; she is shown as a loving mother adored by her children; somber expression suggests sorrow over the recent loss of her youngest daughter (the empty cradle); artist wrote that she was kind and she showed sympathy when she was pregnant and looked down upon, because she was a woman in art school' the portrait didn't help the growing anger of the French people; it was removed from public display shortly after being put there; a year after this was created the French Revolution began; her last portrait

the role of the Academies

these were government-sponsored institutions, set up to train artists to produce work in aparticular style and following certain prescribed ideas about what was suitable subject matter for artworks; modern artists were held up for comparison negatively; this led them to set up shop to sell their work in new institutions outside of salons

Expressionism

they chose to explore ways of portraying emotions to their fullest intensity by exaggerating and emphasizing the colors and shapes the objects depicted; concered with the representation of objects and the world; they emphasized inner states of feeling; showed what they felt rather than what they saw with comtime unconventional results; selfportraits were central to Expressionism;

Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, 1769-1809 (American/Neo-Classical):

this style represented the ideals of Americans in the late 18th century; new American cities chose this style as their architectural style; Charlottesville, Virginia; inspired by the Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio (arches, domes, pediments); dome has an oculus like the Pantheon